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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Mineral industries – finance – history"
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Lee, Yong-Shik. "A Note on Economic Development in North Korea: Call for a Comprehensive Approach". Law and Development Review 12, nr 1 (28.01.2019): 247–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ldr-2018-0057.
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Abstract North Korea is currently one of the most impoverished countries with a history of famine, but the country has a significant potential for economic development that could lift its population from poverty. Neighbored by some of the largest and most advanced economies in the world (South Korea, Japan, and China) and endowed with abundant mineral resources, industrial experience, and a history of successful economic development in the past, North Korea can embark on the path to rapid economic development, as its southern counterpart (South Korea) did so successfully since the 1960s. Yet, the successful economic development of North Korea requires a comprehensive approach, including obtaining a fund for development; normalizing relations with the West and the neighboring countries; improving its human rights conditions; prioritizing key industrial development; and reforming its political-economic system. This note discusses the comprehensive approach necessary for the successful economic development of North Korea.
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Owen, Thomas C. "The Russian Industrial Society and Tsarist Economic Policy, 1867–1905". Journal of Economic History 45, nr 3 (wrzesień 1985): 587–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700034513.
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The Russian Industrial Society, the first national organization of commercial and industrial interests in the empire, attempted to win governmental support for a comprehensive program of economic development. It enjoyed some successes in the fields of tariff protection, factory legislation, and the conquest of Central Asia. The tsarist bureaucracy, however, proved unwilling or unable to implement rational reforms in such key areas as subsoil mineral rights, monopolies, and corporate law. Moreover, policy disagreements among the society's regional branches, especially those in Moscow, Warsaw, and Lodz, weakened the organization from the 1880s onward.
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Ray, G. F. "The Decline of Primary Producer Power". National Institute Economic Review 121 (sierpień 1987): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002795018712100104.
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The middle years of this decade will go down in economic history as a period when primary products hit rock bottom, whatever method is used to illustrate their real value or purchasing power. There have been hardly any exceptions to this general decline. Petroleum (by far the most important primary product), foodstuffs, agricultural industrial materials, minerals and metals all shared the same fate, though the extent of their losses differed. The only exception has been coffee, owing to unusually adverse weather conditions.
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Dobronravova, E. P. "Industry effects of monetary policy in Russia: Econometric analysis". Journal of the New Economic Association 55, nr 3 (2022): 45–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.31737/2221-2264-2022-55-3-3.
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This paper presents the econometric analysis of the heterogenous effects of monetary policy on industrial output and producer prices in manufacturing sector in Russia. The estimation of the differences in the impulce responses to the interest rate shock is conducted using structural VAR-models, the analysis of key industrial characteristics, explaining differences through monetary transmission channes, is based on principal components and correlations. Our findings reveal the strongest response to monetary policy in such industries as manufacture of rubber and plastic products, manufacture of non-metallic mineral products, manufacture of pulp and paper, manufacture of machinery nd equipment, manufacture of electrical, electronic and optical equipment and manufacture of motor vehicles and equipment. Besides, in these industries the response is usually deffered to 2–3 months after the shock. Our findings also show that the impact of monetary shocks on output is particulary strong in industries producing capital goods and supplies for construction but particularly weak in industries with high concentration and high profits. That means that differences in industrial responses to monetary policy can be described by two key channels of monetary transmission — interest rate channel (due to high demand sensitivity to interest rate changes) and bank lending channel (due to important role of bank loans in fi rms’ financing).
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Fang, Chuandi, Jinhua Cheng, Zhe You, Jiahao Chen i Jing Peng. "A Detailed Examination of China’s Clean Energy Mineral Consumption: Footprints, Trends, and Drivers". Sustainability 15, nr 23 (24.11.2023): 16255. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su152316255.
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As the global clean energy transition accelerates, China’s mining industry faces pressing challenges concerning the sustainable consumption of clean energy minerals. This study employed the EE-MRIO model to investigate the consumption trends of clean energy minerals across various provinces and industries in China from 2012 to 2017, specifically focusing on the resource footprints of copper, nickel, molybdenum, zinc, and cobalt. Using the random forest model, we identified the driving factors, with the goal of offering a solid scientific foundation for strategic decision making. Our findings reveal marked disparities in resource footprints among provinces, which are correlated with regional industrialization, urbanization trends, and resource reserves. Beyond the traditional resource-intensive sectors, industries like finance and real estate have significantly impacted the resource footprint. Monte Carlo simulations further validated the reliability of our model. The random forest analysis indicates that population size and energy consumption mainly determine the footprints of copper and zinc. In contrast, the footprints of nickel and cobalt are primarily influenced by technology market turnover, while molybdenum’s footprint is largely driven by population size and total carbon emissions. Drawing from these insights, we suggest several policy recommendations for clean energy mineral extraction. These include fostering inter-provincial resource collaboration, bolstering geological exploration and assessment, promoting technological innovation, advancing environmentally friendly mineral extraction techniques, and enhancing collaboration between urban planning and pivotal industries.
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ROUT, BAIJAYANTI, i JAYA PRAKASH PRADHAN. "Odisha’s Extractive Industries: Present Status and Future Prospects". Productivity 64, nr 1 (15.07.2023): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.32381/prod.2023.64.01.10.
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Odisha is blessed with an abundance of natural resources, including minerals, forests, marine life, and water. Odisha is one of India’s top producers of valuable minerals such as chromites, nickel ore, coal, bauxite, iron ore, and manganese. In addition to providing habitat and a means of subsistence for the state’s expanding tribal population, around 30 percent of its land is covered with forests, which also serve as the catchment areas of key rivers, home to rich mineral deposits and biodiversity hotspots. This article aims to analyse the current status of several extractive industries as well as their potential for the future. A significant portion of the study is based on secondary data. Simple percentage shares and yearly average growth rate have been used to analyse data and strengthen the argument. The results from the paper demonstrate that mining production and value have grown over time. However, the average yearly growth rate has been declining. The Gross State Value Added (GSVA) of the mining sector in Odisha has hardly increased and still lags behind the manufacturing sub-sector. Furthermore, the state’s exchequer has profited significantly from the mining sector’s performance (in terms of output, value, and income) and from its broad use of mining activities. However, employment statistics indicate that the locals in the mining region have not seen a significant increase in wealth.
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Liu, Xinyu, Juntao Zhao, Yingying She i Yinshui Liu. "Development history, current situation and prospect of international vegetable oil-based hydraulic oil". E3S Web of Conferences 385 (2023): 04019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202338504019.
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Vegetable oil-based hydraulic oil is one of the biodegradable lubricants. With the strengthening of environmental awareness, especially in the context of the increasingly serious pollution of the marine environment by mineral oil used in ships, people are increasingly aware that the pollution of mineral oil-based hydraulic oil to the environment is very serious, and many solutions have been proposed. The use of biodegradable plant-based hydraulic oil instead of traditional mineral oil-based hydraulic oil can fundamentally solve the pollution of marine hydraulic oil to the marine environment. The development of vegetable oil-based hydraulic oil in the world is systematically summarized, including its material composition, physical and chemical properties. By analysing its practical prospect and future development direction, it is concluded that vegetable oil-based hydraulic oil is the most environmentally friendly hydraulic oil in the future shipbuilding, industrial manufacturing and other industries, and it is the development trend of “green shipping” in China in the future.
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Jung, Han-Na, i Sang-Kee Kim. "The Impact of Industry 4.0 Technologies on Employment: Focusing on the Finance and Insurance Industries". Korea International Trade Research Institute 19, nr 6 (31.12.2023): 179–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.16980/jitc.19.6.202312.179.
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Purpose - This study analyzes the effect of industry 4.0 technologies on the employment of entire industries, including the finance and insurance industries, which have most actively attempted to introduce industry 4.0 technologies for ‘Fintech’ business when compared to other industries.
Design/Methodology/Approach - Using the Business Activity Survey of the National Statistical Office from 2017 to 2020, this research analyzes the entire industry as well as the finance and insurance industries, wherein the use of industry 4.0 technologies (big data, mobile, cloud, AI) has been prevalent in South Korea.
Findings - In the pooled least squares method and the random effect model, the result has shown that the use of industry 4.0 technologies increases the employment of entire industries, and also increases the employment of the finance and insurance industries. During the same period, in the finance and insurance industries, the overall employment decreased, while employment related to industry 4.0 technologies increased.
Research Implications - This study analyzed the effect of industry 4.0 technologies on employment within overall industries and the finance and insurance industries. This analysis has shown that the use of industry 4.0 technologies in the overall industry and in the financial and insurance industries increases employment. Thus, this result indicates that industry 4.0 technologies may not be a substitute for labor until now.
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Simon, György. "Market reforms and 'Economic miracle' in Kazakhstan". Ekonomski anali 54, nr 182 (2009): 67–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/eka0982067s.
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Kazakhstan's postcommunist transition is characterized by gradual changes under the conditions of a limited democracy. These changes have embraced extensive price and trade liberalization, and resolutely promoted privatization and the building of market institutions, although structural reforms and the struggle against corruption have made little progress. The country's financial independence was established with the introduction of the tenge in 1993. Transformational recession reached its maximum in 1995, since when only the 1998 Asian and Russian crises have interrupted continuous growth. However, the Kazakh economy is very sensitive to fluctuations in world energy and mineral prices, as the extractive industries, primarily oil and gas, have a crucial role in its development.
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Xie, Wenhao. "Delving into the Security Side of Decentralized Finance Applications". Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences 7, nr 1 (13.09.2023): 286–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/7/20230246.
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This article is a study on the security of decentralized finance. We summarize the background and application of decentralized finance, as well as the development history and latest research of decentralized finance. Moreover, we propose a classification framework for existing various DeFi DApps. We also manually collected attacks against decentralized financial applications and classified them by category. Through some case studies, we give some best practices for practitioners in decentralized finance industries to avoid or defend against attacks.
Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Mineral industries – finance – history"
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Stott, Joan. "Preservation or exploitation? : a study of the development of the mining rights legislation on the Witwatersrand goldfields from 1886 to 2008". Thesis, Rhodes University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002723.
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Elinor Ostrom (2005: 238) assumes that in understanding the make up and behaviour of institutional systems governing natural resources: “Resource users are explicitly thought of as rational egoists who plunder local resources so as to maximise their own short-term benefits. Government officials are implicitly depicted, on the other hand, as seeking, the more general public interest, having the relevant information at hand and the capability of designing optimal policies.” This thesis examines the validity of this assumption through an historical analysis of the deep-level gold mining industry of the Witwatersrand, South Africa. The main focus of the assessment is on the institutions of ownership – that is, the development of mining rights and title legislation between 1886 and 2008. The study looks at the legislations’ transformation and implementation from the perspective of the gold mining industry – made up of the mining finance houses and the Chamber of Mines of South Africa – and that of the state. The transformation of the mining industry’s institutional framework was both a choice by government as well as that of the firms in the mining industry. The theoretical framework is constructed from four areas of economic thought. These include: the neoclassical and Keynesian schools of macroeconomic thought; industrial organisation and its relevance to the relationship between firms and the market; institutional and new institutional economics; and finally property rights. The determinants of policy design and the impact of such design on firms and industry is examined. The development, implementation and use of the aforementioned legislation is examined from two perspectives, namely, that of preserver or exploiter. Throughout the history of this prominent South African industry, the motivation for action from the industry or government has oscillated between the two extremes of preserver or exploiter over the time period examined. The conclusion is drawn on an overall and broad focus of actions – with a strong focus on the most recent developments in mining legislation – post-1992.
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Mouat, Jeremy. "Mining in the settler dominions : a comparative study of the industry in three communities from the 1880s to the First World War". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29037.
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This dissertation examines the evolution of the mining industry in three British dominions during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Adopting a case study approach, it describes the establishment and growth of mining in Rossland, British Columbia; Broken Hill, New South Wales; and Waihi, New Zealand.
Separate chapters trace developments in each area, focussing on the emergence of organised labour, the growth of mining companies and the sophistication of mining operations. These underline the need to consider diverse themes, maintaining that the mining industry's pattern of growth can be understood only by adopting such a broad approach. Following the three case studies, the final chapters of the dissertation offer a comparative analysis of Rossland, Waihi and Broken Hill. The study emphasises the similarities of these three communities, especially the cycle of growth, and identifies a crucial common denominator.
Despite differences in climate, in the type and nature of the ore deposit and in the scale of mining activity, all three areas experienced a common trajectory of initial boom followed by subsequent retrenchment. The changing character of the resource base forced this fundamental alteration of productive relations. In each region, the mineral content of the ore declined as the mines went deeper. In addition, with depth the ore tended to become more difficult to treat. Faced with a decline in the value of the product of their mines, companies had to adopt sweeping changes in order to maintain profitable operations. This re-structuring was accomplished in a variety of ways, but the most significant factors, common to Rossland, Broken Hill and Waihi, were the heightened importance of applied science and economies of scale. Both developments underlined the growing importance of the mining engineer and technological innovations, principally in milling and smelting operations. In addition, new non-selective extractive techniques reduced the significance of skilled underground labour.
The re-structuring of the industry not only had similar causes but also had a similar effect. The comparative chapter on labour relations, for example, argues that these managerial initiatives were closely associated with militant episodes in each community. While the leading companies in Rossland, Waihi and Broken Hill successfully reduced their working costs, they all faced the same ultimate end. Their long-term success or failure reflected the skill with which they coped with the inevitable depletion of their ore body.
The common experience of Rossland, Waihi and Broken Hill demonstrates the importance of placing colonial development within a larger context. Regional historians should make greater use of the comparative approach, rather than continuing to focus on the unique and the particular.Arts, Faculty of
History, Department of
Graduate
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Yerbury, Graham. "Economics and its role in strategy formation in the mining industry". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1993. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/36393/1/36393_Yerbury_1993.pdf.
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Mining companies are large capital intensive enterprises that generally trade in the international commodity markets. The finite nature of resources and the need to maintain international competitiveness presents specific challenges to mining companies. This paper reviews the economics of mining and attempts to relate these to the strategic choices available to mining companies. To support this analysis, the work of major writers in strategic management is reviewed. The interrelationship between strategic management and economics is considered and a series of generic strategies for mining companies developed. These strategies are then compared with the actual behaviour of four major mining companies over the
past decade. This analysis supports the general propositions advanced in the review of both the economics of mining and the strategic management literature. It also identifies organisational issues that impact on the effective implementation of strategy.
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Chimuti, Shingirai. "Configural cue processing of project finance risks in the lending decision : an analysis of loan officers decision processes in mining project finance". Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/14639.
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Thesis (MDF)--University of Stellenbosch, 2011.The continent of Africa is often recognised more for its problems and conflicts than for its successes. Blessed with an abundance of natural resources, the continent has also suffered from the ‘resource curse’ with many of its troubles directly linked to resource conflicts. Project-finance provides a unique opportunity for unlocking the continent’s resources by structuring arrangements which can allay investor concerns. This report contributes to the discourse on Africa’s development by unpacking some of the key issues which will enable and fast-track future investment on the continent. The primary purpose of this study was to investigate how subjective risk analysis and decision making affect risk-based lending. Tied to this was the examination of five risk categories and how these influence the decisions of project-finance loan officers. The particular focus of this study was in the mining sector. This study reviewed a comprehensive body of the literature which found that corruption and political risk were of great influence on lenders’ perception of risk. This study also reviewed the cognitive psychology literature in order to understand how decision makers process information cues. A quantitative method was then employed in order to understand how project-finance lenders respond to project-finance risk information cues. The results of the study were that, when considering mining projects in Africa, political and market risk have significant influence on the decisions of lenders. This finding confirms that there remain key issues which must be recognised and addressed if the continent is to generate and sustain long-term wealth.
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Al, Hinai Mansoor Talib. "The impact of privatization on company performance : the case of Egypt". Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2016. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/6868/.
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Privatization is a debated topic for decades now. This study assesses the results of the Egyptian privatization programme. The study assess the impact of privatization on 61 IPO privatized companies for a period of 16 years. The objective of the study is to examine two key aspects; first, the impact of privatization by comparing pre to post privatization performance. Secondly, to relate the impact of privatization to the transaction itself, the performance of the privatized companies is compared to a fully private set of companies. The analytical framework used examined the profitability, operating efficiency, the sales, employment level and leverage. By applying various statistical models, the results of the study indicated that the privatized companies post treatment examined a significant positive change in profitability, and operating efficiency and a negative impact on the leverage and employment level. Further, by comparing performance to that of private companies, it showed that privatization brought significant increase in EBIT and ROE with no significance for ROS, and ROA. There was insignificant change for Sales Efficiency and significant for the Income Efficiency; While the results of the leverage measures indicated that the privatization treatment Total Debt/Total Equity are not significant and on the contrary to the Total Debt/Total Equity. The Employment measures and Sales were significant. The comparison relative to the private showed that the DID coefficient was significant for the EBIT, ROE, the employment, sales, the leverage and the Income Efficiency; While the results was not significant for ROS, ROA, Sales Efficiency.
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Sobarzo, Fimbres Horacio Enrique. "Price effects from public sector intervention : the case of Mexico". Thesis, University of Warwick, 1989. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/107522/.
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Connolly, David E. "Problems of textual transmission in early German books on mining "Der Ursprung Gemeynner Berckrecht" and the Norwegian "Bergkordnung" /". Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1133283981.
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Hughes, Charles E. "The Development of the Smelting Industry in the Central Salt Lake Valley Communities of Midvale, Murray, and Sandy Prior to 1900". BYU ScholarsArchive, 1990. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/4810.
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This thesis found that the three communities of Midvale, Murray, and Sandy were the center of the smelting industry in the Salt Lake Valley. These communities became the center of smelting because of their central location, the readily available water supply, and the availability of an inexpensive, efficient transportation system to ship the bullion. The smelters were surrounded by two major mountain ranges which provided a ready supply of good lead, silver, and copper ore.The development of the smelting industry followed three separate phases or periods. The first phase was one of experimentation or period of discovery, in which the smelters operated without the technological skill necessary to be financially successful. The second phase was highlighted by the emergence of skilled German mining engineers who enabled the smelters to be financially successful. Phase three was ushered in during the late nineteenth century by the industrialists who consolidated the smaller smelters and built larger, more efficient plants.
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Bar-Yoseph, Benjamin A. "Ideology, culture change, and management patterns in the Israeli Kibbutz". Thesis, City, University of London, 1997. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/19947/.
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This thesis addresses the problem of the cultural change in the Israeli Kibbutz, its relevance to the Kibbutz ideology and its implication on Management patterns in the Kibbutz. The thesis is based on four hypotheses. Two of the hypotheses address the cultural changes and two address the changes in management patterns. The cultural change is hypothesised by assuming a change in life style and a change in the attitude to work as a value. The change in management patterns is hypothesised by assuming a change, at a policy level, of resource allocation and a change in the decision making process. The research includes several stages: • A literature research which established the historic cultural and ideological roots of the Kibbutz movement. • A collection of general statistics of the Kibbutz movement. • Five case studies - An in depth analysis of five individual Kibbutzim. A model of the Kibbutz values and principles is developed and used in analysing the changes in values and principles in the Kibbutz. The outcome of the research reveals that the Kibbutz is changing from an ideology based commune, which prefers values over matter and is ready to sacrifice individual freedom for the ideals, to a more bureaucratic organisation alming for profits that prefers individual freedom on equality and communality. The Kibbutz movement is turning from an agrarian closed system to a technically advanced community with open economy and culture. The research outcomes enhance Bertalaruy's claim that a culture within a culture has to change in order to survive. It also demonstrates that a cultural change is an incremental change. What seems to be a radical change is an aggregate result of several incremental changes. It is suggested that a radical change can not be implemented successfully in an organisation unless broken to incremental changes.
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Zogg, Philipp Emanuel. "Who mines what belongs to all? A historical analysis of the relationship between the state and capital in the South African mining industry". Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/6807.
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Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2011.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis explores the relationship between the state and mining capital in South Africa since the beginning of gold mining. It provides a historical analysis centered around the notion that neither state nor capital have been able to dominate each other wholly but retained their respective relative strength and independence. By applying a qualitative approach, this thesis seeks to determine whether this notion still holds true today, how the relationship between the state and mining capital has evolved over time and by what factors was it determined. I suggest that structurally the nature of the state-capital relationship continues to endure fifteen years after apartheid. Accordingly the thesis is organized in terms of two critical junctures, one in the 1920s and one in the long 1970s when the balance of power between the state and mining capital experienced a number of shifts. Recent developments in post-apartheid South Africa seem, as of now at least, to represent more of a continuation of the shift that materialized in the long 1970s rather than a new conjuncture of its own or one in the making. Contrasting these findings with the adamant calls of the ANCYL for a nationalization of mines indicates that nationalization as the ANCYL foresees it does not seem to be informed by a historical understanding of the mining capital-state relations and that it is ceteris paribus unlikely to materialize.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die tesis ondersoek die verhouding tussen die staat en mynbou kapitaal in Suid-Afrika sedert die begin van die goudwedloop. Op grond van ’n historiese oorsig word daar aan die hand gedoen dat nòg die staat nóg mynbou kapitaal mekaar oorheers het en dat hierdie tendens vyftien jaar na apartheid steeds voortduur. Die magsbalans tussen die staat en kapitaal word egter gekenmerk deur twee uiteenlopende periodes, naamlik die Twintiger jare en die langdurige Sewentigs. Verwikkelinge in post-apartheid Suid-Afrika suggereer ’n voortsetting van die dinamika van die Sewentigs. Volgens onlangse uitlatings deur die ANC Jeugliga blyk dit asof die beweging nie bewus is van die kompleksiteit van hierdie historiese verhouding nie en dat dit dus hoogs onwaarskynlik is dat nasionalisering in terme van ANC Jeugliga beleid die lig sal sien.
Książki na temat "Mineral industries – finance – history"
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Eduardo, Flores Clair, red. Crédito y financiamiento a la industria minera: Siglos XVI-XX. México, D.F: Plaza y Valdés, 2006.
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Cosío, Francisco Javier Meyer. La minería en Guanajuato: Denuncios, minas y empresas (1892-1913). Guanajuato, Gto: Universidad de Guanajuato, 1998.
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George, Hammersley, Blanchard Ian, Goodman Anthony 1936- i Newman Jennifer, red. Industry and finance in early modern history: Essays presented to George Hammersley on the occasion of his 74th birthday. Stuttgart: F. Steiner, 1992.
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Mackenzie, Brian W. Economic potential of mineral exploration in Chile: Evidence from the historical record. Kingston, Ont: Centre for Resource Studies, Queen's University, 1997.
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Burt, Roger. The mines of Cardiganshire: Metalliferous and associated minerals 1845-1913. [Exeter]: Dept. of Economic History, University of Exeter in association with the Northern Mine Research Society, 1985.
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1950-, Harvey Charles, i Press Jon 1953-, red. International competition and industrial change: Essays in the history of mining and metallurgy, 1800-1950. London: F. Cass, 1990.
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Spence, Clark C. British investments and the American mining frontier, 1860-1901. Moscow, Idaho: University of Idaho Press, 1995.
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Spence, Clark C. British investments and the American mining frontier, 1860-1901. London: Routledge, 2000.
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Martinovich, Petro. Minerals price increases and volatility. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 2009.
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Francis, Hywel. The Fed: A history of the South Wales miners in the twentieth century. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1998.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródłaCzęści książek na temat "Mineral industries – finance – history"
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Zamagni, Vera. "Industry and Finance, 1923-1943: From Siamese Twin ship to Separation". W The Economic History of Italy 1860—1990, 272–302. Oxford University PressOxford, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198287735.003.0010.
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Abstract There are a variety of indices of industrial production available for the 20-year period of Fascism, 1923-43, with one often contradicting another, and it is virtually impossible to choose one as being more reliable than the others, as there are no recent studies covering this area. There are three series of overall figures for manufacturing industry, three for the gas and electricity industries, and one for the building industry: some of them do not, however, cover the entire period of Fascism. They are presented together in Table 9.1, and have enabled me to construct the following overall picture of developments.
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Nelson, Richard R. "The Sources of Industrial Leadership". W Finance, Governance, and Competitiveness in Japan, 239–56. Oxford University PressOxford, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198297215.003.0013.
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Abstract The heart of this essay is a report on a large research project, just recently completed, which studied how seven major high-tech industries evolved in the USA, Japan, and Western Europe: machine tools, organic chemical products, pharmaceuticals, medical diagnostic equipment, computers, semiconductors, and software.1 The history of each of these industries is intimately intertwined with technological advance. In several cases, the birth of the industry was associated with the opening of a major new technology. Technological advance has been rapid in all of them, and competition has involved innovation in a central way.
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Teranishi, Juro. "The Fall of the Taisho Economic System". W Finance, Governance, and Competitiveness in Japan, 43–63. Oxford University PressOxford, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198297215.003.0004.
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Abstract Japan’s postwar high-growth era economic system is well known for its intense government-private sector interaction and its strong group orientation. The history of the developmental state in the early Meiji period, aimed at strengthening military power and promoting new industries, is also well articulated with the names of two early leaders of development state, Toshimichi Okubo and Shigenobu Okuma. However, it is less known that between these two periods, during Japan’s Taisho era, there prevailed another economic system characterized by free competition, unfettered maximizing behaviour, and smaller, not to say weaker, government.
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Zanden, Jan L. Van. "The Netherlands: The History of an Empty Box?" W European Industrial Policy, 177–93. Oxford University PressOxford, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198289982.003.0007.
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Abstract Since its creation in the final decades of the sixteenth century, the Netherlands has arguably been the most liberal country in Europe. In the seventeenth century its policy of ‘free trade’ was based on the very open character of its economy and superiority in manufacturing and international trade. In the eighteenth century, with industry in decline as a result of foreign competition, the strong interests of the Dutch bourgeoisie in international trade and finance ruled out the possibility of a switch to a more protectionistic trade policy. In the nineteenth and twentieth century this tradition basically has remained unchanged. For the wealthy and politically dominant bourgeoisie of a small open economy, with strong interests in export industries and an important part of its capital invested abroad, a policy of non-intervention into the development of industry and international trade seemed to be the most beneficial. The strong laissez-faire orientation of the Dutch ruling classes was not shaken by the fact that during periods of increased protectionism in the world economy-for example in the first ha]f of the nineteenth century and in the 1920s and 1930s-the Dutch economy was the first to be hurt. Only in case of dire necessity, with its economy in ruins after a devastating war-in fact only after 1813 and 1945-werc experiments with more interventionist policies adopted.
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Mathews, Dale, i Segundo Castro. "The Central American Clothing Assembly Industry and the Asian Competition". W Advances in Finance, Accounting, and Economics, 313–25. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-6224-7.ch017.
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This chapter examines the export performance of clothing assembly industries in the countries of Central America to the US market. It commences with a brief summary of the history of the growth and limited evolution of the Central American and Caribbean Basin garment export industry in the face of evolving trade liberalization. It then examines how China and other Asian countries have eclipsed the region's clothing exports to the USA as they made inroads into the latter's market. It is argued that China's membership in the World Trade Organization commencing in 2001 and the phasing out of quotas under the Multi-Fiber Agreement in 2005 combined to thwart any expansion that Central American clothing exporters could have achieved in the US market. While US Harmonized Tariff System data for both knitted (HTS 61) and non-knitted (HTS 62) apparel and clothing accessory imports were examined, only the former were presented, as they represent a much more significant share of Central America's overall garment exports to the USA. US imports from Central America under HTS 61 are shown to have either declined or remained stagnant in value terms and in value market share throughout the period examined. In order to zero in on specific categories that are important within the context of the Central American garment export industry, a selection, disaggregated into four digit HTS subcategories, was made of knitted or crocheted apparel and accessories from the region to ascertain its performance over the first decade of the new century. These data are reviewed in comparison with similar data corresponding to imports from China in order to ascertain the performance of Central American exporters. Finally, the work is also placed within the context of the Free Trade Area of Central America and Dominican Republic (CAFTA-DR) in an attempt to discern its possible medium- to long-term impact, since specific provisions of the trade agreement aim precisely at boosting the region's garment assembly sector.
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Bigelow, Allison Margaret. "Gold, Silver, Power, and Abuse: The Incorporation and Erasure of Indigenous Knowledges in Spanish Colonial Metalwork". W Silver, 21–38. British AcademyOxford, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197267547.003.0002.
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Abstract It is well known that mineral wealth from the Americas underwrote and undergirded European colonization of the New World. Historians and economic historians of slavery, labour, science have documented the variety of ways in which American gold and silver enriched Spain, funded the slave trade, and spurred Spain’s northern European competitors to become Atlantic powers. What is less understood are the intellectual contributions of the Black and Brown women and men who mined and refined the metals that changed the course of world history. Indigenous, African, and mixed-race miners formed most of the workforce in colonial Latin America, but the structures of white supremacy and colonial power ensured that they left little written record of their scientific and technical contributions. This chapter uses visual analysis, historical linguistics, and translation case studies to demonstrate how scholars working across the disciplines can document Indigenous knowledge production in the gold and silver industries of the sixteenth-century Caribbean and the seventeenth-century Andes. In these very different cultural, linguistic, and scientific contexts, I show how Taíno-, Quechua-, and Aimara-speaking miners influenced the technical infrastructures and material practices of one of the most lucrative and largest colonial scientific industries of the Americas.
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Smith, Paul, Mark Fellows, David Coombs i Andrew Mitchell. "An Overview of Costs in the Base Metal and Gold Mining Industries". W Wealth Creation in the Minerals Industry, 25–59. Society of Economic Geologists, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.5382/sp.12.02.
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Abstract This paper examines certain capital and operating cost trends from the base metal and gold mining industries. The fundamental determinant of any mine’s capital and operating costs is the geology of the orebody; its size, shape, depth, mineralogy, and grade. Optimizing this mineral resource requires discretionary choices to be made regarding scale of operation, cutoff grade, mining method, and ore processing (beneficiation) route. However, the mine also has to operate under several fixed factors over which the operator has no control. The most fundamental of these is the geology of the orebody, but the location (country risk and fiscal regime) and external economic risks, such as metal price, realization terms and exchange rate, also have a significant impact. The biggest drivers of capital costs are scale and location of the project. Capital costs can vary widely between projects of a similar scale and are often highly dependent on the amount of infrastructural investment required. Capital intensity in terms of dollar per unit throughput provides a useful indicator of project risk but unless allied with a divisor containing yield grade considerations, it is not informative as to how competitive the project may be. When considering operating cost trends it is important to use a normalized data set, one for which all items of cost information have been properly and consistently processed. Indeed, many operating costs terms can be misleading and open to misinterpretation if not properly defined. Changes in operating costs year-on-year are determined by factors over which management has some degree of control (technical factors and production volume) and others over which management has no control (currency exchange rates, inflation, metal prices, freight rates, concentrate treatment, and refining charges). Of these, the uncontrollable factors are by far the most important to the majority of operations. Exchange rate movements and inflation are the principal drivers of year-on-year changes in copper and gold mine operating costs, while treatment charges are responsible for the most significant changes for zinc mines. Over time there may be more significant changes in the operating cost structure of an industry brought about by the changing population of mines and any significant technological improvements. Copper production by solvent extraction-electrowinning (SX-EW) is one example of the implementation of new technology that had a significant impact on cost trends in the copper mining industry. Operations which had a supply of low-grade leachable dump material were able to improve their operating costs significantly for a very low capital expenditure. However, SX-EW copper is not cheap copper, since the capital investment for specific Mine-for-Leach (MFL) mines is comparable to that for conventional flotation and smelting-refining operations. An examination of the residual cash flow from the zinc, copper, and gold mining industries reveals a wide range in their ability to create wealth. The zinc mining industry actually lost money (pre-tax) over the period 1993 to 2003 (inclusive), after allowing for capital expenditure on new capacity. The copper mining industry fared better with a residual cash flow of over US$14 billion, while gold mining produced even better results, with a residual cash flow of over $ 30 billion. The recent rise in metal prices, which has been in large part driven by extraordinary growth in demand for raw materials by China and, to a lesser extent, India, bodes well for the metal mining industries, at least in the medium term. However, the history of mining includes numerous episodes of over-investment in new capacity at times of high prices, which have inevitably resulted in subsequent oversupply of metal and low prices. It seems highly unlikely that the boom and bust nature of this most cyclical of industries has fundamentally changed.
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Wang, John, James Yao i Jeffrey Hsu. "Interactive, Flexible, and Adaptable Decision Support Systems". W Encyclopedia of Human Resources Information Systems, 557–62. IGI Global, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-883-3.ch081.
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Over the four decades of its history, decision support systems (DSSs) have moved from a radical movement that changed the way information systems were perceived in business, to a mainstream commercial information technology movement that all organizations engage. This interactive, flexible, and adaptable computer-based information system derives from two main areas of research: the theoretical studies of organizational decision making done at the Carnegie Institute in the 1950s and early 1960s as well as the technical work on interactive computer systems which was mainly performed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Keen & Morton, 1978). DSSs began due to the importance of formalizing a record of ideas, people, systems, and technologies implicated in this sector of applied information technology. But the history of this system is not precise due to the many individuals involved in different stages of DSSs and various industries while claiming to be pioneers of the system (Arnott & Pervan, 2005; Power, 2003). DSSs have become very sophisticated and stylish since these pioneers began their research. Many new systems have expanded the frontiers established by these pioneers yet the core and basis of the system remains the same. Today, DSSs are used in the finance, accounting, marketing, medical, as well as many other fields.
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Wang, John, James Yao i Jeffrey Hsu. "Interactive, Flexible, and Adaptable Decision Support Systems". W Business Information Systems, 565–72. IGI Global, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-61520-969-9.ch036.
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Over the four decades of its history, decision support systems (DSSs) have moved from a radical movement that changed the way information systems were perceived in business, to a mainstream commercial information technology movement that all organizations engage. This interactive, flexible, and adaptable computer-based information system derives from two main areas of research: the theoretical studies of organizational decision making done at the Carnegie Institute in the 1950s and early 1960s as well as the technical work on interactive computer systems which was mainly performed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Keen & Morton, 1978). DSSs began due to the importance of formalizing a record of ideas, people, systems, and technologies implicated in this sector of applied information technology. But the history of this system is not precise due to the many individuals involved in different stages of DSSs and various industries while claiming to be pioneers of the system (Arnott & Pervan, 2005; Power, 2003). DSSs have become very sophisticated and stylish since these pioneers began their research. Many new systems have expanded the frontiers established by these pioneers yet the core and basis of the system remains the same. Today, DSSs are used in the finance, accounting, marketing, medical, as well as many other fields.
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V., Rekha, i Uma Shankari S. "Machine Learning and Deep Learning: Algorithms and Applications". W Cutting-Edge Technologies in Innovations in Computer Science and Engineering. San International Scientific Publications, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.59646/csebookc1/004.
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Machine learning is a subfield of artificial intelligence (AI) that involves the development of algorithms that can learn patterns from data and make predictions or decisions without being explicitly programmed. Deep learning is a subset of machine learning that uses deep neural networks with multiple layers to learn and extract features from complex data. The history of machine learning can be traced back to the 1950s, with the development of perceptrons, a type of artificial neuron. However, progress was slow until the 1990s, when the availability of large datasets and more powerful computing resources enabled the development of more sophisticated algorithms. In recent years, deep learning has achieved remarkable success in a wide range of applications, such as image recognition, speech recognition, and natural language processing. Machine learning and deep learning are important because they enable computers to perform tasks that were previously thought to be the exclusive domain of humans. They have the potential to revolutionize many industries, such as healthcare, finance, and transportation, by automating tasks and improving decision-making. However, they also raise ethical and societal concerns, such as bias and job displacement, that need to be addressed.