Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Migrants”

Cette thèse porte sur les envois de fonds des migrants vers la Turquie. La dynamique migratoire du pays et les principaux déterminants des envois de fonds sont analysés aux niveaux microéconomique et macroéconomique. L’apport de la thèse est d’exploiter deux nouvelles enquêtes réalisées en France, afin de mieux connaitre le comportement des migrants en matière d’envoi d’argent. Les migrants de première génération et ceux de deuxième génération sont étudiés séparément. Les transferts privés et les transferts collectifs sont également analysés indépendamment. Si le remboursement des prêts ne joue pas dans la décision de transférer au niveau microéconomique, l’altruisme et la motivation d’échange sont confirmés. Les transferts collectifs sont plutôt déterminés par le sentiment d’attachement au pays d’origine, l’intention de retourner et l’appartenance aux réseaux communautaires. Au niveau macroéconomique, les motifs de consommation comme ceux de l’investissement sont déterminants
This research focuses on the migrants’ remittances to Turkey. Migration and remittances dynamics of the country and the main determinants of remittances are studied at microeconomic and macroeconomic levels. The main contribution of this thesis is the analysis of two recent surveys carried out in France in order to better understand the remitting behaviour of migrants. Thanks to detailed individual level data, different populations such as first and second generation migrants are analysed separately, as well as different types of transfers such as remittances sent to support households as opposed to collective projects. Although no evidence is found for repayment of loans hypothesis at microeconomic level, altruistic and exchange related motivations can be observed. Collective transfers are more determined by attachment to the home country, intention to return home and being member of a home country association. The results of the macroeconomic level analysis show evidence for both consumption and investment motivations

Les migrations constituent un phénomène transnational dont la gestion a traditionnellement occupé l’intérêt des Etats de destination des migrants dans l’exercice de leur souveraineté. Avec l’avènement de la mondialisation, le panorama migratoire s’est transformé. Les migrations occupent une place chaque fois plus importante dans les agendas des Etats ayant compris que la maîtrise des migrations nécessitait de la coopération et de l’action conjointe à l’échelle internationale. La gouvernance des migrations comporte tout un ensemble de défis tant pour les Etats de destination des migrants que pour les Etats d’origine et pour la communauté internationale dans son ensemble. D’une part se présente l’intérêt de contrôler l’arrivée des migrants très influencé par des conceptions sécuritaires; d’une autre part apparaissent les conceptions des migrations comme outils du développement qui visent à tirer profit des effets considérés comme positifs des migrations et restreindre ses effets négatifs. Et finalement nous constatons l’existence de circonstances pouvant mettre en danger les droits humains des migrants et face auxquelles des mesures doivent être prises pour assurer le respect total des droits de l’homme des migrants. Concilier les intérêts présents autour de la maîtrise des migrations n’est pas une tâche facile. Afin de trouver un cadre idéal pour la maîtrise des migrations et la protection des droits des migrants, nous explorons 5 hypothèses d’étude qui nous mènent à analyser la gestion mondiale migratoire, la gouvernance régionale des migrations (dans le cadre de l’Amérique latine et des relations bilatérales entre cette dernière et l’Union européenne), la protection des migrants en tant que personnes vulnérables titulaires des droits à vocation universelle, ainsi que la protection proposé par les Etats d’origine des migrants (le cas particulier de la Colombie). Les atouts et les défis de chaque espace de discussion sont analysés ainsi que leurs apports à la maîtrise des migrations et à la protection des migrants
Migrations are a transnational phenomenon that its management has traditionally called attention from the destination states exercising its sovereignty. With the arrival of globalization, the migration perspective has changed. Migrations have an increasingly more important place in the government’s agenda, which has understood that migration management needed the cooperation and the joint action at an international level. The governance of migration involves multiple challenges for the destination countries as well as the countries of origin and for the international community. On one hand, it presents the interest of controlling the arrival of migrants, with a strong influence of security conceptions; on the other hand other ideas have immerged that consider migration as tools for development. Those ideas aim to profit from the effects that are considered as benefits of migration and to stop the negative effects. Finally, we consider the existence of the circumstances that can put in danger migrant’s human rights and for which some measures should be taken. Reconciling the interests surrounding the management of migration is not a simple task. For finding ideal management framework for the governance of migration and the protection of migrant’s human rights, we will explore 5 hypotheses. We will analyze the global administration of migration; the regional administration (in the framework of Latin America); the protection of migrants as vulnerable people having universal rights, as well as the protection from the migrant’s state of origin (in the particular case of Colombia). The assets and the challenges of each one of those discussion environments will be analyzed as well as its contributions to migration’s governance and migrant’s protection

A bicultural approach to the politics of settler-indigenous relations, rapidly increasing ethnocultural diversity and its status as an ex-British settler society, make Auckland a fascinating and complex context in which to examine contemporary British migrants. However, despite Britain remaining one of the largest source countries for migrants in Aotearoa New Zealand, and the country's popularity as a destination among British emigrants, contemporary arrivals have attracted relatively little attention. This thesis draws on twelve-months of qualitative research, including in-depth interviews with forty-six participants, photo-elicitation with a smaller group, and participant observation, in order to develop a nuanced account of participants' narratives, everyday experiences and personal geographies of Auckland. This thesis adopts a lens attentive to the relationship between the past and the present in order to explore British migrants' imaginaries of sameness and difference, national belonging, place and ‘the good life' in Aotearoa New Zealand. First, through attention to the ‘colonial continuities' of participants' popular geographical and temporal imaginaries of Aotearoa New Zealand, and the lifestyles they associate with it, this thesis is part of growing attention to historical precedents of ‘the good life' in international lifestyle migration literature. Secondly, by examining participants' relations with Māori, other ethnicised groups, bi- and multiculturalism, I expand on whether these migrants' invest, or not, in ‘the settler imaginary' (Bell 2014). In doing so, I bring crucial nuance to understandings of ethnic and cultural difference, and settler-indigenous relations, in globalising white settler spaces. As neither fully ‘them' nor ‘us' (Wellings 2011), British migrants occupy an ambiguous position in ex-British settler societies. Finally, I examine participants' notions of shared ancestry and of cultural familiarity with Pākehā, and, in doing so, problematise the notion of Britishness as a natural legacy or passive inheritance in this context.

Les persones migrants i les organitzacions de migrants són actors cívics i polítics de creixent interès en els fòrums de ciències socials, així com en entorns governamentals i de la societat civil. Malgrat això, a nivell acadèmic, encara suposa un desafiament teòric i empíric com abordar una anàlisi de les jerarquies de poder en què estan integrats els migrants. En particular, aquest és el cas quan es considera l'agència col·lectiva migrant des de perspectives transnacionals. L'objectiu d'aquesta tesi és contribuir a aquests debats tot comprenent fins a quin punt les organitzacions d'un mateix grup de migrants tenen diferents nivells d'agència quan actuen translocalment. La tesi mostra que les tendències a pensar en l'agència (cívica i política) com a funció del lloc i de les estructures polítiques poden ignorar altres dimensions internes que afecten als col·lectius migrants. Les principals preguntes que aborda aquesta investigació són: Quins factors institucionals i actius de migrants sustenten l'agència d'associacions de migrants? Com canvia l'agència de les associacions de migrants en els processos transnacionals? L'agència d'associacions de migrants s’operacionalitza en dues dimensions: a) presència: legitimitat i visibilitat de les associacions de migrants; i b) pes: capacitat d'influir en la governança dels afers cívics i polítics. La investigació adapta marcs de poder d'estudis de desenvolupament a l'anàlisi de l'agència d'associacions de migrants per estudiar les relacions entre estructura-agència que els afecten. Per tant, tot i que el compromís transnacional dels migrants ja ha estat estudiat considerat en estudis sobre política transnacional, aquesta tesi vol contribuir a la comprensió de l'agència dels migrants a partir de conceptes de poder i d'agència treballats en estudis de desenvolupament. Sostinc que l'agència d'associacions de migrants és conseqüència dels actius de les associacions de migrants i de les institucions (formals i informals) que afecten aquestes associacions en els processos de codesenvolupament. Per respondre a les preguntes principals, es prenen processos de codesenvolupament que vinculen a les associacions de migrants senegalesos i les localitats a Catalunya i Senegal (a Kolda i Dakar). La investigació se centra en aquest cas extrem per cercar variacions regionals en l'entorn polític i diferències dins de la comunitat senegalesa, per tal de veure com aquests factors es relacionen amb l'agència de les associacions de migrants. D'acord amb aquest disseny, tres arguments principals guien la investigació. En primer lloc, sostinc que els entorns de polítiques afecten la forma en què l'agència d'associacions de migrants canvia en les localitats dins de la mateixa regió i de manera translocal. Diferents troballes donen suport a aquest argument. En relació a les localitats de residència, els resultats suggereixen que encara que el codesenvolupament pot ser una estratègia per superar contextos locals més tendents a l'exclusió respecte al compromís cívic migrant, la política no necessàriament du a una major visibilitat de les associacions de migrants en comparació amb els contextos locals que són, en general, més inclusius. En el context del país d'origen, es troba que, en coherència amb enfocaments que mostren els problemes en la penetració de l'estat senegalès al nivell local, el transnacionalisme local pot quedar desapercebut en observar dinàmiques a nivell regional i municipal. A més, les troballes mostren percepcions contrastades pel que fa a la legitimitat de les associacions de migrants a les localitats de residència o origen (rural). En general, les associacions de migrants tenen menys presència en Kolda que en altres localitats a nivell municipal. El segon argument és que els actius de les associacions de migrants influeixen en la seva presència en contextos d'origen i residència. L'anàlisi d'actius mostra presència cívica i política de les associacions de migrants a Kolda que romangué invisible en analitzar les institucions formals a nivell municipal i regional. Els resultats donen suport a la importància de factors com ara el nivell d'educació o el gènere per al transnacionalisme migrant. No obstant això, la investigació mostra com altres institucions informals que afecten les societats al Senegal, com els sistemes de lleialtat/noblesa, de caps tradicionals i els sistemes de parentiu, travessen actius i, per tant, també afecten l'agència d'associacions de migrants. El tercer argument de la investigació es basa en una anàlisi de la relació entre els actius i el pes de les associacions de migrants en origen. D'acord amb els resultats, sostinc que encara que els processos de codesenvolupament porten a la presència d'associacions de migrants en origen, no sempre aquests processos desafien desigualtats socials. El marc teòric ajuda a desemmascarar aquestes dinàmiques i obre la possibilitat d'analitzar l'agència d'associacions de migrants en diferents grups i contextos. En proposar una mirada que complementa marcs d'anàlisi sobre l'agència i l'empoderament, amb debats sobre estructura i agència en els estudis de migració, el marc apunta a millorar el diàleg entre aquests camps de coneixement.
Las personas migrantes y las organizaciones de migrantes son actores cívicos y políticos de creciente interés en los foros de ciencias sociales, así como en entornos gubernamentales y de la sociedad civil. Sin embargo, a nivel académico, todavía supone un desafío teórico y empírico cómo abordar un análisis de las jerarquías de poder en las que están integrados los migrantes. En particular, este es el caso cuando se considera la agencia colectiva migrante desde perspectivas transnacionales. El objetivo de esta tesis es contribuir a estos debates comprendiendo hasta qué punto las organizaciones de un mismo grupo de migrantes tienen diferentes niveles de agencia cuando actúan translocalmente. La tesis muestra que las tendencias a pensar en la agencia (cívica y política) como función del lugar y de las estructuras políticas pueden ignorar otras dimensiones internas que afectan a los colectivos migrantes. Las principales preguntas que aborda esta investigación son: ¿Qué factores institucionales y activos de migrantes sustentan la agencia de asociaciones de migrantes? ¿Cómo cambia la agencia de las asociaciones de migrantes en los procesos transnacionales? La agencia de asociaciones de migrantes se operacionaliza en dos dimensiones: a) presencia: legitimidad y visibilidad de las asociaciones de migrantes; y b) peso: capacidad de influir en la gobernanza de los asuntos cívicos y políticos. La investigación adapta marcos de poder de estudios de desarrollo al análisis de la agencia de asociaciones de migrantes para estudiar las relaciones entre estructura-agencia que les afectan. Por lo tanto, aunque el compromiso transnacional de los migrantes ya ha sido estudiado considerado en estudios sobre política transnacional, esta tesis busca contribuir a la comprensión de la agencia de los migrantes a partir de conceptos de poder y de agencia trabajados en estudios de desarrollo. Sostengo que la agencia de asociaciones de migrantes es consecuencia de los activos de las asociaciones de migrantes y de las instituciones (formales e informales) que afectan a estas asociaciones en los procesos de codesarrollo. Para responder a las preguntas principales, se toman procesos de codesarrollo que vinculan a las asociaciones de migrantes senegaleses y las localidades en Cataluña y Senegal (en Kolda y Dakar). La investigación se centra en este caso extremo para revelar variaciones regionales en el entorno político y diferencias dentro de la comunidad senegalesa, a fin de ver cómo estos factores se relacionan con la agencia de las asociaciones de migrantes. De acuerdo con este diseño, tres argumentos principales guían la investigación. En primer lugar, sostengo que los entornos de políticas afectan la forma en que la agencia de asociaciones de migrantes cambia en las localidades dentro de la misma región y de manera translocal. Diferentes hallazgos apoyan este argumento. En relación a las localidades de residencia, los resultados sugieren que aunque el codesarrollo puede ser una estrategia para superar contextos locales más tendentes a la exclusión con respecto al compromiso cívico migrante, la política no necesariamente lleva a una mayor visibilidad de las asociaciones de migrantes en comparación con los contextos locales que son, en general, más inclusivos. En el contexto del país de origen, se encuentra que, en coherencia con enfoques que muestran los problemas en la penetración del estado senegalés en el nivel local, el transnacionalismo local puede quedar desapercibido al observar dinámicas a nivel regional y municipal. Además, los hallazgos muestran percepciones contrastadas en cuanto a la legitimidad de las asociaciones de migrantes en las localidades de residencia u origen (rural). En general, las asociaciones de migrantes tienen menos presencia en Kolda que en otras localidades a nivel municipal. El segundo argumento es que los activos de las asociaciones de migrantes influyen en su presencia en contextos de origen y residencia. El análisis de activos revela presencia cívica y política de las asociaciones de migrantes en Kolda que permaneció invisible al analizar las instituciones formales a nivel municipal y regional. Los resultados apoyan la importancia de factores como el nivel de educación o el género para el transnacionalismo migrante. Sin embargo, la investigación muestra cómo otras instituciones informales que afectan a las sociedades en Senegal, como los sistemas de lealtad/nobleza, de jefes tradicionales y los sistemas de parentesco, atraviesan activos y, por lo tanto, también afectan la agencia de asociaciones de migrantes. El tercer argumento de la investigación se basa en un análisis de la relación entre los activos y el peso de las asociaciones de migrantes en origen. De acuerdo con los resultados, sostengo que aunque los procesos de codesarrollo llevan a la presencia de asociaciones de migrantes en origen, no siempre estos procesos desafían desigualdades sociales. El marco teórico ayuda a revelar estas dinámicas y abre la posibilidad de analizar la agencia de asociaciones de migrantes en diferentes grupos y contextos. Al proponer una mirada que complementa marcos de análisis sobre la agencia y el empoderamiento, con debates sobre estructura y agencia en los estudios de migración, el marco apunta a mejorar el diálogo entre estos campos de conocimiento.
Migrants and migrant organisations are civic and political actors of increasing interest in social science and policy forums as well as in governmental and civil society settings. Yet, at the academic level, there is still a theoretical and empirical challenge concerning how to tackle an analysis of the power hierarchies in which migrants are embedded. Indeed, this is particularly the case when considering migrant collective agency within transnational perspectives. The aim of this thesis is to contribute to these debates by analysing to what degree organisations from the same migrant groups have different levels of agency when performing translocally. The thesis shows that tendencies to think about (civic and political) agency as a function of place and policy structures tends to disregard other internal dimensions that affect the collectives. The main questions that this research addresses are: Which institutional factors and migrant assets underpin the agency of migrant associations? How does the agency of migrant associations change across transnational processes? The agency of migrant associations is operationalized as having two dimensions: a) presence: the legitimacy and visibility of migrant associations; and b) weight: the capacity to influence the governance of civic and political affairs. The research adapts power frameworks from development studies to the analysis of migrant agency in order to analyse the relations between structure and agency factors affecting migrants. Thus, while migrant transnational engagement has been looked at in studies of transnational politics, this thesis seeks to contribute to our understanding of the agency of migrants by drawing on concepts of power and agency from development studies. I contend that the agency of migrant associations is an outcome of migrant associations’ assets and (formal and informal) institutions affecting these associations in codevelopment processes. To answer these main questions, the research draws upon codevelopment processes linking Senegalese migrant associations and localities in Catalonia and Senegal (in Kolda and Dakar). The research focuses on this extreme case to unpack regional variations in policy environment, and differences within the Senegalese community, in order to see how these factors relate to the agency of migrant associations. In accordance with this design, three main arguments guide the research. First, I argue that policy environments affect how the agency of migrant associations changes across localities within the same region and translocally. Different findings support this argument. Regarding localities in residence, results suggest that even though nurturing codevelopment may be a strategy to overcome more exclusionary local contexts regarding migrant civic engagement, this type of policy approach does not necessarily lead to more visibility of migrant associations. In the context of the country origin, it is found that – consistent with approaches that show awareness of the problems state penetration can have at local levels in Senegal, hometown transnationalism may be 'under the radar' when observing regional and municipal dynamics. Moreover, the findings show contrasting perceptions of the legitimacy of migrant associations in localities of residence or (rural) origin. Overall, migrant associations have less presence in Kolda than in the other localities at the municipal level. The second argument is that the assets of the migrant associations (human, organisational and financial) influence their presence in origin and residence contexts. The analysis of assets uncovers the civic and political presence of migrant associations in Kolda that remained invisible when analysing formal institutions at municipal and regional levels. The findings support the importance of factors such as level of education or gender for migrant transnationalism. However, research shows how the informal institutions affecting societies in Senegal - such as allegiance/nobility systems, chieftaincy and kin systems - traverse assets and consequently affect the agency of migrant associations. The third argument of the research is based on an analysis of the relationship between assets and weight of migrant associations in origin. According to the results, I argue that although codevelopment processes do lead to presence of migrant associations in origin - expressed either through more formal or assets-based mechanisms, at different governance levels including the village - it is rare for them to challenge social inequalities.

Cette thèse se propose d'étudier la mobilité des migrants et ses effets sur et l'évolution de l'espace urbain à Salamanque, une ville moyenne intérieure encore peu marquée par les migrations. Il s'agit de croiser une sociologie des parcours migratoires et une sociologie urbaine, avec comme clé de lecture la notion de projet migratoire. L'hypothèse de départ est celle d'un projet migratoire qui se dessine et se redessine au gré des rencontres et des opportunités. Par une procédure méthodologique compréhensive, s'inscrivant dans le cadre de la socio-anthropologie, il s'agit de saisir la logique des parcours, c'est-à-dire par une approche longitudinale de reconstituer les successions temporelles de mobilité, d'événements, de situations, de projets, et de décrire et d'analyser les manières d'investir - spatialement et temporairement - la ville.

The thesis “Migrants and Nature” brings together two globalized movements: the movement of people and the environmental movement. It offers a rich consideration of the values, practices and structures that the relationship between migrants and nature brings. I argue that migrants are empowered in a degree and in character by environmental activism. As such they have the potential to determine social and partial outcomes in the allocation of the rights to the natural environment.

Thesis (PhD) -- Bond University, 2006.
"This thesis submitted to Bond University in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy". Bibliography: pages 258-284. Also available via the World Wide Web.

Historically, migrants from non-English speaking backgrounds (NESB) arrived in Australia without formal qualifications and with poor English language skills. Consequently many of these migrants found employment at the lower end of the labour market in semi-skilled jobs. However, as a result of changes to immigration policy, since 1996 migrant intakes have been centred on skilled workers and driven by the need to fill identified skill shortages. Skilled migrants must meet English language skills and education requirements, have work experience in an occupation identified as ‘in demand’ and are subject to predefined quotas in order to gain entry. However, one of the main challenges for skilled independent migrants is finding employment commensurate with their qualifications and skills. This thesis focuses on the expectations and experiences of skilled migrants who are seeking employment in Australia. Through in-depth qualitative interviews, the research explores the complexities of this job search experience. There has been minimal published qualitative research about the experiences or outcomes for NESB skilled migrants since the major policy change of 1996. This is particularly the case for migrant women’s experiences and this thesis specifically addresses this gap, examining how such experiences differ from men’s. From both public policy and social justice perspectives, it is important to understand the job search experiences of these skilled migrants, female and male.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith Business School
Griffith Business School
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This study explores how the terms ‘refugee’ and ‘migrant’ relate to the visual representation of these individuals and groups in five Danish newspapers. This study is particularly concerned with how the visual representation constructs an ‘us’ and ‘them’ between Danish society and these individuals. This study draws on a conceptual outline of ‘racialization’ that understands the concept as a ‘lens’ that ‘race’-thinking operates through in the process of constructing group boundaries. This study will draw on Gillian Rose’s visual discourse analysis in the study of Danish newspaper images. It is argued that the ‘refugee’ and ‘migrant’ are represented as a racialized ‘Other’ to the Dane, in particular the Muslim identity. It is shown that a Muslim identity is a main racialized identity. Moreover, it is pointed out that the use of the term ‘refugee’ is dominant which indicates that this term is in danger of becoming a catch-all category.

This study is aimed to increase the knowledge about the Swedish immigration authorities’ assessment of the asylum applications based on particularly distressing circumstances, submitted by disabled undocumented migrants. Making an attempt to explain the reasons of asylum-seekers’ health deterioration during the asylum process, this study determines the factors in migration authorities proceedings affecting such deterioration. Documents in five personal files concerning six disabled asylum-seekers, whose applications were declined, were studied by applying two observational methods: content analysis of the documents in the personal files and non-participant observations made during receptions of undocumented migrants at the Swedish Asylum Committee. The results of the study have shown that migration authorities' way of applying the principle of child’s best interests have a declarative character, while the disability perspective is completely ignored. The migrations authorities make free interpretations of the information on the countries of asylum-seekers' origin, while adaptation to Swedish conditions does not work at all as cause for residence permit. Advocates, who neglect their prior duties, have also a negative influence on the asylum process. Analyzed from the perspective of appropriate sociological concepts, the results of this study have shown that the above mentioned observations cause disabled undocumented migrants health deterioration.

L'objectif principal du travail de recherche que constitue la thèse de doctorat est de comprendre les logiques sous-jacentes à la construction des communautés de migrants organisées par les Bolivien(ne)s dans la ville d'Ushuaia. Dans le cas qui nous occupe, s'entrecroisent l'histoire migratoire de l'Argentine et de la Bolivie, de la Patagonie, notamment ce qui se tient aux grammaires de la diversité propres à la nation argentine. De cette manière, il ne s'agit pas uniquement de traiter de l'analyse de l’expérience d'un groupe de migrant mais d'une réflexion sur les dynamiques d'exclusions et d'inclusion générées sur ceux qui sont marqués "comme des étrangers", auxquels s'ajoutent des traits raciaux, de leurs caractérisations génériques et de leurs déterminations de classe. En ce sens, l'une des conclusions de la recherche porte sur la reconnaissance du fait que le chemin pour comprendre les logiques à partir desquelles se construisent la sociabilité bolivienne dans la ville d'Ushuaia doit inclure nécessairement les dimensions suivantes: les contextes de production de signification nationaux et locaux qui fonctionnent comme limitations et ressources disponibles pour le pratiques, les expériences de mobilité présentes dans les trajectoires migratoires analysées qui reconfigurent en dehors du schéma classique de la sédentarité les relations avec les territoires, les significations et les sens construits par les migrants. Les stratégies en vue de générer respect et légitimité pour faciliter la présence, mais surtout la permanence de la population bolivienne dans la ville est un élément central pour comprendre les formes que prend la sociabilité bolivienne à Ushuaia
The main objective of this research work that conforms the thesis, is understanding the underlying logics of migrant's communities construction organized by Bolivians in Ushuaia city. The assembling of the chosen case interlaces Argentinean's and Bolivian's migratory histories, Patagonia's history in a particular reference to Argentinean's nation own diversity grammars, and the way that this last was reconfigured in Ushuaia. So we are not only talking about the analysis of a migrant group experience but a reflection upon exclusion and inclusion dynamics produced in the national territory by those who are marked as "foreign" adding racial marks that become difficult their acknowledgement as integrants of a national group with their gender and class specificity. So that, one of this research result is the acknowledgement that the path to understand the logics that construct Bolivian sociability as from Ushuaia migrants practices necessarily must include the following dimensions: the producer contexts of national and local sense that works as an available whole of limits and resources for the social practices, the mobility experiences present in analysed migratory trajectories that re-configure (far from the classical cannon of what is sedentary) relationships with territories and meanings and senses constructed by the migrants. What is local and what is transnational overlap their effects as a comprehension frame for the analysed case. The research defines as a central topic to understand the forms taken by the Bolivian sociability in Ushuaia the strategies to generate their presence respect and legitimacy, but specially, to achieve a Bolivian permanence in the city

From a native researcher's perspective, the thesis shows that although not acknowledged officially, migrant social exclusion does exist in the city in nominally communist Vietnam in a period of capitalist globalisation. Migrant social exclusion has three major inter-related dimensions, namely vulnerability, morality and legality, which are both characteristics and causes of their exclusion. Credentialism, exploitation and de-networking are important concepts that characterise the vulnerability of socially excluded migrants. Morally, they are excluded from a number of fundamental human rights. Legally, they are considered outsiders in both urban policies and services, which results from their exclusion from urban citizenship. Furthermore, migrant children are excluded from two distinctive rights for them, namely those to protection and development. Together, the dimensions constitute a theoretical framework for analysing this issue in Vietnam's major cities. Migrant social exclusion requires us to rethink the effects of capitalism on new social groups in transitional cities.l In particular, it has changed the focus of capitalist effects from the conventional Marxist critique of exploitation to social exclusion. Social exclusion is a negative thing for both the people excluded and the society in which they are residing. Migrant social exclusion indicates one of the negative impacts on social solidarity and unity, the core values that Vietnam has been proud to possess and know how to employ for its war victories. Importantly, after the two revolutions, and the market reform under the pressures of globalisation, the social development in modern Vietnam is regressive. The market reform has brought back to the city a stratified society where people increasingly tend to belong to different social groups with different statuses, interests and concerns. Regarding future directions, it is essential to affirm that migrants have fundamental human and legal rights to claim in cities for them and their families. To facilitate their inclusion, policies are required to pay attention to the inclusive role of universal citizenship, the facilitating role of policy and institutions and the protective role of participatory democracy. I Transitional cities refer to those that are transiting from a state planning system to a market mechanism in post-communist countries. 3

Includes bibliographical references (leaves 259-270) Based on 18-months fieldwork, 1997-1999, in various organisations, social clubs and radio programs that were constructed by participants and 'outsiders' as an expression of a local migrant community. Attempts to answer and challenge what it means to be a Latin American in Adelaide and in what sense Latin American migrants and refugees in Adelaide can be spoken about as members of an 'ethnic/migrant community' in relation to the official multiculturalism discourse and popular representations of migrants in Australia.

Is it possible to conceive of migrants as active stakeholders of migration and asylum policies rather than passive objects of political and humanitarian intervention? In the public discourse on migration, migrants' voices are largely ignored and their political future in the reception country is often that of ascribed muteness and disenfranchisement. Yet, migrants have a voice, a history, a context, and therefore, potential aspirations to a political existence. In this dissertation, I propose an empirical study of the migratory journeys that occurred during what has been known as "the summer of migration," which described the incoming of migrants via the Aegean Sea and through the Western Balkans to Germany and the rest of Northern Europe. Based on field observations in initial reception centers for asylum seekers in Hamburg and semi-structured interviews with fifteen participants from Syria, Iraq and Afghanistan who came to Germany between 2015 and 2016, this dissertation proposes an analytical framework that provides a critical approach to the migration management regime and migrants migratory journey narratives. The claim of this dissertation is double. First it argues that it is analytically necessary to systematize the production of immanent knowledge about migrants' journeys through their own subjectivities. Such a perspective enables a deeper understanding of the impact of human mobility on state sovereignty, borderscapes and the workings of the migration management regime. Second, it is equally necessary to politically contribute to the normalization of integrating migrants' voices in the public debate and discourse to address oppressive practices of migration management and control.
Ph. D.

The research adopts an experimental comparative approach to compares the urban experience of forced migrants within a larger framework of politics of space in the two cities - Kolkata and Perth. The research provides new methodological, analytical and empirical insights into the process of migrants’ engagement with space. It adopts an etheno- phenomenology approach to collect data and puts the migrant, viewed both as a social and individual being, at the centre of its inquiry.

PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
A presente dissertação tem como objetivo apresentar argumentação que permita que o debate sobre a categorização jurídica dos refugiados ambientais seja feito a partir da premissa de que é inviável deixar a situação destes seres humanos, tal como está, ou seja, sem a proteção jurídica que lhes é devida. Para tanto, partir-se-á da ideia de cidadania, resultante não somente da sociedade globalizada, mas também cosmopolita e de risco. As dificuldades advindas da determinação do conceito de refugiado ambiental, diz respeito para além do direito internacional humanitário e do direito internacional dos refugiados, aos direitos humanos e traz no seu desenvolvimento a ideia da insuficiência da atual resposta do direito internacional como um todo. Neste sentido, é que foram traçados os raciocínios apresentados neste trabalho, de forma a buscar embasamento sólido para a resposta ao status jurídico dos refugiados ambientais, como nova categoria de refugiados.
This thesis aims to present an argument that alllows the debate on the legal categorization of environmental refugees be done in terms of taking into consideration that it is not feasible to leave their situation without the legal protection due them as it is. To achieve this end, the idea of citizenship will be the the starting idea, as a result not only from the globalized society we live in, but also cosmopolitan and of risk. The difficulties arised from the determination of the concept of environmental refugees is related more to respect for human rights than to international humanitarian law and international refugee law, and brings in its development the idea of the inadequacy of the current response of international law as a whole. Moreover, that reasoning has been traced in order to seek foundation for responding to the legal status of environmental refugees, as a new category of refugees.

Objects are involved in complex overlapping relations of significance and the programme of research examines how the choices and arrangement of significant objects articulates self-identity across discontinuity in life experience. In-depth interviews with migrants and the ancestors of migrants in the living rooms of their homes focus on objects and furniture to examine the role of the object in supporting identity in differing degrees of migratory dislocation. The research investigates the role of the object as both internal and external supports through migration and re-integration through different generations. The investigation draws on key literatures in anthropology, philosophy and creative writing to support issues concerning the transition caused through migration and the structuring of the home in a new cultural environment. The first chapter explores how generic social meaning attached to objects becomes less relevant as the relationship between the individual and the object deepens through the passage of time. The second chapter examines patterns concerning the arrangement and selection of objects in the living room and how the physical interaction with objects structure memory and supports a personal narrative. The third chapter examines how objects and furniture are used to define the life-stages through the process of migration and become indicators of a personal history. A subculture is identified that both assimilates the cultural experience of their country of birth and their migrant ancestry. In conclusion, the relationship between these discussions demonstrates how significant objects are used by the individual to develop and define memories and thoughts. This study contributes to the literature of material culture by identifying the layering of memories attached to significant objects and how objects are used as personal supports through discontinuity caused by cultural dislocation and act as a catalyst for the inter-gene rational transfer of memories and cultural inheritance.

The overall aim of this thesis is to provide an holistic assessment of the financial practices of migrants in advanced Western economies using the analytical lens of risk. More specifically, this research argues that a geographical approach to risk, informed by concerns about time, space and place, is key to understand the full complexities of migrants’ financial decision‐making. In so doing, this research contributes to an emerging body of work that recognises the need for a more nuanced understanding of migrants’ engagement with the formal and informal financial sectors. The study draws on a mixed‐methods research design, which includes 60 in‐depth interviews and 53 structured questionnaire interviews with Congolese and Francophone Cameroonian migrants in London. Empirically, the project explores the formal and informal financial practices of the research participants in relation to banking, savings, credit, debt management, insurance as well as remittance sending. In addition, it reviews the different levels and types of risks encountered by migrants in their everyday lives, and how these shape their financial decision‐making. The thesis develops a framework combining current thinking from risk research with transnational migration and economic geography scholarships in order to uncover the social and geographical embeddedness of migrants’ financial decision‐making. It shows how the risks of financial hardship managed through migration actually evolve across space and time so that some migrants find themselves confronted by the very same risks of economic and social exclusion they sought to avoid by moving. Most noticeably, this research shows how such risks are managed by migrants through ‘mixing and matching’ a range of informal and formal financial practices whereby the costs of being financially excluded are balanced against, and shaped by, migration histories and experiences of living in a highly financialised and increasingly migrant‐averse society.

La recherche porte sur les migrants italiens venus a grenoble entre les deux guerres et sur leur descendants. Notre demarche s'inscrit dans l'approche de l'integration et de l'adaptation. Pour cela, nous devon nous questionner sur la signification de ces concepts et de leurs roles. L'etude de l'immigration italienne a travers son developpement economique, social et culturel permet de prendre conscience des facteurs d'identifications pour de nombreux franco-italiens. De ce fait, les comportemnts lies a l'appartenance ethnique sont plus ou moins accentues selon la voie dans laquelle se lance le groupe. Ainsi, l'emprise de la societe d'accueil sur la communaute italienne est en relation avec les comportements et les attitudes de rejet de la part des acteurs en presence. L'integration ou l'acculturation d'un groupe a un autre est determine selon leurs capacitesa s'adapter
The research focuses on italian migrants coming to grenoble between the first and second world and their descendants. Our steps are to register the approach of integration and adaptation. Thus, we must question the significance of these concepts and their functions. The study of italian immigration through its economic, social and cultural development makes us aware of some identifying factors for the numerous franco-italian people. Thereby, the behavior bonding the ethnic membership is more or less stressed according to the way in which the group establishes itself. Like this, the influence of society in the new country on the italian community is in relation to the behaviour and attitudes of rejection on the part of those who come face to face with it

The text aims to identify aspects that should be considered in preparing the State’s institutions to effectively combat human trafficking of a transnational nature. It addresses four main issues. First, it notices the specific problems of foreign human trafficking victims, which could be confused or overlapped with other categories, such as migrant smuggling and illegal migrant status. Subsequently, it develops three fundamental arguments that give primacy to their status as victims of human trafficking and their specialized attention from a human rights perspective. Thirdly, it provides guidelines on the elements that should constitute this approach from the specific rights of foreign victims of human trafficking. Finally, the Peruvian legal and institutional framework is analyzed, as well as its possibilities and challenges for adequate attention to foreign victims of trafficking.
El texto apunta a determinar los aspectos que deben ser considerados para perfeccionar el funcionamiento del aparato estatal con el fin de luchar efectivamente contra la trata de personas de carácter transnacional y para orientarlo por los principios propios de un enfoque de derechos humanos con respecto a la víctima de trata de personas. Aborda cuatro puntos centrales. Primero, advierte la problemática particular de las víctimas de trata extranjeras, al ser proclive su confusión o superposición con otras categorías, como la de tráfico de migrantes y migrante en condición irregular. Posteriormente, se desarrollan tres argumentos fundamentales que otorgan primacía a su condición de víctima de trata y a su atención especializada desde un enfoque de derechos humanos. Como tercer punto, se brindan directrices sobre los elementos que deben componer este enfoque, a partir de los derechos específicos de víctimas de trata extranjeras. Por último, se analiza el marco normativo e institucional peruano, y sus posibilidades y retos para lograr una atención adecuada a las víctimas de trata extranjera.

Both the interests of nation states to manage migration and the behavior of migrants during their individual journeys have mutually reinforcing effects on the design and functioning of contemporary migration regimes. This assumption has motivated the interdisciplinary approach of this volume. The aim is to understand how immigration policies affect migrants’ journeys and vice versa. We want to find out whether or not the assumptions that lead to the design of immigration policies reflect reality. Does border control prevent irregular immigration? And what is the role of the various actors, including the countries of origin, transit, and arrival, and the migrants themselves? In order to answer these questions, we bring together insights from political science and ethnographic field work—two disciplines which have so far debated their insights mainly within separate research frameworks. The articles take into account the interests of the migrants’ countries of origin, transit and arrival, as well as the motives and strategies of the migrants themselves. The resulting findings are relevant to both policy makers and scientific experts, but also to anyone interested in governing migration.

Today migrants are increasingly seen as potential ‘philanthropists' or even as the ‘instigators' of development transition in their countries of origin. This thesis explores, via an original multiperspective bottom-up approach, how the discourse of migrants' contribution to development is constructed and put into concrete practice in the case of Moldova. The young republic is one of Europe's lesser-known countries and yet, with its intense recent experience of migration, it presents a fertile territory for in-depth study of the migration–development dynamic, with special reference to the role of migrant associations. More specifically, the heart of the thesis investigates, with a transnational lens, representations and negotiations of migrants' collective development efforts, firstly among migrants, secondly among development actors, and thirdly the aid-relationships between the two. The thesis engages with the literature on the relationship between migrants' transnational development practices and transnational power hierarchies, highlighting the role of international development policy discourses and initiatives from an interdisciplinary perspective. It aims to contribute to the broader theoretical discussion on linkages between transnational collective practices of Eastern European migrants living in EU countries and the development transition in the Eastern European 'neighbourhood'. Using a variety of field methods including multi-sited ethnography, the data collection took place over a period of one year – following the ‘discourse on migrants' contribution to development' in the transnational social field of migrant civil society and in the transnational field of development organisations across seven European countries: Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Moldova, Switzerland and the UK. The findings reveal significant differences between migrants and mainstream development agencies on the issues of Moldova's transformation process, development practices and on the notion of ‘ideal' development partners. Migrants' collective transnational development practices appear as a dynamic process shaped not only by the current and understudied Moldovan migration features and based on various socio-economic and cultural indicators, but also by the country's Socialist past and its marginalised place within Europe. The results also show unexpected relationship patterns between migrants and state institutions and aid agencies, in which the latter two rely on migrant associations to carry out their newly-created migration–development policies and programmes. And an overall discomfort was found among aid-workers in engaging Moldovan migrants as their partners, expressed in double standards applied to migrants in ‘aidland'.

La Constitution haïtienne 1987 élaborée et publiée après le départ de M. Jean-Claude Duvalier de la présidence d'Haïti en son article 15 interdit la pluri-nationalité. A rappeler quand même en Haïti citoyenneté et nationalité sont deux concepts interchangeables : c'est la nationalité qui confère des droits politiques. Cette nouvelle Constitution réaffirme ainsi le principe de citoyenneté nationalitaire ancré dans la tradition juridico-politique haïtienne dès la création de cet Etat né, au début du 19eme siècle, d'une révolte d'esclaves africains. Le plus surprenant, la Constitution haïtienne de 1987 est en grande partie l'œuvre de personnes, de juristes ayant vécu toute la dictature duvaliérienne en dehors d'Haïti. Ils semblent négliger pourtant un fait sociétal important : Haïti est devenu depuis très longtemps, depuis la seconde moitié du vingtième siècle, un pays d'émigration. Par cet article, ils excluent une bonne partie de la population haïtienne de sa nationalité, donc de sa citoyenneté. Les expatriés vont réagir, à ce qu'ils considèrent comme une injustice, en déplaçant le débat du terrain juridique vers le champ politique en revendiquant la double citoyenneté. Autrement dit, ils demandent à être Haïtien autrement. Dans cette recherche, il est notamment question de ce que les différents postulants de la double citoyenneté mettent derrière le concept de citoyenneté et les lieux manifestation de celle-ci
The Haitian Constitution of 1987 published after the departure of Mr. Jean-Claude Duvalier from the presidency of Haiti in its article 15 prohibits multi-membership. To remember that in Haiti citizenship and membership are two interchangeable concepts: the membership confers political rights. The new Constitution reaffirms the principle of citizenship rooted in nationalistic legal and political tradition since the creation of Haitian State born in the early 19th century, a revolt of African slaves, Most surprisingly, the Haitian Constitution of 1987 is largely the work of people who lived throughout the legal dictatorship of Duvalier outside Haiti, Yet they seem to overlook one important societal fact: Haiti became very long time, since the second half of the twentieth century, a country of emigration. Through this article, they exclude much of the Haitian people of his membership, and therefore its citizenship. Expatriates will react to what they see as an injustice, moving the discussion of legal ground to the political arena claiming dual citizenship. In other words, they need to be Haitian otherwise. In this research, including issues that different applicants for dual citizenship are behind the concept of citizenship and places of this event

Migration represents one of the epoch-making themes in recent European and Italian policy and political discourses, particularly during the recent soi-disant “refugee crisis”, with many countries coming out with a remarkable range of internal and external restrictive measures to contain and deter further migratory inflows. These have created many livelihood challenges for the migrants’ inclusion and integration into the host society, including reception, housing, legal, employment, education and healthcare. While many scholars have problematised the migration question in several ways recently, there is a comparative lack of in-depth empirical and theoretical research on the reception, settlement and housing dimension of migrants in European cities, particularly in mid-sized cities. This thesis thus aims to contribute to the migration scholarship, exploring how (public) institutions — specific policies, laws and practices — shape different migrant groupings’ daily-lived experiences. In particular, I investigate the institutional production of migrants’ housing precarity, temporal aspects of “assistance” embedded in reception policies and their effects on refugees’ housing outcomes, and local reception policy for asylum-seekers and integration outcome dynamics. Much of the study and conceptual framework is rooted within the qualitative research tradition, drawing on literature from sociology, geography, urban studies and migration and refugee studies. A qualitative approach is used to analyse the empirical data gathered through conversation, observation, documentary analysis and 92 semi-structured interviews with stakeholders (from public and private institutions) and sub-Saharan African (SSA) migrants —‘economic’ migrants, refugees, (refused) asylum-seekers and irregular migrants — in the mid-sized city of Bergamo, Italy. The thesis comprises a collection of three scholarly articles, investigating separate but interrelated issues using three concepts discretely in each paper: precarity, temporality and integration. Article 1 investigates the migrant housing question in Italy, focusing on the causal factors internal to the housing regime and how their interplay with public institutions shapes precarious housing outcomes. I extend the precarity concept’s usage beyond the labour market to the field of housing, mobilising two main epistemological dimensions of the concept: its identification of different, concurrent causes of such conditions and its political and institutional production. To give “life” to our arguments herein, quotations from the SSA migrants (‘economic’migrants, refugees, (refused) asylum-seekers and irregular migrants) in Bergamo are used. The findings show that all migrant groups face precarious housing situations during their migration process, albeit to varying degrees. Article 2 explores the longitudinal housing experiences of refugees (people with political asylum, subsidiary and humanitarian protection status) within the city of Bergamo. It looks at how temporalities and temporariness embedded in reception programmes shape refugees’ housing outcomes. The findings suggest that state limitations on the length of housing and economic support, lack of post-reception policy, and legal and bureaucratic barriers negatively affect housing quality and stability post-exit reception. The study contributes to our understanding of the effects of temporariness and temporalities in deterring settlement and integration. Article 3 explores integration outcomes of a “unique” and novel local asylum-seekers’ integration model, “l’Accademia per l’Integrazione”, in Bergamo. Employing a “scout/militaristic” approach, the model seeks to integrate asylum-seekers starting from their arrival through obligatory Italian language classes and civics, “socially useful” work, acquisition of skills and access to the labour market. The findings show mixed and multifaceted results, including a questionable approach and below-par integration outcomes. Notwithstanding these upshots, the model’s conceptualisation of integration of asylum-seekers as a “twoway” process that starts upon arrival in the host society is worth implementing in other local settings in Italy and beyond.

Sent el col·lectiu asiàtic amb més població a Espanya, els immigrants xinesos participen activament en l'economia nacional des de fa dècades i posseeixen un gran potencial econòmic futur, atès que una de les característiques més destacades és la iniciativa empresarial dels seus membres diversificada en cada vegada més sectors econòmics conforme passa el temps i augmenta el volum de la seva població. D'acord amb estudis previs, en les diferents comunitats de la diàspora xinesa i en les seves activitats econòmiques, habitualment apareixen manifestacions de transnacionalisme: els fluxos de capital, força de treball, informació, creuen constantment les fronteres dels Estats-nació a escala tant intra -regional com inter-regional, i aquest fenomen no només contribueix al creixement de la Inversió Estrangera Directa (IED) de la Xina a Espanya sinó també a la riquesa econòmica de l'Estat espanyol. Particularment en els últims dos anys, sota el context de la iniciativa Belt and Road (B & R), que és una nova estratègia d'economia exterior de la Xina planejada l'any 2013 per tal de fomentar els intercanvis econòmics entre la Xina, Àsia Central i el continent europeu, els negocis transnacionals dels empresaris xinesos a Espanya podrien tenir accés a noves oportunitats de desenvolupament. Per tant, i malgrat els treballs ja realitzats, cal investigar els negocis transnacionals i la recent evolució dels empresaris xinesos a Espanya per actualitzar les seves característiques i determinar l'impacte present i futur de la iniciativa Belt and Road sobre l'economia dels xinesos a Espanya i la seva participació en l'economia de tots dos països.
Siendo el colectivo asiático con mayor población en España, los inmigrantes chinos participan activamente en la economía nacional desde hace varias décadas y poseen un gran potencial económico futuro, dado que una de sus características más sobresalientes es la iniciativa empresarial de sus miembros diversificada en cada vez más sectores económicos conforme pasa el tiempo y aumenta el volumen de su población. De acuerdo con estudios previos, en las distintas comunidades de la diáspora china y en sus actividades económicas, habitualmente aparecen manifestaciones de transnacionalismo: los flujos de capital, fuerza de trabajo, información, cruzan constantemente las fronteras de los Estados-nación a escala tanto intra-regional como inter-regional, y este fenómeno no sólo contribuye el crecimiento de la Inversión Extranjera Directa (IED) de China en España sino también a la riqueza económica del Estado español. Particularmente en los últimos dos años, bajo el contexto de la iniciativa Belt and Road (B&R), que es una nueva estrategia de economía exterior de China planeada el año 2013 con el fin de fomentar los intercambios económicos entre China, Asia Central y el continente europeo, los negocios transnacionales de los empresarios chinos en España podrían tener acceso a nuevas oportunidades de desarrollo. Por lo tanto, y a pesar de los trabajos ya realizados, es necesario investigar los negocios transnacionales y la reciente evolución de los empresarios chinos en España para actualizar sus características y determinar el impacto presente y futuro de la iniciativa Belt and Road sobre la economía de los chinos en España y su participación en la economía de ambos países.
As the Asian community with the largest population in Spain, Chinese immigrants are actively involved in the national economy for decades and have a great future economic potential, as one of its most outstanding features is the entrepreneurship of its diverse members increasingly most economic sectors as time passes and increases the volume of its population. According to previous studies, in different communities of the Chinese diaspora and their economic activities, usually they appear manifestations of transnationalism: flows of capital, labor, information, constantly crossing borders of nation-states to scale both intra- -regional as inter-regional, and this phenomenon not only helps the growth of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in China in Spain but also to the economic wealth of the Spanish State. Particularly in the last two years, under the context of the Belt and Road Initiative (B & R), which is a new strategy of foreign trade of China planned by 2013 in order to promote economic exchanges between China, Central Asia and the continent European, transnational business of Chinese entrepreneurs in Spain could have access to new development opportunities. Therefore, despite the work already done, you need to investigate transnational business and the recent evolution of Chinese entrepreneurs in Spain to upgrade its characteristics and determine the present and future impact of the Belt and Road Initiative on economy Chinese in Spain and their participation in the economy of both countries.

A travers l’étude de la contraception chez les femmes maghrébines en France. Migrantes et filles de migrants cette recherche a eu pour but de répondre a un certain nombre de questions. Quel est le rôle joue par la culture dans la structuration de la personnalité ? la situation interculturelle est-elle déstructurante pour le sujet ? sinon comment se (re) structure une personne confrontée a deux cultures pour éviter de mettre en danger l’intégrité de son moi ? quels sont ses choix identificatoires ? les résultats obtenus ont mis en évidence : la mobilisation dans les deux populations d'un certain nombre de mécanismes qui permettent de dépasser les conflits engendres par l'heterogeneite culturelle. Un processus d'acculturation chez les femmes migrantes mais celui-ci reste périphérique elles continuent à se référer a leurs valeurs culturelles et a leurs premiers choix identificatoires. L'existence d'une personnalité plurielle chez les filles de migrants qui simultanément enculturees et socialisées dans deux cultures ont intériorisé une pluralité de valeurs et de modèles identificatoires
Through the study of contraception among nort-african women in france migran-workers wives and daughters. This survey aims to answer a number of questions : what is the part played by culture in the structuring of personality ? is a cross-cultural situation destructuring for the subject and if it is not in what way can a person faced with two cultures (re) structure its personality to avoid endangering the integrity of its ego ? what are its identification choices ? the results obtained in both populations have enlightened : the motion of a number of process which enable to overcome the conflicts engendred by cultural heterogeneousness. An acculturation process among migrant-workers wives but this remains peripheral : women continue to refer to their cultural values and to their original identification choices. The existence of a plural personality among migrant-workers daughters who. Both incultured and socialized within two cultures. Have internalized a plurality of values and of identifications patterns

Photographs traverse the world in many forms and for many purposes. They follow and trace movements and networks of people, and have become essential objects in linking the past, present, and future of migrating communities. Vernacular photographs found in the home, encompass a substantial field of neglected knowledge and should be accorded greater attention and analysis in social science research. Vernacular images in academic research are often described as ordinary and mundane, their representational aspects are perceived to be repetitive and unremarkable (portraits, family snapshots etc.). However, this thesis argues that vernacular photographs are privileged objects and it is their universality and social embeddedness that elevates their significance in social science research. Unlike public or institutionalised photographic archives, vernacular archives operate within active social contexts and are alive with social agency. In this thesis, I use Alfred Gell’s anthropological theory of Art and Agency as the framework for conceptualising the social agency of photographs. To support these claims, this research examines the personal photographs found in the vernacular archives of a Gujarati migrant group in Christchurch, New Zealand. The photographs presented by members of this group are found at the centre of their social lives, mirroring their experiences and relationships in visual form. I use the Chakra Wheel as a visual metaphor to symbolise the nature of this group and their photographs. This metaphor speaks directly to the phenomenon of transnationalism and acknowledges that, for migrant communities, these transitioning processes are complex and elaborate, where the foundations of kinship and homemaking are constantly shifting. Vernacular photographs are at the centre of these transnational exchanges and networks, shifting from place to place, creating tangible and virtual threads between individuals, families, villages, and communities. They anchor these relationships at various sites, such as the wall in the family home, in albums, wallets, and on the internet. Vernacular photographs mirror these complex processes, and silently record and embody the social lives of people in a visual way. The mirrored reflection of the vernacular photograph can be both objective and subjective. By using the vernacular photograph as a research medium, in ethnographic research, we can get closer to the lived reality of people’s social lives. To emphasise the privileged position of vernacular photographs, I have chosen to use the methodology of photo-elicitation to position the photograph at the centre of enquiry. The methodology used in this thesis borrows some essential concepts from the discipline of phototherapy. Phototherapy claims that photographs can open up an exploration of us and others and, when the participant has primary agency, the affective force of the photograph is powerful and insightful. This thesis strongly supports these assumptions. Phototherapy uses photographs to explore the thoughts and unconscious processes of individuals. I argue that, in social research, photographs can also be used to explore and ‘open up’ the social world, by positioning the participant as the prime authority of their images, and their images as the vehicle of engagement and communication. By using vernacular photographs in this way, I look at both ‘on the surface’ and ‘below the surface’ of the image, making links with Barthes’ photographic theory and his concepts of ‘studium’ and ‘punctum’. In this thesis, the participants are the curators of their own personal archives. Their photographs give an emic view of their world, emphasising the importance of their migrant history, ancestors, village home, community, and cultural identity. Their photographs mediate agency between persons and places: keeping alive personal and spiritual relationships in the here and now; reinforcing essential familial knowledge systems; and assisting in creating and maintaining community identity and belonging.

In Spring/Summer 2017 there was an increase in Haitian nationals from the United States, entering Canada, reaching numbers as high of 7,787 (Government of Canada, 2019). This increase in irregular migration was covered by various news outlets and Canadian government officials addressed this as a ‘problem’. Given this important media and political reality, this thesis sought to explore the media representation of Haitian irregular migration. More specifically, I examine the media’s depiction of Haitian asylum seekers as well as the nation. Therefore, the goal of this thesis is to contextualize this media representation within a wider socio-political context. Through a Critical Race Theory perspective, I conduct a qualitative content analysis of news media articles published in the Toronto Star and The Globe and Mail. The analysis reveals that the nation is imagined as innocent while the asylum seekers are constructed as threats. This thesis goes on to demonstrate how the media has relied on a discourse of inclusion/exclusion and of victimization in order to positively imagine the nation. Meanwhile, by framing asylum seekers’ motivations for entering Canada as frivolous and by utilizing techniques of vilification, the media is able to delegitimize the asylum seekers’ claims. Finally, this thesis concludes that the media has a tendency to omit the socio-political context of its portrayal of the asylum seekers and of the nation. Therefore, it is important for the media to accurately represent irregular migration in order to expose global inequalities.

ObjectivesUnderstanding the difficulties faced by different migrant groups is vital to address disparities and inform targeted health-care service delivery. Migrant oncology patients experience increased morbidity, mortality and psychological distress, with this tentatively linked to language and communication difficulties. The objective of this exploratory study was to investigate the communication barriers and challenges experienced by Arabic, Greek and Chinese (Mandarin and Cantonese) speaking oncology patients in Australia. MethodsThis study employed a cross-sectional design using patient-reported outcome survey data from migrant and English-speaking Australian-born patients with cancer. Patients were recruited through oncology clinics and Australian state cancer registries. Data were collected regarding patient clinical and demographic characteristics and health-care and communication experiences. Data from the clinics and registries were combined for analysis. ResultsSignificant differences were found between migrant groups in demographic characteristics, communication and health-care experiences, and information and care preferences. Chinese patients cited problems with understanding medical information, the Australian health-care system, and communicating with their health-care team. Conversely, Arabic- and Greek-speaking patients reported higher understanding of the health-care system, and less communication difficulties. ConclusionsOur study findings suggest that migrant groups differ from each other in their health communication expectations and requirements. Lower education and health literacy of some groups may play a role in poorer health outcomes. Public health interventions and assistance provided to migrants should be tailored to the specific needs and characteristics of that language or cultural group. Future research directions are discussed.

Many people have migrated between East and West Europe in recent decades. The daily life of these migrants is crucial not only for the migrants themselves but also for the development of future migration. The aim of this thesis is to explore the interaction between migration motives, integration, social networks and migration, and how this affects international migration processes in general. This is done using migration between Sweden on the one hand and Russia, Poland and the Baltic States on the other as a case study. The thesis consists of three empirical studies which derive from different sources of data: the first (Paper I) draws on individual Swedish register data while the second and third are based upon a questionnaire survey. Paper I explores aspects of transnational social spaces in the context of migration from the non-Baltic former Soviet republics to Sweden before and after the fall of the Iron Curtain in 1989. The results of this paper show rather limited migration and a lack of a more developed transnational social space. This is partly due to weak integration on the labour market, a high degree of intermarriage, no existing migrant community and limited return migration. The following two papers (II, III) focus on migrants from Russia, Poland and the Baltic States to Sweden after 1990. Paper II analyses migration motives and the outcome of the migration decision, and reveals significant gender differences in the motives for migrating and in how men and women adapt in their new country of living. While men mainly came for economic reasons, the majority of women came for intermarriage in Sweden; however, the migration motives have changed over time towards more economic ones. The final paper (III) shows significant gender differences in the migrants’ perceived sense of belonging in Sweden. Women report a stronger sense of belonging than their male counterparts, and while men’s sense of belonging is mainly affected by duration of stay in Sweden, language proficiency and citizenship, women’s sense of belonging is shown to be mostly affected by local social networks. In sum, the results in this thesis show that migration systems and transnational social spaces between Sweden and the respective countries have not yet emerged. This is partly due to the specific migrant composition and integration that characterize this migration process. The immigrants mainly function as weak bridgeheads, and do not facilitate the development of any further migration. However, with a changing migration flow, including migrants with different motives and migration agendas, future migrants can be stronger bridgeheads and facilitate further development of migration systems and transnational social spaces.

Les décideurs politiques, appelés à gérer les relations entre les migrants, les communautés qu’ils créent et la population des pays d’accueil, répondent en élaborant différentes politiques d’intégration selon leur histoire démographique, leurs modèles d’incorporation, ainsi que leurs conditions contingentes. Mais, en dépit des déclarations d’intention, ces politiques se configurent plutôt comme des mécanismes de gestion des migrants. En effet plusieurs États soumettent l’acquisition de la nationalité à la réussite de tests évaluant les compétences en langue et les connaissances en éducation civique. Cependant une société démocratique doit adopter des politiques qui garantissent la cohésion sociale : la réalisation de ce but implique une approche intégrationniste qui met en cause les droits et les responsabilités des migrants et des sociétés d’accueil. Les migrants se définissent comme un groupe vulnérable en raison de leur condition de faiblesse. D’ailleurs ils doivent investir beaucoup d’énergie pour reconfigurer leur propre identité et pendant ce passage, le soutien public s’avère fondamental. La société d’accueil ne doit pas se limiter à reconnaître l’existence de la diversité, mais elle doit être éduquée à celle-ci, afin de développer une attitude positive à l’égard de l’inconnu. Le processus d’insertion passe par la nécessité de franchir la barrière linguistique : la définition de langue retenue fait référence tout particulièrement à sa fonction de vecteur pour l’accès à l’univers des comportements et des valeurs d’une communauté linguistique. Seul l’exercice de la citoyenneté active favorise l’autonomisation et le développement d’un sentiment d’appartenance
The phenomenon of migration represents an important dimension of the social transformations and it constitutes a complex reality which has many consequences of historical-political, socio-legal and linguistic-cultural nature.The immigrant, often pushed by a condition of severe poverty, loses his points of reference, social recognition, the sense of autonomy assimilated in a lifetime, his own identity. All these factors put immigrant in a condition of extreme weakness. The danger for the immigrant is to be relegated to the margins of society and to be a victim of segregation and marginalization.The insertion and integration process in the new social reality is accompanied, at all levels, by the need to learn the language. This need, in fact, coincides not only with the understanding of the structure and grammatical rules, but it also refers to the need to understand the vision of the world and culture of a linguistic community. The organisation of language training is complex due to different ideologies based on national policies, territorial subdivision of courses, variety of situations and needs of the recipients, or different organization of the training, etc.The integration of immigrants is a matter to be treated with great caution, because it has an immediate impact on the political and economic level and because it directly impacts the social structure of States. The toughest challenge for national Governments is to find a balance between respect and enhancement of culture and the language of origin of the immigrant and the need to learn the culture and language of the host country

This study addresses the need for detailed accounts of how English language learners engage in face-to-face interaction in naturally occurring English language mediated contexts, its aim being to enlarge the SLA and language and migration databases and to inform ESOL teaching practice, materials, curriculum, and assessment design, and institutional policy. Focusing on two forced migrants and a seven-minute service encounter in a hardware store, and employing ecological and sociocognitive theory and co-ethnographic methods drawn from a range of strategies, including linguistic ethnography, nexus analysis, and multi modal interactional analysis, the study investigates how actors align their histories of practice to contexts of interaction, viewing contexts broadly, as co-occurring processes involving objects, built environments, interaction orders, and other social actors, and all processes as the products of their own semiotic histories. The study also explores participants' understandings of such interaction, how it matters to them, what they invest in it, and why. Findings include profound differences between participants in terms of the issues under investigation, differences linked in the study to personal and cultural histories of practice. And here analysis suggests the important role of affect in influencing evaluation, action, adaptation to new (and in this case liminal and largely migrant-populated) environments, and thus to the use/learning of language. Also observed was the importance of communicative-rather than narrowly linguistic-competence, with competence heavily reliant on domain- and genre-relevant resources, a finding which has clear implications for pedagogy. The study therefore indicates an important role for co-ethnography as a pedagogic method and, given the profound differences disclosed both in subjects and contexts and the limited scope of microethnographic study, suggests the need for further research in this area.

Families migrate to improve their outcomes, however the process is very disruptive. My research asks and answers the question can scaffolding communication through technology mitigate the disruption caused to families by migration, and if so, how? In my work I have explored two forms of disruptive family migration—parental migration (where parents and children live in separate countries) and refugee resettlement (resulting from forced migration). In both forms, families are embedded in support networks of individuals they rely on to minimize vulnerabilities faced post-migration and to rebuild a stable family structure. My empirical results revealed barriers (distance, language, literacy and so forth) that render the communication between families and their support network less than effective. Through participatory approaches, I then design and evaluate separately, two systems to mitigate the barriers and improve communication in the various support networks. The end contributions of my work include: i) contributing a nascent agenda on migration for Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) and related fields through providing an increased understanding of the challenges that limit the livelihoods of migration-separated and refugee families; ii) demonstrating two communication scaffolding systems for transient use by migrants to mitigate communication barriers--- time and distance on one hand (to support transnational home-school communication) and language and literacy on the other (through mediated human-in-the-loop voice translations for everyday interactions with refugees); iii) putting forth a reflection on methods to guide others seeking to work with similar groups and establishing the notion of designing for transient use in the development of systems to scaffold communication.

La migration des Soninkés et Toucouleurs de la vallée du fleuve Sénégal est généralement placée sous une emprise communautaire. En interrogeant les modalités de cette emprise communautaire, apparaît l'existence d'un dispositif ou pacte migratoire qui indique des formes d'investissements réciproques entre les émigrés et leur communauté d'origine. La notion de mobilisation entendue comme processus psychique intense visant à s'émanciper d'un destin jugé probable est mis en avant pour éclairer ce dispositif. Les dynamiques migratoires, les stratégies des migrants et de leur famille visant à maintenir un lien fort entre émigrés et villageois sont saisies sous l'angle des générations et révèlent que les innovations recensées dans la migration entraînent des contradictions entre les hiérarchies traditionnelles et les nouveaux comportements des migrants. D'où la question si ce pacte migratoire pourra indéfiniment se maintenir ?
The migration of Soninkes and Toucouleurs' ethnics groups from the Senegal valley region is generally viewed as being under the control of the community benefit. And we try to understand the full the full details of this community control, we can notice a full system or a kind of a "migratory agreement that explains a sort of mutual investment between the migrants themselves and a their originated communities. The notion of mobilization considered an intense mental process to get emancipated from a probable fatal destiny, is put forward to explain this system. The migratory dynamics and migrants' strategies and their families to keep a real contact with people in villages are viewed from different generations' point of view and reveal that the innovations noticed in migration bring about an opposition between traditional hierarchies and new migrants' behaviours. And this rises the issue wether this "migratory system" will last for ever

Parmi les enfants en echec scolaire, un grand nombre sont des migrants. En tant que psychologue scolaire, mes observations m'ont amenee a formuler l'hypothese que le choc culturel consecutif a la migration pouvait entrainer chez l'enfant un traumatisme destructurant conduisant a diverses pathologies. Par la suite, l'enfant est amene a se reconstruire dans le cadre de sa nouvelle culture avec plus ou moins de bonheur. L'etude detaillee de quatre cas vient etayer cette hypothese. Une fillette antillaise nevrotique de six ans, refusant d'apprendre a lire, inscrite dans la thaumaturgie maternelle ; un enfant egyptien de six ans souffrant d'angoisses de castration ; une francaise d'une trentaine d'annees dont le fils souffrait des sequelles d'un traumatisme cerebral, presentant un comportement hautement suicidaire a la suite notamment d'une serie de viols ; un enfant africain que l'eloignement de sa culture a rendu mutique. L'etude de ces cas prend en compte la dimension culturelle du traumatisme. L'approche ethnopsychiatrique de la consultation psychologique telle qu'elle a ete concue par g. Devereux et t. Nathan, s'est averee efficace dans la guerison des cas presentes. Cette methodologie apporte de la finesse dans la prise en charge psychologique de ces enfants exposes tout en leur evitant le circuit de l'enfance inadaptee. En acceptant ainsi d'observer les migrants tels qu'ils sont la psychologie clinique gagne en comprehension
Among the children who have failed at school, lots of them are immigrants. As a school psychologist, my observations led me to the hypothesis that the cultural shock, because of the immigration, could give rise for the children to a disorganized traumatism leading to various pathologies. Then the child is brought to built himself in his new culture with more or less happiness. This hypothesis is proved by the detailed study of four cases. A six-year old child from the antilles, nevrotic, refusing to leran to read in relation to the maternal thaumaturgy ; an egyptian child, six years old, suffering from castration anguish, a thrity-year old french woman whose son had aftermath from a cerebral traumatism, showing suicidal tendencies after a succession of viols ; an african chil struck down by mutism becazuse of the difference of his culture. The study of these cases takes into account the cultural importance of the traumatism. The ethnopsychiatric approach of the psychological consultation as it was conceived by g. Devereux and t. Nathan was proved to be efficient in the recovery of these cases. This methodology brings precision in the psychological treatment of these children at risk and in the same way avoiding them the way of the inadapted childhood

Cette recherche aborde la question de la réussite scolaire des enfants de migrants de première génération. La question majeure de ce travail est de déterminer en quoi les enfants qui réussissent sont différents de ceux qui échouent alors que l'on sait qu'ils ont tous vécu la migration, qu'ils habitent dans les mêmes quartiers, et que leurs familles sont comparables quant à leur statut économique. Une revue de la littérature existant sur le thème de la réussite scolaire laisse apparaitre que l'essentiel des travaux s'appuie sur des aspects culturels, sociologiques ou socio-économiques. L'observation clinique des sujets en réussite scolaire amène un nouvel éclairage et permet une approche pouvant contribuer à la compréhension de l'échec scolaire de leurs pairs. Une première étude est menée auprès de 14 filles marocaines, âgées de 8 à 13 ans et scolarisées en classe d'initiation à la langue française. Les entretiens réalises auprès des mères des sujets, de leurs enseignants ainsi que les résultats obtenus au T. A. T. Amènent à envisager une relation entre le stress de l'acculturation et la réussite scolaire. Cette relation devenue hypothèse sera testée, a l'occasion d'une seconde recherche, auprès d'une population composée de 40 filles âgées de 9 à 13 ans, originaires de 15 pays différents. Les réactions en relation avec le stress de la migration, comme la dépression et le choix des stratégies de coping sont évaluées à l'aide de la CES-D et du A-COPE. Les résultats révèlent que les filles en réussite scolaire (9/40) ne sont pas dépressives et qu'elles se distinguent des autres sujets par leur choix de stratégies de coping. Ainsi, parmi les stratégies orientées vers la résolution de problème, elles sont les seules à utiliser la stratégie +activités scolaires. Les bonnes élèves investissent, en effet, dans les activités scolaires pour évacuer leur stress. Elles usent, aussi, davantage que les autres sujets, de stratégies mettant à distance le stresseur par le biais d'une fuite mentale
The research paper focuses on academic achievement among first-generation migrants' children. The major question addressed in the present research pertains to what may differenciate successful children from those fail in school, given that the former have also experienced migration, live in the same neighborhoods and come from families of comparable socio-economic level. Areview of the literature on the subject of academic achievement reveals that most studies address cultural, sociological or socio-economic aspects. The clinical observation of successful subjects sheds new light on the matter and opens the way to an approach which may contribute to the comprehension of the academic failure of their peers. A first study is concerning 14 Moroccan girls, aged 8 to 13 and schooled in class to initiation to the French language. Interviews with the subjects' mothers and their teachers as well as t. A. T. Results led to establishing a connection between the stress of acculturation and academic achievement. Once hypothesized, the connection was tested in a second study on a population of 40 girls aged 9 to 13 born in 15 different countries. Depression and coping strategy preferences were evaluated through the CES-D and the A-COPE. Study findings indicate that successful girls (9/40) are not depressed and distinguish themselves from other subjects in their coping strategy preferences. Among problem coping strategy options, successfull girls were the only subjects to utilise "academic activities". Successfull girls also used more stressor distancing and fantasy transformation strategies than other subjects

This project document accompanies the ethnographic film, ‘Saliendo Adelante.’ The Spanish phrase ‘saliendo adelante' translates into ‘moving forward’. While the term is a familiar mantra for Latino immigrants, the media converts the undocumented immigrant into an illegal alien, and thereby providing the foundation to what Anthropologist Leo Chavez calls the ‘Latino threat narrative.’ This narrative insinuates that Latinos’s are an invading force that is unwilling or incapable of assimilating to so-called mainstream America. This ethnographic film provides a counter-narrative while illustrating a transnational narrative, key to the decision making process immigrants use in the universal pursuit of a better life. The film, shot using participatory, and observational techniques features, Marina, a mother coming to terms with her transnational existence, and Rudy, an aspiring hip-hop artist determined to find economic success. This paper provides background to some of the particular experiences of undocumented immigrants.

This work aims to illustrate the development of the profile and perceptions of Italian migrants in Melbourne from the beginning of the 20th century to today. As a consequence of the Immigration Restriction Bill of 1901, Italians replaced the Pacific Islanders working in the cane-field industry, especially in Queensland. The Italians’ hard work and determination to settle and to find a “better life” in Australia aroused the suspicions of the Government, which started to investigate on Italians, but also saw the rise of racism and discrimination towards them. The first Australian “Little Italy” was recreated in Carlton, Melbourne, where regional clubs and supporting associations were founded. In this context, the testimonies of the Italians migrants Sir James Gobbo, Ivo Vellar and Giorgio Mangiamele are fundamental in understanding the discrimination that the Italians migrants faced in the 1950s and 1960s in Melbourne. However, in the last 20 years, thanks to the globalization, Australia has developed into a multicultural country and negative perceptions have moved to other ethnic groups such as Asians and Africans. In contrast, today the “Italian” has become a prestigious label synonymous with a high standard of culture, delicious food, design and good taste.

The content of the thesis is an architectural study of the temporary accommodation of migrants and finding a suitable location on the territory of the city of Brno. The choice of land suitable for construction must meet not only the technical requirements but also take into account the sensitive public relation to this type of equipment. The location of the Malměřice-Obřany district in Brno, currently managed as a brownfield, meets all the requirements and contributes to the reclamation of urban space.