Książki na temat „Modèle barman”

Category theory provides various guiding principles for modal logic and its semantic modeling. In particular, Stone duality, or “syntax-semantics duality”, has been a prominent theme in semantics of modal logic since the early days of modern modal logic. This chapter focuses on duality and a few other categorical principles, and brings to light how they underlie a variety of concepts, constructions, and facts in philosophical applications as well as the model theory of modal logic. In the first half of the chapter, I review the syntax-semantics duality and illustrate some of its functions in Kripke semantics and topological semantics for propositional modal logic. In the second half, taking Kripke’s semantics for quantified modal logic and David Lewis’s counterpart theory as examples, I demonstrate how we can dissect and analyze assumptions behind different semantics for first-order modal logic from a structural and unifying perspective of category theory. (As an example, I give an analysis of the import of the converse Barcan formula that goes farther than just “increasing domains”.) It will be made clear that categorical principles play essential roles behind the interaction between logic, semantics, and ontology, and that category theory provides powerful methods that help us both mathematically and philosophically in the investigation of modal logic.

Guillaume de Saluste Du Bartas (1544–90) is an essential figure for understanding the diversity and strength of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century English poetry. His works were read, translated, and imitated more widely than any other non-biblical literary work in early modern England and Scotland, leading Scottish and French literary culture to shape the development of English epic poetry and inspire new kinds of popular devotional verse. Thanks to James VI and I’s support, Du Bartas’ scriptural poems became emblems of international Protestantism that were cherished even more highly in England and Scotland than on the continent. His creative vision helped inexperienced devotional writers to find a voice as well as providing a model that Protestant poets (like Philip Sidney, Edmund Spenser, Anne Bradstreet, John Milton, and Lucy Hutchinson) would resist, transform, and, ultimately, reject. This long-needed book examines Du Bartas’ legacy in England and Scotland, sensitive to the different cultural situations in which his works were read, discussed, and creatively imitated. The first part shows how James VI of Scotland played a decisive role in the Huguenot poet’s reception history, culminating in Josuah Sylvester’s translation Devine Weekes and Workes (1605). The second examines seventeenth-century divine epic, religious narrative, and popular devotional verse forms that reworked Du Bartas’ poetic structures to introduce meditative and figurative components that provided new possibilities for imaginative expression.

Chapter 4 deals with the stability of the proton, hence of hydrogen, and how to reconcile that stability with the baryon number nonconservation (or baryon conservation) needed to establish a matter–antimatter imbalance in the infant universe. Sakharov’s three conditions for establishing a matter–antimatter imbalance are presented. Grand unified theories and experimental searches for proton decay are described. The concept of spontaneous symmetry breaking is introduced in describing the electroweak phase transition in the infant universe. That transition is treated as the potential site for introducing the imbalance between quarks and antiquarks, via either baryogenesis or leptogenesis models. The up–down quark mass difference is presented as essential for providing the stability of hydrogen and of the deuteron, which serves as a crucial stepping stone in stellar hydrogen-burning reactions that generate the energy and elements needed for life. Constraints on quark masses from lattice QCD calculations and violations of chiral symmetry are discussed.

This chapter considers the implications of the on-demand economy for consumers and markets. It shows how, for both consumers and workers, the on-demand bargain can unravel rather quickly: users potentially end up paying a much higher price and receive worse-quality services than promised. In addition, the gig-economy business model can lead to significant tax losses, as taxpayers are left to make up the shortfall and subsidize the industry in myriad ways. When these problems for consumers, workers, and taxpayers are added to the questionable economics behind many platforms’ business models, as discussed in the first chapter, it is not difficult to see why some suggest that the platforms should be banned. This chapter, however, argues against such drastic moves: we would destroy all benefits and innovation, and leave at least some consumers and workers worse off. Employment law is key to creating a level playing field for competition, which fosters innovation.

Chapter 5 presents experiments illuminating the cosmological evolution of the universe and its energy budget, accounting for its longevity. The observations establishing the Hubble’s Law linear relationship between intergalactic distances and recession speeds, and their interpretation in terms of the expansion of cosmic space, are reviewed. The evidence for big bang cosmology from nucleosynthesis and the cosmic microwave background (CMB) is presented. The measurements that establish the ongoing acceleration of the cosmic expansion are reviewed: distant supernova recession speeds, tiny CMB anisotropies, baryon acoustic oscillations, and gravitational lensing. Excellent model fits to these data, assuming general relativity, cold dark matter, and a cosmological constant, lead to precise determinations of both the age of the universe and the energy budget of the universe. The cosmic history of the expansion rate and the energy budget are inferred, along with the remarkable flatness of cosmic space within the observable portion of the universe.

The resurgence of asexualism in Germany in the nineteenth century coincided with the Naturphilosophie movement associated with Romanticism which arose in reaction to mechanical models of the universe, among them Baron d’Holbach’s. Johann Gottlieb Fichte, a Kant disciple, claimed that the “absolute ego” creates it’s own reality, which we mistake for the “real world”. Friedrich Wilhelm Schelling, the “philosopher king” of the Romantics, attempted a balance between Fichte’s subjective idealism and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe’s (relative) objectivism. In general, nature philosophers granted equal weight to reason and to the imagination, and adopted a pantheistic theology, influenced by Baruch Spinoza. Franz Joseph Schelver believed the production of seeds was a vegetative process. August Henschell dismissed Koelreuter’s hybrids as artifacts resulting from experimental damage. He thought the release of pollen freed the spiritual essence of the plant from base matter. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel also challenged the sexual theory of plants.

Îlots de vie surgissant au milieu de l’aridité du désert, les oasis sahariennes abritent depuis des siècles un habitat aux formes éprouvées. Cette adaptation matérielle et spirituelle aux contraintes climatiques du désert est aujourd’hui mise à mal par des politiques de rationalisation et de modernisation inspirées des modèles occidentaux. L’oasis se voit ainsi réduite à un potentiel agricole à exploiter ou à un décor touristique à valoriser, au détriment de sa richesse architecturale et de la pratique quotidienne de ses habitants. S’inscrivant en faux contre cette évolution, Résonances oasiennes propose une approche sensible de ces territoires pour mieux en révéler et défendre la singularité. Issu d’un processus collaboratif original autour des ambiances sonores, cet ouvrage invite le lecteur à s’imprégner de l’atmosphère des oasis à travers une analyse vivante de leur patrimoine bâti et des modes de vie de leurs habitants. Il souligne ainsi la nécessité de promouvoir l’architecture vernaculaire et la culture qui l’a développée afin d’affronter les défis économique, démographique et climatique auxquels ces espaces sont aujourd’hui soumis Avec les contributions d’Abdelaziz Barkani, Alia Ben Ayed, Azeddine Belakehal, Joseph Brunet-Jailly, Irène Carpentier, Hind Ftouhi, Zakaria Kadiri, Hind Karoui, Imen Landoulsi, Imed Melliti, Mohamed Mouskite, Salima Naji, Nasser Tafferant, Jean-Paul Thibaud, Laurent Valdès, Khadija Zahi et Dorsaf Zid.

This book predicts the decline of today's professions and describes the people and systems that will replace them. In an Internet society, according to Richard Susskind and Daniel Susskind, we will neither need nor want doctors, teachers, accountants, architects, the clergy, consultants, lawyers, and many others, to work as they did in the 20th century. The Future of the Professions explains how 'increasingly capable systems' -- from telepresence to artificial intelligence -- will bring fundamental change in the way that the 'practical expertise' of specialists is made available in society. The authors challenge the 'grand bargain' -- the arrangement that grants various monopolies to today's professionals. They argue that our current professions are antiquated, opaque and no longer affordable, and that the expertise of their best is enjoyed only by a few. In their place, they propose six new models for producing and distributing expertise in society. The book raises important practical and moral questions. In an era when machines can out-perform human beings at most tasks, what are the prospects for employment, who should own and control online expertise, and what tasks should be reserved exclusively for people? Based on the authors' in-depth research of more than ten professions, and illustrated by numerous examples from each, this is the first book to assess and question the relevance of the professions in the 21st century.

In literary and cultural studies, “tradition” is a word everyone uses but few address critically. In this book, the author offers a wide-ranging exploration of the creative power of literary tradition, from the middle ages to the twenty-first century, revealing in new ways how it helps writers and readers make new works and meanings. The book argues that the best way to understand tradition is by examining the moments when a writer takes up an old text and writes something new out of a dialogue with that text and the promptings of the present situation. The book examines Petrarch as a user, instigator, and victim of tradition. It shows how Chaucer became the first great English writer by translating and adapting a minor poem by Boccaccio. It investigates how Ariosto, Tasso, and Spenser made new epic meanings by playing with assumptions, episodes, and phrases translated from their predecessors. It then analyzes how the Victorian novelist Elizabeth Gaskell drew on tradition to address the new problem of urban deprivation in Mary Barton. And, finally, it looks at how the Kenyan writer Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o, in his 2004 novel Wizard of the Crow, reflects on biblical, English literary, and African traditions. Drawing on key theorists, critics, historians, and sociologists, and stressing the international character of literary tradition, the book illuminates the not entirely free choices readers and writers make to create meaning in collaboration and competition with their models.

This book is the first full length biography of Robert (c.1088 × 90–1147), grandson of William the Conqueror and eldest son of King Henry I of England (1100–35). He could not succeed his father because he was a bastard. Instead, as the earl of Gloucester, Robert helped change the course of English history by keeping alive the prospects for an Angevin succession through his leadership of its supporters in the civil war known as the Anarchy against his father’s successor, King Stephen (1135–54). The earl is one of the great figures of Anglo-Norman History (1066–1154). He was one of only three landed super-magnates of his day, a model post-Conquest great baron, Marcher lord, borough developer, and patron of the rising merchant class. His trans-Channel barony stretched from western Lower Normandy across England to South Wales. He was both product as well as agent of the contemporary cultural revival known as the Renaissance of the Twelfth Century, bilingual, well educated, and a significant literary patron. In this last role, he is especially notable for commissioning the greatest English historian since Bede, William of Malmesbury, to produce a history of their times which justified the Empress Matilda’s claim to the English throne and Earl Robert’s support of it.

A community school differs from other public schools in important ways: it is generally open most of the time, governed by a partnership between the school system and a community agency, and offers a broad array of health and social services. It often has an extended day before and after school, features parent involvement programs, and works for community enrichment. How should such a school be structured? How can its success be measured? Community Schools in Action: Lessons from a Decade of Practice presents the Children's Aid Society's (CAS) approach to creating community schools for the 21st century. CAS began this work more than a decade ago and today operates thirteen such schools in three low-income areas of New York City. Through a technical assistance center operated by CAS, hundreds of other schools across the country and the world are adapting this model. Based on their own experiences working with community schools, the contributors to the volume supply invaluable information about the selected program components. They describe how and why CAS started its community school initiative and explain how CAS community schools are organized, integrated with the school system, sustained, and evaluated. The book also includes several contributions from experts outside of CAS: a city superintendent, an architect, and the director of the Coalition for Community Schools. Co-editors Joy Dryfoos, an authority on community schools, and Jane Quinn, CAS's Assistant Executive Director of Community Schools, have teamed up with freelance writer Carol Barkin to provide commentary linking the various components together. For those interested in transforming their schools into effective child- and family-centered institutions, this book provides a detailed road map. For those concerned with educational and social policy, the book offers a unique example of research-based action that has significant implications for our society.

“Thraldom,” the old Scandinavian word for slavery, is an elusive phenomenon characterized by different conditions of dependencies and with fluid transitions between being free and unfree; a person could be at once socially respected but still unfree; you could voluntarily go into slavery; you could be sentenced to time-limited slavery for a criminal offense; you could give away your child to become a slave; but you could also buy yourself out of slavery. Hence, slavery was not a black-and-white social phenomenon. You could be a chattel thrall, living in the barn with the cows, or a legally unfree steward, living on and running the king’s estate. In this study all conceivable source materials are analyzed, such as archaeology, runic inscriptions, Icelandic sagas, early law, place names, personal names, and not least etymological and semantic analyses of the terminology of slaves. Slavery was widespread all over Europe during the early Middle Ages, and it seems the Scandinavians became major players in the northern European slave trade. However, the hypothesis is that the Scandinavian Vikings were not particularly interested in taking slaves to Scandinavia; instead their “business model” seems to have been to raid, abduct, and then sell off captured people at major slave markets. Their quest was not people, but silver. Scandinavian slavery eventually was abandoned, a process that is very obscure, and seems to have disappeared in society in the beginning of the fourteenth century.

Heterodox work in Global Political Economy (GPE) finds its motive force in challenging the ontological atomism of International Political Economy (IPE) orthodoxy. Various strains of heterodoxy that have grown out of dependency theory and World-Systems Theory (WST), for example, emphasize the social whole: Individual parts are given form and meaning within social relations of domination produced by a history of violence and colonial conquest. An atomistic approach, they stress, seems designed to ignore this history of violence and relations of domination by making bargaining among independent units the key to explaining the current state of international institutions. For IPE, it is precisely this atomistic approach, largely inspired by the ostensible success of neoclassical economics, which justifies its claims to scientific rigor. International relations can be modeled as a market-like space, in which individual actors, with given preferences and endowments, bargain over the character of international institutional arrangements. Heterodox scholars’ treatment of social processes as indivisible wholes places them beyond the pale of acceptable scientific practice. Heterodoxy appears, then, as the constitutive outside of IPE orthodoxy.Heterodox GPE perhaps reached its zenith in the 1980s. Just as heterodox work was being cast out from the temple of International Relations (IR), heterodox scholars, building on earlier work, produced magisterial studies that continue to merit our attention. We focus on three texts: K. N. Chaudhuri’s Asia Before Europe (1990), Eric Wolf’s Europe and the People Without History (1982), and L. S. Stavrianos’s Global Rift (1981). We select these texts for their temporal and geographical sweep and their intellectual acuity. While Chaudhuri limits his scope to the Indian Ocean over a millennium, Wolf and Stavrianos attempt an anthropology and a history, respectively, of European expansion, colonialism, and the rise of capitalism in the modern era. Though the authors combine different elements of material, political, and social life, all three illustrate the power of seeing the “social process” as an “indivisible whole,” as Schumpeter discusses in the epigram below. “Economic facts,” the region, or time period they extract for detailed scrutiny are never disconnected from the “great stream” or process of social relations. More specifically, Chaudhuri’s work shows notably that we cannot take for granted the distinct units that comprise a social whole, as does the IPE orthodoxy. Rather, such units must be carefully assembled by the scholar from historical evidence, just as the institutions, practices, and material infrastructure that comprise the unit were and are constructed by people over the longue durée. Wolf starts with a world of interaction, but shows that European expansion and the rise and spread of capitalism intensified cultural encounters, encompassing them all within a global division of labor that conditioned the developmental prospects of each in relation to the others. Stavrianos carries out a systematic and relational history of the First and Third Worlds, in which both appear as structural positions conditioned by a capitalist political economy. By way of conclusion, we suggest that these three works collectively inspire an effort to overcome the reification and dualism of agents and structures that inform IR theory and arrive instead at “flow.”

El Acuerdo de Paz entre el Gobierno Nacional y las FARC sin duda se cons-tituye en un hito histórico en la historia de Colombia y de los conflictos armados en el mundo. En últimas, las partes concuerdan en considerar que este es tan solo el inicio de una serie de transformaciones en el ámbito polí-tico, económico y social que se deberán gestar en los años siguientes para el logro de una paz duradera y estable. Por eso, dentro de los puntos más importantes del Acuerdo cobra una gran centralidad la cuestión agraria, bajo el entendido de que las desigualdades históricas que afectan incluso hoy en día principalmente a los campesinos del país han sido el motor de la guerra.Las bases del punto uno, sobre la reforma rural integral, involucran de manera significativa un tema de la mayor importancia: la restitución de tierras a las víctimas del conflicto que tuvieron que abandonar sus predios por causa del conflicto armado. En Colombia, la acción de restitución de tierras ha tenido un desarrollo anterior a la firma del Acuerdo Final y encuentra su origen en la política de reparación integral a las víctimas del conflicto en el marco de los parámetros que ha establecido el Estado para configurar un modelo de justicia transicional.En este contexto, la presente publicación busca aportar a la reflexión sobre la importancia de la restitución de tierras en el país, a partir de la explicitación de sus fundamentos teóricos y normativos, las instituciones jurídicas que la componen y el análisis de los argumentos que permiten defender su razonabilidad dentro de la interpretación constitucional. Lo anterior se efectúa desde la reconstrucción histórica y el contexto social y político en el que emerge, lo que a su vez permite identificar algunas problemáticas y particularidades que van a marcar su diseño, así como los retos que permanentemente enfrenta.El planteamiento central que se defiende es que la acción de restitución de tierras es un componente estratégico de la mayor importancia para el cumplimiento de los objetivos de justicia social que establece el Acuerdo Final y, en esa medida, su capacidad institucional debe ser mantenida y opti-mizada para articularse con los propósitos de la Reforma Rural Integral. En efecto, sus resultados han contribuido al restablecimiento de derechos, a la resolución pacífica de los conflictos sobre el territorio, a establecer sinergias entre las autoridades locales y nacionales con la finalidad de brindar soste-nibilidad a los retornos y mejorar las condiciones de vida de los campesinos y llegar a las zonas donde el Estado no ha tenido una presencia significa-tiva; aspectos que sin duda contribuyen a cimentar las bases de una paz con enfoque territorial. Frente a este planteamiento, el libro no formula propuestas definitivas ni aborda todos los posibles escenarios en los que se requeriría adelantar estos esfuerzos de optimización y articulación. Por el contrario, los temas que lo componen proporcionan una mirada integral de la restitución de tierras desde la que es posible comprender con más herramientas su complejidad y particularidades en el contexto actual. A partir de este presupuesto es posible emprender nuevos esfuerzos investigativos para dar cuenta del alcance de la restitución de tierras en el Pos-Acuerdo. En todo caso, si bien es cierto que el país ha dado un paso importante hacia la paz, aún persisten nuevas situa-ciones de violencia derivadas del conflicto armado, lo que justifica además que se continúe estudiando la relevancia de políticas de reparación a víctimas del conflicto, como en este caso la de restitución de tierras.Aclarado lo anterior, es posible identificar cuatro temáticas que pueden estu-diarse de forma autónoma en cada capítulo, aunque en su conjunto brindan un panorama general de la restitución de tierras en el país.En el primero, se indaga sobre el concepto y la regulación jurídica interna-cional de la restitución de tierras, identificando sus peculiaridades, así como los elementos, que desde una perspectiva de los derechos humanos que los concibe como integrales e interdependientes, tienen la potencialidad de aproximarla, sin desnaturalizarla, al cumplimiento de objetivos de justicia social y redistributiva. El análisis allí efectuado ayuda a esclarecer los puntos de articulación entre esos dos conceptos de justicia, partiendo de la constatación de que una de las principales causas del conflicto armado en el país es la desigualdad social. En ese sentido, la consecución de la paz implicaría no solo la búsqueda de la reparación integral a las víctimas mediante la restitución de las tierras despojadas o abandonadas, sino además la superación de la desigualdad social, lo que implica contrarrestar fenómenos como la concentración de la propiedad. En la segunda y tercera parte se describen la problemática y el contexto en el que surge la restitución de tierras en el marco de la Ley 1448 de 2011. Para tal fin se describen algunos de sus antecedentes inmediatos y se analiza el marco normativo en el que se consagran principios, procedi-mientos e instituciones especiales para el cumplimiento de los objetivos de la restitución de tierras en el contexto de la justicia transicional. De igual manera, se efectúa una reflexión sobre su naturaleza, fundamento y características, dando especial énfasis a su dimensión constitucional. De manera específica se abordan los mecanismos que la componen y en qué medida estos satisfacen los criterios de razonabilidad que exige la justicia transicional. De manera especial se hacen consideraciones sobre la nece-sidad e importancia de instituciones como la focalización de predios, el carácter mixto de la acción, el tratamiento a los terceros y a los ocupantes secundarios y la naturaleza de la jurisdicción especializadaEn el último capítulo se efectúa una caracterización de los propósitos y mecanismos que se establecen en el Acuerdo Final en lo que respecta a la reforma rural integral, para a partir de allí reflexionar sobre el lugar de la restitución de tierras y los retos principales que esta debe superar para constituirse en un vehículo adecuado de los objetivos que este pretende en el escenario actual. Dentro de los principales retos que esto implica se destacan la necesidad de sellar un consenso frente a su legitimidad, nece-sidad e importancia, presupuesto imprescindible de la desactivación del espiral de violencia, así como la necesidad de lograr que las tensiones por el territorio se resuelvan a través de la apertura democrática, el respeto de la cultura y los intereses de las comunidades y la convivencia armónica entre diferentes modelos de desarrollo, dentro de los que se incluye, por supuesto, el de la economía campesina, aspecto que ya incorpora el texto del Acuerdo Final.El derrotero metodológico del libro parte de la identificación de las parti-cularidades jurídicas de la acción de restitución como un procedimiento complejo en el que se describen sus principales etapas y compo-nentes, dándoles sentido a partir de los pronunciamientos de la Corte Constitucional, que precisamente acentúan su estatus superior y afirman la razonabilidad y aceptabilidad de sus mecanismos en el contexto complejo del país y los estándares de la justicia transicional. Esto implica priorizar el enfoque hermenéutico y el análisis jurisprudencial a partir de la consulta y análisis de normas y decisiones judiciales paradigmáticas.De igual manera, en múltiples apartados es posible advertir la revisión, interpretación y sistematización de marcos jurídicos nacionales e inter-nacionales sobre restitución de tierras y acceso a la propiedad rural, útiles para formular hipótesis sobre los contenidos de justicia que esta alberga e interpretar los aspectos del proceso de paz que involucran la cues-tión agraria. Adicional a esto, a partir de entrevistas semiestructuradas a algunos actores políticos, activistas de derechos humanos y funcionarios públicos, y del análisis de documentación oficial y de notas de prensa, se reconstruyen algunos posicionamientos paradigmáticos sobre las temá-ticas abordadas, lo que contribuye a contextualizar el análisis jurídico e institucional. El presente libro se constituye en el informe final de investigación del proyecto “Constitucionalismo global, justicia transicional y multicultu-ralismo” que adelantan Andrés Mauricio Guzmán Rincón, Gustavo José Rojas Páez y José Guillermo Carrillo Ballesteros, profesores adscritos al Centro de Investigaciones Sociojurídicas de la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad Libre y que involucra el trabajo de los grupos de investi-gación de estudios constitucionales y de la paz y Derecho y sociedad y estudios internacionales. De igual manera, cuenta con la colaboración de los expertos Efraín Cruz Gutiérrez, Mónica Jiménez Amorocho y Nelson Rodrigo Barón Rocha. Parte del contenido de este libro fue publicado previamente en diferentes revistas científicas y capítulos de libro escritos por los autores, donde se exponen algunos resultados parciales de investigación; estos se encuentran disponibles en la web y son de acceso libre a los lectores.