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1
Denysenko, Nataliia. "PROBLEM ISSUES OF THE FUNCTIONING OF PUBLIC FINANCES DURING THE WAR". Current problems of architecture and urban planning, nr 64 (31.08.2022): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2077-3455.2022.64.41-52.
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The article highlights the current issues of planning and budget development during the war, the functioning of state finances, the components of the military economy as a multi-sectoral complex, and the mechanisms of financing the military economy in modern conditions. The main modern trends in the sphere of public finances of Ukraine are considered. A comparison is made with the world experience of the functioning of military state finances. The financial consequences in the countries affected by the war are analyzed.
Military finance is a special part of state finances, the main link of which is the military budget. The military budget is part of the State budget of the country. The article examines the world experience of the budgetary process during the war.
The structure of military finances and its main elements are analyzed: the military budget, sources of income generation and spending, military borrowing, military purchases, finances of interstate military groups, foreign military aid, military defense orders, military levies, and others.
The classification of military costs, which are divided into direct, indirect and hidden, is generalized. In turn, direct military expenses are divided into current and capital expenses.
The article emphasizes that there are three main sources of funding for military spending: printing money, increasing taxes, and borrowing. The advantages and disadvantages of each of these sources of financing are analyzed. Analysis of the functioning of military finances in the leading countries of the world during the wars of the 20th century revealed the main trends. Most countries increased the tax rates of individuals, did not use the provision of state grants to support small businesses, tried to keep the share of monetary emission among sources of financing no more than 20%, used internal state borrowing to attract funds.
Military bonds are considered as a kind of investment tool to support the state budget. Military bonds are separate issues of domestic state loan bonds from the Ministry of Finance of Ukraine during martial law. The conditions for issuing state military bonds are summarized.
2
Arbatov, A. "Military Reform: Doctrine, Troops, and Finance". World Economy and International Relations, nr 4 (1997): 5–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-1997-4-5-21.
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TOPOROVA, Yuliya M. "State defense order as a means of enrichment". National Interests: Priorities and Security 18, nr 6 (15.06.2022): 1103–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/ni.18.6.1103.
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Subject. The article discusses the threat of a conflict of interests between public finance and private capital. Objectives. I analyze the fiscal and monetary policy in relation to enterprises of the military-industrial complex. Methods. The study employs methods of statistical and graphical analysis. Results. The paper highlights the shortcomings of financial and monetary policy related to enterprises of the military-industrial complex that implement the State defense order. It provides the analysis of interrelation between the financial condition of enterprises operating in the military-industrial complex and the change in the key rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation and the loan interest rate. Conclusions. To prevent a conflict of interests between public finances and private capital and to reduce the threat to military-economic security, enterprises of the military-industrial complex of Russia should get loans from extra-budgetary funds.
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Goossens, Thomas. "“Des fonds nets et claires”: de Krijgskas, de Raad van Financiën en het beheer van het militaire budget in de Zuidelijke Nederlanden (1718-1775)". Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire 88, nr 4 (2010): 1135–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rbph.2010.9584.
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Thomas Goossens, “ Des fonds nets & claires” : The War Treasury, the Finance Council and the management of the military budget in the Southern Netherlands (1718-1775) The War Treasury of the Southern Netherlands has as yet received very little scholarly attention. This institution was created in 1718 as part of a broader reform of the Brussels central government by the Austrian crown, and it was intended to take over the military responsibilities of the Finance Council of the Southern Netherlands. The War Treasury is generally believed to have managed all military income and expenditure in the Southern Netherlands in a highly autocratic manner, thereby strengthening the control of the Austrian government over the Brussels military budget. Recently discovered evidence, however, suggests that the War Treasury’s independence was much more limited than previously thought. In fact, the Finance Council continued to control both the income of the War Treasury and the management of its expenditure. Moreover, the interdependence between these two councils was deliberately maintained by both the Brussels and Viennese governments, since the Austrians realized that they were incapable of managing the military budget without the cooperation of the Finance Council. In the end, the exigencies of maintaining the army of the Southern Netherlands at operational strength continued to trump any desires on the part of Vienna to limit the influence of the Brussels civil governments over the management of the region’s military budget.
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Brandon, Pepijn. "‘The whole art of war is reduced to money’: remittances, short-term credit and financial intermediation in Anglo-Dutch military finance, 1688–1713". Financial History Review 25, nr 1 (kwiecień 2018): 19–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565017000282.
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The literature on the financial revolution and the rise of the English fiscal-military state frequently gives the impression that a singular set of reforms emanating from the Glorious Revolution of 1688 changed the entire landscape of English army finances, allowing a fundamental shift from patchwork solutions based on short-term credit and managed through a system of wholesale venality to a solid system of long-term funded loans raised on an impersonal market. This article focuses on the crucial role that merchant networks and the personal connections of financial intermediaries continued to play in international troop payments arranged by the English state through the Dutch Republic. Even when the English or Dutch treasuries could find the necessary money to pay and provision the troops in time, getting the money to the military commanders in the field or to their distant suppliers often depended on long and complex credit lines. Short-term loans acquired in making military expenditure – consisting of unpaid bills to suppliers, payments advanced by officials and officers, and temporary loans contracted by financial intermediaries – as well as the widespread reliance on commercial credit in the form of bills of exchange as a way to transfer funds effectively formed the life thread of army finance. The ability to finance the military in times of exploding costs and permanent emergencies without defaulting rested not only on the capacity to draw on financial resources at home, but also on the strength of commercial and financial networks abroad. In doing so, closeness to the centres of emerging international financial capitalism seems to have been of greater importance than a specific set of institutional innovations.
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Kravchenko, V. "MILITARY ECONOMICS AND MILITARY FINANCE: NEW CHALLENGES IN THE FIRST HALF OF XXI CENTURY". Ekonomika ta derzhava, nr 9 (27.09.2019): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.32702/2306-6806.2019.9.4.
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Bakshaev, A. A. "IMPROVEMENT OF THE REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR THE SUPPLY OF MILITARY PRODUCTS BY STATE-OWNED MINING PLANTS IN THE URALS IN THE FIRST THIRD OF THE 19TH CENTURY". Вестник Пермского университета. История, nr 1(52) (2021): 143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2219-3111-2021-1-143-149.
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The article examines the activities of public authorities to improve the procedure for manufacturing and acceptance of military products in the first third of the 19th century. The author notes that the unsatisfactory performance of military outfits by state-owned plants in the Urals, as well as numerous disputes over the rejection of metals, guns and shells between military receivers and the mining administration forced them to revise the existing laws governing acceptance of military products. There were two stages in the development of the regulatory framework for the military order. At the first stage, in 1804, on the initiative of the Minister of Finance, approved by the imperial decree, a special committee was created, consisting of the leaders of Ministry of Land Forces, the Naval Ministry and the Ministry of Finance. As a result, new rules for testing and acceptance of military products were developed. Already in 1808, those rules required processing, which was handled by the Scientific Committee for the Artillery Unit of the Artillery Department. Representatives of the Mining Department were also involved in the work on improving the rules. As a result, new requirements for accepting guns and shells were developed. The second stage of improving the legislation governing the production of military products covers the 1820s – early 1830s. By the early 1820s, state-owned plants of the Urals could no longer cope with the repeatedly increasing volumes of military orders. In addition, they were charged with the manufacture of new types of military products. As a result, in 1822, on the initiative of the Minister of Finance, a special committee was again created from the officials of the Artillery and Mining departments. The result of its activities was the improvement of the supply system of military products, the reduction in orders and the development of new rules for trial and acceptance of military products.
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Gilbert, Emily. "Militaries, finance, and (in)security". Finance and Society 3, nr 2 (19.12.2017): 180–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2218/finsoc.v3i2.2577.
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This essay points to some of the ways that militaries are focused on money and economics, and addresses what this means for understanding the entanglements of security and finance. We cannot think about security in the contemporary moment without also thinking about militaries and war, and it is only by addressing how military power engages money and finance that can we better understand how insecurity is enacted.
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Lu, Wen-Min, i Mei-Hui Chen. "A benchmark-learning roadmap for the Military Finance Center". Mathematical and Computer Modelling 53, nr 9-10 (maj 2011): 1833–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mcm.2011.01.003.
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Shvetsov, Andrey V., i Natalia K. Shvetsova. "Domestic economy and finance during a special military operation". Vestnik of the Mari State University. Chapter “Agriculture. Economics” 8, nr 3 (2022): 349–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.30914/2411-9687-2022-8-3-349-355.
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Heier, Jan Richard. "Book review: Accounting at War: The Politics of Military Finance". Accounting History 21, nr 2-3 (maj 2016): 366–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1032373216639053.
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Harymawan, Iman. "Why do firms appoint former military personnel as directors? Evidence of loan interest rate in militarily connected firms in Indonesia". Asian Review of Accounting 26, nr 1 (5.02.2018): 2–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ara-07-2016-0086.
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Purpose Anecdotal evidence shows that a number of military personnel have been appointed as board members by listed firms in Indonesia. Taking advantage of the unique setting of the strong influence of the military in Indonesian politics, the purpose of this paper is to provide direct empirical evidence on the effect of military connections on interest rate for listed firms in Indonesia. Design/methodology/approach This study uses a sample of 1,818 firm-year observations of firms listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange (IDX) from 2004 to 2012 and employs Heckman’s two-stage regression and Coarsened Exact Matching methods to address endogeneity concerns on the firms’ establishment of military connections. Findings The finding reveals that connected firms significantly enjoy lower interest rates on debt than non-connected ones. These findings are robust to several robustness checks. Research limitations/implications The results of this study should be treated with caution since the proxy of military connections limited only based on board connections. Hence, this may underestimate the results from this study. This research has implications for Indonesia’s regulators who are striving to improve accounting information and transparency of militarily connected firms. Originality/value The results of this study add to the literature that connected firms enjoy preferential benefits provided by the connections through lower interest charges from banks.
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Cai, Chen, Iftekhar Hasan, Yinjie Shen i Shuai Wang. "Military directors, governance and firm behavior". Advances in Accounting 55 (grudzień 2021): 100563. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adiac.2021.100563.
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HUDENKO, Bohdan, i Oleksandr HUDENKO. "Cash provision for military servicemen in the conditions of reforming the public finance management system". Naukovi pratsi NDFI 2023, nr 3 (28.12.2023): 148–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.33763/npndfi2023.03.148.
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The invasion of Russian troops into Ukraine created new challenges for Ukraine, its society and government. In the article, a systematic analysis was conducted to study the effectiveness of the government's measures to manage state finances in the conditions of martial law and to ensure the performance of the main functions of the state, in particular in the field of social protection of military personnel. It was investigated that the following measures were implemented to stabilize the financial system and the smooth functioning of the country's economy: military refinancing to maintain the liquidity of the banking system, a fixed exchange rate and restrictions on the foreign exchange market, which were aimed at avoiding rapid devaluation of the national currency, as well as sequestration of public expenditures from with the aim of reducing inefficient or unnecessary budget expenditures and their redistribution, in particular, for the needs of military servicemen. Some of these measures include the introduction of military bonds of the Government of Ukraine, the transfer of profits to the state budget, the development of international financial relations with organizations and governments of other countries. It was determined that over the past two years, the financing of defense expenditures has increased significantly, and the system of monetary support for military personnel is being constantly modernized. This requires stable filling of the revenue part of the budget to support economic security and sovereignty of the country.
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Benmelech, Efraim, i Carola Frydman. "Military CEOs". Journal of Financial Economics 117, nr 1 (lipiec 2015): 43–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2014.04.009.
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Kanyamuna, Vincent, i Yacouba Dit Zonon Kone. "Reforming the Public Financial Management System for Better Performance Budgeting in Ivory Coast". Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 9, nr 8 (15.08.2022): 101–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.98.12803.
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Reforming the public finance management system has always been one of the areas which retain more attention when country leaders and development partners want to create a good environment to facilitate poverty alleviation. This study aimed at investigating the way in which Ivory Coast could reform its public financial management (PFM) for a better performance budgeting in order to achieve its goals of poverty reduction. As a matter of fact, PFM reform is important to secure long-term economic success, to increase the transparency and accountability in country resource management, and create a better service delivery for citizens. Ivory Coast’s authorities are aware of this, after some years of economic crises in the 1980s and 1990s and a diagnosis of its public finance management system in 1999 which highlighted some dysfunctions, have started a huge public finance management reforms. The study has revealed that these reforms have helped to achieve such a unified budget and implement the Public Finance Management Information System (SIGFiP). Despite the political and military crisis that began in 2002 and lasted ten years, the implementation of these reforms has prevented the deterioration of fiscal indicators. There is evidence that without these reforms, the situation of public finances would worsen further.
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Fitriani, Nurul, Gery Lusiano Firmansah i Iman Harymawan. "Debt policy of military-connected firms in Indonesia". Investment Management and Financial Innovations 19, nr 3 (8.08.2022): 105–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.19(3).2022.10.
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Indonesia has a thin capitalization policy since 2015. It restricts the maximum interest expense that can be deductible from corporate tax payable. This paper discusses the association between boards with military background and the debt policy of firms, taking into account the thin capitalization policy. This study used a sample of 2,330 firm-year observations from companies listed on Indonesia Stock Exchange during 2010–2019. A moderated analysis regression was employed to analyze the association of each variable. The result reveals a significant positive correlation with a t-value of 2.14 at a confidence level of 95% between military-connected firms and debt policy. The same correlation also occurred between board of commissioners with the military background and debt policy with a t-value of 2.18 at a 95% confidence level. Meanwhile, the correlation between these variables became significantly negative after the implementation of thin capitalization policy. CEM and Heckman’s two-stage method were used to validate the findings. This study is for a listed company to consider the appointment of military background in a board of commissioner position after a period of thin capitalization policy.
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Rouanet, Louis, i Ennio E. Piano. "Filling the ranks: the Remplacement Militaire in post-revolutionary France". European Review of Economic History 24, nr 4 (9.10.2020): 696–715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ereh/hez014.
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Abstract Many economists have analyzed the efficiency of a volunteered army relative to a conscripted army. However, they have rarely studied the working of real-world alternative, market-based, military institutions where exemptions from military service are traded among the citizens. This paper fills this gap by studying the rise and fall of the Remplacement Militaire in the eighteenth and the nineteenth century France. This system endured for more than three quarters of a century until the French government progressively moved toward universal conscription after 1872. At times of military expansion, the State regulated the replacement market. We argue that the goal of such regulations was to limit the increase in fraud and avoid a deterioration in the quality of the soldiery associated with increases in the price of replacements.
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POPRAVKO, ELENA ALEXANDROVNA. "Andrei Vasilievich Khrulev as Chief of Military Finance Department (1930-1936)". Клио, nr 8 (2022): 146–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.51676/2070-9773_2022_08_146.
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Renzi, Alessia, Cinzia Di Monte, Luigi Cinque, Alessandra Coscarelli, Manuela Tomai i Debora Camicia. "Work motivation and affect regulation capabilities in a group of italian military finance students". PSICOLOGIA DELLA SALUTE, nr 2 (czerwiec 2023): 67–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/pds2023-002005.
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Motivation in the workplace has been a central topic in regard to both theoretical and or-ganisational issues. The aim of this study was to examine the association between affect regu-lation capabilities levels and different motivational dimensions according to the self-determination theory in military students. Following questionnaires were administered to 198 Italian military finance students (183 male): a sociodemographic questionnaire, the 20-itemToronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20), and the Multidimensional Work Motivation Scale (MWMS). Data analysis showed that the high affect regulation capabilities group scored sig-nificantly higher in autonomous motivation compared to the intermediate and low affect capa-bilities groups and significantly lower in external motivation. Meanwhile, the low affect regu-lation capabilities group scored significant higher in amotivation compared to the intermediate and high affect regulation capabilities groups. The results confirmed the association between abilities in emotional regulation and motivational dimension scores. Further studies are needed to confirm these preliminary results, which could orientate the selection and training of future military students.
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Gross, Stephen. "Confidence and Gold: German War Finance 1914–1918". Central European History 42, nr 2 (15.05.2009): 223–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938909000296.
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In January 1915, Sir William Grenfell Max-Müller, an intelligence officer in the British Foreign Office, recorded the following remark from a German trade journal.As long as the confidence in military and political victory continues, we need not fear our paper system and its consequences. But one sees immediately what would be bound to threaten us in the contrary case—a ruin to avoid which we are compelled to sacrifice the last man and the last penny.1
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Pshyk, Bohdan I. "Financial consulting in personal finance management as an important factor in the development of the securities market". Socio-Economic Problems of the Modern Period of Ukraine, nr 6(158) (2022): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.36818/2071-4653-2022-6-4.
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The theoretical foundations of financial consulting in personal finance management and its significance in the financial life of the country's households are characterized. The dynamics of Ukrainian households investing in securities and the structure of the consulting services market in Europe are analyzed. The weak influence of personal finance on the development processes of the securities market in the current unstable conditions of economic development is revealed, namely: a high share of consumer spending in the household budget, a low level of trust in the financial sector, the absence of a developed investment market in Ukraine, a low level of financial literacy of the population, negative socio-economic consequences of the spread of COVID-19, and the existing military-political situation caused by the full-scale military invasion of the Russian Federation into Ukraine. The range of services for managing personal finances and conducting operations with stock instruments provided by financial institutions and independent financial consultants is disclosed. The expediency of reorientation of managers of financial institutions working in personal finance management from the format of salesmen to the format of financial consultants is emphasized as a key factor in the development of the securities market. The key areas of development of financial consulting in personal finance management are identified – intensification of consulting activities of financial institutions and integration of joint efforts of financial institutions with independent financial consultants. The article suggests the encouragement of the creation of consulting companies specializing in financial and investment consulting exclusively for individuals by establishing benefits in the taxation of their profits and simplifying the registration and licensing procedure. The results of the positive indirect influence of financial consulting on the processes of development of the securities market are outlined: reduction of the information asymmetry of the stock market; strengthening of the level of financial security of households and increase of their confidence in the securities market; an increase of the volume of securities trading on the market with the participation of households.
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Lorusso, Marco, i Luca Pieroni. "The effects of military and non-military government expenditures on private consumption". Journal of Peace Research 54, nr 3 (maj 2017): 442–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022343316687017.
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In this article, we provide evidence that civilian and military government spending have specific characteristics that can affect private consumption differently. Our vector autoregressive (VAR) estimates for the US economy for the period 1960–2013 show that civilian expenditure induces a positive and significant response on private consumption, whereas military spending has a negative impact. We also analyze the effects of these public spending components for the subsamples 1960–79 and 1983–2013, respectively. Our results show that the main transmission channels of both civilian and military expenditures have changed over time. We adopt a new Keynesian approach and develop a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model in order to simulate the empirical evidence. Both the larger persistence of shocks in military spending and the different financing mechanisms, which account for the propensity of policymakers to use budget deficits to finance wars, mimic the differences in the empirical responses of private consumption. Simulated impulse response functions of alternative specification models prove the robustness of our analysis. In particular, we assess the impact of civilian and military shocks in the presence of different (i) shares of heterogeneous households, (ii) price rigidities, and (iii) monetary reactions in response to different government shocks.
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KIZYMA, Tetiana, Zoryana LOBODINA i Andrii KIZYMA. "INVESTMENT OF HOUSEHOLD SAVINGS IN CONTEXT OF THE INFLUENCE ON FUNCTIONING OF PUBLIC FINANCES IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE WAR". WORLD OF FINANCE, nr 4(77) (2024): 52–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/sf2023.04.052.
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Introduction. In the current extremely difficult financial and economic realities associated with Russia’s full-scale military invasion of Ukraine, studies of household savings as one of the potentially important sources of investment resources needed to end the war and further restore the national economy are of utmost importance. Therefore, the problems of active transformation of such savings into investments with the help of modern financial instruments operating in the financial market of Ukraine (primarily domestic government bonds and military bonds), which in the conditions of a full-scale war can become a significant resource for the development of public finances in general and support of the Armed Forces of Ukraine in particular, remain important. The purpose of the article is to study current trends in the investment of savings of domestic households in the context of a full-scale war and the impact of innovative instruments of such investment on the development of public finance in Ukraine. Results. The article analyzes the pragmatics of investing accumulated savings by Ukrainian households in the context of their impact on the development of public finance in the context of a full-scale war, identifies the advantages and disadvantages of each of the investment instruments under consideration and emphasizes the need to increase the level of financial literacy of Ukrainians in the context of the development of state-creating financial patriotism of the nation. Conclusions. Identification of the key advantages and potential risks of investing household savings during a full-scale war made it possible to substantiate the significant impact of such investment on the functioning of public finance in Ukraine and to justify the directions of intensification of investment processes at the level of domestic households in the current conditions.
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Harymawan, Iman. "Military reform, militarily-connected firms and auditor choice". Managerial Auditing Journal 35, nr 6 (4.05.2020): 705–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/maj-04-2019-2258.
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Purpose One of the strongest connections in politics in developing countries is through military links. This study aims to examine the auditor choice preference of the militarily-connected firms in Indonesia, an emerging country where there is a strong influence from the military on political decision-making. Design/methodology/approach The analysis used 3,473 firms-year observations listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange spanning from 2003 to 2017 using regression and other statistical tests. Findings The results reveal that firms with a militarily-connected director are less likely to appoint one of the Big 4 auditors. Using the military reform as a natural experiment, the finding shows that militarily-connected firms did not change their auditor choice preference even after the military reform. Interestingly, I find that connected firms are associated with high earnings management. In addition, the different retirement position level and military affiliations of the connected directors generate different outcomes related to the auditor choice decision. Overall, the results indicate that militarily-connected firms were less likely to appoint one of the Big 4 auditors both before and after the military reforms. These results are robust, even after the author controlled for political connections, year fixed effects and industry fixed effects. Research limitations/implications Because of the limitations of the prior literature on military connections, this study is developed based on the assumption that the militarily-connected directors have identical behavior whether they serve in either public or private companies. However, this assumption could be invalid which potentially affects the interpretation of some of the results in this study. Originality/value This paper provides direct evidence of the auditor choice preference of firms with a military connection. The evidence builds on the existing literature on the difference in auditor choice preference between politically and militarily-connected firms.
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Keller, Katarina, Andreas Wagener i Panu Poutvaara. "Does a Military Draft Discourage Enrollment in Higher Education?" FinanzArchiv 66, nr 2 (2010): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1628/001522110x524160.
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Acemoglu, Daron, Davide Ticchi i Andrea Vindigni. "A Theory of Military Dictatorships". American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 2, nr 1 (1.01.2010): 1–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mac.2.1.1.
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We investigate how nondemocratic regimes use the military and how this can lead to the emergence of military dictatorships. The elite may build a strong military and make the concessions necessary for the military to behave as their perfect agent, or they may risk the military turning against them. Once the transition to democracy takes place, a strong military poses a threat against the nascent democratic regime until it is reformed. We study the role of income inequality and natural resources in the emergence of military dictatorships and show how the national defense role of the military may facilitate democratic consolidation. (JEL D72, H56)
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Lipow, Jonathan, i Jay Simon. "Military reserves and social welfare". Economics Letters 113, nr 3 (grudzień 2011): 208–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2011.07.012.
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Marawako, Jonah, i Tatenda Yvonne Mupasu. "Unpacking Civil-Military Relations Trajectory in the New Dispensation in Zimbabwe". International Journal of Law and Public Policy 4, nr 2 (30.09.2022): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.36079/lamintang.ijlapp-0402.406.
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The removal of Mugabe by the civil-military alliance ushered a new hope for improved civil-military relations in Zimbabwe. Prior to the coup, civil-military relations were strained and the military was unleashed by the government on the civilians to undermine democracy. During the ouster of Mugabe the military used the civilians to demonstrate thereby legitimising their putsch. There was euphoria among the civilians that this was the beginning of democracy and the stabilisation of civil-military relations. However the exultation suffered from stillbirth as the military continued with its traditional practice of untethering violence and coercion on the civilian, in the post-Mugabe epoch militarisation reached its crescendo. This research analyses civil-military relations in the context of the role of the military in the 2018 elections, militarisation of artisanal small-scale mining in Zimbabwe and the collision of militarisation and state capture. This paper argues that the political vicissitude heralded the military-executive alliance that employs an orgy of violence on the civilians hence this exacerbates strained civil-military relations in Zimbabwe and cast a horrendous situation for democracy in the future. The Corona virus 2019 (COVID 19) lockdowns rules and regulations have aggravated the relations as the military used comprehensive surveillance against the civilians.
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Bose, Prasenjit. "'New' Imperialism? On Globalisation and Nation-States". Historical Materialism 15, nr 3 (2007): 95–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156920607x225898.
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AbstractA major contradiction of globalisation lies in the universalisation of the imperatives of international finance-capital. The ascendancy of international finance has kept inter-imperialist rivalry under check since the past few decades, and imperialist nation-states under its imperatives have displayed greater unity under the leadership of the US. But the dominance of speculative finance and the deflationary impact it generates, threatens to precipitate worldwide recession. The US is trying to pre-empt any potential competition in this milieu, by pursuing an aggressive and unilateralist military policy of endless war. However, the capacity of the US to sustain such high levels of military expenditure and debt-induced consumer spending is circumscribed by the fragility of the dollar hegemony in the backdrop of the growing indebtedness of the US vis-à-vis the rest of the world. Re-appearance of recessionary conditions in the US would be set the stage for inter-imperialist contradictions as well as the contradiction between imperialism and the Third World to play themselves out and create possible ruptures in the present world order.
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Perge, János, i Erika Perge. "National Defence of Hungary – Military Units and Military Facilities of Debrecen (Part 2)". Hadtudományi Szemle 15, nr 3 (8.12.2022): 103–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.32563/hsz.2022.3.7.
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The army has always played a major role in the performance of defence tasks in Hungary. This article presents the development of Hungary’s national defence from the collapse of the Austro–Hungarian Monarchy in 1918 to the present day. It describes the ground, cavalry and air units of the Royal Hungarian Army stationed in Debrecen since 1920, the military facilities used by the Soviet Red Army in Debrecen, and the units of the Hungarian Defence Forces operating in the city. It presents the work, activities, tasks and military facilities of the following entities: HDF 5th “István Bocskai” Infantry Brigade, HDF 24th “Gergely Bornemissza” Reconnaissance Regiment, HDF 2nd “vitéz Antal Vattay” Territorial Defence Regiment, 3rd “Sándor Oláh” Territorial Defence Battalion and the HDF Military Administration and Central Registry Command 2nd Augmentation and Recruitment Centre, and the 3rd Augmentation and Recruitment Office, the last two of which being responsible for providing supplies.
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Perge, János, i Erika Perge. "National Defence of Hungary – Military Units and Military Facilities of Debrecen (Part 1)". Hadtudományi Szemle 15, nr 2 (28.10.2022): 73–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.32563/hsz.2022.2.5.
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The army has always played a major role in the performance of defence tasks in Hungary. This article presents the development of Hungary’s national defence until the collapse of the Austro–Hungarian Monarchy and describes its forces operating in the city of Debrecen. It presents in detail the units of the Imperial and Royal Army stationed at Debrecen, including: the Imperial and Royal 39th Infantry Regiment, which is the “in-house regiment” of Debrecen, the Imperial and Royal 16th and 7th hussar regiments and the 2nd Honvéd Hussar Regiment and the 3rd Honvéd Infantry Regiment of the Royal Hungarian Honvéd, and finally, the Royal Hungarian 3rd Landsturm Infantry Regiment. The article presents the history, activities and barracks of the units and the monuments erected in honour of them in Debrecen.
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Wijeweera, Albert, i Matthew J. Webb. "A Peace Dividend for Sri Lanka: The Case for a Return to Prosperity Following the End of Hostilities". Global Economy Journal 10, nr 2 (21.05.2010): 1850199. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1524-5861.1634.
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Throughout its long years of civil war, Sri Lanka maintained a healthy rate of GDP growth and increasing levels of military spending. Now that the war has ended, Sri Lanka faces the challenge of rebuilding and switching to a peace-time economy with potentially lower levels of defense spending. We employ a cointegration analysis and an error correction model to examine the relationship between non/military spending in Sri Lanka and identify the possible economic benefits of decreased military spending. We find that GDP growth in Sri Lanka is generally not responsive to military spending, but responds positively to non-military spending. Although non-military spending exerts a positive effect upon economic growth compared to military spending, the outcome is still sub-optimal due to the absence of an income multiplier effect. This prefaces potentially good economic news for Sri Lanka in the coming years assuming that hostilities do not resume, that the government can successfully divert resources from the military to the non-military sector and that private sector investment can be effectively encouraged to exert a crowding in effect.
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Zipfel, Tomas. "The Politics and Finance of Civil-Military Reform in the Czech Republic". Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics 17, nr 1 (marzec 2001): 96–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/714003554.
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CRAWSHAW, TOM. "MILITARY FINANCE AND THE EARL OF ESSEX'S INFANTRY IN 1642 – A REINTERPRETATION". Historical Journal 53, nr 4 (3.11.2010): 1037–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x10000415.
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ABSTRACTScholarly works dealing with the Long Parliament's military finances have often necessarily relied on sampled data and exemplary evidence. This communication demonstrates that full, systematic analyses of the relevant materials in the Commonwealth Exchequer Papers have the potential to alter our understanding of these finances when certain questions are asked. Lacking a detailed calendar, this vast collection of documents is extraordinarily complex and opaque, and because of this it is very hard to deal with holistically. Nevertheless, this communication demonstrates that achieving a broad yet precise view of this vital quantitative material is sometimes possible. It will be suggested here that the army of the earl of Essex enjoyed full payment from the moment of its creation in August 1642 until the end of that October. This will be demonstrated by comparing the total payments received by the foot soldiers to a newly calculated model of their monetary needs during the period in question. Ultimately, there are many possible reasons for the army's failure to secure a decisive victory at Edgehill, but a financial crisis at the political centre was not one of them.
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Vidović, Nikola. "BUDGET FUND FOR THE FINANCING OF DEFENCE EDUCATION AND DEFENCE SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ACTIVITIES". Revizor 25, nr 97-98 (26.06.2022): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.56362/rev2298045v.
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Most countries allocate significant funds to finance defence spending. The amount of these funds is determined by the defence policy, living standard and economic strength of the country. However, the available funds to finance defence expenditures are not sufficient to cover the requirements for military education and scientific research within the defence system. The establishment of budget funds for these purposes provides new opportunities for harmonization of opportunities and needs in this area, where innovative mechanisms for allocating budget funds increase the effectiveness of public finance policies of countries for education in the security and defence sector.
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Soesanto, Radito, i Hady Efendy. "Leadership Management of Military Hospital in Efforts to Improve the Patient Service (Case Study of RSAL Dr. Mintoarjo)". International Journal of Human Resource Studies 8, nr 1 (16.11.2017): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijhrs.v8i1.12055.
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RSAL dr. Mintoharjo is a military hospital serving members of the Indonesian National Army, the Navy and their families also provide services to the general public. Utilization of hospital facilities has not been optimal with the standard value of Bed Occupancy Rate (BOR) below the minimum value that must be achieved. Leadership becomes one of the factors that greatly affect the organization. A leader plays an important role because its existence can determine the progress of the organization, with the change of hospital leadership is expected for better organizational performance. Better performance is one of them by providing good service to the customer so customer satisfaction will be improved so that will reduce (save) cost to effort to attract new customer. In an effort to improve the quality and service of RSAL dr. Mintoharjo implements effective leadership strategies, Transformative and militaristic leadership styles and innovatively transforms organizational culture. With an effective leadership strategy. RSAL dr. Mintoharjo has a strategy of building service, human, quality and achievement in finance. Building service by choosing superior service included in hospital vision, mission, values and strategic plan. Building humanity and quality is by building leadership and training institutions. In the field of finance has been built Hospital Management Information System (SIMRS) is very helpful in the management of hospital finances. With an effective leadership strategy and leadership style of the Military Transformational Head of RSAL dr. Mintoharjo managed to change the existing organizational culture in the Hospital to be better one of them is with the measuring value of the increasing number of BOR RSAL dr. Mintharjo.
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Ngoc Hung, T., i N. Dinh Trung. "Factors Shaping the Future of the Global Economy and Finance". Review of Business and Economics Studies 12, nr 1 (26.06.2024): 6–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/2308-944x-2024-12-1-6-15.
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The global financial system emerged in the aftermath of World War II, playing a crucial role in the global economic and geopolitical landscape dominated by developed nations. However, the world is currently undergoing rapid changes. Developing countries are assuming increasingly important roles and positions in the global economy. The robust resurgence of Russia’s military and political power as a superpower, along with China’s rise in economic, technological, and military domains, is unveiling a new global order. Furthermore, the relentless development of digital technology is profoundly and comprehensively reshaping the economic, social, and political fabric of nations worldwide. Global issues such as climate change and population aging play significant roles in shaping the future of the global economy and finance. The research objective is to reveal and analyze the main factors shaping the future of the global economy and finance. The article employs a qualitative research method with analysis, synthesis and commenting on secondary sources of information from related studies. The authors conclude that six main relevant factors can influence the future of the global economy and finance: (i) the development of digital technology; (ii) geopolitical situation; (iii) the international role of the US dollar; (iv) climate change; (v) population aging; (vi) the inevitability of structural transformation.
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Ballard, Jaime, i Lynne Borden. "A Study on Military Spouse Licensure Portability in Legislation and Practice". Journal of Financial Counseling and Planning 31, nr 2 (27.03.2020): 209–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/jfcp-19-00007.
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Military spouses face employment obstacles such as relocations, leading to un- or underemployment. The Department of Defense (DoD) proposed three best practice guidelines for transfer of licenses for military spouses. In this study, we (a) reviewed state legislation on military spouse licensure portability and identified how states addressed DoD best practices, and (b) interviewed staff and reviewed websites at six occupational boards of each state. Most states have implemented at least two guidelines, while occupational boards have implemented only some of the legislated guidelines. Thirty-seven percent of boards in states with legislation supporting expedited applications for military spouses did not offer them, and not all accommodations are publicly displayed. Financial counselors should recommend military spouses call regulatory offices about accommodations.
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García Heras, Raúl. "MULTILATERAL LOANS, BANKING FINANCE, AND THE MARTÍNEZ DE HOZ PLAN IN ARGENTINA, 1976-1981". Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 36, nr 2 (18.01.2018): 215–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0212610917000167.
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AbstractThis article examines Argentine relations with multilateral agencies and bankers during the first years of the last military dictatorship. It begins with an overview of relations and the external situation before the rise of the military and why a new economic team sought and restored Argentine credit standing. There follows a review of how links with the U.S. Treasury and international institutions lost significance and how cross-country financial intermediation, carried out mainly by leading state banks, gave foreign bankers a key role in the financing of Argentina’s foreign exchange needs. It also emphasises explicit and underlying motivations in the behaviour and policies of all actors involved and offers an evaluation of former Minister Martínez de Hoz’s efforts to justify these policies in the early 1980s.
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Klimova, I. A. "Paramilitary Physical Training for School Students in Altai Territory (1939-1940): Organizational Challenges and Achievements". Izvestiya of Altai State University, nr 2(130) (15.06.2023): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/izvasu(2023)2-04.
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The article examines the military and physical training for school students at educational institutions of the Altai Territory, analyzes the educational process and learning difficulties in pre-wartime. The purpose is to study the educational process of physical education and military training. The relevance of this article is that the military training of Russian youth today, in conditions of increasing military threats of the Russian state, is of exceptional importance in the upbringing of the younger generation. The chosen topic of the article in modern conditions is relevant both for historical science and for state and public organizations in the formation of the Russian people's love for the Fatherland. Preparation for the defense of the Motherland of the Soviet people and, above all, the youth, has objectively turned into one of the most important state and socio-political tasks. The Great Patriotic War was a test of the effectiveness of military-patriotic education and the greatest test of the spiritual forces of Soviet society. During the war, the organization of military training of students underwent changes and was associated with the formation of high morale, love for the Motherland and military skills. In the course of the study, the practice of military-physical training work, forms and methods of military-patriotic education in schools of the Altai Territory were studied. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the fact that on the basis of a complex of sources of the State Archive of the Altai Territory and historical documents, the organization of military and physical training of schoolchildren of educational institutions in the Altai Territory on the eve of the Great Patriotic War in 1939-1940 was considered for the first time. The author examines the dynamics, nature and level of interaction between military units and educational institutions in the interests of military training and patriotic education of youth.
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Volodko, Anna. "General Mikhail Nikolayevich Kalnitsky: Activities in the Overseas Union of Russian Military Invalids". ISTORIYA 13, nr 1 (111) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840019004-3.
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This article is dedicated to General Mikhail Nikolayevich Kalnitsky (06.11.1870 — 29 [30].06.1961), a prominent figure in the Russian Abroad, the period of his activity in the Overseas Union of Russian Military Invalids and his active participation in the organisation of assistance to Russian military invalids. The General secured through the National Assembly the adoption of a law on state aid for Russian military invalids in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. He was the closest associate and assistant to General N. N. Baratov, chairman of the Overseas Union of Russian Military Invalids; and from 1929 was deputy chairman and head of finance of the Main Board of the Union. In 1932, M. N. Kalnitsky was elected chairman of the Union and remained its permanent head until 1961. The general successfully raised money for a fund to help Russian military invalids; he ran the Russian Disabled Person's Day, the publication of the newspaper Russian Disabled Person and many others.
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Hanif, Abu, Muhammad Salah Uddin, Tahsin Bakirtas i Sheikh Abdul Kader. "Military Expenditure and Unemployment Nexus in Bangladesh". Revista Finanzas y Política Económica 15, nr 1 (9.05.2023): 157–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.14718/revfinanzpolitecon.v15.n1.2023.7.
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The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of military expenditure on unemployment in Bangladesh, examining the cointegration among unemployment, military expenditure, and foreign direct investment. It also sheds light on the short and longrun dynamics of the variables under consideration. The study employs the ARDL bounds testing approach to investigate the cointegration among the variables using time series annual data from the period of 1990-2018. The dependant variable is unemployment and military expenditure and FDI are the independent variables. Thisresearch found a long run relationship among the variables. An increase in military expenditure significantly reduces unemployment in the short run, however, no significant long-run relationship is found. The higher FDI, the higher unemployment in the long run. This study contributes to fill the research gap regarding theimpact of military expenditure and FDI on unemployment. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the relationship among unemployment, military expenditure and FDI in Bangladesh using ARDL bounds testing approach with time series annual data.
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Holcner, Vladan, Monika Davidová, Jiří Neubauer, Ľubomír Kubínyi i Aloiz Flachbart. "Military Recruitment and Czech Labour Market". Prague Economic Papers 30, nr 4 (31.08.2021): 489–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.18267/j.pep.778.
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Ülker, Erol. "Military, Finance, and Economy in the Late Ottoman Empire: Directorate-General of Hedjaz and Military Railways and Ports, 1914–1919". Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies 22, nr 1 (21.08.2018): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19448953.2018.1506300.
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Ellis, Stephen. "Défense d’y voir : la politisation de la protection de la nature". Politique africaine 48, nr 1 (1992): 7–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/polaf.1992.5612.
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The politisation of nature conservation. Certain elements of the south african security forces have exploited the natural resources to profit the strategies of political destabilization and enrichment. They have thus succeeded in establishing highly developed networks of contreband of valuable natural products «ivory, gems, rhinoceros horns and drugs» serving to finance military aid delivered by South Africa and aimed at inforturing and strengthening the WWF International. The same forces which have since been well implanted in the Kruger National Park participate in political actions and could eventually constitute within these reservs actual military zones.
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Bamber, Linda Smith, John (Xuefeng) Jiang i Isabel Yanyan Wang. "What’s My Style? The Influence of Top Managers on Voluntary Corporate Financial Disclosure". Accounting Review 85, nr 4 (1.07.2010): 1131–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr.2010.85.4.1131.
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ABSTRACT: Financial economics has posited a limited role for idiosyncratic noneconomic manager-specific influences, but the strategic management literature suggests such individual influences can affect corporate outcomes. We investigate whether individual managers play an economically significant role in their firms’ voluntary financial disclosure choices. Tracking managers across firms over time, we find top executives exert unique and economically significant influence (manager-specific fixed effects) on their firms’ voluntary disclosures, incremental to known economic determinants of disclosure, and firm- and time-specific effects. Managers’ unique disclosure styles are associated with observable demographic characteristics of their personal backgrounds: managers promoted from finance, accounting, and legal career tracks, managers born before World War II, and those with military experience develop disclosure styles displaying certain conservative characteristics; and managers from finance and accounting and those with military experience favor more precise disclosure styles. These plausible associations confirm that our estimated manager-specific fixed effects capture systematic long-lived differences in managers’ unique disclosure styles.
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Chambers, Paul, i Napisa Waitoolkiat. "Faction Politics in an Interrupted Democracy: the Case of Thailand". Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs 39, nr 1 (kwiecień 2020): 144–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1868103420906020.
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Though dominated by the monarchy and military, Thailand in 2020 has a highly factionalised, political party system ensconced within a defective democracy. When not under military rule, such a situation has been common. The country’s excessive level of factionalism across parties and over time is due to a long history of regionalised and decentralised parties that have invariably been dependent upon finance from faction leaders who have rarely been reined in by laws to limit factionalism. Only under Thaksin Shinawatra (2001–2006), did factionalism diminish in importance on the national level owing partly to 1997 constitutional alterations. Following a 2006 coup and the 2007 adoption of a military-endorsed constitution, a high level of intra-party factionalism returned across parties. Though the 2014 coup again ended the country’s faction-ridden democracy, the 2019 general election resurrected factionalism, which guaranteed weakness for party politics while benefiting the aristocracy and military.
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Gladyshevskii, V. L., E. V. Gorgola i D. V. Khudyakov. "The Washington Consensus, liberal ideas and terms of the military-technological policy". National Interests: Priorities and Security 16, nr 11 (13.11.2020): 2103–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/ni.16.11.2103.
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Subject. In the twentieth century, the most developed countries formed a permanent military economy represented by military-industrial complexes, which began to perform almost a system-forming role in national economies, acting as the basis for ensuring national security, and being an independent military and political force. The United States is pursuing a pronounced militaristic policy, has almost begun to unleash a new "cold war" against Russia and to unwind the arms race, on the one hand, trying to exhaust the enemy's economy, on the other hand, to reindustrialize its own economy, relying on the military-industrial complex. Objectives. We examine the evolution, main features and operational distinctions of the military-industrial complex of the United States and that of the Russian Federation, revealing sources of their military-technological and military-economic advancement in comparison with other countries. Methods. The study uses military-economic analysis, scientific and methodological apparatus of modern institutionalism. Results. Regulating the national economy and constant monitoring of budget financing contribute to the rise of military production, especially in the context of austerity and crisis phenomena, which, in particular, justifies the irrelevance of institutionalists' conclusions about increasing transaction costs and intensifying centralization in the industrial production management with respect to to the military-industrial complex. Conclusions. Proving to be much more efficient, the domestic military-industrial complex, without having such access to finance as the U.S. military monopolies, should certainly evolve and progress, strengthening the coordination, manageability, planning, maximum cost reduction, increasing labor productivity, and implementing an internal quality system with the active involvement of the State and its resources.
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Kádas, István. "Administration and War Finance: Extraordinary Taxes in Hungary at the Beginning of the Reign of King Matthias (1458–1466)". Hungarian Historical Review 11, nr 3 (2022): 591–621. http://dx.doi.org/10.38145/2022.3.591.
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In the first decade of the reign of King Matthias Corvinus, extraordinary taxes were imposed to provide revenues with which the state could recover the Holy Crown, fund the campaigns against “Czech” mercenaries who were causing upheavals in the northern parts of the kingdom, and make preparations for imminent conflicts in the south because of the continuous threat of Ottoman attacks. The extraordinary taxes were mostly used for military purposes, more specifically, to finance the wars and military campaigns against the Czech warbands and the Turks. However, the manner in which these taxes were administrated varied considerably, as did their scope. During the period in question, there were particular taxes for some counties or rather regions (especially for the northeastern) and countrywide levies. Furthermore, it was possible for the nobility to be granted an exemption from the obligation to serve in the military in person or provide soldiers for the military (the so-called militia portalis) by paying an extraordinary tax (and thus essentially purchasing this exemption). There was a close connection between the administration of the extraordinary tax and the process of recruitment. Members of the royal court who served as officers in the royal army often took part in the taxation as tax collectors, and they probably used these taxes directly to pay their mercenaries.