Artykuły w czasopismach: „Mn TWIP Steel”

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Razavi, Gholam Reza. "The Study of Type Twin Annealing in High Mn Steel". Applied Mechanics and Materials 148-149 (grudzień 2011): 1085–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.148-149.1085.

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TWIP steels are high manganese steel (Mn: 17% - 35%) which are used for shaping car bodies. The structure of this kind of steels remains austenite even in room temperature. Due to low SFE (Stacking Fault Energy) twinning of grains is governing reformation mechanism in this kind of steels which strengthen TWIP steel. Regarding heat treatment influences on mechanical properties of TWIP steels, in this paper we discuss twinning phenomenon resulting from this kind of treatment. For this, following casting and hot rolling processes, we anneal the steel at 1100°C and different time cycles and study its microstructure using light microscope. The results showed that with decreasing grain size the number of twin annealing added And four types of annealing twin in the microstructure, in the end they all become one twin and then turn into grain.

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UEJI, Rintaro. "Alloyed Steel(TWIP Steel, High Mn Steel)". Journal of the Japan Society for Technology of Plasticity 53, nr 620 (2012): 814–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.9773/sosei.53.814.

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Wang, Li Hui, Di Tang, Hai Tao Jiang, Ji Bin Liu i Yu Chen. "Effects of Different Manganese Content on Microstructures and Properties of TWIP Steel". Advanced Materials Research 399-401 (listopad 2011): 254–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.399-401.254.

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By analysis of TWIP Steels with different manganese content, the results showed that the microstructures and properties had been changed with different Mn content. The elongation of the tested steel with 22.5% Mn was high for 55.5 % and n value of that reached to 0.360. When Mn content of the tested steel was 17.9%, the yield and tensile strength were higher and its elongation was lower for the tested steel than that of the tested steel with 22.5% Mn. The microstructures of the tested steel with high Mn content were austenite before and after being stretched at room temperature. Mn content was decreased and the microstructure of the tested steel after being stretched had a small amount of martensite transformation at room temperature. That is to say, double effect with TWIP and TRIP had occurred, but TWIP effect was dominant. TWIP effect increased plasticity and strain hardening capacity to improve formability. TRIP effect was mainly to improve strength so as to further attain the strength of the tested steel.

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Bastidas, David M., Jacob Ress, Juan Bosch i Ulises Martin. "Corrosion Mechanisms of High-Mn Twinning-Induced Plasticity (TWIP) Steels: A Critical Review". Metals 11, nr 2 (7.02.2021): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11020287.

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Twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steels have higher strength and ductility than conventional steels. Deformation mechanisms producing twins that prevent gliding and stacking of dislocations cause a higher ductility than that of steel grades with the same strength. TWIP steels are considered to be within the new generation of advanced high-strength steels (AHSS). However, some aspects, such as the corrosion resistance and performance in service of TWIP steel materials, need more research. Application of TWIP steels in the automotive industry requires a proper investigation of corrosion behavior and corrosion mechanisms, which would indicate the optimum degree of protection and the possible decrease in costs. In general, Fe−Mn-based TWIP steel alloys can passivate in oxidizing acid, neutral, and basic solutions, however they cannot passivate in reducing acid or active chloride solutions. TWIP steels have become as a potential material of interest for automotive applications due to their effectiveness, impact resistance, and negligible harm to the environment. The mechanical and corrosion performance of TWIP steels is subjected to the manufacturing and processing steps, like forging and casting, elemental composition, and thermo-mechanical treatment. Corrosion of TWIP steels caused by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors has posed a serious problem for their use. Passivity breakdown caused by pitting, and galvanic corrosion due to phase segregation are widely described and their critical mechanisms examined. Numerous studies have been performed to study corrosion behavior and passivation of TWIP steel. Despite the large number of articles on corrosion, few comprehensive reports have been published on this topic. The current trend for development of corrosion resistance TWIP steel is thoroughly studied and represented, showing the key mechanisms and factors influencing corrosion processes, and its consequences on TWIP steel. In addition, suggestions for future works and gaps in the literature are considered.

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Moon, K. M., D. A. Kim, Y. H. Kim i M. H. Lee. "Effect of Mn content on corrosion characteristics of lean Mn TWIP steel". International Journal of Modern Physics B 32, nr 19 (18.07.2018): 1840083. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979218400830.

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It is important that the steel plate is manufactured with a high tensile strength to reduce the weight of the body. It is generally accepted that twinning induced plasticity (TWIP) steel is a special steel with not only a high ductility but also a high-tensile strength compared to general steel. While numerous investigations have been carried out on the TWIP steel with an amount of manganese of at least 20%, the investigation of steel with manganese content of less than 20% has seldom been considered until now. In this study, the TWIP steel with manganese of less than 20% (12Mn, 15Mn and 18Mn TWIP steel) was investigated to determine the corrosion properties using electrochemical method. The 18Mn and 12Mn samples exhibited the best and worst corrosion resistance, respectively. It is suggested that the 18Mn sample forms a stable oxide film on the surface because it contains a larger amount of manganese and aluminum compared to the other samples, and their composition enables the easy formation of the oxide film.

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Martin, Ulises, Jacob Ress, Juan Bosch i David M. Bastidas. "Effect of Thermo-Mechanical Processing on the Corrosion Behavior of Fe−30Mn−5Al−0.5C TWIP Steel". Applied Sciences 10, nr 24 (19.12.2020): 9104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10249104.

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Electrochemical corrosion of thermo-mechanically processed (TMP) and recrystallized Fe−30Mn−5Al−0.5C twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steels containing 30 wt.% Mn was studied in a 1.0 wt.% NaCl electrolyte solution. The alkaline nature of the corrosion products containing manganese oxide (MnO) increases the dissolution kinetics of the TWIP steel in acid media, obtaining Mn2+ cations in solution, and producing the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) surface analysis revealed an increased Al2O3 content of 91% in the passive layer of the recrystallized TWIP steel specimen, while in contrast only a 43% Al2O3 was found on the TMP specimen. Additionally, the chemical composition of the surface oxide layer as well as the TWIP alloy microstructure was analyzed by optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results indicate an enhanced corrosion attack for the TMP high-Mn TWIP steel.

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Yang, Yang, Chun Fu Li i Kai Hong Song. "Effect of Strain Rate on the Microstructures and Properties of Hot–Rolled TWIP Steel in the Solution Condition". Advanced Materials Research 430-432 (styczeń 2012): 256–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.430-432.256.

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TWIP steel containing 0.21% C, 24.4% Mn, 0.9% Si, 1.84% Al, 4.61% Cr, 1.89% Ni, 0.41% Mo and 0.012% Nb was investigated. Tensile tests of this steel were performed in the strain rate range of 10−4–10−3 s−1. Results indicate that tensile properties of TWIP steel at room temperature are sensitive to strain rate in the studied range. Analyses on the relationship between strain–hardening exponent and strain rates show that the formation of twins during deformation greatly affects the strain–hardening behavior of TWIP steels.

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Olugbade, Temitope Olumide. "Stress corrosion cracking and precipitation strengthening mechanism in TWIP steels: progress and prospects". Corrosion Reviews 38, nr 6 (18.11.2020): 473–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/corrrev-2020-0052.

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AbstractTwinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steels are increasingly receiving wide attention for automotive applications due to their outstanding combination of ductility and strength, which can largely be attributed to the strain hardening effect, formation of mechanical twins during straining, and the presence of manganese (Mn) as an alloying element. However, the premature cracking and sudden failure frequently experienced by the TWIP steels under the combined action of tensile stress and corrosion environment remain a challenge for many material scientists and experts up till now. Driven by this challenge, an overview of the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) susceptibility of high-Mn TWIP steels (under the action of both mechanical loading and corrosion reaction) is presented. The SCC susceptibility of the high-Mn TWIP steels is specifically sensitive to hydrogen embrittlement, which is a major factor influencing the SCC behavior, and is a function of the hydrogen content, lattice-defect density and strength level. Besides, the corrosion susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement may be reduced by suppressing the martensite in the TWIP steels by carbon additions. This review further discusses in detail the precipitation strengthening mechanisms as well as the corrosion behavior of TWIP steel by mechanism.

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Hernández-Belmontes, Humberto, Ignacio Mejía i Cuauhtémoc Maldonado. "Ab Initio Study of Weldability of a High-Manganese Austenitic Twinning-Induced Plasticity (TWIP) Steel Microalloyed with Boron". MRS Proceedings 1812 (2016): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2016.15.

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ABSTRACTHigh-Mn Twinning-Induced Plasticity (TWIP) steels are advanced high-strength steels (AHSS) currently under development; they are fully austenitic and characterized by twinning as the predominant strengthening mechanism. TWIP steels have high strength and formability with an elongation up to 80%, which allows reduction in automotive components weight and fuel consumption. Since the targeted application field of TWIP steels is the automotive industry, steels need high mechanical performance with good weldability and excellent corrosion resistance. However, there is lack of information about the weldability behavior of these advanced steels. This research work aims to study the weldability of a new generation of high-Mn austenitic TWIP steels microalloyed with B. Weldability was examined using spot welds produced by Gas Tungsten Arc Welding. Microstructural changes were examined using light optical metallography. Segregation of elements in the weld joint was evaluated using point and elemental mapping chemical analysis by Scanning Electron Microscopy and Electron-Dispersive Spectroscopy; while the hardness properties were examined with Vickers microhardness testing (HV25). Experimental results show that the welded joint microstructure consists of austenitic dendritic grains in the fusion zone, and equiaxed grains in the heat affected zone. Notably, the boron microalloyed TWIP steel exhibited poor weldability, showing hot cracking. Additionally, the studied TWIP steels showed a high degree of segregation in the fusion zone; Mn and Si segregated into the interdendritic regions, while Al and C preferentially segregated in dendritic areas. Finally, the welded joints of the TWIP steels showed microhardness values lower than the base material. In general, the present TWIP steels have problems of weldability, which are corroborated with microstructural changes, elements segregation and microhardness loss.

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Peng, Ru Lin, Xiao Peng Liu, Yan Dong Wang, Shu Yan Zhang, Yong Feng Shen i Sten Johansson. "In-Situ Neutron Diffraction Study of the Deformation Behaviour of Two High-Manganese Austenitic Steels". Materials Science Forum 681 (marzec 2011): 474–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.681.474.

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In-situ neutron diffraction experiments under tensile loading were carried out to study the micromechanical behaviour of two iron-manganese based steels, a TWIP (twinning induced plasticity) steel with 30 wt% Mn and a TRIP steel (transformation induced plasticity) with 20 wt% Mn. The former was loaded to 31.3% strain and the latter to 20% strain. The 30 wt.% Mn steel had a fully austenitic microstructure which remained stable over the loading range studied, while stress induced austenite to α´- and ε-martensite transformations occur in the 20 wt.% Mn steel which initially contained an α´-martensite in addition to the austenite. The evolution of lattice strains under tensile loading differs between the two steels, reflected their different plastic deformation mechanisms. A stronger grain-orientation dependent behaviour is observed during deformation for the 20 wt.% Mn in contrast to the 30wt.% Mn steel.

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Hernández-Belmontes, H., I. Mejía, V. García-García i C. Maldonado. "Heat Input Effect on the Microstructure of Twinning-Induced Plasticity (TWIP) Steel Welded Joints Through the GTAW Process". MRS Advances 3, nr 64 (2018): 3949–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2018.597.

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ABSTRACTHigh-Mn Twinning Induced Plasticity (TWIP) steels are an excellent alternative in the design of structural components for the automotive industry. The TWIP steels application allows weight reduction, maintaining the performance of vehicles. Nowadays the research works focused on TWIP steel weldability are relative scarce. It is well-known that weldability is one of the main limitations for industrial application of TWIP steel. The main goal of this research work was studied the effect of heat input on the microstructural changes generated in a TWIP steel microalloyed with Ti. A pair of welds were performed through Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) process. The GTAW process was carried out without filler material, using Direc Current Electrode Negative (DCEN), tungsten electrode EWTh-2 and Ar as shielding gas. The microstructure and average grain size in the fusion (FZ) and heat affected zone (HAZ) were determined by light optical metallography (LOM). Elements segregation in the FZ was evaluated using point and elemental mapping chemical analysis (EPMA) by Scanning Electron Microscopy and Electron Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). Phase transformations were evaluated using X-ray diffraction (XRD). Finally, the hardness were measured by means of Vickers microhardness testing (HV500). The results show that the FZ is characterized by a dendritic solidification pattern. Meanwhile, the HAZ presented equiaxed grains in both weld joints. On the other hand, the TWIP-Ti steel weldments did not present austenite phase transformations. Nevertheless, the FZ exhibited variations in the chemical elements distribution (Mn, Al, Si and C), which were higher as the heat input increases. Finally, the heat input reduced the microhardness of TWIP-Ti steel weld joints. Although post-welding hardness recovery was detected, which is associated with precipitation of Ti second-phase particles.

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Campagnoli, Elena, Paolo Matteis, Giovanni M. M. Mortarino i Giorgio Scavino. "Thermal Diffusivity of Traditional and Innovative Sheet Steels". Defect and Diffusion Forum 297-301 (kwiecień 2010): 893–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.297-301.893.

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The low carbon steels, used for the production of car bodies by deep drawing, are gradually substituted by high strength steels for vehicle weight reduction. The drawn car body components are joined by welding and the welded points undergo a reduction of the local tensile strength. In developing an accurate welding process model, able to optimized process parameters and to predict the final local microstructure, a significant improvement can be given by the knowledge of the welded steels thermal diffusivity at different temperatures. The laser-flash method has been used to compare the thermal diffusivity of two traditional deep drawing steels, two high strength steels already in common usage, i.e. a Dual Phase (DP) steel and a TRansformation Induced Plasticity (TRIP) steel, and one experimental high-Mn austenitic TWIP (Twinning Induced Plasticity) steel. The low carbon steels, at low temperatures, have a thermal diffusivity that is 4-5 times larger than the TWIP steel. Their thermal diffusivity decreases by increasing temperature while the TWIP steel shows an opposite behaviour, albeit with a lesser slope, so that above 700°C the TWIP thermal diffusivity is larger. The different behaviour of the TWIP steel in respect to the ferritic deep drawing steels arises from its non ferro-magnetic austenitic structure. The DP and TRIP steels show intermediate values, their diffusivity being lower than that of the traditional deep drawing steels; this latter fact probably arises from their higher alloy content and more complex microstructure.

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Chen, L., J. K. Kim, S. K. Kim, G. S. Kim, K. G. Chin i B. C. De Cooman. "Stretch-Flangeability of High Mn TWIP steel". steel research international 81, nr 7 (29.07.2010): 552–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/srin.201000044.

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Tewary, NK, SK Ghosh i S. Chatterjee. "Deformation behaviour of low carbon high Mn twinning-induced plasticity steel". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 233, nr 3 (16.10.2017): 763–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406217730440.

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The present study deals with the deformation behaviour of low carbon and high manganese twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steel (Fe–21Mn–3Si–3Al–0.06C, wt%) through microstructural investigation. Low carbon with high manganese along with the addition of aluminium in TWIP steel results in lowering of specific weight with higher strain hardening due to the formation of mechanical twins during deformation. The full austenite phase is obtained after solution treatment and deformation twins appear and austenite grains become flattened during application of 10% to 50% cold deformation. The annealing twins are relatively coarser compared to the newly formed deformation twins. With the increasing amount of cold deformation, deformation twins and dislocation density are increased. Deformation twinning can be considered to be the dominant deformation mechanism during the course of cold rolling applied in the present study. The cold deformation results in the evolution of dislocation substructure, stacking faults, deformation twins and twin–dislocation interaction, which may be correlated with the lower stacking fault energy (∼24 mJ/m2) of the investigated steel. Excellent combination of strength and ductility has been obtained in the present TWIP steel with a small rolling reduction of 10% and 30%. With the increasing amount of cold deformation, tensile strength notably increases and maximum tensile strength is obtained at 50% cold-deformed sample along with the diminutive sacrifice of the ductility.

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Mercado, V. H., I. Mejía i A. Bedolla-Jacuinde. "Dry Sliding Wear Behavior of a High-Mn Austenitic Twinning Induced Plasticity (TWIP) Steel Microalloyed with Ti". MRS Proceedings 1765 (2015): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2015.807.

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ABSTRACTHigh-Mn austenitic twinning induced plasticity (TWIP) steels are the object of intense worldwide scientific study due to the promising combination of strength and ductility of these alloys. Mechanical behavior of this family of new generation steels has been extensively studied recently. However, limited information regarding their tribological properties is available in the literature. The aim of this research work is to study the wear behavior of a high-Mn austenitic Fe–20Mn–1.5Si–1.5Al–0.4C TWIP steel microalloyed with Ti. The wear behavior was evaluated under dry sliding condition by the ‘‘pin-on-ring’’ method. For this purpose, solution-treated samples were worn for 10 km against a counterface disc made of hardened AISI M2 steel, under loads of 52, 103 and 154 N, and at speeds of 0.20, 0.60 and 0.86 m/s. The wear resistance was evaluated from the average wear rate. Wear debris and worn surfaces were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). The Ti addition to TWIP steel slightly improved the wear resistance particularly at a speed of 0.86 m/s and at loads of 52 and 103 N. Results show that the wear resistance increases with increasing sliding speed. This is attributed to the formation of an oxide layer acting as a protective layer against wear, which suggests that the main wear mechanism for the studied TWIP steel under these conditions is oxidative.

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Gong, Yong Feng, Han Soo Kim, Sung Kyu Kim i Bruno C. De Cooman. "Selective Oxidation and Sub-Surface Phase Transformation during Austenitic Annealing of TWIP Steels". Materials Science Forum 654-656 (czerwiec 2010): 258–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.654-656.258.

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The selective oxidation of Al-free and Al-added Twinning Induced Plasticity (TWIP) steels during full austenitic annealing at 800°C in N2+10%H2 atmosphere at a dew point of -17°C was investigated by means of HR-TEM of FIB cross-sectional samples. For Al-free TWIP steel, a dense MnO layer was formed on the surface. Crystalline c-xMnO.SiO2(x2) particles and amorphous a-xMnO.SiO2(x<0.9) particles were found at the MnO layer/steel matrix interface. In the subsurface, Mn depletion resulted in the transformation of the austenite to the ferrite phase in a narrow zone. For Al-added TWIP steel, a continuous outer MnO layer and a transition layer consisting of amorphous a-xMnO.SiO2(x<0.9) and crystalline c-MnO.Al2O3(0.8<x<1.2) were formed. The interface between the a-xMnO.SiO2(x<0.9) and c-MnO.Al2O3(0.8<x<1.2) layers had rough structure and 20~50nm diameter voids were formed at the interface. Meanwhile, a narrow Mn-depleted ferrite layer was also formed in the subsurface. The void formation is very likely related to Kirkendall effect occurring during the oxides formation. The thick MnO layer and the voids constitute major challenges to the successful hot dip galvanization of TWIP steels in industrial HDG lines.

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Guo, Peng Cheng, Shuai Liu, Peng Hui Ma, Jiang Ying Meng, Fu Cheng Zhang i Li He Qian. "Fatigue Deformation Behavior of Fe-Mn-C-(Al) TWIP Steels". Materials Science Forum 879 (listopad 2016): 1524–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.879.1524.

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The effects of Al on the monotonic deformation behavior of Fe-Mn-C twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steels have been extensively investigated; however, how the addition of Al affects the fatigue properties of these steels is unknown. The present paper deals with the cyclic deformation properties of Fe-22Mn-0.6C-0Al and Fe-22Mn-0.6C-3Al steels by means of total strain-controlled low-cycle fatigue tests. The total strain amplitude ranges from 0.002 to 0.01. The evolved microstructures of fatigued samples were observed by transmission electron microscopy. Results show that the addition of Al has a significant effect on the cyclic deformation behavior, fatigue lifetime and evolved microstructure of Fe-Mn-C TWIP steel.

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Li, Shiqi, Jianhua Liu, Hongbo Liu, Changling Zhuang, Jian Liu i Zhibiao Han. "Study on High-Temperature Mechanical Properties of Low-Carbon Fe-Mn-Si-Al TWIP Steel". High Temperature Materials and Processes 36, nr 5 (24.05.2017): 505–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2015-0144.

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AbstractThe high-temperature mechanical properties of twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steel with 0.05 % C, 25 % Mn, 3 % Al, 3 % Si have been investigated using the GLEEBLE 3500 machine. The result shows that the zero ductility temperature and the zero strength temperature of the TWIP steel are measured at 1,225 °C and 1,275 °C, respectively. The brittleness temperature interval I is from 1,200 °C to the melting point, and the brittleness temperature interval III is from 650 °C to 800 °C. The tensile fracture has been examined using the scanning electron microscope, optical microscope and electron backscatter diffraction to determine the fracture mechanisms. The result shows that the twin is not the main influencing factor of the high-temperature plasticity of TWIP steel. Instead, the degree of dynamic recrystallization determines its high-temperature plasticity. A small number of AlN particles are found near the fractures, but these particles are so coarse, therefore, have no influence on the brittle fracture, and ferrite transformation and work hardening are the main reasons that cause the brittle fracture.

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Ueji, Rintaro, Kenji Harada, Noriyuki Tsuchida i Kazutoshi Kunishige. "High Speed Deformation of Ultrafine Grained TWIP Steel". Materials Science Forum 561-565 (październik 2007): 107–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.561-565.107.

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Tensile properties of twinning induced plasticity (TWIP) steels (31%Mn-3%Al-3%Si-Fe) with various mean grain sizes ranging from ultrafine grain size (1.1μm) to conventional one (35.5μm) at a wide range of strain rates from 10-3sec-1 to 103sec-1 were studied. The ultrafine grained TWIP steel exhibits a large work hardening and keeps an adequate elongation at any strain rate. The strength held to the Hall-Petch relationship at each strain rate and the Hall-Petch slopes do not change largely.

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Chen, Lei, Jin Kyung Kim, Sung Kyu Kim, Kwang Geun Chin i Bruno C. De Cooman. "On the Stretch-Flangeability of High Mn TWIP Steels". Materials Science Forum 654-656 (czerwiec 2010): 278–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.654-656.278.

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Edge stretching is an important formability issue when it comes to apply sheet steels to automotive industry. Anisotropy, strain hardening and toughness are closely related to hole expansion properties. In this paper, hole expansion properties of a high Mn fully austenitic Twinning Induced Plasticity (TWIP) steel are compared with three other types of single-phase sheet steels. The effects of r-value, n-value, m-value and post-uniform elongation on the edge stretch-flangeability are discussed. It was found that the post-uniform elongation and the strain rate sensitivity have a pronounced effect on hole expansion properties.

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Melo, Tulio M. F., Érica Ribeiro, Lorena Dutra i Dagoberto Brandão Santos. "Low C High Mn Cold Rolled TWIP Steel: Kinetics of Isothermal Recrystallization". Materials Science Forum 706-709 (styczeń 2012): 2181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.706-709.2181.

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The increasing demand, mainly from the automobile industry, for materials which combine high strength, high ductility and low specific weight makes steels with the TWIP (TWinning Induced Plasticity) effect a promising material to meet these requirements. This work aimed to study the kinetics of isothermal recrystallization of a TWIP steel (C-0.06%, Mn-25%, Al-3%, Si-2%, and Ni-1%) after cold rolling. The steel was hot and cold-rolled and then annealed at 700°C with soaking times ranging from 10 to 7200 s. Microstructural analysis was performed using light (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Furthermore, quantitative metallography was performed in order to evaluate the recrystallized volume fraction and grain size. A JMAK based model was applied to describe the nucleation grain growth process. The restoration of the steel was also evaluated by microhardness tests. A complete recrystallization after 7200 s at 700°C was observed. It was found that with increasing annealing times, the recrystallized volume fraction also increases, while the nucleation and growth rates decrease, in agreement with the results for plain carbon steels.

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Bosch, Juan, Ulises Martin, Willian Aperador, José M. Bastidas, Jacob Ress i David M. Bastidas. "Corrosion Behavior of High-Mn Austenitic Fe–Mn–Al–Cr–C Steels in NaCl and NaOH Solutions". Materials 14, nr 2 (16.01.2021): 425. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14020425.

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The corrosion behavior of austenitic Fe–Mn–Al–Cr–C twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) and microband-induced plasticity (MBIP) steels with different alloying elements ranging from 22.6–30 wt.% Mn, 5.2–8.5 wt.% Al, 3.1–5.1 wt.% Cr, to 0.68–1.0 wt.% C was studied in 3.5 wt.% NaCl (pH 7) and 10 wt.% NaOH (pH 14) solutions. The results obtained using potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques, alongside optical microscopy analysis, revealed pitting as the dominant corrosion mechanism in high-Mn TWIP steels. An X-ray diffraction analysis of the surface revealed that the main corrosion products were hematite (Fe2O3), braunite (Mn2O3), and hausmannite (Mn3O4), and binary oxide spinels were also identified, such as galaxite (MnAl2O4) and jacobsite (MnFe2O4). This is due to the higher dissolution rate of Fe and Mn, which present a more active redox potential. In addition, a protective Al2O3 passive film was also revealed, showing enhanced corrosion protection. The highest corrosion susceptibility in both electrolytes was exhibited by the MBIP steel (30 wt.% Mn). Pitting corrosion was observed in both chloride and alkaline solutions.

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Razavi, Gholam Reza, i Hossein Monajati. "Corrosion Behavior of TWIP Steels in 3.5% NaCl Solution". Advanced Materials Research 457-458 (styczeń 2012): 334–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.457-458.334.

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TWIP steels are high Mn (17-35%) austenitic steels having strength and ductility concurrently. This makes them suitable for applications that need high strength and ductility like gas tanks and oil platforms. To these applications corrosion resistance of these steel is also of paramount importance and needs to be noticed. This was achieved by two usual methods of weight loss and potentiodynamic polarization of the samples, after that they casted and hot rolled in experimental scale. The observed corrosion pits are related to the chemical composition. It is connected with the high dissolution rate of Mn and Fe atoms in NaCl solution. Fractographic analyses of samples revealed corrosion products on their surface in a form of pits with diversified size.

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Bracke, Lieven, i Nieves Cabañas-Poy. "Recrystallisation Behaviour of an Fe-Mn-C-Si-Al TWIP". Materials Science Forum 715-716 (kwiecień 2012): 649–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.715-716.649.

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The static recrystallisation behaviour of cold rolled and annealed TWinning Induced Plasticity (TWIP) steels is important for its industrial production. The recrystallisation kinetics have been determined for an Fe-Mn-C-Si-Al TWIP steel using hardness measurements and microstructure analysis: it has been shown that recrystallisation progresses rapidly with increased annealing temperature. Recrystallisation was faster at higher cold reductions, and a smaller final grain size was observed at lower annealing temperatures. This indicates that the mechanism is nucleation dominated at lower temperatures; grain growth at higher temperatures appears similar for all reductions. The recrystallisation results in a crystallographic texture where the main components of the cold rolling texture are preserved in the final texture after annealing, although some randomisation was observed.

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Santos, Dagoberto Brandao, Berenice Mendonça Gonzalez i Elena V. Pereloma. "Recrystallization and Mechanical Behavior of High Mn and Low C Cold Rolled and Annealed Steel with TWIP Effect". Materials Science Forum 715-716 (kwiecień 2012): 579–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.715-716.579.

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ncreasing demand for automotive vehicles with reduced weight, improved crashworthiness and passengers safety has steamed the research of new Twinning Induced Plasticity (TWIP) steels. In this work the effect of annealing between 400 and 900°C on the microstructure and mechanical properties of hot and cold rolled 0.06C-24Mn-3Al-2Si-1Ni (wt%) steel with TWIP effect was investigated. The results have shown that steel exhibits fast recrystallization kinetics with a low amount of recovery, which results in a high driving force for the former. Mechanical properties were determined using Vickers microhardness and tensile tests. Tensile strength of 670 MPa with 54% of total elongation, and strain hardening exponent of 0.57 were reached after annealing at 900°C.

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Solana Reyes, Yadira, JOSE ANGEL RAMOS BANDERAS, PEDRO GARNICA GONZALEZ i Alondra Jacqueline BOCANEGRA HUERAMO. "MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF AN HIGH STRENGHT STEEL (AHSS) WITH MEDIUM MN CONTENT IN TWO ROLLING CONDITIONS: HOT AND WARM". DYNA 98, nr 5 (1.09.2023): 521–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.6036/10895.

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The microstructure before intercritical annealing of an AHSS (Advanced High Strength Steel) with medium Mn content plays an important role in the final mechanical properties, since the transformations occurring during annealing modify phases, composition, and morphology. The microstructural changes that occur during intercritical annealing treatment of a medium Mn steel were examined. Two starting material comes from different conditions, hot rolling at 1200°C and warm rolling (initial rolling at 1200°C and subsequent at 680°C). The mechanical properties were related to the transformation phenomena that occur in these steels, mainly TRIP (Transformation Induced Plasticity) and TWIP (Twinning Induced Plasticity) effects. The transformations were verified by SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) and X-RD (X-Ray Diffraction). Tensile strength values of 1111 MPa and 17% elongation were obtained by hot rolling route. For the warm rolling route, 35% deformation and a tensile strength of 1357 MPa were obtained. The strain hardening curve was analyzed, showing the presence of the TWIP effect subsequently "saw" behavior related to the discontinuous TRIP effect. The mechanic properties values are related to the difference in morphology phases present. An acicular morphology of a/? (ferrite/austenite) provides a higher value of tensile strength, but low elongation percentage, and a mixture of lamellar and globular morphologies, provides an optimized combination of strength and ductility. Key words: AHSS, medium manganese steel, rolling, heat treatment, discontinuous TRIP effect, TWIP.

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Lee, Sang Won, Jin Kyung Kim, Sung Kyu Kim, Kwang Geun Chin i Bruno C. De Cooman. "Effect of N on Microstructure and Tensile Behavior of TWIP Steel". Materials Science Forum 654-656 (czerwiec 2010): 262–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.654-656.262.

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The present study focused on the design and testing of new 3rd generation TWIP steels to find reduced Mn content alternatives to the existing high Mn FeMnC and FeMnAlC alloy systems. In order to investigate the effect of nitrogen addition, 12Mn0.6C-N was examined and 18Mn0.6C-N steel was used as a reference. Effects of nitrogen and manganese on the microstructure and mechanical properties were investigated by X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and tensile testing. The deformation microstructures of 12Mn0.6C-N were mixtures of twinned austenite and 5~10% ε-martensite. Only deformation twinning was observed in 18Mn0.6C-N during the deformation due to its higher stacking fault energy. 18Mn0.6C-N steel exhibited higher strength and elongation than 12Mn0.6C-N steel. The effect of the strain rate on the tensile behavior of both materials was also examined. While 18Mn0.6C-N showed clear negative strain rate sensitivity, 12Mn0.6C-N did not show a clear relationship between flow stress and strain rate. The effect of annealing temperature on the tensile behavior and microstructure was also examined.

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Borek, Wojciech, Małgorzata Czaja, Krzysztof Labisz, Tomasz Tański, Mariusz Krupiński i Stanislav Rusz. "High Manganese Austenitic X6MnSiAlNbTi26-3-3 Steel - Characteristic, Structures and Properties". Advanced Materials Research 1036 (październik 2014): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1036.18.

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The aim of this paper is to determine the high-manganese austenite propensity to twinning induced by the cold working and its effect on structure and mechanical properties, and especially the strain energy per unit volume of new-developed high-manganese Fe – Mn – (Al, Si) investigated steel with various structures after their thermo-mechanical treatments. The new-developed high-manganese steel provides an extensive potential for automotive industries through exhibiting the twinning induced plasticity (TWIP) and transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) mechanisms. TWIP steels not only show excellent strength, but also have excellent formability due to twinning, thereby leading to excellent combination of strength, ductility, and formability over conventional dual phase steels or transformation induced plasticity TRIP steels. The microstructure evolution in successive stages of deformation was determined in metallographic investigations using light, scanning and transmission electron microscopies as well as X-ray diffraction methods.

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Haase, Christian, Luis Antonio Barrales-Mora, Dmitri A. Molodov i Günter Gottstein. "Application of Texture Analysis for Optimizing Thermo-Mechanical Treatment of a High Mn TWIP Steel". Advanced Materials Research 922 (maj 2014): 213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.922.213.

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A recently introduced processing route consisting of cold rolling and recovery annealing allows the production of TWIP steels with high yield strength along with appreciable uniform elongation due to the thermal stability of mechanically induced nanoscale twins. A wide range of strength-ductility combinations was obtained using recovery and recrystallization annealing of 30%, 40%, and 50% cold-rolled Fe-23Mn-1.5Al-0.3C TWIP steel. Texture measurement during cold rolling and annealing was proven to be a suitable tool to determine the optimal deformation degree and annealing time for this processing method. As a consequence, texture analysis can be used to predict the final materials properties.

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Dobrzański, Leszek Adam, Wojciech Borek i Janusz Mazurkiewicz. "Influence of Thermo-Mechanical Treatments on Structure and Mechanical Properties of High-Mn Steel". Advanced Materials Research 1127 (październik 2015): 113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1127.113.

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The aim of this paper is to determine the high-manganese austenite propensity to twinning induced by the cold working and its effect on structure and mechanical properties, and especially the strain energy per unit volume of new-developed high-manganese Fe – Mn – (Al, Si) investigated steel, containing about 24,5 % of manganese, 1% of silicon, 3 % of aluminium and microadditions Nb and Ti with various structures after their heat- and thermo-mechanical treatments. The new-developed high-manganese Fe – Mn – (Al, Si) steel provide an extensive potential for automotive industries through exhibiting the twinning induced plasticity (TWIP) mechanisms. TWIP steel not only show excellent strength, but also have excellent formability due to twinning, thereby leading to excellent combination of strength, ductility, and formability over conventional dual phase steels or transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) steels. Results obtained for high-manganese austenitic steel with the properly formed structure and properties in the thermo-mechanical processes indicate the possibility and purposefulness of their employment for constructional elements of vehicles, especially of the passenger cars to take advantage of the significant growth of their strain energy per unit volume which guarantee reserve of plasticity in the zones of controlled energy absorption during possible collision resulting from activation of twinning induced by the cold working as the fracture counteraction factor, which may result in significant growth of the passive safety of these vehicles' passengers.

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Torganchuk, Vladimir, Andrey Belyakov i Rustam Kaibyshev. "Improving Mechanical Properties of 18%Mn TWIP Steels by Cold Rolling and Annealing". Metals 9, nr 7 (11.07.2019): 776. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9070776.

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The microstructures and mechanical properties of Fe-0.4C-18Mn and Fe-0.6C-18Mn steels subjected to large strain cold rolling followed by annealing were studied. Cold rolling with a total reduction of 86% resulted in substantial strengthening at expense of plasticity. The yield strength and the ultimate tensile strength of above 1400 MPa and 1600 MPa, respectively, were achieved in both steels, whereas total elongation decreased below 30%. Subsequent annealing at temperatures above 600 °C was accompanied with the development of recrystallization leading to fine-grained microstructures with an average grain size of about 1 μm in both steels. The fine-grained steels exhibited remarkable improved mechanical properties with a product of ultimate tensile strength by total elongation in the range of 50 to 70 GPa %. The fine-grained steel with relatively high carbon content of 0.6%C was characterized by ultimate tensile strength well above 1400 MPa that was remarkably higher than that of about 1200 MPa in the steel with 0.4%C.

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Llanos, L., B. Pereda, B. López i J. M. Rodriguez-Ibabe. "Modelling the Static Recrystallization Kinetics of Microalloyed TWIP Steels with Different Alloying Contents". Materials Science Forum 879 (listopad 2016): 1465–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.879.1465.

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During hot rolling, austenite recrystallization determines the grain size evolution and the extent of strain accumulation, and therefore, it can be used to tailor the microstructure and mechanical properties of the final product. However, at the moment, models describing the recrystallization kinetics of high-Mn steels are scarce and they do not take into account the effect of the alloying elements present in these steels. The aim of this work is to provide a quantitative model for the determination of the static recrystallization kinetics valid for a wide range of high-Mn steel compositions. Softening data determined for steels with different Mn (20 to 30%), Al (0 to 1.5%) and C (0.2 to 1%) levels at different strain, strain-rate and temperature conditions were analyzed. Static recrystallization of the investigated high-Mn steels follow Avrami’s law, with n Avrami exponents which are temperature dependent and lower than those determined for low C steels. A dependence of the t0.5 (time for 50% fractional softening) on the carbon content has been also observed and it was incorporated into an equation for the calculation of this parameter.

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Shterner, Vadim, Ilana B. Timokhina i Hossein Beladi. "The Correlation between Stacking Fault Energy and the Work Hardening Behaviour of High-Mn Twinning Induced Plasticity Steel Tested at Various Temperatures". Advanced Materials Research 922 (maj 2014): 676–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.922.676.

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High-Mn Twinning Induced Plasticity (TWIP) steels have superior mechanical properties, which make them promising materials in automotive industry to improve the passenger safety and the fuel consumption. The TWIP steels are characterized by high work hardening rates due to continuous mechanical twin formation during the deformation. Mechanical twinning is a unique deformation mode, which is highly governed by the stacking fault energy (SFE). The composition of steel alloy was Fe-18Mn-0.6C-1Al (wt.%) with SFE of about 25-30 mJ/m2at room temperature. The SFE ensures the mechanical twinning to be the main deformation mechanism at room temperature. The microstructure, mechanical properties, work hardening behaviour and SFE of the steel was studied at the temperature range of ambient≤T[°C]≤400°C. The mechanical properties were determined using Instron tensile testing machine with 30kN load cell and strain rate of 10-3s-1and the work hardening behaviour curves were generated using true stress and true strain data. The microstructure after deformation at different temperatures was examined using Zeiss Supra 55VP SEM. It was found that an increase in the deformation temperature raised the SFE resulting in the deterioration of the mechanical twinning that led to decrease not only in the strength but also in the total strain of the steel. A correlation between the temperature, the SFE, the mechanical twinning, the mechanical properties and the work hardening rate was also found.

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Salas-Reyes, Antonio E., Ignacio Mejía i José M. Cabrera. "Effect of Ti Microaddition on Cavitation Behavior During Uniaxial Hot-Tensile of Fe-22Mn-1.5Al-1.3Si-0.5C Austenitic TWIP Steel". MRS Proceedings 1812 (2016): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2016.28.

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ABSTRACTIt is well-known that metal and alloys develop internal cavities when subjected to uniaxial or multiaxial tensile strains at elevated temperature. In most cases, cavitation may lead to premature failure during forming. Therefore, damage and fracture behavior imposes significant limitations in hot metal-forming processes. Although high-Mn austenitic TWIP steels exhibit a unique combination of strength and ductility, cavitation during hot working is one issue that must be tackled. The aim of this research work is to determine the effect of Ti microaddition on cavity mechanisms of Fe-22Mn-1.5Al-1.3Si-0.5C TWIP steel under uniaxial hot-tensile condition at 800 °C and constant true strain rate of 10-3 s-1. For this purpose, light optical (LOM) and scanning electron (SEM) microscopies and image analysis were applied to quantify cavities formation along longitudinal section of deformed samples near to the fracture surface. The number of cavities greater than 10 µm (critical length) in non-microalloyed and Ti microalloyed TWIP steels were 2.75 and 3.75 cavities/mm2, respectively. On the other hand, average cavity area was 125 and 152 µm2, respectively. Both TWIP steels showed cavities type “r”, “l” and “A”. Finally, Ti microaddition to TWIP steel resulted in a predominant brittle fracture behavior due to finer grain-boundary precipitation, which weakens grains cohesion and accelerates crack growth by grain-boundary sliding. In this case, crack growth behavior is explained in terms of a void interconnection mechanism.

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Wu, Yan Xin, Di Tang, Zhen Li Mi i Hai Tao Jiang. "The Static Recrystallization Behavior of Fe-Mn-Si-Al Series TWIP Steel". Advanced Materials Research 893 (luty 2014): 419–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.893.419.

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he softening and static recrystallization behavior of typical Fe-Mn-Si-Al series TWIP steel between high temperature deformation passes was investigated by two-pass hot compress deformation experiments on Gleeble-3500 thermal simulated test machine. The dynamic model of static recrystallization was built according to the experimental results. The investigation of the effects of deformation temperature, deformation rate and pre-deformation shows that deformation rate is the most effective parameter, and the increase of deformation and pre-deformation can also promote the static recrystallization. The calculated static recrystallization activation energy of TWIP steel is about 147kJ/mol through the dynamic equation built. The results of model predict conform to the experimental results.

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Kim, Jin Kyung, Yuri Estrin, Hossein Beladi, Sung Kyu Kim, Kwang Geun Chin i Bruno C. De Cooman. "Constitutive Modeling of TWIP Steel in Uni-Axial Tension". Materials Science Forum 654-656 (czerwiec 2010): 270–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.654-656.270.

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High Mn steels demonstrate an exceptional combination of high strength and ductility due to their high work hardening rate during deformation. The microstructure evolution and work hardening behavior of Fe18Mn0.6C1.5Al TWIP steel in uni-axial tension were examined. The purpose of this study was to determine the contribution of all the relevant deformation mechanism : slip, twinning and dynamic strain aging. Constitutive modeling was carried out based on the Kubin-Estrin model, in which the densities of mobile and forest dislocations are coupled in order to account for the continuous immobilization of mobile dislocations during straining. These coupled dislocation densities were also used for simulating the contribution of dynamic strain aging on the flow stress. The model was modified to include the effect of twinning.

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Mejía, I., H. Hernández-Belmontes i C. Maldonado. "Weldability of High-Mn Austenitic Twinning-Induced Plasticity (TWIP) Steel Microalloyed with Nb". MRS Advances 2, nr 62 (2017): 3899–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2018.108.

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ABSTRACTThe objective of this research work is to study the weldability of a Nb microalloyed TWIP steel through welding nuggets generated by Gas Tungsten Arc Welding process. Weldability was examined by microstructural changes in the fusion zone (FZ) and heat affected zone (HAZ) using light optical metallography (LOM), segregation in the nuggets was evaluated using elemental mappings of chemical analysis by Scanning Electron Microscopy and Electron Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), phase transformations were evaluated using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the hardness properties were examined using Vickers microhardness testing (HV25). Experimental results show that microstructure of welding nuggets consists of austenitic dendritic grains in the FZ and equiaxed grains in the HAZ. FZ width and HAZ grain growth tend to increase as the heat input increases. Additionally, the studied Nb-containing TWIP steel showed segregation in the FZ, where Mn and Si segregated in the interdendritic regions, while Al and C preferentially segregated in dendritic areas. In general, the data obtained by XRD indicated that GTAW process did not affect austenite stability. Finally, the welding nuggets of studied TWIP steel showed lower microhardness values than the as-solution condition (starting condition). However, the heat affected zone showed hardened areas, which are associated with NbC precipitation hardening.

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Jabłońska, Magdalena, i Rafał Michalik. "Studies on the Corrosion Properties of High-Mn Austenitic Steels". Solid State Phenomena 227 (styczeń 2015): 75–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.227.75.

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Institute of Materials Science at Silesian University of Technology since 6 years conducts researches to learn about the new dedicated for automotive, railway and military industries. Some of these materials belong to the group of AHS steels, characterized by the twinning induced plasticity (TWIP) effect. It is a new type of steel possessing both a high strength and a great plastic elongation, and an ideal uniform work hardening behaviour. It is therefore a good candidate for deep drawing applications in the automobile and railway industries. In the paper the of the three grades of high-manganese steels of was studied in 3.5% NaCl solution and in an “acid rain” solution with pH=3.5 environments using polarization experiments. The results of corrosion tests and analysis of show that a higher polarisation resistance and lower values of corrosion current density are observed for all studied steels in 3.5% NaCl solution. Spontaneous passivation ability has been shown only for one grade of high-manganese steel in 3.5% NaCl.

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Podany, P., M. Koukolikova, T. Kubina, R. Prochazka i A. Franc. "Fe-Mn(Al, Si) TWIP steel – strengthening characteristics and weldability". IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 179 (luty 2017): 012057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/179/1/012057.

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van Tol, R. T., J. K. Kim, L. Zhao, J. Sietsma i B. C. De Cooman. "α′-Martensite formation in deep-drawn Mn-based TWIP steel". Journal of Materials Science 47, nr 12 (17.03.2012): 4845–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-012-6345-y.

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García-Mora, Elvira, Ignacio Mejía, Francisco Reyes-Calderón i José M. Cabrera. "Determination of Critical Stress for Dynamic Recrystallization of a High-Mn Austenitic TWIP Steel Micro-Alloyed with Vanadium". MRS Proceedings 1812 (2016): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2016.16.

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ABSTRACTWhen high strength and high ductility are required, the Twinning Induced Plasticity steels are an excellent choice. Their mechanical advantages are perfectly known in the automotive industry. Then, they are currently deeply studied. During the deformation at high temperature, TWIP steel experiences dynamic recrystallization. This mechanism results from dislocation interactions, and it depends of temperature, stress, strain, and strain rate. Experimental data give the maximum stress reached by the material, but the critical stress which determinates the DRX onset must be calculated from the strain hardening rate. Both stress and strain change simultaneously, and this variation gives the analytic data to determine σc, which is located at the inflection point of θ-σ plot. The main purpose of this paper was to study how the chemical composition and the experimental parameters (temperature and strain rate) affect the DRX, by the calculation and analysis of the σc values. Hot compression tests were applied to a pair of TWIP steels to compare the DRX onset and its relationship with the vanadium addition. The experimental variables were temperature and strain rate. The true stress–true strain plots were used to calculate σc by cutting data up to a previous point before the σp value, then, a polynomial fit and derivation were applied. The Zener-Hollomon parameter (Z) versus the stresses (peak and critical) plots show how the micro-alloying element vanadium improves the strain hardening in the analyzed TWIP steels.

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Gao, Yong Liang, Shu Qiang Yuan, Yan Lv, Wei Chen i Shi Lian Hu. "Effect of Strain Rate on Mechanical Properties and Microstructures of Fe-23Mn-0.6C TWIP Steel". Applied Mechanics and Materials 246-247 (grudzień 2012): 1102–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.246-247.1102.

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Effect of different strain rate on mechanical properties and microstructures of Fe-Mn-C twip steel were studied by dynamic compressed using Gleeble 3500 at room temperature. The results show that Rm and Rp0.2 gradually increase with the strain rate increasing, and the TWIP steel has a strong strain rate effect; The curves of strain hardening rate and true strain have different stage with different strain rate; The mechanism of the deformation behavior was also investigated, it was found that the evolution of microstructure was controlled by dislocation and deformation twins, but the density of dislocation and the appearance of twins were different with increasing strain rate.

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Dobrzański, L. A., W. Borek i J. Mazurkiewicz. "Mechanical Properties of High-Mn Austenitic Steel Tested under Static and Dynamic Conditions". Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 61, nr 2 (1.06.2016): 725–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2016-0124.

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Abstract The purpose of the paper is to investigate X73MnSiAlNbTi25-1-3 high manganese austenitic steel containing 0.73% C to determine structural mechanisms decisive for increasing a reserve of cold deformation energy of such steel. The influence of a strain rate on the structure of the investigated steels and on the structural mechanisms decisive for their properties was analysed. Specialist research instrumentation was used for this purpose such as Scanning Transmission Microscopy (including EBSD examinations), conventional and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy together with diffraction examinations and metallographic examinations. It was found that the principal cause of an increased reserve of cold deformation energy of the investigated steels in dynamic conditions is the activation of mechanical twinning in the mutually intersecting systems in austenite grains and annealing twins, which are densifying when a cold deformation rate is growing, thereby confirming the basic mechanism of TWIP (TWinning Induced Plasticity).

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Wang, Menghu, Xiaokai Liang, Wubin Ren, Shuai Tong i Xinjun Sun. "Effect of Mn Content on the Toughness and Plasticity of Hot-Rolled High-Carbon Medium Manganese Steel". Materials 16, nr 6 (13.03.2023): 2299. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16062299.

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The tensile and impact deformation behavior of three different Mn content test steels, xMn-1.0C-0.25V-1.5Cr-0.3Mo (5, 8 and 13 wt%), were investigated using mechanical properties testing, SEM-EBSD and TEM. The elongation and −20 °C impact energy of the three types of Mn content test steels increased as the Mn content increased. The room temperature tensile elongation was 9%, 23% and 81%, and the −20 °C impact energy was 9 J, 99 J and 241 J, respectively. The fracture morphologies of 5 Mn and 8 Mn were found to be cleavage fractures with secondary cracks and micro-voids. The 13 Mn fracture morphology was a plastic fracture with many coarse dimples. Transverse cracks perpendicular to the tensile direction occurred on the surface of the gauge area of 5 Mn and 8 Mn tensile specimens, reducing plasticity dramatically. This was mainly related to the martensitic transformation produced by stress. We characterized the martensite near the tensile fracture and speculated the main mode of crack propagation. Furthermore, a little amount of sharp-shaped BCC phase was found in the 5 Mn, which was determined to be a hard phase relative to the austenite matrix by nanoindentation test. These steels have stacking fault energies ranging from ~15 to ~29 mJ/m2 with increasing Mn content 13 Mn has high stacking fault energy (SFE) and austenite stability. Twin-induced plasticity (TWIP) was the deformation mechanism.

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Bai, Shaobin, Wentao Xiao, Weiqiang Niu, Dazhao Li i Wei Liang. "Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of a Medium-Mn Steel with 1.3 GPa-Strength and 40%-Ductility". Materials 14, nr 9 (26.04.2021): 2233. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14092233.

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Steel designs with superior mechanical properties have been urgently needed in automotive industries to achieve energy conservation, increase safety, and decrease weight. In this study, the aging process is employed to enhance the yield strength (YS) by tailoring the distribution of V-rich precipitates and to improve ductility by producing high volume fractions of recrystallized ferrite in cold-rolled medium-Mn steel. A reliable method to acquire ultra-high strength (1.0–1.5 GPa), together with ductility (>40%), is proposed via utilizing non-recrystallized austenite and recrystallized ferrite. Similarly to conventional medium-Mn steels, the TRIP effect, along with the mild TWIP effect, is responsible for the main deformation mechanisms during tensile testing. However, the coupled influence of precipitation strengthening, grain refinement strengthening, and dislocation strengthening contributes to an increase in YS. The studied steel, aged at 650 °C for 5 h, demonstrates a YS of 1078 MPa, ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 1438 MPa, and tensile elongation (TE) of 30%. The studied steel aged at 650 °C for 10 h shows a UTS of 1306 MPa and TE of 42%, resulting in the best product in terms of of UTS and TE, at 55 GPa·%. Such a value surpasses that of the previously reported medium-Mn steels containing equal mass fractions of various microalloying elements.

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Song, Wei Tao, Ding Yi Zhu, Hai Jun Liu i Fen Fen Huang. "Study on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Newly Developed High Carbon Fe-Mn-Cu-C TWIP Steels". Advanced Materials Research 399-401 (listopad 2011): 233–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.399-401.233.

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The effects of high carbon content on the microstructure and tensile properties of Fe-20Mn-3Cu-xC TWIP steels were studied by OM, XRD, SEM analysis. The experimental results indicate that the amount of carbide and micro-porosity increased with the increasing of carbon content. The microstructures in the undeformed and deformed region of Fe-20Mn-3Cu-xC steels exhibit fully austenitic phase. The fractography of tensile samples reveals typical tough fracture microstructure with isometric dimples. The number of carbide in the as-cast structure, the yield strength and the tensile strength increase with the increasing of carbon addition, but the elongation rate increases at first and then decreases. TWIP steel has the optimum property when the carbon addition is 1.3 mass pct, of which the tensile strength is 1040.59 MPa, the elongation percentage is 98.08% and the strength-elongation product achieves 102061.07MPa•%. Fe-20Mn-3Cu-xC steels have high strain hardening capacity, and strain hardening rate (θ) and strain hardening index (n) both increase with the increasing of C addition.

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Kalsar, Rajib, i Satyam Suwas. "Texture evolution in medium Mn containing TWIP steel: Experiments and Simulation". IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 375 (czerwiec 2018): 012020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/375/1/012020.

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Tewary, N. K., S. K. Ghosh, D. Chakrabarti i S. Chatterjee. "Deformation behaviour of a low carbon high Mn TWIP/TRIP steel". Materials Science and Technology 35, nr 12 (19.06.2019): 1483–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02670836.2019.1630087.

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Dai, Yong-juan, Di Tang, Zhen-li Mi i Jian-chong LÜ. "Microstructure Characteristics of an Fe-Mn-C TWIP Steel After Deformation". Journal of Iron and Steel Research International 17, nr 9 (wrzesień 2010): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1006-706x(10)60142-2.

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Lan, Peng, Haiyan Tang i Jiaquan Zhang. "Hot ductility of high alloy Fe–Mn–C austenite TWIP steel". Materials Science and Engineering: A 660 (kwiecień 2016): 127–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2016.02.086.

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