Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Mires Design Inc”

Over 100 years have elapsed since Sidney Ringer made the serendipitous discovery that calcium played a crucial role in amphibian cardiac contraction. Since then we have learned that this ion is an obligatory requirement for cardiac muscle of all species, and that the regulation of intracellular calcium levels is considerably more complex in the mammalian heart than previously thought. Part of this complexity is due to the involved design requirements of mammalian physiological processes. Another element of complexity is introduced by the quantitative differences in the involvement of various regulatory processes in different species. Finally, many significant technological advances in methods for investigating cardiac cellular functions have provided exciting experimental data. However, these data must be integrated into a unifying framework of knowledge of cardiac functions. Among the exciting recent developments are the use of a patch clamp technique to discover different kinds of calcium channels, a highly refined skinned fiber technique to study calcium-induced calcium release, and calcium indicator dyes and laser diffraction and scattering techniques to study the dynamics of calcium handling by the cell. These studies have not only provided clues about the normal functioning of the myocardial cell but have also reinforced the notion that altered function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum during intracellular calcium overload can influence sarcolemmal electrical function.This symposium, organized by the Pharmacological Society of Canada, examined some of the more recent technological advances in the field to provide a glimpse not only of the "state of the art" but also of future directions.This symposium was made possible by generous financial assistance from Boehringer Ingelheim (Canada) Ltd., Bristol-Myers Pharmaceutical Group, Canadian and Manitoba Heart Foundations, Ciba-Geigy Canada Ltd., Du Pont Canada Inc., Hoffmann LaRoche Ltd., Merck-Frosst Canada Inc., Miles Laboratories Inc., Nordic Laboratories Inc., Pfizer (Canada) Inc., Rhône-Poulenc Pharmaceuticals Inc., G. D. Searle of Canada, Ltd., Squibb Canada Inc., Sterling Drugs Ltd./Winthrop Laboratories, the Upjohn Company of Canada, and the University of Manitoba Pharmacology Department.

In the deep coal mines of OKD, Inc., both bolts and long bolts of different designs are used for the rock massif and steel arch support reinforcement. Continuous measurement of forces in 6 strand bolts and 1 cable bolt (long bolts, generally) was carried out during the trial operation of the modified Room and pillar mining method at Mining operation 2, site North, OKD, Inc. Hydraulic dynamometers were installed on these long bolts and a monitoring of forces took place throughout the life-time period of the mining panel No. V. From this measurement, a knowledge of their different load behavior with respect to the input stress parameters was obtained. The input intensity of the force applied to the bolting elements is burdened by losses of various kinds. The subject of the article is a description and analysis of the intensity of the initial stressing force applied to individual long bolts (with a threaded clamping bush or wedge barrel) and quantization of short-term stress losses with a description and analysis of these.

The strong conveyor belt has been widely used in mines, ports, wharves, power plants, steel mills, and other fields. It is one of the main transportation equipment in modern production. In coal mine production, the logistics conveyor belt is essential equipment. The increased load can scratch and age the conveyor belt. Then, coupled with the elongation of joints, the equipment fails. This work designs an X-ray Photoelectric (XP) collector for logistics transportation and puts forward the design scheme. This work expounds on the hardware circuit of the XP collector, mainly based on the Image Capture Card (ICC) of the S8865 module and the serial/parallel data acquisition board based on the AD7667 chip. In the test, the Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) development tool ISE of Xilinx company is used to design the software of the XP collector to collect logistics X-ray signals. The oscilloscope analyzes the ICC control signal RESET, which repeatedly appears in a certain period. The S8865 module is controlled to collect X-ray signals continuously; the analog output signal of the S8865 module is observed. Under the control of a 1 MHz clock, the S8865 module outputs a stable analog signal. Similarly, observing the differential signal output of the differential processing circuit on the ICC through the oscilloscope finds that the differential signal is consistent with the original signal. Further positive input/output of the signal conditioning circuit of the serial/parallel data acquisition board is observed after the differential signal is switched. The single-ended signal after switching is consistent with the differential signal’s positive input signal.

Background:We recently reported Phase 2 SLE trial results of obexelimab, an FcγRIIb agonist (suppressor of B cell activation). Obexelimab did not meet the primary endpoint (% of patients without flare at Day 225) (p=0.183) but other endpoints such as time to flare (p=0.025) were met.Objectives:1. To assign SLE patients to phenotypic subsets based on patterns of gene expression in immune-related pathways.12. To explore the association of immune patterns and clinical response to obexelimab.Methods:This analysis included 71 of the 104 participants in the obexelimab study, those who either completed the protocol or terminated for disease flare, if there were adequate blood samples (biomarker subset). At screening, patients were assigned to clusters based on 41 SLE co-expression signature modules from the Human Immune Phenotyping Consortium via unsupervised random forest and K-means clustering.2Other markers of SLE disease were also examined. TheBOLD3study design mandated withdrawal of background immunosuppressants, supporting less ambiguous pharmacodynamic analysis as the trial progressed.Results:Immune pathway expression patterns of 7 patient clusters (Fig 1a) confirmed our prior characterization of 200 non-overlapping SLE patients.2The biomarker subset retained a trend of longer time to first flare in patients receiving obexelimab (n=38) vs placebo (n=33) (Fig1b, HR 0.61, p=0.11). A smaller set of only Clusters 3 and 6 demonstrated marked increased time to flare in the obexelimab group (n=13) compared to placebo (n=14) (Fig 1c, HR 0.22, p=0.025). Obexelimab had no effect on other clusters (Fig 1d). The responder clusters shared low expression of inflammation modules (p < 0.001) compared to other clusters and high expression of T Cell, immune response, cell cycle, mitochondrial modules (all p < 0.001) and B Cell modules (p=0.006). We therefore sorted patients by these specific features regardless of cluster assignment. Figure 2 shows significant impact of obexelimab on time to flare in 64 patients with B Cell pathway activation (HR 0.5, p=0.038), although less robust by itself than found in Clusters 3 and 6. In a group with high B or plasma cell modules but low inflammation (n=46), treatment effect increased (HR 0.35, p=0.019). Between Screening and Baseline, as brief steroids were given and background treatments withdrawn, expression of B Cell and Plasma Cell pathways increased. Both then decreased after treatment with obexelimab but not placebo (p< 0.0001 and p< 0.001 respectively), an effect not seen with other immune pathway modules.Conclusion:Precision medicine for SLE has been hampered by heterogenous immune signals with variable expression. Clustering of patients by gene co-expression pathways enabled an efficient, hierarchical array that reduplicated results of a prior SLE cohort, suggesting these are not random phenotypes. Of these 7 reproducible SLE subsets, the combination of clusters 3 and 6 distinguished an obexelimab responder population of 27 out of 71 subjects (38%) with high expression of B and T Cell modules and cell activation pathways. Focus on the defining features shared by these clusters revealed specific factors associated with response, enabling inclusion of some patients from other clusters in an optimized responder population of 46/71 (65% of subjects). B Cell and Plasma Cell pathways demonstrated mechanism-related pharmacodynamic effects of obexelimab. Lack of responders with high expression of inflammation modules could implicate inhibitory factors to obexelimab within inflammatory pathways, potentially targetable by complementary treatments.References:[1]Banchereau Cell 165:1548 2016[2]Lu ACR Abstract #2977 2017[3]Merrill Arthritis Rheumatol 69: 1257 2017Disclosure of Interests: :Joan T Merrill Grant/research support from: Xencor, Bristol Myers Squibb, Glaxo Smith Kline, Consultant of: Xencor, Abbvie, UCB, Glaxo Smith Kline, EMD Serono, Astellas, Remegen, Celgene/Bristol Myers Squibb, Exagen, Astra Zeneca, Amgen, Jannsen, Servier, ILTOO, Daitchi Sankyo, Lilly, Paid instructor for: Abbvie, Bristol Myers Squibb, Joel Guthridge Grant/research support from: Xencor, Bristol Myers Squibb, DXterity, Debra Zack Shareholder of: Xencor, Employee of: Xencor, Paul Foster Shareholder of: Xencor Inc, Employee of: Xencor Inc, Bart Burington Shareholder of: Xencor Inc, Employee of: Xencor Inc, Ly Tran: None declared, Miles Smith: None declared, Judith A. James Grant/research support from: Progentec Diagnostics, Inc, Consultant of: Abbvie, Novartis, Jannsen

Gastric ulcer is still a health problem in Indonesia. The leaves of cincau (Cyclea barbata Miers) and mangosteen peel (Garcinia mangostana Linn) have been investigated to have gastroprotective effects. This study aims to determine the effect of gastroprotector from the combination of Cincau leaves and mangosteen peel. This study used the post test only control group design. Wistar male rats were divided into 6 groups. Group I was a healthy control group and the second group was an untreated negative control. Group III is positive group treated with Ranitidine (0.016 g / kg BW). Groups IV, V, and VI were given green leaves of cincau (13.5 g / kg BW), mangosteen peel (25 g / kg BW) and 1: 1 combination. Treatment was performed for 14 days. On day 14 1 hour after treatment, all groups (except group I) were given 96% oral ethanol induction at a dose of 5 g / kg BW. On the 15th day the animals were sacrificed by means of anesthesia using chloroform. The area of the tukak is calculated by ImageJ and then calculates the index parameters of the ulcer and the protection ratio. The stomach is made of a hitopathologic preparation with Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE) and Immunohistochemistry (IHC) preparations to observe COX-2 expression. The index data of ulcer, protection ratio, gastric mucosal damage score and number of cells expressing COX-2 were statistically analyzed by SPSS program. The results showed that the combination of green leaves and mangosteen leaf ratio of 1: 1 had a gastroprotective effect by inhibiting the gastric induced index, increasing the ratio of protection, reducing total mucosal damage and inhibiting the expression of COX-2 protein in rat stomach cells significantly (p <0 , 05). Giving combination of Cincau leaf and mangosteen peal of 1: 1 able to give gastroprotective effect.

Abstract: With regard to its role as supervisor, the principal is required to be able to improve the discipline of teachers in the school, including administration. However, in reality there are still some teachers who lack discipline in completing their administration at school. This study used a qualitative approach with case study design. Data collection is done by observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. The results of the research obtained indicate the role of supervisors in improving the discipline of teacher administration is good and very solutive in improving the discipline of teacher administration in schools. Although there are still some teachers who are lacking in discipline, this can be overcome by the supervision program provided by the principal as the supervisor. Keywords: Supervisor, Discipline, Teacher Administration Abstrak: Berkenaan dengan perannya sebagai supervisor, kepala sekolah dituntut untuk dapat meningkatkan kedisiplinan guru yang ada di sekolah, antara lain dalam hal administrasi. Namun, pada kenyataannya masih terdapat beberapa guru yang kurang disiplin dalam menyelesaikan administrasinya di sekolah. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif, dengan rancangan studi kasus. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan teknik observasi, wawancara mendalam, dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian yang diperoleh menunjukkan peran supervisor dalam meningkatkan kedisiplinan administrasi guru sudah baik dan sangat solutif dalam meningkatkan kedisiplinan administrasi guru di sekolah. Meskipun masih ditemukan beberapa oknum guru yang kurang disiplin, namun hal tersebut dapat diatasi dengan adanya program supervisi (pembinaan) yang diberikan oleh kepala sekolah selaku supervisor. Kata Kunci: Supervisor, Kedisiplinan, Administrasi Guru References: Arikunto, S., & Yuliana, L. (2012). Manajemen Pendidikan. Yogyakarta: Aditya Media Yogyakarta. Asmani. (2012). Tips Efektif Supervisi Pendidikan Sekolah. Jogjakarta: DIVA Press. Berliani, T., & Wahyuni, R. (2017). Implementasi Supervisi oleh Kepala Sekolah dalam Meningkatkan Profesionalisme Guru. Jurnal Manajemen dan Supervisi Pendidikan, 1 (3): 218-226. Bogdan, R. C., & Biklen, S.K. (1992). Qualitative Research for Education, second edition.USA: Allyn and Bacon. Ghony, D., & Almanshur, F. (2012). Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif. Jogjakarta: AR-RUZZ MEDIA. Iskandar. (2011). Kedisiplinan Guru, (Online), (https://urayiskandar.com/2011/02/ kedisiplinan-guru.html), diakses 23 Maret 2019. Masaong, A. K. (2013). Supervisi Pembelajaran dan Pengembangan Kapasitas Guru. Bandung: Alfabeta. Miles, H., & Saldana. (2014). Qualitative Data Analysis A Methods Sourcebook. United States of America: SAGE Publications Inc. Moleong, L. J. (2012). Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif edisi revisi. Bandung: PT Remaja Rosdakarya. Muslim. (2013). Supervisi Pendidikan Meningkatkan Kualitas Profesionalisme Guru. Bandung: Alfabeta. Rahman. (2014). Peningkatan Disiplin Kerja Guru di Sekolah Dasar Yayasan Mutiara Gambut. Jurnal Bahana Manajemen Pendidikan, 2(1): 1-9. Sagala, S. (2013). Kemampuan Profesional Guru dan Tenaga Kependidikan. Bandung: Alfabeta. Sukatin. (2016). Manajemen Supervisi dalam Pendidikan. Jurnal Pendidikan Islam,5(2): 221-240. Usman, H. (2013). Manajemen; Teori, Praktik dan Riset Pendidikan. Jakarta: Bumi Aksara. Wandhie. 2017. Pengertian Kedisiplinan, (Online), (https://wandhie.wordpress.com /pengertian-kedisiplinan/), diakses 23 Maret 2019. Witaisma. (2013). Pengertian Kedisiplinan, (Online). (https://witaisma.wordpress.com/ 2013/05/19/a-pengertian-kedisiplinan-kedisiplinan-adalah-suatu-kondisi-yang/), diakses 23 Maret 2019.

Abstrak: Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mendeskripsikan strategi sekolah dalam optimalisasi pembelajaran daring di era New Normal Pandemi Covid 19 serta faktor pendukung dan kendala dalam optimalisasi pembelajaran daring. Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini ialah pendekatan kualitatif dengan rancangan studi kasus. Dimana informan ditentukan dengan teknik purposive dan snowball sampling. Proses pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan observasi, wawancara serta dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian yang terkumpul dianalisis dengan mengadopsi pola interaktif yang meliputi pengumpulan data, kondensasi data, penyajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa optimalisasi pembelajaran daring di era new normal pandemi covid 19 sudah berjalan dengan baik, yang ditandai dengan: (a) adanya supervisi akademik yang dilakukan kepala sekolah; (b) pemanfaatan video-video pembelajaran serta metode project based learning dalam rangka mengantisipasi kejenuhan dan kebosanan siswa dalam mengikuti pembelajaran daring; (c) faktor pendukung dalam optimalisasi pembelajaran daring yang meliputi tersedianya jaringan internet, kuota internet, dan pemberian waktu yang cukup panjang bagi siswa untuk mengumpulkan tugas-tugas yang diberikan; serta (d) kendala yang dihadapi berupa masih terdapat siswa yang belum memiliki fasilitas handphone, dan orang tua siswa yang sibuk bekerja sehingga tidak dapat membimbing anaknya saat belajar dari rumah. Abstract: This research was conducted to describe the school's strategy in optimizing online learning so called as in the New Normal situation of Pandemic Covid 19 as well as supporting factors and obstacles in optimizing online learning. The approach used in this research is a qualitative method with a case study design. The informants are determined by purposive sampling technique and snowball sampling. The data collection process was carried out by observation, interviews and documentation. The results of the collected research were analyzed by adopting the interactive pattern of Miles, Huberman, and Saldana (2014) which includes data collection, data condensation, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results showed that the optimization of online learning in the new normal era of the COVID-19 pandemic was running well, which was indicated by: (a) the existence of academic supervision by the principal; (b) the use of instructional videos and project-based learning methods in order to anticipate student boredom and boredom in participating in online learning; (c) supporting factors in optimizing online learning which include the availability of an internet network, internet quota, and giving students sufficient time to collect the assignments given; and (d) the obstacles faced are there are still students who do not have cellphone facilities, and parents of students who are busy working so that they cannot guide their children when studying from home. References: Berliani, T., & Wahyuni, R. (2020). Supervisi Akademik Berbasis Haroyong di Sekolah Dasar pada Daerah Aliran Sungai Rungan dan Kahayan. Equity in Education Journal, 2(1): 19-28. Bogdan, R., & Biklen, S. K. (1992). Qualitative Research for Education, second edition. USA: Allyn and Bacon. Dewi. (2020). Dampak Covid-19 Terhadap Implementasi Pembelajaran Daring di Sekolah Dasar. EDUKATIF: Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan, 2(1): 55-61. Ghony & Almanshur. (2012). Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif. Jogjakarta: AR-RUZZ MEDIA. Kurniasih. (2014). Sukses Mengimplementasikan Kurikulum 2013. Jakarta: Kata Pena. Lindawati, dkk. (2013). Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Project Based Learning untuk Meningkatkan Kreativitas Siswa MAN I Kebumen. Jurnal Radiasi, 3(1): 42-45. Masaong, A. K. (2013). Supervisi Pembelajaran dan Pengembangan Kapasitas Guru. Bandung: Alfabeta. Miles, M. B., Huberman, M. A., & Saldana, J. (2014). Qualitative Data Analysis A Methods Sourcebook. United States of America: SAGE Publications Inc. Mulyasa, E. (2013). Manajemen & Kepemimpinan Kepala Sekolah. Jakarta: PT Bumi Aksara. Nurfitriyanti. (2020). Model Pembelajaran Project Based Learning terhadap Kemampuan Pemecahan Masalah Matematika. Jurnal Formatif, 6(2): 149-160. Oktavian, R., & Aldya, R. F. (2020). Efektivitas Pembelajaran Daring Terintegrasi di Era Pendidikan 4.0. Didaktis: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Ilmu Pengetahuan, 20(2): 129-135. Purwanto, dkk. (2020). Studi Eksploratif Dampak Pandemi COVID-19 Terhadap Proses Pembelajaran Online di Sekolah Dasar. EduPsyCouns: Journal of Education, Psychology and Counseling, 2(1), 1-12. Putria, dkk. (2020). Analisis Proses Pembelajaran dalam Jaringan (DARING) Masa Pandemi Covid-19 pada Guru Sekolah Dasar. JURNAL BASICEDU, 4(4): 861-872. Rusman. (2011). Model-Model Pembelajaran Mengembangkan Profesionalisme Guru. Jakarta: PT. Rajagrafindo Persada. Sagala, S. (2013). Kemampuan Profesional Guru dan Tenaga Kependidikan. Bandung: Alfabeta. Sutikno. (2014). Metode dan Model-Model Pembelajaran. Lombok: Holistica. Ulfatin, N. (2014). Metode Penelitian Kualitatif di Bidang Pendidikan: Teori dan Aplikasinya. Malang: Bayumedia Publishing. Wajdi. (2017). Implementasi Project Based Learning (PBL) dan Penilaian Autentik dalam Pembelajaran Drama Indonesia. Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasan dan Sastra, 17(1): 81-97.

Wide-bandgap semiconductors have a significant advantage over conventional Si-based electronics by leveraging materials properties to achieve higher breakdown voltage, lower on-resistance, and high-frequency operation. For electric vehicle drivetrains, this translates to higher efficiency and power density, resulting in more miles driven per charge. This move towards wide-bandgap power electronics is necessary to achieve the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) power electronics density target of 100 kW/L. Vertical gallium nitride-based power devices are expected to exceed Si and even SiC-based systems with the promise of increased performance and power density. Compared to lateral GaN devices, a vertical topology promotes more efficient scaling towards high-power applications, where both high voltage and high current are necessary. This talk describes our team’s effort towards developing vertical GaN MOSFETs. The results of Sandia’s first-generation device demonstrator serve as a milestone in the path of producing devices rated for 1200-V and 100-A operation. The vertical GaN trench MOSFET is unique compared to Si- or SiC-alternatives in that the doped layers comprising the source and body regions are grown by epitaxy rather than formed by ion implantation. Challenges with selective-area doping in GaN add additional complexity to the design of a trench MOSFET. In addition, the lack of a high-quality native oxide in GaN means that the gate dielectric must be deposited rather than thermally grown. The devices produced at Sandia rely on atomic-layer-deposited thin films for the gate dielectric (primarily Al2O3 or SiO2). First-generation results demonstrate devices capable of 400 mA/mm drain current, 108 on/off ratio, and a positive threshold voltage near 8 V. More recently, devices capable of blocking 500 V in the off-state have been demonstrated. Device failure in the off-state results from high fields in the gate dielectric, which can be minimized by reducing the trench etch depth or by increasing the voltage rating of the drift region. However, further shielding of the gate dielectric to achieve substantially higher off-state voltages requires significant changes to the device architecture which are reliant on selective-area doping. In addition, device-killing defects either from the starting substrate, the epitaxy, or defects introduced during processing limit yield for large-area devices and present a substantial obstacle to scale devices for high-current operation. Hence, methods for reducing cell pitch and increasing packing density are highly valued. In this talk, we will discuss the path forward for achieving higher breakdown voltages and high-current operation using GaN-specific strategies to achieve better performing devices, as well as some of the challenges for vertical GaN development. This work provides a foundational platform for developing next-generation power electronics that employ wide bandgap, gallium nitride semiconductors. This work was supported by the Electric Drivetrain Consortium managed by Susan Rogers of DOE’s Vehicle Technologies Office. Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-mission laboratory managed and operated by National Technology & Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International Inc., for the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-NA0003525. This paper describes objective technical results and analysis. Any subjective views or opinions that might be expressed in the paper do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Department of Energy or the United States Government. Figure 1

Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan model atau pola kepemimpinan Dayak yang dilaksanakan kepala sekolah dalam meningkatkan mutu sekolah di SDN Percobaan Palangka Raya. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan rancangan studi kasus. Teknik pengumpulan data melalui wawancara, observasi dan studi dokumentasi. Analisis data dilakukan dengan metode deskriptif kualitatif. Pengecekan keabsahan data dilakukan dengan kredibilitas melalui teknik triangulasi data dan sumber. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kepemimpinan kepala sekolah yang dilakukan dengan menerapkan kepemimpinan demokratis dan transformasional melalui penerapan nilai-nilai budaya Dayak yang direalisasikan melalui program kerja sekolah yang jelas dan terukur dengan mendasarkan pada prinsip MBS dan TQM mampu meningkatkan mutu pendidikan pada SDN Percobaan Palangka Raya. Abstract: This study aims to describe the Dayak leadership model or pattern implemented by the principal to improving the quality of schools at SDN Percobaan Palangka Raya. This research was conducted using a qualitative approach with a case study design. Data collection techniques through interviews, observation and documentation study. The data analysis was performed using a qualitative descriptive method. Data validity checks are carried out with credibility through data and source triangulation techniques. The results showed that the principal's leadership by implementing democratic and transformational leadership through the application of Dayak cultural values realized through clear and measurable school work programs based on the principles of MBS and TQM was able to improve the quality of education at SDN Percobaan Palangka Raya. References: Baharun, H. (2017). Peningkatan Kompetensi Guru Melalui Sistem Kepemimpinan Kepala Madrasah. Jurnal Ilmu Tarbiyah, 6(1). Bogdan, R. C., & Biklen, S. K. (1998). Qualitative Research in Education: an Introduction to Theory and Methods. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, Inc. Bukhari, A. (2012). Kepemimpinan Transformasional Pendidikan Berbasis Total Quality Management (TQM). Dinamika Ilmu, 12(2). Bungai, J., & Perdana, I. (2017, 19-21 May). Implementation of Dayaknese Educational Philosophy Pintar Harati at Elementary School in Palangka Raya. Paper presented on First Indonesian Communication Forum of Teacher Training and Education Faculty Leaders International Conference on Education 2017 (ICE 2017). Diterima dari https://www.atlantis-press.com/proceedings/ice-17/25893064. Cheng, A. L. F., & Yau, H. K. (2011). Headmasters’ and Teachers’ Perceptions of Quality Management in Hong Kong Primary Schools. Quality Assurance in Education, 19(2), 170-186. doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/09684881111125069. Ehinola, B. G., & Victor, A. A (2018). Total Quality Management (TQM) Practices Adopted by Head Teachers for Sustainable Primary Education in Northern Senatorial District of Ondo State, Nigeria. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IJMR), 4(7), 182-188. Fitrah, M. (2017). Peran Kepala Sekolah dalam Meningkatkan Mutu Pendidikan. Jurnal Penjaminan Mutu, 3(1), 31-42. doi: 10.25078/jpm.v3i1.90. Marshall, C., & Rossman, G. B. (1989). Designing Qualitative Research. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1992). Analisis Data Kualitatif. Jakarta: Penerbit UI Press. Mulyasa, E. (2017). Manajemen Berbasis Sekolah: Konsep, Strategi, dan Implementasi, Bandung: PT. Remaja Rosdakarya. Praptiwi, E. (2019). Model Kepemimpinan Kepala SDIT dalam Meningkatkan Mutu Sekolah (Studi Kasus di SDIT Al-Kautsar Gumpang Kartasura). Tesis tidak dipublikasikan, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta: Sekolah Pascasarjana. Diterima dari: http://eprints.ums.ac.id/70637/1/NASKAH%20PUBLIKASI.pdf. Riwut, N. (2003). Maneser Panatau Tatu Hiang Menyelami Kekayaan Leluhur. Palangka Raya: Pusakalima. Rusmawati, V. (2013). Peran Kepemimpinan Kepala Sekolah dalam Upaya Meningkatkan Disiplin Kerja Guru pada SdN 018 Balikpapan. Journal Administrasi Negara, 1(2), 395-409. Saleh, K., & Aini, A. N. (2014). Kepemimpinan Kepala Sekolah dalam Meningkatkan Kualitas Pendidikan (Studi tentang Peran Kepala MTSN Model Samarinda dalam Meningkatkan Prestasi Kerja Guru). Fenomena, 6(1), 19-37. doi: https://doi.org/10.21093/fj.v6i1.159. Samino., & Suwardi. (2014). Kepemimpinan Kepala Sekolah dalam Pengembangan Lembaga Pendidikan Islam Sekolah Kreatif SD Muhammadiyah Kota Madiun. Manajemen Pendidikan, 9(2), 186-195. doi: 10.23917/jmp.v9i2.1700. Yin, R. K. (2013). Studi Kasus Desain dan Metode. Jakarta: PT. Raja Grafindo Persada.

Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan tentang supervisi akademik berbasis haroyong di sekolah dasar pada aliran sungai Rungan dan sungai Kahayan sebagai sebuah respon dalam mengimplementasikan Kurikulum 2013. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan rancangan studi multisitus dengan metode komparatif konstan. Penentuan informan dilakukan dengan teknik pengambilan sampel secara purposive sampling dan snowball sampling. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah (a) observasi, (b) wawancara mendalam, dan (c) studi dokumentasi. Analisis data dilakukan dengan analisis situs tunggal dan analisis lintas situs. Hasil penelitian yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa supervisi akademik berbasis haroyong di sekolah dasar pada daerah aliran Sungai Rungan dan Sungai Kahayan termasuk dalam kategori cukup baik dikarenakan: sudah terfomulasi dan terprogram dengan cukup baik; secara mekanisme telah dilaksanakan secara rutin dan berjadwal dengan teknik supervisi bervariatif. Serta monitoring dan evaluasi supervisi akademik berbasis haroyong dalam pembelajaran berbasis Kurikulum 2013 telah bekerjasa Abstract: This study aims to describe academic supervision based on haroyong in elementary schools in the Rungan and Kahayan rivers as a response in implementing the 2013 Curriculum. This study uses a qualitative approach with a multisite study design with a constant comparative method. The determination of the informants was done by using purposive sampling and snowball sampling technique. The data collection techniques used were (a) observation, (b) in-depth interviews, and (c) documentation study. Data analysis was performed with single site analysis and cross site analysis. The results obtained indicate that the haroyong-based academic supervision in elementary schools in the Rungan River and Kahayan River watersheds is in the good enough category because: it is well formulated and programmed; mechanically, it has been carried out on a regular and scheduled basis with various supervision techniques. As well as monitoring and evaluation of haroyong-based academic supervision in 2013 Curriculum-based learning, it has collaborated with external parties so that it has benefits for teachers. References: Andang. (2014). Manajemen & Kepemimpinan Kepala Sekolah; Konsep, Strategi & Inovasi Sekolah Efektif. Jogjakarta: AR-RUZZ MEDIA. Arikunto, S., & Yuliana, L. (2012). Manajemen Pendidikan. Yogyakarta: Aditya Media Yogyakarta. Asmani, M. J. (2012). Tips Efektif Supervisi Pendidikan Sekolah. Jogjakarta: DIVA Press. Bafadal. I. (2009). Peningkatan Profesionalisme Guru Sekolah Dasar. Jakarta: Bumi Aksara. Berliani, T., & Wahyuni, R. (2017). Implementasi Supervisi oleh Kepala Sekolah dalam Meningkatkan Profesionalisme Guru. Jurnal Manajemen dan Supervisi Pendidikan, 1(3), 124-135. doi: https://doi.org/10.17977/um025v1i32017p218 Burhanuddin., Imron, A., Maisyaroh., Sutopo, H., Supriyanto, A., Bafadal, I., Setyadin, B., Effendi, A.R., Sahertian, P.A., & Sultoni. (2003). Manajemen Pendidikan; Analisis Substantif dan Aplikasinya dalam Institusi Pendidikan (Imron, A., Burhanuddin, & Maisyaroh, Ed). Malang: Universitas Negeri Malang. Ghony, D., & Almanshur, F. (2012). Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif. Jogjakarta: AR-RUZZ MEDIA. Gunawan, I. (2014, 8-9 Desember). Analisis Dampak Supervisi Pendidikan terhadap Perkembangan Masyarakat dan Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Teknologi. Makalah disampaikan pada Seminar Nasional Pendidikan Revitalisasi Manajemen Pendidikan Nasional Menuju Perbaikan Mental, Jurusan Administrasi Pendidikan Universitas Negeri Malang. Gunawan, I. (2014). Pengaruh Supervisi Pengajaran dan Kemampuan Guru Mengelola Kelas terhadap Motivasi Belajar Siswa. Ilmu Pendidikan: Jurnal Kajian Teori dan Praktik Kependidikan, 41(1), 44-52. Gunawan, I. (2015). Pengaruh Kepemimpinan Transformasional dan Kepuasan Kerja terhadap Perilaku Kewargaan Organisasi Guru Sekolah Dasar. Premiere Educandum, 5(1), 59-58. Hamdani. (2011). Strategi Belajar Mengajar. Bandung: CV. PUSTAKA SETIA. Imron, A. (2011). Supervisi Pembelajaran Tingkat Satuan Pendidikan. Jakarta: Bumi Aksara. Kurniadin, D., & Machali, I. (2014). Manajemen Pendidikan Konsep & Prinsip Pengelolaan Pendidikan. Jogjakarta: AR-RUZZ MEDIA. Mantja, W. (2010). Profesionalisasi Tenaga Kependidikan: Manajemen Pendidikan & Supervisi Pengajaran. Malang: ELANG MAS. Masaong, A. K. (2013). Supervisi Pembelajaran dan Pengembangan Kapasitas Guru. Bandung: Alfabeta. Miles, M.B., Huberman, A.M., & Saldana, J. (2014). Qualitative Data Analysis a Methods Sourcebook. United States of America: SAGE Publications Inc. Mulyasa, E. (2013). Manajemen & Kepemimpinan Kepala Sekolah. Jakarta: PT Bumi Aksara. Muslim, S. B. (2013). Supervisi Pendidikan Meningkatkan Kualitas Profesionalisme Guru. Bandung: Alfabeta. Rivai, V., & Murni, S. (2012). Education Management; Analisis Teori dan Praktik. Jakarta: PT. RajaGrafindo Persada. Rusydie. (2011). Prinsip-Prinsip Manajemen Kelas. Jogjakarta: DIVA PRESS. Sagala, S. (2011). Manajemen Strategik dalam Peningkatan Mutu Pendidikan. Bandung. Alfabeta. Sagala, S. (2012). Administrasi Pendidikan Kontemporer. Bandung: Alfabeta. Sagala, S. (2013). Kemampuan Profesional Guru dan Tenaga Kependidikan. Bandung: Alfabeta. Siyok, D., Saman, T.M., Sukraini, N., Simpei, B.R., Sepmiwawalma., & Yankris. (2017). Kamus Populer: Bahasa Ngaju, Bahasa Indonesia, Bahasa Inggris. Palangka Raya: PT. Sinar Bagawan Khatulistiwa. Sonhadji. A. (2013). Manusia, Teknologi dan Pendidikan Menuju Peradaban Baru. Malang: UM Press. Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 14 Tahun 2005 tentang Guru dan Dosen. Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 20 tahun 2003 tentang Sistem Pendidikan Nasional. Usman. H. (2013). MANAJEMEN Edisi 4. Jakarta: Bumi Aksara. Wahyuni R., & Berliani, T. 2019. Problematika Implementasi Kurikulum 2013 di Sekolah Dasar. Jurnal Manajemen dan Supervisi Pendidikan, 3(2), 63-68. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.17977/um025v3i22019p063.

Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan kepemimpinan transformasional kepala SDN 5 Menteng Palangka Raya yang dalam kurun waktu 3 tahun mampu merubah image sekolah “kumuh” menjadi sekolah kondusif untuk proses belajar dan mengajar. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan rancangan studi kasus. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan metode observasi, wawancara, dan studi dokumentasi. Analisis data menggunakan pola interaktif data meliputi: reduksi data, penyajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Pengecekan keabsahan data yang diperoleh dilakukan dengan menggunakan derajat kepercayaan (credibility) melalui teknik triangulasi baik sumber maupun metode. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kepala sekolah transformasional yang fokus dalam berpikir dan bertindak untuk mewujudkan pencapaian visi dan tujuan sekolah yang direalisasikan melalui berbagai program sekolah yang kreatif dan inovatif mampu meningkatkan kualitas sekolah sekaligus meningkatkan citra baik sekolah di mata masyarakat. Abstract: This study aims to describe the transformational leadership of the principal of SDN 5 Menteng Palangka Raya who is able within 3 years to change the image of a "slum" school into a conducive school for teaching and learning. This study used a qualitative approach with case study design. The data collection technique was done by means of observation, interviews, and studi of document. Data analysis using interactive data patterns includes: data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. Checking the validity of the data obtained is done by using a degree of trust (credibility) through triangulation techniques both sources and methods. The results showed that transformational school principals who focus on thinking and acting to achieve the vision and goals of the school which are realized through various creative and innovative school programs are able to improve the quality of the school as well as improve the good image of the school in the eyes of the community. References: Abu, S, N. (2014). Pembinaan Guru oleh Kepala Sekolah dalam Pengelolaan Pembelajaran di Sekolah Dasar. Bahana Manajemen Pendidikan, 2(1), 704-712. doi: https://doi.org/10.24036/bmp.v2i1.3816. Arcaro, J. (2007). Pendidikan Berbasis Mutu: Prinsip-Prinsip Perumusan dan Tata Langkah Penerapan. Terjemahan Yosai Triantara.Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar. Balyer, A. (2012). Transformational Leadership Behavior of School Principals: A Qualitative Research Based on Teachers’ Perceptions’. International Online Journal of Educational Sciences, 4(3), 581-591. Bass, B. M., & Riggio, R. E. (2006). Transformational Leadershiop (2nd Eds). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associate Inc. Bustari, M. (2010, 30 April-2 Mei). Kepemimpinan Transformasional Kepala Sekolah dalam Meningkatkan Kinerja Organisasi. Makalah disajikan pada International Conference on Educational, Management, Administration and Leadership (ICEMAL 2011), Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Diterima dari https://eprints.uny.ac.id/76/1/5._KEPEMIMPINAN__TRANSFORMASIONAL__KEP ALA_SEKOLAH__DALAM_MENINGKATKAN_KINERJA_ORGANISASI.pdf. Danim, S., & Suparno. (2009). Manajemen dan Kepemimpinan Transformasional Kepala Sekolahan. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta. Hartono, M. (2018). Kepemimpinan Pendidikan Indonesia pada Era Milenium. Diterima dari https://pgsd.binus.ac.id/2018/11/23/kepemimpinan-pendidikan-indonesia-pada-era- milenium/. Hidayati, R., Aunurrahman., & Radiana, U. (2016). Kepemimpinan Kepala Sekolah Dalam Upaya Meningkatkan Kinerja Guru Di SDN 67 Sungai Raya. Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pembelajaran Khatulistiwa, 5(5), 1-18. Komariah, A., & Triatna, C. (2006). Visionary Leadership; Menuju Sekolah Efektif. Jakarta: Bumi Aksara. Kuswaeri, I. (2016). Kepemimpinan Transformasional Kepala Sekolah. TARBAWI, 2(2), 1-13. Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Analisis Data Kualitatif Buku Sumber Tentang Metode-Metode Baru. Jakarta: UI Press. Mulyasa, E. (2011). Menjadi Kepala Sekolah Professional. Bandung: PT. Remaja Rosdakarya. Nurdin. (2011). Manajemen Sekolah efektif dan Unggul. Jurnal Administrasi Pendidikan, 13(1). doi: https://doi.org/10.17509/jap.v13i1.6387. Octaviana, M., & Silalahi, D. K. (2016). Kepemimpinan Transformasional Kepala Sekolah. Polyglot, 12(1), 1-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.19166/pji.v12i1.376. Rosita, R., Rahmat, M., & Hermawan W. (2016). Usaha Kepala Sekolah dalam Meningkatkan Mutu Pendidikan Islam (Studi Kasus di MTS Al-Inayah Bandung). TARBAWY, 3(1), 75-89. Sadler, P. (1997). Leadership. London: Kogan Page Limited. Sunardi., Nugroho, P. J., & Setiawan. (2019). Kepemimpinan Instruksional Kepala Sekolah. Equity in Education Journal, 1(1), 20-28. Tjiptono, F., & Diana, A. 2002. Total Quality Management. Yogyakarta: Andi Offset. Tukiman., & Jabar, C. S. A. (2014). Implementasi Kepemimpinan Transformasional Kepala Sekolah dalam Meningkaatkan Mutu Sekolah di SD Kanisius Sengkan Kabupaten Sleman. Jurnal Akuntabilitas Manajemen Pendidikan, 2(1), 121-134. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.21831/amp.v2i1.2414. Usman, H. (2008). Manajemen Teori, Praktik, dan Riset Pendidikan. Jakarta: Bumi Aksara. Wahjosumidjo. (2011). Kepemimpinan Kepala Sekolah: Tinjauan Teori dan Permasalahannya. Jakarta: PT. Raja Grafindo Persada. Wiyono, G. (2010, 30 April-2 Mei). Kepemimpinan Transformasional Kepala Sekolah Berbasis Gender di SMP Kodya Yogyakarta. Makalah disajikan pada International Conference on Educational, Management, Administration and Leadership (ICEMAL 2011), Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Diterima dari http://digilib.mercubuana.ac.id/manager/t!@file_artikel_abstrak/Isi_Artikel_712229736 032.pdf. Yuningsih, E. (2015). Kepemimpinan Transformasional Kepala Sekolah dan Iklim Sekolah Terhadap Sekolah Efektif Pada SD Negeri di Purwakarta. Jurnal Administrasi Pendidikan, 22(2), 81-92.

Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan pembinaan etos kerja guru di Sekolah Menengah Atas Swasta (SMAS) Golden Christian School (GCS) Palangka Raya. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan rancangan studi kasus. Pengumpulan data menggunakan teknik observasi, wawancara, dan studi dokumentasi. Analisis data menggunakan pola interaktif data meliputi: reduksi data, penyajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Pengecekan keabsahan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan derajat kepercayaan melalui teknik triangulasi baik sumber maupun metode. Hasil penelitian mengungkap bahwa dengan pembinaan etos kerja guru oleh kepala sekolah yang dilaksanakan dengan menerapkan berbagai strategi pembinaan melalui berbagai kegiatan pengembangan profesional guru dan dilaksanakan melalui mekanisme dan pentahapan yang jelas; serta ditunjang dengan berbagai faktor pendukung yang tersedia di sekolah dapat meminimalisir berbagai kendala yang dihadapi sekolah dalam membina etos kerja guru, sekaligus mampu menjadikan SMAS GCS sebagai salah satu sekolah swasta pilihan terbaik bagi masyarakat di Kota Palangka Raya. Abstract: This study aims to describe the coaching of the work ethic of teachers in the Golden Christian School (GCS) Private High School Palangka Raya. This study used a qualitative approach with case study design. Data collection using observation, interview and study of document. Data analysis using interactive data patterns include: data reduction, data display, and drawing conclusions. Checking the validity of the data obtained is done by using a degree of trust through triangulation techniques both sources and methods. The results of the study reveal that with the guidance of the teacher's work ethic by the principal which is carried out by implementing various coaching strategies through various teacher professional development activities and carried out through clear mechanisms and phases; and also supported by various supporting factors that available in schools can minimize the various obstacles faced by schools in fostering teacher work ethics, as well as being able to make GCS Private High School as one of the best choice private schools for the community in Palangka Raya City. References: Ali, M. (2009). Pendidikan untuk Pembangunan Nasional: Menuju Bangsa Indonesia yang Mandiri dan Berdaya Saing Tinggi. Bandung: Imperial Bhakti Utama. Anaroga, P. (2001). Psikologi Kerja. Jakarta: Rineke Cipta. Arifin, I. (2001, 25-26 Juli). Profesionalisme Guru: Analisis Wacana Reformasi Pendidikan dalam Era Globalisasi. Makalah disampaikan dalam Simposium Nasional Pendidikan di Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang. Asriani., Murniati, A. R., & Bahrun. (2017). Kepemimpinan Kepala Madrasah dalam Memotivasi Kerja Guru pada MTS Swasta LAM Ujong Kabupaten Aceh Besar. Jurnal Magister Administrasi Pendidikan, 5(2), 121-126. Diterima dari http://www.jurnal.unsyiah.ac.id/JAP/article/view/8361/7333. Beason, L. (2001). Ethos and Error: How Business People React to Errors. Accessed 19 December 2019, retrieved from http://faculty.winthrop.edu/ kosterj/writ465/samples/beason.pdf. Chan, M. C., & San, T. T. (2010). Analisis SWOT Kebijakan Pendidikan dan Era Otonomi Daerah. Jakarta: RajaGrafindo Persada. Fatikah, N., & Fildayanti. (2019). Strategi Kepala Sekolah Dalam Peningkatan Motivasi Dan Etos Kerja Guru Di Sekolah Menengah Atas Negeri Bareng Jombang. Indonesian Journal of Islamic Education Studies (IJIES), 2(2), 167-182. doi: https://doi.org/10.33367/ijies.v2i2.989. Goldhammer, R., Anderson, R. H., Krawjewski, R. J. (1980). Clinical Supervision: Special Methods for The Supervision of Teachers. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. Indrakusuma, A. (2010). Pengantar Ilmu Pendidikan. Surabaya: Usaha Nasional. Latief, E. 2010. Hubungan antara Amanah, Etos Kerja dan Profesionalisme pada Rumah Zakat Indonesia. Tesis tidak dipublikasikan, Universitas Indonesia: Program Pascasarjana. Diterima dari http://lib.ui.ac.id/file?file=pdf/abstrak/id_abstrak-20342190.pdf. Manik, R. (2019). Implementasi Pemberian Reward dan Punishment Untuk Meningkatkan Etos Kerja Guru. Jurnal Masalah Pastoral, 7(XX), 80-95. Diterima dari https://ojs.stkyakobus.ac.id/index.php/JUMPA/. Masaong, A. K. (2013). Memberdayakan Pengawas sebagai Gurunya Guru. Bandung: Penerbit Alfabeta. Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Analisis Data Kualitatif. Buku Sumber tentang Metode-metode Baru. Jakarta: Universitas Indonesia Press. Mulyani, S. (2016). Pengaruh Kepemimpinan Kepala Sekolah dan Etos Kerja Guru serta Pegawai terhadap Iklim Organisasi pada SMP Negeri 225 Jakarta. Journal of Economics and Business Aseanomics (JEBA), 1(1), 38-56. doi: https://doi.org/10.33476/jeba.v1i1.398. Mustofa. (2007). Upaya Pengembangan Profesional Guru di Indonesia. Jurnal Ekonomi dan Pendidikan, 4(1), 76-88. doi: https://doi.org/10.21831/jep.v4i1. Neagley, R. L., & Evans, N. D. (1980). Handbook for Effective Supervision of Instruction. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc. Nopemberi, A. D. (2015). Fungsi Kepala Sekolah dalam Meningkatkan Kinerja Guru. Manajer Pendidikan, 9(3), 394-403. Diterima dari https://ejournal.unib.ac.id/index.php/manajerpendidikan/article/view/1136/944. Norris, P. (2003). Still a Public Service Ethos? Work Values, Experience and Job Satisfaction among Government Workers. Accessed 19 December 2019, retrieved from https://wcfia.harvard.edu/publications/still-public-service-ethos-work-values-experience-and-job-satisfaction-among. Nugroho, P. J. (2017). Home Visiting Supervision (HVS): An Alternative Approach to Increase the Commitment of Elementary Teachers in Remote Areas. International Research- Based Education Journal, 1(1), 39-45. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.17977/ um043v1i1p%25p. Nuraini, S. K. (2012). Pengaruh Reward and Punishment terhadap Kinerja Karyawan PT. Perkebunan Nusantara V Afdeling III Kebun Sei Galuh. Skripsi tidak dipublikasikan, Jakarta: Program Pascasarjana Universitas Indonesia. Diterima dari http://repository.uin-suska.ac.id/7997/1/2012_201244KOM.pdf. Octaviana, M., & Silalahi, D. K. (2016). Kepemimpinan Transformasional Kepala Sekolah. Polyglot, 12(1), 1-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.19166/pji.v12i1.376. Pidarta, M. (2009) Supervisi Pendidikan Kontekstual. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta. Pongoh, S. (2013). Etos Kerja Guru: Faktor yang Mempengaruhi dan Dipengaruhi. Surabaya: CV. R. A. De Rozarie. Prasasti, S. (2017). Etos Kerja dan Profesional Guru. Jurnal Ilmiah PENJAS (Penelitian, Pendidikan dan Pengajaran, 3(2), 74-89. Diterima dari http://ejournal.utp.ac.id/index.php/JIP/ article/view/589. Purwanto, N. (2004). Administrasi dan Supervisi Pendidikan. Bandung: Remadja Rosdakarya. Rifai, M. (1982). Pengantar Administrasi dan Supervisi Pendidikan. Bandung: Baru. Rivai, V. (2006). Kepemimpinan dan Perilaku Organisasi. Jakarta: Radja Grafindo Persada. Robbins, S. P. (1999). Organizational Behavior. New Delhi: Prentice-Hall. Rose, A. (2005). Ethics and Human Resources Management.Accessed 19 December 2019, retrieved from https://dphu.org/uploads/attachements/books/books_4824_0.pdf. Sagita, D. D. (2018, 24 Maret). Implementasi Layanan ICS-GD dalam Meningkatan Pemahaman dan Sikap Siswa tentang Nilai-Nilai Kehidupan Islam di SMA Muhammadiyah DKI Jakarta. Makalah disajikan pada Seminar Nasional PendidikanEra Revolusi “Membangun Sinergitas dalam Penguatan Pendidikan Karakter pada Era IR 4.0”, Universitas Muhammadiyah Jakarta, Indonesia. Diterima dari https://jurnal.umj.ac.id/index.php/ SNP/article/view/2752/2209. Saifulloh. (2010). Etos Kerja dalam Perspektif Islam. Jurnal Sosial Humaniora, 3(1), 54-69. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.12962/j24433527.v3i1.654. Sarjana, S. (2014). Pengaruh Kepemimpinan dan Kerjasama Tim terhadap Etika Kerja Guru SMK. Jurnal Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, 20(2), 234-250. doi: https://doi.org/10.24832/jpnk.v20i2.14. Schermerhorn, J. R. (2010). Introduction to Management. Asia: John Wiley & Sons. Sergiovanni, T. J., & Starratt, R. J. (1983). Supervision: Human Perspective. New York: McGraw-Hill Book, Co. Sinamo, J. (2002). Etos Kerja Profesional di Era Digital Global. Jakarta: Institut Darma Mahardika. Sunardi, S., Nugroho, P. J., & Setiawan, S. (2019). Kepemimpinan Instruksional Kepala Sekolah. 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Eni Starts Area 1 Production off Mexico via MODEC FPSO MODEC said first oil has flowed through FPSO MIAMTE MV34 operating in the Offshore Area 1 block in the Bay of Campeche off Mexico. The contractor was appointed by Eni Mexico for the supply, charter, and operation of the FPSO in the Eni-operated Offshore Area 1 block in 2018. The charter contract will run for an initial 15 years, with options for extension every year thereafter up to 5 additional years. Moored in a water depth of approximately 32 m some 10 km off Mexico’s coast, the FPSO is capable of handling 90,000 B/D of oil, 75 MMcf/D of gas, and 120,000 B/D of water injection with a storage capacity of 700,000 bbl of oil. The FPSO boasts a disconnectable tower yoke mooring system, a first-of-its-kind design in the industry. The system was developed to moor the FPSO in shallow water, while also allowing the unit to disconnect its mooring and depart the area to avoid winter storms and hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico. The mooring system was developed by MODEC subsidiary SOFEC Inc. The mooring jacket was fabricated in Altamira, Mexico. Eni Starts Production from Ndungu EP Development Italy’s Eni has started production from the Ndungu Early Production (EP) development in Block 15/06 of the Angolan deep offshore, via the Ngoma FPSO. With an expected production rate in the range of 20,000 B/D, the project will sustain the plateau of the Ngoma, a 100,000-B/D, zero-discharge, and zero-process-flaring FPSO, upgraded in 2021 to minimize emissions. A further exploration and delineation campaign will be performed in Q2 2022 to assess the full potential of the overall assets of Ndungu. Ndungu EP is the third startup achieved by Eni Angola in Block 15/06 in the past 7 months, after Cuica Early Production and the Cabaca North Development Project. Block 15/06 is operated by Eni Angola with a 36.84% share. Sonangol Pesquisa e Produção (36.84%) and SSI Fifteen Ltd. (26.32%) comprise the rest of the joint venture. Aramco Discovers Natural Gas in Four Regions Saudi Aramco has discovered natural gas fields in four regions of the kingdom, the Saudi Press Agency (SPA) reported, citing Energy Minister Prince Abdulaziz bin Salman. The fields were found in the Empty Quarter desert located in the central area of the kingdom, near its northern border and in the eastern region, he said, according to SPA. Saudi Arabia wants to increase gas production and boost the share of natural gas in its energy mix to meet growing electricity consumption and to make more crude available for export. The minister said an unspecified number of fields were discovered and he mentioned five by name: Shadoon, in the central region; Shehab and Shurfa, in the Empty Quarter in the southeastern region; Umm Khansar, near the northern border with Iraq; and Samna in the eastern region. Two of the gas fields, Samna and Umm Khansar, were said to be “nonconventional” and possibly shale finds. Lukoil Completes Area 4 Deal in Mexico Russian producer Lukoil has completed a deal to become a lead stakeholder in an Area 4 shallow-water asset adjacent to Tabasco and Campeche in Mexico. Under the deal, Lukoil has acquired a 50% stake in the asset from US independent Fieldwood Energy, which filed for US bankruptcy protection in August 2020, for $685 million. The original deal was priced at $435 million; the additional $250 million is related to expenditures Fieldwood incurred since 1 January 2021. Fieldwood committed to invest $477 million to increase oil production from the Ichalkil and Pokoch fields from the current level of 25,000 B/D to a plateau level of 115,000 B/D. Situated in water depths between 35 and 45 m, the fields’ recoverable hydrocarbon reserves amount to 564 million BOE, more than 80% of which is crude oil. Production started in Q4 2021; current average oil production has exceeded 25,000 B/D. The approved work program includes drilling three development wells (two on Ichalkil and one on Pokoch), upgrading three production platforms, and performing seismic reprocessing and petrophysical studies. The remaining 50% stake in Area 4 is held by operator PetroBal, a subsidiary of Mexico’s GrupoBal. Petrobras Sells Polo Norte Capixaba Field Cluster In line with its strategy to concentrate resources on deepwater and ultradeepwater assets, Brazil’s Petrobras has sold 100% of its interest in Norte Capixaba cluster to Seacrest Exploração e Produção de Petróleo Ltda for $544 million, including a $66-million contingent payment. The cluster comprises four producing fields—Cancã, Fazenda Alegre, Fazenda São Rafael, and Fazenda Santa Luzia—and produced 6,470 BOE/D in 2021. The deal also includes the Norte Capixaba Terminal (TNC) and all production facilities. NewMed Targets Morocco Market Entry Israel-based NewMed Energy, formerly Delek Drilling, has identified Morocco as “a country with enormous geological and commercial potential,” in particular the Moroccan coastal areas in the Mediterranean and North Atlantic. The announcement comes a day after the Moroccan Minister of Industry and Trade, Ryad Mezzour, and his Israeli counterpart, Orna Barbivai, signed an MOU aimed at promoting investments and exchanges between the two countries in the digital design, food, automotive, aviation, textile, water technologies and renewable energies, medical equipment, and the pharmaceutical industries. In September 2021, the Israeli oil and gas exploration company obtained from the Moroccan ministry the exploration and study rights of the Dakhla Atlantic Block, which has an area of about 109000 km2. ExxonMobil Sells Nigerian Assets to Seplat ExxonMobil has agreed to sell its shallow-water assets in Nigeria to Seplat Energy for $1.28 billion plus a contingent consideration of $300 million. Seplat said it is acquiring a 40% operating stake in four oil leases to nearly triple its annual net production to 146,000 BOE/D. The deal also includes the Qua Iboe export terminal and a 51% interest in the Bonny River Terminal and natural gas liquids recovery plants at EAP and Oso. It does not include any of ExxonMobil’s deepwater fields in Nigeria. TotalEnergies Discovers Large Oil Field off Namibia TotalEnergies has made a significant discovery of light oil with associated gas on the Venus prospect, located in block 2913B in the Orange Basin, offshore southern Namibia. The Venus 1-X well encountered approximately 84 m of net oil pay in a good-quality Lower Cretaceous reservoir. The find’s potential reserves are estimated at 2 billion bbl of oil. “This discovery offshore Namibia and the very promising initial results prove the potential of this play in the Orange Basin, on which TotalEnergies owns an important position both in Namibia and South Africa,” said Kevin McLachlan, senior vice president exploration at TotalEnergies. “A comprehensive coring and logging program has been completed. This will enable the preparation of appraisal operations designed to assess the commerciality of this discovery.” Block 2913B covers approximately 8215 km2 in deep offshore Namibia. TotalEnergies is the operator with a 40% working interest, alongside QatarEnergy (30%), Impact Oil and Gas (20%), and NAMCOR (10%). CNPC Scoops Ishpingo Drilling Contract The first drilling contract at the Ishpingo oil field near Ecuador’s Yasuni National Park has been awarded to China National Petroleum Corp. (CNPC), Energy Minister Juan Carlos Bermeo told Reuters. Following the approval of a new hydrocarbon law and legislation, Ecuador plans to move forward with auctions and competitive processes for securing foreign and domestic capital for oil and gas exploration, production, transportation, and refining projects. The first drilling campaign to start after an environmental license was granted for the sensitive area will involve 40 wells over the next 18 months. It will focus on the field’s allowed zone without touching an area protected by a court ruling that has prevented extending drilling. Ishpingo is the latest part of the ITT-43 oil field in Ecuador’s Amazonia region to start drilling after Tambococha and Tiputini. It is expected to produce heavy oil to be added to the nation’s output of flagship Napo crude, Bermeo said. BP Brings Hershel Expansion Project On Line in US GOM BP has successfully started production from the Herschel Expansion project in the Gulf of Mexico—the first of four major projects scheduled to be delivered globally in 2022. Phase 1 comprises development of a new subsea production system and the first of up to three wells tied to the Na Kika platform in the Mississippi Canyon area. At its peak, this first well is expected to increase platform annual gross production by an estimated 10,600 BOE/D. The BP-operated well was drilled to a depth of approximately 19,000 ft and is located southeast of the Na Kika platform, approximately 140 miles off the coast of New Orleans. The project provides infrastructure for future well tie-in opportunities. BP and Shell each hold a 50% working interest in the development. Petrobras Kicks off Gulf of Mexico Asset Sales Petrobras has begun an asset sale program in the Gulf of Mexico, in line with the company’s strategy of debt reduction and pivot toward Brazilian deepwater production. The package for sale includes the company’s 20% stake in MP Gulf of Mexico (MPGoM) which holds ownership stakes in 15 fields in partnership with Murphy Oil. In addition to partnership-operated fields, MPGoM owns nonoperated interests in Occidental’s Lucius, Kosmos’ Kodiak, Shell’s Habanero, and Chevron’s St. Malo fields. During the first half of 2021, Petrobras’ share of production was 11,300 BOE/D. ExxonMobil Liza Phase 2 Underway off Guyana ExxonMobil started production of Liza Phase 2, Guyana’s second offshore oil development on the Stabroek Block; total production capacity is now more than 340,000 B/D in the 7 years since the country’s first discovery. Production at the Liza Unity FPSO is expected to reach its target of 220,000 bbl of oil later this year. The Stabroek Block’s recoverable resource base is estimated at more than 10 billion BOE. The current resource has the potential to support up to 10 projects. ExxonMobil anticipates that four FPSOs with a capacity of more than 800,000 B/D will be in operation on the block by year-end 2025. Payara, the third project in the block, is expected to produce approximately 220,000 BOPD using the Prosperity FPSO vessel, currently under construction. The field development plan and application for environmental authorization for the Yellowtail project, the fourth project in the block, have been submitted for government and regulatory approvals. The Liza Unity arrived in Guyana in October 2021. It is moored in water depth of about 1650 m and will store around 2 million bbl of crude. ExxonMobil affiliate Esso Exploration and Production Guyana Ltd. is the operator and holds 45% interest. Hess Guyana Exploration Ltd. holds 30% interest and CNOOC Petroleum Guyana Ltd. holds 25%. Dragon Finds Oil in Gulf of Suez UAE’s Dragon Oil has discovered oil in the Gulf of Suez, according to a statement from the Egyptian Minister of Petroleum and Mineral Resources. The field contains potential reserves of around 100 million bbl inside the northeastern region of Ramadan. That estimate makes it one of the largest oil finds in the region over the past 2 decades. Development plans were not reported but reserve numbers could expand, the ministry said. The oil field is the first discovery by Dragon Oil since it acquired 100% of BP’s Gulf of Suez Petroleum assets in 2019. Dragon Oil, wholly owned by Emirates National Oil Co., holds 100% interest in East Zeit Bay off the southern Gulf of Suez region. The 93-km2 block lies in shallow waters of 10 to 40 m.

The City of McKinney (City) is proposing to construct and maintain 2.2 kilometers (km; 1.4 miles [mi]) of 42- inch (in) water transmission line for the Redbud Pump Station Transmission Water Line Project (Project) located within the City of McKinney, in west-central Collin County, Texas (Appendix A, Figure 1). On behalf of the City, BGE, Inc. (BGE) conducted an intensive pedestrian survey augmented by shovel testing of the Project. Because the proposed project is being contracted by the City of McKinney, a political subdivision of the state of Texas, the project sponsor is required under the Texas Antiquities Code and the Texas Natural Resources Code Chapter 26 ‘Rules of Practice and Procedure for the Antiquities Code of Texas’ to obtain a Texas Antiquities Permit to perform cultural resources investigations to assess whether cultural resources are present that may rise to the level of significance of State Antiquities Landmark (SAL) status. The Texas Historical Commission (THC) has assigned Antiquities Permit number 8763 to the Project. Furthermore, project construction designs minimize impacts to Waters of the United States (WOTUS) crossed by the project, not meeting the minimum threshhold established under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act (CWA) for the requirement of a Pre-Construction Notification (PCN) to the United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE).

The objectives of study are to find out the maxims which are flouted, to find out the process of dominant flouting maxims and to find out the reasons of dominant flouting maxims. This research is conducted by document qualitative analysis research design. The data are the utterances of some conversations which were flouted. The data source of this research was taken from ILC Talk Show with the topic “KPK VS POLRI: Ujungnya sampai dimana?” broadcast on February 15th, 2014 that was obtained from the video on internet. The data were analyzed by using Miles and Huberman (1994). The result shows that all types of maxims are flouted by participants namely: maxim of quantity, maxim of quality, maxim of relevance and maxim of manner.. The second most frequently is flouting maxim of relevance twenty-one occurrences, flouting maxim of manner with six occurrencesand flouting maxim of quality with three occurrences. The most dominant reasons were usually carried out by giving detail explanation to give more information to stress and to expect something in order to make the intended meaning clearer for the listener to follow. It is suggested the reader comprehend the flouting maxim deeply so that they can choose which one is appropriate and which one is not applied in their conversation. Key words: flouting maxim, Indonesia lawyers club, talk show

AbstractThe safe operation of underground reservoirs and environmental protection heavily rely on the water flow through coal pillar dams in coal mines. Meanwhile, research on the flow characteristics in coal pillar dams has been limited due to their low hydraulic conductivity. To address this gap, this study assembled a novel seepage experimental device and conducted a series of carefully designed seepage experiments to examine the characteristics of low‐permeability in coal pillar dams. The experiments aim to explore the relationship between water flux and hydraulic gradient, considering varying core lengths and immersion times. Flow parameters were determined by fitting observed flux‐gradient curves with predictions from both Darcy and non‐Darcian laws. Several significant results were obtained. First, a noticeable non‐linear relationship between water flux and hydraulic gradient was observed, particularly evident at low flow velocities. Second, the non‐Darcy laws effectively interpreted the experimental data, with threshold pressure gradients ranging 13.60 to 58.64 for different core lengths. Third, the study established that water immersion significantly affects the flow characteristics of coal pillar dams, resulting in an increased hydraulic conductivity and flow velocity. These findings carry significant implications for the design of coal pillar dams within underground coal mine reservoirs, providing insights for constructing more stable structures and ensuring environmental protection.

Unconventional energy sources have become increasingly important to the global energy mix. These include coal seam gas, shale gas and shale oil. The unconventional gas industry was pioneered in the United States and embraced following the first oil shock in 1973 (Rogers). As has been the case with many global resources (Hiscock), many of the same companies that worked in the USA carried their experience in this industry to early Australian explorations. Recently the USA has secured significant energy security with the development of unconventional energy deposits such as the Marcellus shale gas and the Bakken shale oil (Dobb; McGraw). But this has not come without environmental impact, including contamination to underground water supply (Osborn, Vengosh, Warner, Jackson) and potential greenhouse gas contributions (Howarth, Santoro, Ingraffea; McKenna). The environmental impact of unconventional gas extraction has raised serious public concern about the introduction and growth of the industry in Australia. In coal rich Australia coal seam gas is currently the major source of unconventional gas. Large gas deposits have been found in prime agricultural land along eastern Australia, such as the Liverpool Plains in New South Wales and the Darling Downs in Queensland. Competing land-uses and a series of environmental incidents from the coal seam gas industry have warranted major protest from a coalition of environmentalists and farmers (Berry; McLeish). Conflict between energy companies wanting development and environmentalists warning precaution is an easy script to cast for frontline media coverage. But historical perspectives are often missing in these contemporary debates. While coal mining and natural gas have often received “boosting” historical coverage (Diamond; Wilkinson), and although historical themes of “development” and “rushes” remain predominant when observing the span of the industry (AGA; Blainey), the history of unconventional gas, particularly the history of its environmental impact, has been little studied. Few people are aware, for example, that the first shale gas exploratory well was completed in late 2010 in the Cooper Basin in Central Australia (Molan) and is considered as a “new” frontier in Australian unconventional gas. Moreover many people are unaware that the first coal seam gas wells were completed in 1976 in Queensland. The first four wells offer an important moment for reflection in light of the industry’s recent move into Central Australia. By locating and analysing the first four coal seam gas wells, this essay identifies the roots of the unconventional gas industry in Australia and explores the early environmental impact of these wells. By analysing exploration reports that have been placed online by the Queensland Department of Natural Resources and Mines through the lens of environmental history, the dominant developmental narrative of this industry can also be scrutinised. These narratives often place more significance on economic and national benefits while displacing the environmental and social impacts of the industry (Connor, Higginbotham, Freeman, Albrecht; Duus; McEachern; Trigger). This essay therefore seeks to bring an environmental insight into early unconventional gas mining in Australia. As the author, I am concerned that nearly four decades on and it seems that no one has heeded the warning gleaned from these early wells and early exploration reports, as gas exploration in Australia continues under little scrutiny. Arrival The first four unconventional gas wells in Australia appear at the beginning of the industry world-wide (Schraufnagel, McBane, and Kuuskraa; McClanahan). The wells were explored by Houston Oils and Minerals—a company that entered the Australian mining scene by sharing a mining prospect with International Australian Energy Company (Wiltshire). The International Australian Energy Company was owned by Black Giant Oil Company in the US, which in turn was owned by International Royalty and Oil Company also based in the US. The Texan oilman Robert Kanton held a sixteen percent share in the latter. Kanton had an idea that the Mimosa Syncline in the south-eastern Bowen Basin was a gas trap waiting to be exploited. To test the theory he needed capital. Kanton presented the idea to Houston Oil and Minerals which had the financial backing to take the risk. Shotover No. 1 was drilled by Houston Oil and Minerals thirty miles south-east of the coal mining town of Blackwater. By late August 1975 it was drilled to 2,717 metres, discovered to have little gas, spudded, and, after a spend of $610,000, abandoned. The data from the Shotover well showed that the porosity of the rocks in the area was not a trap, and the Mimosa Syncline was therefore downgraded as a possible hydrocarbon location. There was, however, a small amount of gas found in the coal seams (Benbow 16). The well had passed through the huge coal seams of both the Bowen and Surat basins—important basins for the future of both the coal and gas industries. Mining Concepts In 1975, while Houston Oil and Minerals was drilling the Shotover well, US Steel and the US Bureau of Mines used hydraulic fracture, a technique already used in the petroleum industry, to drill vertical surface wells to drain gas from a coal seam (Methane Drainage Taskforce 102). They were able to remove gas from the coal seam before it was mined and sold enough to make a profit. With the well data from the Shotover well in Australia compiled, Houston returned to the US to research the possibility of harvesting methane in Australia. As the company saw it, methane drainage was “a novel exploitation concept” and the methane in the Bowen Basin was an “enormous hydrocarbon resource” (Wiltshire 7). The Shotover well passed through a section of the German Creek Coal measures and this became their next target. In September 1976 the Shotover well was re-opened and plugged at 1499 meters to become Australia’s first exploratory unconventional gas well. By the end of the month the rig was released and gas production tested. At one point an employee on the drilling operation observed a gas flame “the size of a 44 gal drum” (HOMA, “Shotover # 1” 9). But apart from the brief show, no gas flowed. And yet, Houston Oil and Minerals was not deterred, as they had already taken out other leases for further prospecting (Wiltshire 4). Only a week after the Shotover well had failed, Houston moved the methane search south-east to an area five miles north of the Moura township. Houston Oil and Minerals had researched the coal exploration seismic surveys of the area that were conducted in 1969, 1972, and 1973 to choose the location. Over the next two months in late 1976, two new wells—Kinma No.1 and Carra No.1—were drilled within a mile from each other and completed as gas wells. Houston Oil and Minerals also purchased the old oil exploration well Moura No. 1 from the Queensland Government and completed it as a suspended gas well. The company must have mined the Department of Mines archive to find Moura No.1, as the previous exploration report from 1969 noted methane given off from the coal seams (Sell). By December 1976 Houston Oil and Minerals had three gas wells in the vicinity of each other and by early 1977 testing had occurred. The results were disappointing with minimal gas flow at Kinma and Carra, but Moura showed a little more promise. Here, the drillers were able to convert their Fairbanks-Morse engine driving the pump from an engine run on LPG to one run on methane produced from the well (Porter, “Moura # 1”). Drink This? Although there was not much gas to find in the test production phase, there was a lot of water. The exploration reports produced by the company are incomplete (indeed no report was available for the Shotover well), but the information available shows that a large amount of water was extracted before gas started to flow (Porter, “Carra # 1”; Porter, “Moura # 1”; Porter, “Kinma # 1”). As Porter’s reports outline, prior to gas flowing, the water produced at Carra, Kinma and Moura totalled 37,600 litres, 11,900 and 2,900 respectively. It should be noted that the method used to test the amount of water was not continuous and these amounts were not the full amount of water produced; also, upon gas coming to the surface some of the wells continued to produce water. In short, before any gas flowed at the first unconventional gas wells in Australia at least 50,000 litres of water were taken from underground. Results show that the water was not ready to drink (Mathers, “Moura # 1”; Mathers, “Appendix 1”; HOMA, “Miscellaneous Pages” 21-24). The water had total dissolved solids (minerals) well over the average set by the authorities (WHO; Apps Laboratories; NHMRC; QDAFF). The well at Kinma recorded the highest levels, almost two and a half times the unacceptable standard. On average the water from the Moura well was of reasonable standard, possibly because some water was extracted from the well when it was originally sunk in 1969; but the water from Kinma and Carra was very poor quality, not good enough for crops, stock or to be let run into creeks. The biggest issue was the sodium concentration; all wells had very high salt levels. Kinma and Carra were four and two times the maximum standard respectively. In short, there was a substantial amount of poor quality water produced from drilling and testing the three wells. Fracking Australia Hydraulic fracturing is an artificial process that can encourage more gas to flow to the surface (McGraw; Fischetti; Senate). Prior to the testing phase at the Moura field, well data was sent to the Chemical Research and Development Department at Halliburton in Oklahoma, to examine the ability to fracture the coal and shale in the Australian wells. Halliburton was the founding father of hydraulic fracture. In Oklahoma on 17 March 1949, operating under an exclusive license from Standard Oil, this company conducted the first ever hydraulic fracture of an oil well (Montgomery and Smith). To come up with a program of hydraulic fracturing for the Australian field, Halliburton went back to the laboratory. They bonded together small slabs of coal and shale similar to Australian samples, drilled one-inch holes into the sample, then pressurised the holes and completed a “hydro-frac” in miniature. “These samples were difficult to prepare,” they wrote in their report to Houston Oil and Minerals (HOMA, “Miscellaneous Pages” 10). Their program for fracturing was informed by a field of science that had been evolving since the first hydraulic fracture but had rapidly progressed since the first oil shock. Halliburton’s laboratory test had confirmed that the model of Perkins and Kern developed for widths of hydraulic fracture—in an article that defined the field—should also apply to Australian coals (Perkins and Kern). By late January 1977 Halliburton had issued Houston Oil and Minerals with a program of hydraulic fracture to use on the central Queensland wells. On the final page of their report they warned: “There are many unknowns in a vertical fracture design procedure” (HOMA, “Miscellaneous Pages” 17). In July 1977, Moura No. 1 became the first coal seam gas well hydraulically fractured in Australia. The exploration report states: “During July 1977 the well was killed with 1% KCL solution and the tubing and packer were pulled from the well … and pumping commenced” (Porter 2-3). The use of the word “kill” is interesting—potassium chloride (KCl) is the third and final drug administered in the lethal injection of humans on death row in the USA. Potassium chloride was used to minimise the effect on parts of the coal seam that were water-sensitive and was the recommended solution prior to adding other chemicals (Montgomery and Smith 28); but a word such as “kill” also implies that the well and the larger environment were alive before fracking commenced (Giblett; Trigger). Pumping recommenced after the fracturing fluid was unloaded. Initially gas supply was very good. It increased from an average estimate of 7,000 cubic feet per day to 30,000, but this only lasted two days before coal and sand started flowing back up to the surface. In effect, the cleats were propped open but the coal did not close and hold onto them which meant coal particles and sand flowed back up the pipe with diminishing amounts of gas (Walters 12). Although there were some interesting results, the program was considered a failure. In April 1978, Houston Oil and Minerals finally abandoned the methane concept. Following the failure, they reflected on the possibilities for a coal seam gas industry given the gas prices in Queensland: “Methane drainage wells appear to offer no economic potential” (Wooldridge 2). At the wells they let the tubing drop into the hole, put a fifteen foot cement plug at the top of the hole, covered it with a steel plate and by their own description restored the area to its “original state” (Wiltshire 8). Houston Oil and Minerals now turned to “conventional targets” which included coal exploration (Wiltshire 7). A Thousand Memories The first four wells show some of the critical environmental issues that were present from the outset of the industry in Australia. The process of hydraulic fracture was not just a failure, but conducted on a science that had never been tested in Australia, was ponderous at best, and by Halliburton’s own admission had “many unknowns”. There was also the role of large multinationals providing “experience” (Briody; Hiscock) and conducting these tests while having limited knowledge of the Australian landscape. Before any gas came to the surface, a large amount of water was produced that was loaded with a mixture of salt and other heavy minerals. The source of water for both the mud drilling of Carra and Kinma, as well as the hydraulic fracture job on Moura, was extracted from Kianga Creek three miles from the site (HOMA, “Carra # 1” 5; HOMA, “Kinma # 1” 5; Porter, “Moura # 1”). No location was listed for the disposal of the water from the wells, including the hydraulic fracture liquid. Considering the poor quality of water, if the water was disposed on site or let drain into a creek, this would have had significant environmental impact. Nobody has yet answered the question of where all this water went. The environmental issues of water extraction, saline water and hydraulic fracture were present at the first four wells. At the first four wells environmental concern was not a priority. The complexity of inter-company relations, as witnessed at the Shotover well, shows there was little time. The re-use of old wells, such as the Moura well, also shows that economic priorities were more important. Even if environmental information was considered important at the time, no one would have had access to it because, as handwritten notes on some of the reports show, many of the reports were “confidential” (Sell). Even though coal mines commenced filing Environmental Impact Statements in the early 1970s, there is no such documentation for gas exploration conducted by Houston Oil and Minerals. A lack of broader awareness for the surrounding environment, from floral and faunal health to the impact on habitat quality, can be gleaned when reading across all the exploration reports. Nearly four decades on and we now have thousands of wells throughout the world. Yet, the challenges of unconventional gas still persist. The implications of the environmental history of the first four wells in Australia for contemporary unconventional gas exploration and development in this country and beyond are significant. Many environmental issues were present from the beginning of the coal seam gas industry in Australia. Owning up to this history would place policy makers and regulators in a position to strengthen current regulation. The industry continues to face the same challenges today as it did at the start of development—including water extraction, hydraulic fracturing and problems associated with drilling through underground aquifers. Looking more broadly at the unconventional gas industry, shale gas has appeared as the next target for energy resources in Australia. Reflecting on the first exploratory shale gas wells drilled in Central Australia, the chief executive of the company responsible for the shale gas wells noted their deliberate decision to locate their activities in semi-desert country away from “an area of prime agricultural land” and conflict with environmentalists (quoted in Molan). Moreover, the journalist Paul Cleary recently complained about the coal seam gas industry polluting Australia’s food-bowl but concluded that the “next frontier” should be in “remote” Central Australia with shale gas (Cleary 195). It appears that preference is to move the industry to the arid centre of Australia, to the ecologically and culturally unique Lake Eyre Basin region (Robin and Smith). 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Postmodernism is supposed to identify the conditions of contemporary cultural production when human affairs in general, and the dissemination of prevailing ideas in particular, have become fully enmeshed in relations of commodity exchange. (Martin 2002, p. 30) The accumulation of capital within industrial economies keyed on the surplus value derived from the production of raw materials into mass manufactured products, and their subsequent exchange in the capitalist marketplace. Within what Poster (1990) described as the contemporary mode of information , surplus capital is generated from the manufacturing of product’s symbolic values, which in turn substantiate their use and ultimately exchange values within the consumer market. This, in essence, is the centrifugal process undermining the brand (Klein 1999), promotional (Wernick 1991), or commodity sign (Goldman and Papson 1996), culture that characterizes contemporary capitalism: Through the creative outpourings of “cultural intermediaries” (Bourdieu 1984) working within the advertising, marketing, public relations, and media industries, commodities—routinely produced within low wage industrializing economies—are symbolically constituted to global consuming publics. This postmodern regime of cultural production is graphically illustrated within the sporting goods industry (Miles 1998) where, in regard to their use value, highly non-differentiated material products such as sport shoes are differentiated in symbolic terms through innovative advertising and marketing initiatives. In this way, oftentimes gaudy concoctions of leather, nylon, and rubber become transformed into prized cultural commodities possessing an inflated economic value within today’s informational-symbolic order (Castells 1996). Arguably, the globally ubiquitous Nike Inc. is the sporting brand that has most aggressively and effectively capitalized upon what Rowe described as the “culturalization of economics” in the latter twentieth century (1999, p. 70). Indeed, as Nike Chairman and CEO Phil Knight enthusiastically declared: For years, we thought of ourselves as a production-oriented company, meaning we put all our emphasis on designing and manufacturing the product. But now we understand that the most important thing we do is market the product. We’ve come around to saying that Nike is a marketing-oriented company, and the product is our most important marketing tool. What I mean is that marketing knits the whole organization together. The design elements and functional characteristics of the product itself are just part of the overall marketing process. (Quoted in (Willigan 1992, p. 92) This commercial culturalization of Nike has certainly sparked considerable academic interest, as evidenced by the voluminous literature pertaining to the various dimensions of its practices of cultural production (Donaghu and Barff 1990; Ind 1993; Korzeniewicz 1994; Cole and Hribar 1995; Boje 1998; Goldman and Papson 1998; Lafrance 1998; Armstrong 1999; Denzin 1999; Penaloza 1999; Sage 1999; Lucas 2000; Stabile 2000). Rather than contribute to this body of work, our aim is to engage a sporting shoe company attempting to establish itself within the brand universe defined and dominated by Nike. For this reason we turn to German-based Puma AG: a dynamic brand-in-process, seeking to differentiate itself within the cluttered sporting landscape, through the assertion of a consciously fractured brand identity designed to address a diverse range of clearly-defined consumer subjectivities. Puma’s history can be traced to post-war Germany when, in 1948, a fraternal dispute compelled Rudolf Dassler to leave Adidas (the company he founded with his brother Adi) and set up a rival sports shoe business on the opposite bank of the Moselle river in Herzogenaurach. Over the next three decades the two companies vied for the leadership in the global sports shoe industry. However, the emergence of Nike and Reebok in the 1980s, and particularly their adoption of aggressive marketing strategies, saw both Adidas and Puma succumbing to what was a new world sneaker order (Strasser and Becklund 1991). Of the two, Puma’s plight was the more chronic, with expenditures regularly exceeding moribund revenues. For instance, in 1993, Puma lost US$32 million on sales of just US$190 million (Saddleton 2002, p. 2). At this time, Puma’s brand presence and identity was negligible quite simply because it failed to operate according to the rhythms and regimes of the commodity sign economy that the sport shoe industry had become (Goldman and Papson 1994; 1996; 1998). Remarkably, from this position of seemingly terminal decline, in recent years, Puma has “successfully turned its image around” (Saddleton 2002, p. 2) through the adoption of a branding strategy perhaps even more radical than that of Nike’s. Led by the company’s global director of brand management, Antonio Bertone, Puma positioned itself as “the brand that mixes the influence of sport, lifestyle and fashion” (quoted in (Davis 2002, p. 41). Hence, Puma eschewed the sport performance mantra which defined the company (and indeed its rivals) for so long, in favour of a strategy centered on the aestheticization of the sport shoe as an important component of the commodity based lifestyle assemblages, through which individuals are encouraged to constitute their very being (Featherstone 1991; Lury 1996). According to Bertone, Puma is now “targeting the sneaker enthusiast, not the guy who buys shoes for running” (quoted in (Davis 2002, p. 41). While its efforts to “blur the lines between sport and lifestyle” (Anon 2002, p. 30) may explain part of Puma’s recent success, at the core of the company’s turnaround was its move to diversify the brand into a plethora of lifestyle and fashion options. Puma has essentially splintered into a range of seemingly disparate sub-brands each directed at a very definite target consumer (or perceptions thereof). Amongst other options, Puma can presently be consumed in, and through: the upscale pseudo-Prada Platinum range; collections by fashion designers such as Jil Sander and Yasuhiro Mihara; Pumaville, a range clearly directed at the “alternative sport” market, and endorsed by athletes such as motocross rider Travis Pastrana; and, the H Street range designed to capture “the carefree spirit of athletics” (http://www.puma.com). However, Puma’s attempts to interpellate (Althusser 1971) a diverse array of sporting subjectivies is perhaps best illustrated in the “Nuala” collection, a yoga-inspired “lifestyle” collection resulting from a collaboration with supermodel Christy Turlington, the inspiration for which is expressed in suitably flowery terms: What is Nuala? NUALA is an acronym representing: Natural-Universal-Altruistic-Limitless-Authentic. Often defined as "meditation in motion", Nuala is the product of an organic partnership that reflects Christy Turlington's passion for the ancient discipline of Yoga and PUMA's commitment to create a superior mix of sport and lifestyle products. Having studied comparative religion and philosophy at New York University, model turned entrepreneur Christy Turlington sought to merge her interest in eastern practices with her real-life experience in the fashion industry and create an elegant, concise, fashion collection to complement her busy work, travel, and exercise schedule. The goal of Nuala is to create a symbiosis between the outer and inner being, the individual and collective experience, using yoga as a metaphor to make this balance possible. At Nuala, we believe that everything in life should serve more than one purpose. Nuala is more than a line of yoga-inspired activewear; it is a building block for limitless living aimed at providing fashion-conscious, independant women comfort for everyday life. The line allows flexibility and transition, from technical yoga pieces to fashionable apparel one can live in. Celebrating women for their intuition, intelligence, and individuality, Nuala bridges the spacious gap between one's public and private life. Thus, Puma seeks to hail the female subject of consumption (Andrews 1998), through design and marketing rhetorics (couched in a spurious Eastern mysticism) which contemporary manifestations of what are traditionally feminine experiences and sensibilities. In seeking to engage, at one at the same time, a variety of class, ethnic, and gender based constituencies through the symbolic advancement of a range of lifestyle niches (hi-fashion, sports, casual, organic, retro etc.) Puma evokes Toffler’s prophetic vision regarding the rise of a “de-massified society” and “a profusion of life-styles and more highly individualized personalities” (Toffler 1980, pp. 231, 255-256). In this manner, Puma identified how the nurturing of an ever-expanding array of consumer subjectivities has become perhaps the most pertinent feature of present-day market relations. Such an approach to sub-branding is, of course, hardly anything new (Gartman 1998). Indeed, even the sports shoe giants have long-since diversified into a range of product lines. Yet it is our contention that even in the process of sub-branding, companies such as Nike nonetheless retain a tangible sense of a core brand identity. So, for instance, Nike imbues a sentiment of performative authenticity, cultural irreverence and personal empowerment throughout all its sub-brands, from its running shoes to its outdoor wear (arguably, Nike commercials have a distinctive “look” or “feel”) (Cole and Hribar 1995). By contrast, Puma’s sub-branding suggests a greater polyvalence: the brand engages divergent consumer subjectivities in much more definite and explicit ways. As Davis (2002, p. 41) emphasis added) suggested, Puma “has done a good job of effectively meeting the demands of disparate groups of consumers.” Perhaps more accurately, it could be asserted that Puma has been effective in constituting the market as an aggregate of disparate consumer groups (Solomon and Englis 1997). Goldman and Papson have suggested the decline of Reebok in the early 1990s owed much to the “inconsistency in the image they projected” (1996, p. 38). Following the logic of this assertion, the Puma brand’s lack of coherence or consistency would seem to foretell and impending decline. Yet, recent evidence suggests such a prediction as being wholly erroneous: Puma is a company, and (sub)brand system, on the rise. Recent market performance would certainly suggest so. For instance, in the first quarter of 2003 (a period in which many of its competitors experienced meager growth rates), Puma’s consolidated sales increased 47% resulting in a share price jump from ?1.43 to ?3.08 (Puma.com 2003). Moreover, as one trade magazine suggested: “Puma is one brand that has successfully turned its image around in recent years…and if analysts predictions are accurate, Puma’s sales will almost double by 2005” (Saddleton 2002, p. 2). So, within a postmodern cultural economy characterized by fragmentation and instability (Jameson 1991; Firat and Venkatesh 1995; Gartman 1998), brand flexibility and eclecticism has proven to be an effective stratagem for, however temporally, engaging the consciousness of decentered consuming subjects. Perhaps it’s a Puma culture, as opposed to a Nike one (Goldman and Papson 1998) that best characterizes the contemporary condition after all? Works Cited Althusser, L. (1971). Lenin and philosophy and other essays. London: New Left Books. Andrews, D. L. (1998). Feminizing Olympic reality: Preliminary dispatches from Baudrillard's Atlanta. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 33(1), 5-18. Anon. (2002, December 9). The Midas touch. Business and Industry, 30. Armstrong, K. L. (1999). Nike's communication with black audiences: A sociological analysis of advertising effectiveness via symbolic interactionism. Journal of Sport & Social Issues, 23(3), 266-286. Boje, D. M. (1998). 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There is, in our sense of place, little cognisance of what lies underground. Yet our sense of place, instinctive, unconscious, primeval, has its own underground: the secret spaces which mirror our insides; the world beneath the skin. Our roots lie beneath the ground, with the minerals and the dead. (Hughes 83) The-Home-and-Away-Game Imagine the earth-grounded, “diagrammatological” trajectory of a footballer who as one member of a team is psyching himself up before the start of a game. The siren blasts its trumpet call. The footballer bursts out of the pavilion (where this psyching up has taken place) to engage in the opening bounce or kick of the game. And then: running, leaping, limping after injury, marking, sliding, kicking, and possibly even passing out from concussion. Finally, the elation accompanying the final siren, after which hugs, handshakes and raised fists conclude the actual match on the football oval. This exit from the pavilion, the course the player takes during the game itself, and return to the pavilion, forms a combination of stasis and movement, and a return to exhausted stasis again, that every player engages with regardless of the game code. Examined from a “diagrammatological” perspective, a perspective Rowan Wilken (following in the path of Gilles Deleuze and W. J. T. Mitchell) understands as “a generative process: a ‘metaphor’ or way of thinking — diagrammatic, diagrammatological thinking — which in turn, is linked to poetic thinking” (48), this footballer’s scenario arises out of an aerial perspective that depicts the actual spatial trajectory the player takes during the course of a game. It is a diagram that is digitally encoded via a sensor on the footballer’s body, and being an electronically encoded diagram it can also make available multiple sets of data such as speed, heartbeat, blood pressure, maybe even brain-wave patterns. From this limited point of view there is only one footballer’s playing trajectory to consider; various groupings within the team, the whole team itself, and the diagrammatological depiction of its games with various other teams might also be possible. This singular imagining though is itself an actuality: as a diagram it is encoded as a graphic image by a satellite hovering around the earth with a Global Positioning System (GPS) reading the sensor attached to the footballer which then digitally encodes this diagrammatological trajectory for appraisal later by the player, coach, team and management. In one respect, this practice is another example of a willing self-surveillance critical to explaining the reflexive subject and its attribute of continuous self-improvement. According to Docker, Official Magazine of the Fremantle Football Club, this is a technique the club uses as a part of game/play assessment, a system that can provide a “running map” for each player equipped with such a tracking device during a game. As the Fremantle Club’s Strength and Conditioning Coach Ben Tarbox says of this tactic, “We’re getting a physiological profile that has started to build a really good picture of how individual players react during a game” (21). With a little extra effort (and some sizeable computer processing grunt) this two dimensional linear graphic diagram of a footballer working the football ground could also form the raw material for a three-dimensional animation, maybe a virtual reality game, even a hologram. It could also be used to sideline a non-performing player. Now try another related but different imagining: what if this diagrammatological trajectory could be enlarged a little to include the possibility that this same player’s movements could be mapped out by the idea of home-and-away games; say over the course of a season, maybe even a whole career, for instance? No doubt, a wide range of differing diagrammatological perspectives might suggest themselves. My own particular refinement of this movement/stasis on the footballer’s part suggests my own distinctive comings and goings to and from my own specific piece of home country. And in this incessantly domestic/real world reciprocity, in this diurnally repetitive leaving and coming back to home country, might it be plausible to think of “Home as Capital of the Region”? If, as Walter Benjamin suggests in the prelude to his monumental Arcades Project, “Paris — the Capital of the Nineteenth Century,” could it be that both in and through my comings and goings to and from this selfsame home country, my own burgeoning sense of regionality is constituted in every minute-by-minutiae of lived experience? Could it be that this feeling about home is manifested in my every day-to-night manoeuvre of home-and-away-and-away-and-home-making, of every singular instance of exit, play/engage, and the return home? “Home, Capital of the Region” then examines the idea that my home is that part of the country which is the still-point of eternal return, the bedrock to which I retreat after the daily grind, and the point from which I start out and do it all again the next day. It employs, firstly, this ‘diagrammatological’ perspective to illustrate the point that this stasis/movement across country can make an electronic record of my own psychic self-surveillance and actualisation in-situ. And secondly, the architectural plan of the domestic home (examined through the perspective of critical regionalism) is used as a conduit to illustrate how I am physically embedded in country. Lastly, intermingling these digressive threads is chora, Plato’s notion of embodied place and itself an ancient regional rendering of this eternal return to the beginning, the place where the essential diversity of country decisively enters the soul. Chora: Core of Regionality Kevin Lynch writes that, “Our senses are local, while our experience is regional” (10), a combination that suggests this regional emphasis on home-and-away-making might be a useful frame of reference (simultaneously spatiotemporal, both a visceral and encoded communication) for me to include as a crucial vector in my own life-long learning package. Regionality (as, variously, a sub-generic categorisation and an extension/concentration of nationality, as well as a recently re-emerged friend/antagonist to a global understanding) infuses my world of home with a grounded footing in country, one that is a site of an Eternal Return to the Beginning in the micro-world of the everyday. This is a point John Sallis discusses at length in his analysis of Plato’s Timaeus and its founding notion of regionality: chora. More extended absences away from home-base are of course possible but one’s return to home on most days and for most nights is a given of post/modern, maybe even of ancient everyday experience. Even for the continually shifting nomad, nightfall in some part of the country brings the rest and recreation necessary for the next day’s wanderings. This fundamental question of an Eternal Return to the Beginning arises as a crucial element of the method in Plato’s Timaeus, a seemingly “unstructured” mythic/scientific dialogue about the origins and structure of both the psychically and the physically implaced world. In the Timaeus, “incoherence is especially obvious in the way the natural sequence in which a narrative would usually unfold is interrupted by regressions, corrections, repetitions, and abrupt new beginnings” (Gadamer 160). Right in the middle of the Timaeus, in between its sections on the “Work of Reason” and the “Work of Necessity”, sits chora, both an actual spatial and bodily site where my being intersects with my becoming, and where my lived life criss-crosses the various arts necessary to articulating a recorded version of that life. Every home is a grounded chora-logical timespace harness guiding its occupant’s thoughts, feelings and actions. My own regionally implaced chora (an example of which is the diagrammatological trajectory already outlined above as my various everyday comings and goings, of me acting in and projecting myself into context) could in part be understood as a graphical realisation of the extent of my movements and stationary rests in my own particular timespace trajectory. The shorthand for this process is ‘embedded’. Gregory Ulmer writes of chora that, “While chorography as a term is close to choreography, it duplicates a term that already exists in the discipline of geography, thus establishing a valuable resonance for a rhetoric of invention concerned with the history of ‘place’ in relation to memory” (Heuretics 39, original italics). Chorography is the geographic discipline for the systematic study and analysis of regions. Chora, home, country and regionality thus form an important multi-dimensional zone of interplay in memorialising the game of everyday life. In light of these observations I might even go so far as to suggest that this diagrammatological trajectory (being both digital and GPS originated) is part of the increasingly electrate condition that guides the production of knowledge in any global/regional context. This last point is a contextual connection usefully examined in Alan J. Scott’s Regions and the World Economy: The Coming Shape of Global Production, Competition, and Political Order and Michael Storper’s The Regional World: Territorial Development in a Global Economy. Their analyses explicitly suggest that the symbiosis between globalisation and regionalisation has been gathering pace since at least the end of World War Two and the Bretton Woods agreement. Our emerging understanding of electracy also happens to be Gregory Ulmer’s part-remedy for shifting the ground under the intense debates surrounding il/literacy in the current era (see, in particular, Internet Invention). And, for Tony Bennett, Michael Emmison and John Frow’s analysis of “Australian Everyday Cultures” (“Media Culture and the Home” 57–86), it is within the home that our un.conscious understanding of electronic media is at its most intense, a pattern that emerges in the longer term through receiving telegrams, compiling photo albums, listening to the radio, home- and video-movies, watching the evening news on television, and logging onto the computer in the home-office, media-room or home-studio. These various generalisations (along with this diagrammatological view of my comings and goings to and from the built space of home), all point indiscriminately to a productive confusion surrounding the sedentary and nomadic opposition/conjunction. If natural spaces are constituted in nouns like oceans, forests, plains, grasslands, steppes, deserts, rivers, tidal interstices, farmland etc. (and each categorisation here relies on the others for its existence and demarcation) then built space is often seen as constituting its human sedentary equivalent. For Deleuze and Guatteri (in A Thousand Plateaus, “1227: Treatise on Nomadology — The War Machine”) these natural spaces help instigate a nomadic movement across localities and regions. From a nomadology perspective, these smooth spaces unsettle a scientific, numerical calculation, sometimes even aesthetic demarcation and order. If they are marked at all, it is by heterogenous and differential forces, energised through constantly oscillating intensities. A Thousand Plateaus is careful though not to elevate these smooth nomadic spaces over the more sedentary spaces of culture and power (372–373). Nonetheless, as Edward S. Casey warns, “In their insistence on becoming and movement, however, the authors of A Thousand Plateaus overlook the placial potential of settled dwelling — of […] ‘built places’” (309, original italics). Sedentary, settled dwelling centred on home country may have a crust of easy legibility and order about it but it also formats a locally/regionally specific nomadic quality, a point underscored above in the diagrammatological perspective. The sedentary tendency also emerges once again in relation to home in the architectural drafting of the domestic domicile. The Real Estate Revolution When Captain Cook planted the British flag in the sand at Botany Bay in 1770 and declared the country it spiked as Crown Land and henceforth will come under the ownership of an English sovereign, it was also the moment when white Australia’s current fascination with real estate was conceived. In the wake of this spiking came the intense anxiety over Native Title that surfaced in late twentieth century Australia when claims of Indigenous land grabs would repossess suburban homes. While easily dismissed as hyperbole, a rhetorical gesture intended to arouse this very anxiety, its emergence is nonetheless an indication of the potential for political and psychic unsettling at the heart of the ownership and control of built place, or ‘settled dwelling’ in the Australian context. And here it would be wise to include not just the gridded, architectural quality of home-building and home-making, but also the home as the site of the family romance, another source of unsettling as much as a peaceful calming. Spreading out from the boundaries of the home are the built spaces of fences, bridges, roads, railways, airport terminals (along with their interconnecting pathways), which of course brings us back to the communications infrastructure which have so often followed alongside the development of transport infrastructure. These and other elements represent this conglomerate of built space, possibly the most significant transformation of natural space that humanity has brought about. For the purposes of this meditation though it is the more personal aspect of built space — my home and regional embeddedness, along with their connections into the global electrosphere — that constitutes the primary concern here. For a sedentary, striated space to settle into an unchallenged existence though requires a repression of the highest order, primarily because of the home’s proximity to everyday life, of the latter’s now fading ability to sometimes leave its presuppositions well enough alone. In settled, regionally experienced space, repressions are more difficult to abstract away, they are lived with on a daily basis, which also helps to explain the extra intensity brought to their sometimes-unsettling quality. Inversely, and encased in this globalised electro-spherical ambience, home cannot merely be a place where one dwells within avoiding those presuppositions, I take them with me when I travel and they come back with me from afar. This is a point obliquely reflected in Pico Iyer’s comment that “Australians have so flexible a sense of home, perhaps, that they can make themselves at home anywhere” (185). While our sense of home may well be, according to J. Douglas Porteous, “the territorial core” of our being, when other arrangements of space and knowledge shift it must inevitably do so as well. In these shifts of spatial affiliation (aided and abetted by regionalisation, globalisation and electronic knowledge), the built place of home can no longer be considered exclusively under the illusion of an autonomous sanctuary wholly guaranteed by capitalist property relations, one of the key factors in its attraction. These shifts in the cultural, economic and psychic relation of home to country are important to a sense of local and regional implacement. The “feeling” of autonomy and security involved in home occupation and/or ownership designates a component of this implacement, a point leading to Eric Leed’s comment that, “By the sixteenth century, literacy had become one of the definitive signs — along with the possession of property and a permanent residence — of an independent social status” (53). Globalising and regionalising forces make this feeling of autonomy and security dynamic, shifting the ground of home, work-place practices and citizenship allegiances in the process. Gathering these wide-ranging forces impacting on psychic and built space together is the emergence of critical regionalism as a branch of architectonics, considered here as a theory of domestic architecture. Critical Regionality Critical regionalism emerged out of the collective thinking of Liane Lefaivre and Alexander Tzonis (Tropical Architecture; Critical Regionalism), and as these authors themselves acknowledge, was itself deeply influenced by the work of Lewis Mumford during the first part of the twentieth century when he was arguing against the authority of the international style in architecture, a style epitomised by the Bauhaus movement. It is Kenneth Frampton’s essay, “Towards a Critical Regionalism: Six Points for an Architecture of Resistance” that deliberately takes this question of critical regionalism and makes it a part of a domestic architectonic project. In many ways the ideas critical regionalism espouses can themselves be a microcosm of this concomitantly emerging global/regional polis. With public examples of built-form the power of the centre is on display by virtue of a building’s enormous size and frequently high-cultural aesthetic power. This is a fact restated again and again from the ancient world’s agora to Australia’s own political bunker — its Houses of Parliament in Canberra. While Frampton discusses a range of aspects dealing with the universal/implaced axis across his discussion, it is points five and six that deserve attention from a domestically implaced perspective. Under the sub-heading, “Culture Versus Nature: Topography, Context, Climate, Light and Tectonic Form” is where he writes that, Here again, one touches in concrete terms this fundamental opposition between universal civilization and autochthonous culture. The bulldozing of an irregular topography into a flat site is clearly a technocratic gesture which aspires to a condition of absolute placelessness, whereas the terracing of the same site to receive the stepped form of a building is an engagement in the act of “cultivating” the site. (26, original italics) The “totally flat datum” that the universalising tendency sometimes presupposes is, within the critical regionalist perspective, an erroneous assumption. The “cultivation” of a site for the design of a building illustrates the point that built space emerges out of an interaction between parallel phenomena as they contrast and/or converge in a particular set of timespace co-ordinates. These are phenomena that could include (but are not limited to) geomorphic data like soil and rock formations, seismic activity, inclination and declension; climatic considerations in the form of wind patterns, temperature variations, rainfall patterns, available light and dark, humidity and the like; the building context in relation to the cardinal points of north, south, east, and west, along with their intermediary positions. There are also architectural considerations in the form of available building materials and personnel to consider. The social, psychological and cultural requirements of the building’s prospective in-dwellers are intermingled with all these phenomena. This is not so much a question of where to place the air conditioning system but the actuality of the way the building itself is placed on its site, or indeed if that site should be built on at all. A critical regionalist building practice, then, is autochthonous to the degree that a full consideration of this wide range of in-situ interactions is taken into consideration in the development of its design plan. And given this autochthonous quality of the critical regionalist project, it also suggests that the architectural design plan itself (especially when it utilised in conjunction with CAD and virtual reality simulations), might be the better model for designing electrate-centred projects rather than writing or even the script. The proliferation of ‘McMansions’ across many Australian suburbs during the 1990s (generally, oversized domestic buildings designed in the abstract with little or no thought to the above mentioned elements, on bulldozed sites, with powerful air-conditioning systems, and no verandas or roof eves to speak of) demonstrates the continuing influence of a universal, centralising dogma in the realm of built place. As summer temperatures start to climb into the 40°C range all these air-conditioners start to hum in unison, which in turn raises the susceptibility of the supporting infrastructure to collapse under the weight of an overbearing electrical load. The McMansion is a clear example of a built form that is envisioned more so in a drafting room, a space where the architect is remote-sensing the locational specificities. In this envisioning (driven more by a direct line-of-sight idiom dominant in “flat datum” and economic considerations rather than architectural or experiential ones), the tactile is subordinated, which is the subject of Frampton’s sixth point: It is symptomatic of the priority given to sight that we find it necessary to remind ourselves that the tactile is an important dimension in the perception of built form. One has in mind a whole range of complementary sensory perceptions which are registered by the labile body: the intensity of light, darkness, heat and cold; the feeling of humidity; the aroma of material; the almost palpable presence of masonry as the body senses it own confinement; the momentum of an induced gait and the relative inertia of the body as it traverses the floor; the echoing resonance of our own footfall. (28) The point here is clear: in its wider recognition of, and the foregrounding of my body’s full range of sensate capacities in relation to both natural and built space, the critical regionalist approach to built form spreads its meaning-making capacities across a broader range of knowledge modalities. This tactility is further elaborated in more thoroughly personal ways by Margaret Morse in her illuminating essay, “Home: Smell, Taste, Posture, Gleam”. Paradoxically, this synaesthetic, syncretic approach to bodily meaning-making in a built place, regional milieu intensely concentrates the site-centred locus of everyday life, while simultaneously, the electronic knowledge that increasingly underpins it expands both my body’s and its region’s knowledge-making possibilities into a global gestalt, sometimes even a cosmological one. It is a paradoxical transformation that makes us look anew at social, cultural and political givens, even objective and empirical understandings, especially as they are articulated through national frames of reference. Domestic built space then is a kind of micro-version of the multi-function polis where work, pleasure, family, rest, public display and privacy intermingle. So in both this reduction and expansion in the constitution of domestic home life, one that increasingly represents the location of the production of knowledge, built place represents a concentration of energy that forces us to re-imagine border-making, order, and the dynamic interplay of nomadic movement and sedentary return, a point that echoes Nicolas Rothwell’s comment that “every exile has in it a homecoming” (80). Albeit, this is a knowledge-making milieu with an expanded range of modalities incorporated and expressed through a wide range of bodily intensities not simply cognitive ones. Much of the ambiguous discontent manifested in McMansion style domiciles across many Western countries might be traced to the fact that their occupants have had little or no say in the way those domiciles have been designed and/or constructed. In Heidegger’s terms, they have not thought deeply enough about “dwelling” in that building, although with the advent of the media room the question of whether a “building” securely borders both “dwelling” and “thinking” is now open to question. As anxieties over border-making at all scales intensifies, the complexities and un/sureties of natural and built space take ever greater hold of the psyche, sometimes through the advance of a “high level of critical self-consciousness”, a process Frampton describes as a “double mediation” of world culture and local conditions (21). Nearly all commentators warn of a nostalgic, romantic or a sentimental regionalism, the sum total of which is aimed at privileging the local/regional and is sometimes utilised as a means of excluding the global or universal, sometimes even the national (Berry 67). Critical regionalism is itself a mediating factor between these dispositions, working its methods and practices through my own psyche into the local, the regional, the national and the global, rejecting and/or accepting elements of these domains, as my own specific context, in its multiplicity, demands it. If the politico-economic and cultural dimensions of this global/regional world have tended to undermine the process of border-making across a range of scales, we can see in domestic forms of built place the intense residue of both their continuing importance and an increased dependency on this electro-mediated world. This is especially apparent in those domiciles whose media rooms (with their satellite dishes, telephone lines, computers, television sets, games consuls, and music stereos) are connecting them to it in virtuality if not in reality. Indeed, the thought emerges (once again keeping in mind Eric Leed’s remark on the literate-configured sense of autonomy that is further enhanced by a separate physical address and residence) that the intense importance attached to domestically orientated built place by globally/regionally orientated peoples will figure as possibly the most viable means via which this sense of autonomy will transfer to electronic forms of knowledge. If, however, this here domestic habitué turns his gaze away from the screen that transports me into this global/regional milieu and I focus my attention on the physicality of the building in which I dwell, I once again stand in the presence of another beginning. This other beginning is framed diagrammatologically by the building’s architectural plans (usually conceived in either an in-situ, autochthonous, or a universal manner), and is a graphical conception that anchors my body in country long after the architects and builders have packed up their tools and left. This is so regardless of whether a home is built, bought, rented or squatted in. Ihab Hassan writes that, “Home is not where one is pushed into the light, but where one gathers it into oneself to become light” (417), an aphorism that might be rephrased as follows: “Home is not where one is pushed into the country, but where one gathers it into oneself to become country.” For the in-and-out-and-around-and-about domestic dweller of the twenty-first century, then, home is where both regional and global forms of country decisively enter the soul via the conduits of the virtuality of digital flows and the reality of architectural footings. 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