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1
Hurrell, Andrew. "Explaining the resurgence of regionalism in world politics". Review of International Studies 21, nr 4 (październik 1995): 331–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210500117954.
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The past decade has witnessed a resurgence of regionalism in world politics. Old regionalist organizations have been revived, new organizations formed, and regionalism and the call for strengthened regionalist arrangements have been central to many of the debates about the nature of the post-Cold War international order. The number, scope and diversity of regionalist schemes have grown significantly since the last major ‘regionalist wave’ in the 1960s. Writing towards the end of this earlier regionalist wave, Joseph Nye could point to two major classes of regionalist activity: on the one hand, micro-economic organizations involving formal economic integration and characterized by formal institutional structures; and on the other, macro-regional political organizations concerned with controlling conflict. Today, in the political field, regional dinosaurs such as the Organization of African Unity (OAU) and the Organization of American States (OAS) have re-emerged. They have been joined both by a large number of aspiring micro-regional bodies (such as the Visegrad Pact and the Pentagonale in central Europe; the Arab Maghreb Union (AMU) and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) in the Middle East; ECOWAS and possibly a revived Southern African Development Community (SADC, formerly SADCC) led by post-apartheid South Africa in Africa), and by loosely institutionalized meso-regional security groupings such as the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE, now OSCE) and more recently the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF). In the economic field, micro-regional schemes for economic cooperation or integration (such as the Southern Cone Common Market, Mercosur, the Andean Pact, the Central American Common Market (CACM) and CARICOM in the Americas; the attempts to expand economic integration within ASEAN; and the proliferation of free trade areas throughout the developing world) stand together with arguments for macro-economic or ‘bloc regionalism’ built around the triad of an expanded European Union (EU), the North American Free Trade Area (NAFTA) and some further development of Asia-Pacific regionalism. The relationship between these regional schemes and between regional and broader global initiatives is central to the politics of contemporary regionalism.
2
Rogers-Cooper, Justin. "Rethinking Cold War Culture: Gender, Domesticity, and Labor on the Global Home Front". International Labor and Working-Class History 87 (2015): 235–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547915000010.
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During their famous Kitchen Debate at the 1959 American National Exhibition in Moscow, US Vice President Richard Nixon and Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev argued over the relative merits of capitalism and communism, but they agreed on what success meant: nice furniture, big houses, and cool appliances. Both believed in the necessity of consumer citizenship in part because the mass production economies behind mass-produced domesticity meant lucrative contracts for both private corporations and state-owned enterprises. Like the defense corporations transforming Cold War fears into lucrative contracts, well-positioned individuals and firms in both countries understood that billions were at stake in the economy of domesticity. Much like the urbanization model that's driven the Chinese economy of the past twenty years, the mass housing projects of the United States and Soviet Union were vital to economic and political stability during the second half of the twentieth century. Both Nixon and Khrushchev understood that the success of their governments depended upon contented middle classes. Economic growth strongly influenced public opinion about political leadership and, by extension, government legitimacy. Nothing was more important to economic growth than housing. Each man fantasized about a future of beautiful mothers working effortlessly with electric mixers to feed their Cold War kids.
3
Hossain, Arif. "Peace, Conflict and Resolution (Good vs. Evil)". Bangladesh Journal of Bioethics 4, nr 1 (26.03.2013): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bioethics.v4i1.14264.
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The immense structural inequalities of the global social /political economy can no longer be contained through consensual mechanisms of state control. The ruling classes have lost legitimacy; we are witnessing a breakdown of ruling-class hegemony on a world scale. There is good and evil among mankind; thus it necessitates the conflict between the good and evil on Earth. We are in for a period of major conflicts and great upheavals. It's generally regarded that Mencius (c.371- c.289 B.C) a student of Confucianism developed his entire philosophy from two basic propositions: the first, that Man's original nature is good; and the second, that Man's original nature becomes evil when his wishes are not fulfilled. What is good and what is evil? Philosophers of all ages have thought over this question. Each reckoned that he had solved the question once and for all, yet within a few years the problem would re-emerge with new dimensions. Repeated acts of corruption and evil action makes a man corrupt and takes away a man from his original nature. Still now majority of the people of the world give compliance to corruption because of social pressures, economic pressures, cultural pressures and political pressures. The conflict between good and evil is ancient on earth and is prevalent to this day. May be the final confrontation between the descendants of Cain and Abel is at our doorsteps. During the 2nd World War America with its European allies went into world wide military campaign to defeat Germany, Italy and Japan. When the Second World War ended in 1945 the United States of America came out as victorious. America was the first country to detonate atomic bomb in another country. During that period Russia fell into competition with America in politically colonizing countries after countries. With the fall of Communism Russia terminated its desire wanting to be the champion of the oppressed of the world. The situation in Russia continues to deteriorate, a country which until only a few years ago was a superpower. Russians are deeply disillusioned today with the new politicians in Russia, who they says "promise everything and give nothing." The Russians still strongly oppose a world order dominated by the United States. If anyone looks at or investigates the situations in other countries it can be seen that at present almost all countries of the world are similar or same in the forms of structures of corruption and evil. The Worldwide control of humanitys economic, social and political activities is under the helm of US corporate and military power. The US has established its control over 191 governments which are members of the United Nations. The last head of state of the former Soviet Union, Mikhail Gorbachev on December 2012, at a conference on the future of the Middle East and the Black Sea region in the Turkish city of Istanbul, has warned the US of an imminent Soviet-like collapse if Washington persists with its hegemonic policies. Mass public protest occurred against US hegemony are mainly from Muslim countries of South East Asia, South Asia, Central Asia, West Asia, North Africa and Africa. The latest mass protests erupted in September 2012 when the divine Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) was insulted by America and Israel. There were strong mass protests by people from Indonesia to Morocco and in the European countries by mostly immigrants and Australia were there are Muslim populations. This worldwide protest had occurred while the rise of the masses is ongoing against corrupt rulers in West Asia and North Africa. The masses of the people are thirsty and desperate for justice, dignity, economic welfare and human rights. Most major religions have their own sources of information on the Last Age of Mankind or the End of Times, which often include fateful battles between the forces of good and evil and cataclysmic natural disasters. Humans are evolving to a final stage of their evolution towards a 'New Age that is to come which the corrupt does not understand. At present times a final battle of good versus evil on Earth will ensue. The World powers (leaders) and their entourages who are really detached from the masses have organized to keep aloft the present world order that degenerates the masses in corruption, keeps the people in unhappiness, and deprives the masses from economic well being, education and keeps promoting wars and conflicts to support corruption and evil. We are at the ?End of Times?. The Promised Messiah will come to set right what is wrong, no doubt. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bioethics.v4i1.14264 Bangladesh Journal of Bioethics 2013; 4(1):9-19
4
Hossain, Arif. "Peace, Conflict and Resolution (Good vs. Evil) Part 2". Bangladesh Journal of Bioethics 4, nr 2 (9.09.2013): 9–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bioethics.v4i2.16372.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The immense structural inequalities of the global social /political economy can no longer be contained through consensual mechanisms of state control. The ruling classes have lost legitimacy; we are witnessing a breakdown of ruling-class hegemony on a world scale. There is good and evil among mankind; thus it necessitates the conflict between the good and evil on Earth. We are in for a period of major conflicts and great upheavals. It's generally regarded that Mencius (c.371-c.289 B.C) a student of Confucianism developed his entire philosophy from two basic propositions: the first, that Man's original nature is good; and the second, that Man's original nature becomes evil when his wishes are not fulfilled. What is good and what is evil? Philosophers of all ages have thought over this question. Each reckoned that he had solved the question once and for all, yet within a few years the problem would re-emerge with new dimensions. Repeated acts of corruption and evil action makes a man corrupt and takes away a man from his original nature. Still now majority of the people of the world give compliance to corruption because of social pressures, economic pressures, cultural pressures and political pressures. The conflict between good and evil is ancient on earth and is prevalent to this day. May be the final confrontation between the descendants of Cain and Abel is at our doorsteps. During the 2nd World War America with its European allies went into world wide military campaign to defeat Germany, Italy and Japan. When the Second World War ended in 1945 the United States of America came out as victorious. America was the first country to detonate atomic bomb in another country. During that period Russia fell into competition with America in politically colonizing countries after countries. With the fall of Communism Russia terminated its desire wanting to be the champion of the oppressed of the world. The situation in Russia continues to deteriorate, a country which until only a few years ago was a superpower. Russians are deeply disillusioned today with the new politicians in Russia, who they says "promise everything and give nothing." The Russians still strongly oppose a world order dominated by the United States. If anyone looks at or investigates the situations in other countries it can be seen that at present almost all countries of the world are similar or same in the forms of structures of corruption and evil. The Worldwide control of humanitys economic, social and political activities is under the helm of US corporate and military power. The US has established its control over 191 governments which are members of the United Nations. The last head of state of the former Soviet Union, Mikhail Gorbachev on December 2012, at a conference on the future of the Middle East and the Black Sea region in the Turkish city of Istanbul, has warned the US of an imminent Soviet-like collapse if Washington persists with its hegemonic policies. Mass public protest occurred against US hegemony are mainly from Muslim countries of South East Asia, South Asia, Central Asia, West Asia, North Africa and Africa. The latest mass protests erupted in September 2012 when the divine Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) was insulted by America and Israel. There were strong mass protests by people from Indonesia to Morocco and in the European countries by mostly immigrants and Australia were there are Muslim populations. This worldwide protest had occurred while the rise of the masses is ongoing against corrupt rulers in West Asia and North Africa. The masses of the people are thirsty and desperate for justice, dignity, economic welfare and human rights. Most major religions have their own sources of information on the Last Age of Mankind or the End of Times, which often include fateful battles between the forces of good and evil and cataclysmic natural disasters. Humans are evolving to a final stage of their evolution towards a ?New Age that is to come which the corrupt does not understand. At present times a final battle of good versus evil on Earth will ensue. The World powers (leaders) and their entourages who are really detached from the masses have organized to keep aloft the present world order that degenerates the masses in corruption, keeps the people in unhappiness, and deprives the masses from economic well being, education and keeps promoting wars and conflicts to support corruption and evil. We are at the ?End of Times?. The Promised Messiah will come to set right what is wrong, no doubt. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bioethics.v4i2.16372 Bangladesh Journal of Bioethics 2013; 4(2) 9-21
5
Therborn, Göran. "The Middle Classes in Latin America: Subjectivities, Practices, and Genealogies". Hispanic American Historical Review 103, nr 2 (1.05.2023): 348–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182168-10369167.
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Shumilin, Alexander. "MIDDLE EAST POLICY OF THE EUROPEAN UNION: IN SEARCH OF THE EFFECTIVE STRATEG". Scientific and Analytical Herald of IE RAS 38, nr 2 (30.04.2024): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/vestnikieran22024714.
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The article examines the main directions of the Middle East policy of the European Union, which has intensified in recent years on the basis of the concept of «strategic autonomy». This concept itself is generated by the disappointment of European elites in the approaches of the United States both to the security problems of the Old World and to a number of crisis situations in the Middle East. The differences between Washington and Brussels were especially clear during the presidency of Republican Donald Trump (2016–2020), but they did not disappear under the administration of Democrat Joe Biden, which did not live up to the hopes of a number of European politicians for «restoring American leadership in the world». The need for Europeans to increasingly rely on their own strengths and resources is determined today not only by the situation around Ukraine, but also by Israel’s military actions against Hamas extremists in the Gaza Strip, direct clashes between Israel and Iran, and the intensification of pro-Iranian groups in a number of countries in the Middle East. The author believes that the EU’s attempts to develop an adequate strategy to neutralize threats from the Middle East region, as well as to promote its interests there, have not brought results. Questions remain regarding the achievability of this goal in principle.
7
Robinson, Clare. "The Metaphors That Made the Student Union". Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 82, nr 2 (1.06.2023): 184–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jsah.2023.82.2.184.
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Abstract This article uses archival research to illustrate how the Association of College Unions and the professional consultants it supported employed the metaphors of “home,” the “art of living,” and “laboratory for living” to organize architectural meaning, social spaces, and student activities in the design of student unions on campuses across North America in the period following World War II. These metaphors facilitated the spread of expert knowledge as well as the making of a new building type. This move toward standardization reflected the long-standing egalitarian character of student unions and the growing presence of the middle class in American universities during the mid-twentieth century. The standardized student union physically embodied the American middle-class “standard of living” and promoted ideal middle-class values through its presence on college campuses.
8
Mizerska-Wrotkowska, Małgorzata. "Dylematy unijnej polityki sąsiedztwa oraz wyzwania dla polityki zewnętrznej UE na Bliskim Wschodzie, Afryce Północnej i Ameryce Łacińskiej". Przegląd Europejski, nr 1-2015 (28.06.2015): 122–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/1641-2478pe.1.15.5.
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The purpose of this article is to analyse the challenges for EU foreign policy in three of its geographical areas of interest, which I treat here as case studies: in North Africa, the Middle East and Latin America. The research challenge here is to answer the following questions: 1) How can the European Neighbourhood Policy be made more effective? 2) What lies behind the lack of consistency in EU policy towards the Arab states? 3) What are the challenges facing the European Union in North Africa? 4) What part does the European Union play in the Middle East peace process – and what part should it play? 5) What is the European Union’s role in resolving the crisis in Syria? 6) What are the limitations of EU policy in Latin America? The article undertakes a comparative analysis and is based on analysis and criticism of source material
9
Mapes, Royal H., i Darwin R. Boardman. "The upper Paleozoic (Pennsylvanian-Permian) ammonoid Emilites". Journal of Paleontology 62, nr 01 (styczeń 1988): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000058893.
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Four species of Emilites are now known; these are E. incertus (Böse), E. plummeri Ruzhencev, E. brownwoodi n. sp., and E. bennisoni n. sp. Representatives of this genus may occur as early as Middle Pennsylvanian in North America to as late as Early Permian in the Soviet Union. All described taxa are from North America except E. plummeri, which is from the Soviet Union. Because Emilites is extremely rare in upper Paleozoic ammonoid assemblages, generic and species level phylogenetic relationships are poorly understood. Emilites is not considered to be a good generic-level zone indicator due to its relatively long time range and its rarity.
10
Mapes, Royal H., i Darwin R. Boardman. "The upper Paleozoic (Pennsylvanian-Permian) ammonoid Emilites". Journal of Paleontology 62, nr 1 (styczeń 1988): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000018011.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Four species of Emilites are now known; these are E. incertus (Böse), E. plummeri Ruzhencev, E. brownwoodi n. sp., and E. bennisoni n. sp. Representatives of this genus may occur as early as Middle Pennsylvanian in North America to as late as Early Permian in the Soviet Union. All described taxa are from North America except E. plummeri, which is from the Soviet Union. Because Emilites is extremely rare in upper Paleozoic ammonoid assemblages, generic and species level phylogenetic relationships are poorly understood. Emilites is not considered to be a good generic-level zone indicator due to its relatively long time range and its rarity.
11
Solimano, Andrés. "Reassessing social policies in Latin America: Growth, middle classes and social rights". CEPAL Review 2005, nr 87 (26.12.2005): 45–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/dddf7313-en.
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Tohill, Joseph. "Middle Class Union: Organizing the “Consuming Public” in Post–World War I America". Journal of American History 105, nr 1 (1.06.2018): 186–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jahist/jay081.
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Cornbleth, Catherine. "An America Curriculum?" Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 99, nr 4 (styczeń 1998): 622–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016146819809900401.
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Public schooling in the United States serves the purposes of Americanization and assimilation. Group and national identities are continually refashioned, however, and in the late 1990s, it is much less clear what students are being socialized or assimilated to than it was twenty or forty or eighty years ago. The resurgence of policy activity and controversy regarding American pluralism-diversity-multiculturalism has raised questions about what vision or version of the nation is to be transmitted to future generations via school curricula. The focus of the study presented here is the images of America actually being conveyed in elementary, middle, and high school social studies classes. The absence of a single, predominant image of America in these classes can be understood as reflecting the complex realities of United States history and contemporary society. Closest to a dominant theme was “imperfect but best”—America as the best country in the world, despite past problems, current difficulties, and various complaints. Alternative interpretations were offered, all pointing to disruption of the traditional story of America, a disruption that challenges not only the conventional wisdom but also the privileged positions of those individuals and groups who have benefited from dominant ideologies and prevailing distributions of power.
14
O’Neill, Bruce. "Segmenting the city: McDonald’s, the Metro, and the mobilization of the middle classes underground". Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 52, nr 7 (11.02.2020): 1313–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308518x20906169.
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Following Romania’s accession into the European Union (EU) in 2007, a wave of foreign direct investment quickly transformed its capital city, Bucharest, into a global leader in business services. With this new economy came new middle classes whose turn toward auto-mobility materially overwhelmed the city center. To preserve the quality and character of the city, urban planners and bureaucrats proposed to “mobilize” the middle classes underground by incorporating global brands, such as McDonald’s, inside Metro stations. This essay details these ongoing efforts to segment vertically the city above from the city belowground, professional elites from the middle classes, through an analysis of the staged materiality of two McDonald’s restaurants located one beneath the other. How and to what effect, this essay asks, is the urban underground staged to mobilize the middle classes? This is a historical and ethnographic line of inquiry taken from Bucharest that resonates with cities the world over, where the demands of development have pushed cities not just upwards into the sky, and outwards toward the periphery, but also deep underground in ways that vertically segment the experience of urban life.
15
Schooley, Caroline. "Project MICRO: Science Excitement in Middle Schools". Microscopy Today 20, nr 3 (maj 2012): 42–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929512000259.
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MICRO, an acronym for Microscopy In Curriculum—Research Outreach, is the outreach program for middle schools sponsored by the Microscopy Society of America (MSA). Middle schools are the battleground for minds of young people because this is an important time for students to make decisions about whether to take science classes in high school. Unfortunately, the majority of middle school teachers are not adequately prepared to teach science; therefore, additional exposure to science may encourage students' interest.
16
Hwang, Sean-Shong, Kevin M. Fitzpatrick i David Helms. "Class Differences in Racial Attitudes: A Divided Black America?" Sociological Perspectives 41, nr 2 (czerwiec 1998): 367–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1389482.
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Class differences in racial attitudes among blacks were examined using the 1979–1980 National Survey of Black Americans (NSBA). We examined two perspectives—class realignment and ethnic competition—as possible explanations for attitudinal differences between middle- and lower-class blacks. The majority of our findings supported the ethnic competition perspective which predicts a more critical attitude among middle- than lower-class blacks toward the stratification system. However, we found no significant class differences in blacks' attitudinal orientation towards whites. In addition, a clear difference between classes with respect to political action was found. In general, the results provide qualified support for Wilson's class polarization thesis.
17
Fussell, Elizabeth. "Discipline and Development: Middle Classes and Prosperity in East Asia and Latin America". Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews 34, nr 4 (lipiec 2005): 405–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009430610503400441.
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Datta, Y. "A Brief History of the American Middle Class". Journal of Economics and Public Finance 8, nr 3 (3.09.2022): p127. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/jepf.v8n3p127.
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The credit for the birth of the American middle class in 1914 goes to Henry Ford.Reckless speculation in the New York Stock Market led to the Great Depression of 1929: the longest and most severe depression ever experienced by America, that led to an amazing level of unemployment that lasted till 1939.Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt, who was elected as President in 1933, instituted New Deal: a series of programs--the most important of which was the G.I. Bill.The baby boom, increasing consumer income, affordability of cars and homes--coupled with the new interstate highway system—all worked together, that then led to a mass migration of the middle class from the inner cities to suburbia.The years 1947-1973 are considered the golden years of America’s middle class: an age the U.S. will never experience again. The foundation of this goldilocks economy was the social covenant of shared prosperity between big business and big labor.The 1980-2008 period marks ‘America in decline’ largely because America took a sharp turn toward unfettered capitalism and greed.This led to a massive growth of the Financial Services Industry.Income inequality has steadily been increasing in America for 45 years from 1974-2018, and by 2007 it touched or exceeded the lofty heights of 1928.A socio-economic class lifestyle profile of America includes three groups: The Upper Class, The Middle Class, and The Lower Class, each with two classes, making it a total of six.Finally, a look into the forces that led to the stock market crash of 2008.
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White, Russell D. "Cambrian Radiolaria from Utah". Journal of Paleontology 60, nr 3 (maj 1986): 778–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000022307.
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Radiolaria have been recovered in acid residues from late Middle Cambrian strata in western Utah. Although the first Cambrian radiolaria were described by Nazarov (1973) from the Batenevskij Mountains of eastern Kazakhstan in the Soviet Union, radiolaria have not been reported from the Cambrian of North America. Except for the Kazakhstan specimens, the oldest known radiolaria are from the Lower Ordovician of western Spitsbergen (Fortey and Holdsworth, 1971). In North America only two accounts of Ordovician assemblages have been reported from southwestern Newfoundland and eastern Nevada (Bergström, 1974; Dunham and Murphy, 1976).
20
Rojas-Suarez, José, Niza Suarez i Oier Ateka-Barrutia. "Developing obstetric medicine training in Latin America". Obstetric Medicine 10, nr 1 (9.01.2017): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1753495x16684708.
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Maternal mortality is an important indicator of health in populations around the world. The distribution of maternal mortality ratio globally shows that middle- and low-income countries have ∼99% of the mortality burden. Most countries of Latin America are considered to be middle- or low-income countries, as well as areas of major inequities among the different social classes. Medical problems in pregnancy remain an important cause of morbidity and mortality in this region. Previous data indicate the need for a call to action for adequate diagnosis and care of medical diseases in obstetric care. The impact of nonobstetric and medical pathologies on maternal mortality in Latin America is largely unknown. In Latin America, two educational initiatives have been proposed to improve skills in maternity care. The Advanced Life Support in Obstetrics (ALSO®) was first started to address obstetric emergencies, and subsequently adapted for low-middle-income country settings as the Global ALSO®. In parallel, the Latin American obstetric anesthesia community has progressively focused on improvement of several intrapartum/intraoperative issues, which has secondarily taken them to embrace the obstetric medicine area on interest and join the former initiatives. In the present review, we summarize the available data regarding medical morbidity and mortality in pregnancy in Latin America, as well as the challenges, achievements, issues, initiatives, and future directions encouraging maternal health educators, health care trainers, and physicians in middle- and low-income countries, such as many Latin American ones, to improve and/or change attitudes, if needed, on current clinical practice.
21
Martin, Robert W. T. "Dreams of a More Perfect Union By Rogan Kersh. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2001. 358p. $39.95." American Political Science Review 96, nr 3 (wrzesień 2002): 642–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055402560366.
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Rogan Kersh's ambitious and well-researched book traces the history of the concept of American national “union” from the middle of the eighteenth century to the end of the nineteenth century, when the concept lost the peculiar force it had had and fell out of use (more or less replaced by such concepts as “nation,” “country,” and, especially, “America”). The analysis demonstrates how the concept of national union has been used in exclusive as well as inclusive ways. The subject is an important one, especially to an America united by terrorist threats. And it is a topic made more conspicuous in the last decade by our ongoing discourse over multiculturalism. So the concept of national union is perhaps less obscure and more relevant than Kersh suggests (p. 3). Connections to the recent work of Rogers Smith (Civic Ideals, 1997) are also apparent. Still, the term itself has been out of favor for about a century now, so Kersh's study is a welcome effort to get us thinking about a relatively novel topic.
22
Mobrand, Erik. "Discipline and Development: Middle Classes and Prosperity in East Asia and Latin America (review)". Korean Studies 28, nr 1 (2004): 134–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ks.2005.0023.
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RACHED, Kardo, i Salam ABDULRAHMAN. "UNITED STATES: A REVIEW OF THE US MIDDLE EAST POLICY FROM HARRY TRUMAN TO BILL CLINTON". Conflict Studies Quarterly, nr 34 (5.01.2021): 45–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/csq.34.3.
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Since the Second World War, the Middle East has been mentioned in connection with the national interest of America manifested by US presidents. This paper looks at the US foreign policy in the Middle East from Truman to Clinton on the premise that the US foreign policy has contributed to creating a breeding ground for dissatisfaction toward the US In this context, the paper focuses on the doctrines in use from the time of President Truman to Clinton. Thus, every American president has a doctrine, and this doctrine tells what political line the president follows regarding domestic and foreign policies. Keywords: Middle-East, Israel, US national interest, Soviet Union, Natural resources, ideologies.
24
Malinky, John Mark. "Taxonomic revision of lower and middle Paleozoic Orthothecida (Hyolitha) from North America and China". Journal of Paleontology 61, nr 5 (wrzesień 1987): 942–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000029310.
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North American and Chinese lower and middle Paleozoic representatives of the hyolith order Orthothecida are here placed in the families Orthothecidae Syssoiev, Novitatidae Syssoiev, Decorithecidae Syssoiev, Chelsonellidae n. fam., ?Isitithecidae Syssoiev, and ?Tchuranithecidae Syssoiev. The Orthothecidae is redefined, and the Decorithecidae is in part synonymized with the Novitatidae.Re-examination of type specimens of some species formerly included in the order Hyolithida requires placement of these species in the order Orthothecida. The type suite of Hyolithes newsomensis Foerste from the Middle Silurian of Tennessee is divided into two species, and is used as a basis for the new genus Foersteotheca; the species F. merryi is new. Hyolithes richardi Clarke from the Lower Devonian of New York is designated as the type species of the new genus Devoniotheca. Orthotheca cyrene Walcott from the Middle Cambrian of China is now included under Decoritheca. Foersteotheca, Devoniotheca, and Decoritheca are here placed in the redefined family Novitatidae. Hyolithes vanuxemi Walcott is assigned to the new genus Chelsonella in the new family Chelsonellidae. The types of Hyolithes newtoni Walcott from the Upper Cambrian of South Dakota and Hyolithes canalis from the Middle Cambrian of China are both included under Decoritheca with question.Recognition of orthothecid hyoliths in the Cambrian of North America and China provides a more accurate record of the geographic and stratigraphic distribution of this group. The discovery of Foersteotheca and Devoniotheca constitutes the first known middle Paleozoic orthothecid occurrences from North America. In addition, reports of Tchuranithecidae and Isitithecidae in North America, if authentic, are the first occurrences of these forms in North America. The discovery in North America of hyolith taxa previously known only from the Soviet Union and China raises the possibility of intercontinental correlation using these fossils.
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Boniface, Pascal. "Reflections on America as a World Power: A European View". Journal of Palestine Studies 29, nr 3 (2000): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2676452.
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With the collapse of the Soviet Union, restraints on US. power have been greatly diminished, allowing free rein for the unilateralism the author sees as rooted in the U.S. perception of its moral authority and the legacy of Manifest Destiny. Using examples from the Middle East, the author highlights differences in approach between the Europeans and the Americans-the European preference for dialogue with adversaries versus the U.S. tendency toward punishment and sanction. More generally, this essay argues, the difference is between Europe's increased multilateralism and acceptance of the constraints of international law, and America's turning away from international institutions and growing disdain for legality. Such a development can only have adverse consequences for long-term security.
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Sivananda, Mantri. "The Fashioning of Middle-Class America: Sartain's Union Magazine of Literature and Art and Antebellum Culture". Journal of American Culture 28, nr 1 (marzec 2005): 159–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1542-734x.2005.160_33.x.
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Opler, Daniel J. "Mark W. Robbins. Middle Class Union: Organizing the “Consuming Public” in Post–World War I America." American Historical Review 124, nr 1 (1.02.2019): 276–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhy501.
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COLLINS, TONY. "ENGLISH RUGBY UNION AND THE FIRST WORLD WAR". Historical Journal 45, nr 4 (grudzień 2002): 797–817. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x02002686.
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The idea that war was a football match writ large was commonly expressed in Britain during the First World War. This article looks at the attitudes and actions of the English Rugby Football Union and its supporters before, during, and after the First World War to examine how such beliefs were utilized by sports organizations and the impact they had on the military and on society as a whole. Rugby union football was viewed both by its supporters and general observers alike as the most enthusiastic and committed sporting supporter of the war effort; the article explores rugby's overtly ideological stance as a means of shedding light on broader discussions about the cultural impact of the war, such as in the works of Paul Fussell and Jay Winter, and about the continued survival of traditional and Edwardian ideas of patriotism among the English middle classes in the immediate post-war period.
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Baker, Brook K. "Ending Drug Registration Apartheid: Taming Data Exclusivity and Patent/Registration Linkage". American Journal of Law & Medicine 34, nr 2-3 (czerwiec 2008): 303–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009885880803400209.
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The pharmaceutical industry's dependence on intellectual property rights (IPRs), especially patents, to exclude competitors and thereby recoup past expenditures, incentivize future investments in research and development (R&D), and maximize profits is well known. Although initially content to solidify patent rights in the rich-country markets of North America, Europe, and Japan, in the last quarter of the 20th century the industry has increasingly turned its attention to emerging markets in Latin America, Asia, and even Africa as sites of future market expansion. Big middle-income countries like Brazil, India, China, and Indonesia have growing middle classes that increasingly favor allopathic medicine over the more traditional medicines of their elders. Obtaining monopoly rights in these growing markets could help the pharmaceutical industry weather the storm of increased consumer, business, and government blow-back against supra-competitive drug prices charged in rich country markets.
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Mozel, K. N. "Future of the European Union: challenges and prospects". Diplomaticheskaja sluzhba (Diplomatic Service), nr 2 (31.03.2023): 140–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/vne-01-2302-06.
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The article covers the pressing issues that Brussels is challenged with, key points of its current foreign policy and a possible role of the European Union in the international arena in the near future. As the system of international relations has been transforming increasingly following the start of the Russian special military operation in Ukraine, the present-day capacities of the Union are signifi cantly aff ected by several matters. Elaborating on them, the author focuses on the vulnerability caused by the weakened European security architecture, pivotal peculiarities of the EU engagement with Russia, its dialog across the Atlantic and with the countries in Asia, especially China, the Middle East, Africa and Latin America, as well as mounting unsolved questions within the EU itself. At the same time the future of the EU disposition on the global stage is likely to be modifi ed by a multipolar world order which is taking shape right now. In this context, further collaboration across the Eurasian mainland may be formed within the so-called `Big Eurasia` format proposed by Russia.
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Scroop, Daniel. "Middle Class Union: Organizing the “Consuming Public” in Post-World War I America. By Mark W. Robbins". Journal of Social History 52, nr 4 (15.12.2017): 1437–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jsh/shx141.
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Sasha Coles. "Middle Class Union: Organizing the 'Consuming Public' in Post-World War I America by Mark W. Robbins". Michigan Historical Review 44, nr 1 (2018): 124–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mhr.2018.0000.
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Esteve, Albert, Teresa Castro-Martín i Andrés Felipe Castro Torres. "Families in Latin America: Trends, Singularities, and Contextual Factors". Annual Review of Sociology 48, nr 1 (29.07.2022): 485–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-030420-015156.
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We review demographic and sociological literature on family dynamics in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) and systematize major trends in union formation and fertility in recent decades. We also highlight the singularities that distinguish family patterns and trends in LAC from those in other world regions and discuss the contextual factors underlying these singularities. Latin American families have undergone substantial changes in their configurations and dynamics. We highlight the persistence of an early pattern of family formation despite considerable educational expansion and emerging subreplacement fertility levels, the bottom-up diffusion of cohabitation from low- to high-education groups, the frequent coresidence of single mothers with extended family members, and the substantial divergence in family forms and trajectories across social classes. These family trends do not conform entirely to any of the major theoretical frameworks devised to explain family change in Western societies. Pervasive socioeconomic inequality, high levels of informality in the labor market, weak social protection systems, and slow progress toward gender equality are among the contextual factors that shape the diversity and singularities of Latin American families.
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Nhu Bac, TRAN, i TRAN Xuan Hiep. "CHIẾN LƯỢC “NƯỚC ANH TOÀN CẦU”: THỰC TRẠNG TRIỂN KHAI VÀ TÁC ĐỘNG ĐỐI VỚI VIỆT NAM". Vinh University Journal of Science 52, nr 4B (20.12.2023): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.56824/vujs.2023b066.
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The article focuses on studying the UK's new strategy, “Global Britain”, after the UK left the European Union (EU). The study has shown the adjustments in the UK's global policy towards regions such as Europe, Latin America, Africa, and the Middle East and defined the critical role of the Indo-Pacific area. Thereby, the author has an assessment of the impact of this strategic adjustment on Vietnam as a basis for policymaking to enhance the effectiveness of cooperation in the relationship between Vietnam and the United Kingdom in the near future.
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Jiménez, Michael F. "“Citizens of the Kingdom”: Toward a Social History of Radical Christianity in Latin America". International Labor and Working-Class History 34 (1988): 3–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547900005007.
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In 1981 liberation theologian José Porfirio Miranda argued that the parable of the weeds in Matthew was a clear guide for a radical politics in the modern world. According to the Mexican mathematician and union adviser, Jesus' explanation that “the farmer sowing seeds is the Son of Man, the field is the world, the good seed the citizens of the Kingdom” was an injunction to achieve justice and freedom in the present. This earthly incarnation of the Kingdom of God was a central pillar of resistance to capitalism among middle-and lower-class groups in Latin America in the last third of the twentieth century, from human rights activism in the Southern Cone to Central America's revolutionary insurrections.
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Skuciene, Daiva, i Jurgita Markeviciute. "Social Risks and Class in the Baltic States: Insights for Social Investment Strategy". Journal of Developing Societies 37, nr 1 (marzec 2021): 83–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0169796x21999306.
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The understanding of the distribution of social risks according to social classes can ensure more targeted social investment policies. This article aims to analyze the distribution of social risks according to the social classes in the three Baltic States of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. The micro data used in this analysis are collected from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) data base of 2015 covering the three Baltic States: Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia. The findings of this analysis revealed that in many cases, the distribution of social risks is related to social class. However, the findings suggest there is a higher probability of certain social risks among members of the lower middle class than those who are employed in lower class elementary (basic skills) occupations.
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Weinstein, Barbara. "“They don't even look like women workers”: Femininity and Class in Twentieth-Century Latin America". International Labor and Working-Class History 69, nr 1 (marzec 2006): 161–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547906000093.
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Recent research on consumer culture and working-class femininity in the United States has argued that attention to fashionable clothing and dime novels did not undermine female working-class identities, but rather provided key resources for creating those identities. In this essay I consider whether we can see a similar process of appropriation by working-class women in Latin America. There women employed in factories had to contend with widespread denigration of the female factory worker. Looking first at the employer-run “Centers for Domestic Instruction” in São Paulo, I argue that “proper femininity” in these centers—frequented by large numbers of working-class women—reflected middle-class notions of the skilled housewife, and situated working-class women as nearly middle class. What we see is a process of “approximation,” not appropriation. I then look at the case of Argentina (especially Greater Buenos Aires) where Peronism also promoted “traditional” roles for working-class women but where Eva Perón emerges as a working-class heroine. The figure of Evita—widely reviled by women of the middle and upper classes—becomes a means to construct an alternative, class-based femininity for working-class women.
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Aljamal, Yousef M., i Philipp O. Amour. "Palestinian Diaspora Communities in Latin America and Palestinian Statehood". Journal of Holy Land and Palestine Studies 19, nr 1 (maj 2020): 101–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/hlps.2020.0230.
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There are some 700,000 Latin Americans of Palestinian origin, living in fourteen countries of South America. In particular, Palestinian diaspora communities have a considerable presence in Chile, Honduras, and El Salvador. Many members of these communities belong to the professional middle classes, a situation which enables them to play a prominent role in the political and economic life of their countries. The article explores the evolving attitudes of Latin American Palestinians towards the issue of Palestinian statehood. It shows the growing involvement of these communities in Palestinian affairs and their contribution in recent years towards the wide recognition of Palestinian rights — including the right to self-determination and statehood — in Latin America. But the political views of members of these communities also differ considerably about the form and substance of a Palestinian statehood and on the issue of a two-states versus one-state solution.
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RENDLE, MATTHEW. "THE OFFICER CORPS, PROFESSIONALISM, AND DEMOCRACY IN THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION". Historical Journal 51, nr 4 (18.11.2008): 921–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x08007139.
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ABSTRACTRussia's ‘democratic’ revolution of February 1917 saw all types of professions and social groups mobilize into unions and congresses to articulate their demands. Lower and middle classes dominated, but it is notable how former elite groups were quick to form bodies to defend their interests and to promote their visions of Russia's future. Historians have invariably dismissed these groups as marginal to the revolutionary process and inherently ‘counter-revolutionary’. This article challenges these assumptions, using the Union of Officers, formed across the military in May 1917 to defend officers' professional interests, as a case study. The union spread quickly, published a newspaper, and agitated among politicians for greater discipline in the military. Its activities fuelled popular fears of counter-revolution, but only a few of the union's leaders actively worked against the government. General Kornilov's failed revolt in August demonstrated that most officers had doubts. Nevertheless, the union played a crucial role in mobilizing moderate and conservative forces against further reform. This exacerbated social conflict and political polarization, fatally undermining the Provisional Government and democracy in 1917.
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Backes, Ben, i Michael Hansen. "The Impact of Teach for America on Non-Test Academic Outcomes". Education Finance and Policy 13, nr 2 (marzec 2018): 168–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/edfp_a_00231.
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Recent evidence on teacher productivity suggests that teachers meaningfully influence non-test academic student outcomes that are commonly overlooked by narrowly focusing on test scores. Despite a large number of studies investigating the Teach For America (TFA) effect on math and English achievement, little is known about non-tested academic outcomes. Using administrative data from Miami-Dade County Public Schools, we investigate the relationship between being in a TFA classroom and five non-test student outcomes commonly found in administrative datasets: days absent, days suspended, GPA, classes failed, and grade repetition. We validate our use of non-test student academic outcomes to assess differences in teacher productivity using the quasi-experimental teacher switching methods of Chetty, Friedman, and Rockoff ( 2014 ) and fail to reject the null hypothesis of unbiasedness in most cases in elementary and middle school, although in some cases standard errors are large. We find suggestive evidence that students taught by TFA teachers in elementary and middle schools were less likely to miss school due to unexcused absences and suspensions compared with students taught by non-TFA teachers in the same school, although point estimates are very small. Other outcomes were found to be forecast-unbiased but showed no evidence of a TFA effect.
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ARAKJİ, Abdul Aziz. "The Impact of the refugees on the European Union and Coronavirus Affects". MAS Journal Of Applied Sciences 7, nr 11 (10.03.2022): 58–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.52520/masjaps.201.
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The future of the European Union been at a high risk ever since the Syrian war, large number of refugees from the Middle East and North Africa began to flee into Europe with the Open-Door policy, a policy that led to trouble within the European Union. There were negative affects to such a policy that led certain countries to raise awareness and negative policies to limit the refugees, The United States of America made the situation more difficult with their interest in the European Natural resources and trade deals that could benefit the US on the long term. EU members started suffering from financial instability due to the large numbers of migrant and Covid-19 made it worse, there were two phases of the European instability, it is the before and after the Coronavirus, since many policies targeted those who were not benefiting the EU.
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Baklanoff, Eric N. "Spain's Economic Strategy toward the “Nations of Its Historical Community:” The “Reconquest” of Latin America?" Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 38, nr 1 (1996): 105–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/166397.
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From one of the poorest countries in Europe in the late 1950s, Spain emerged as a middle industrial power by the time of the death of General Francisco Franco in 1975. Subsequently, under the leadership of King Juan Carlos I, Franco's successor as chief of state, Spain negotiated a smooth transition from authoritarianism to a parliamentary-monarchy. On the first of January 1986, the Iberian nation acceded to full membership in the European Community (EC). However, prior to this date and independently of the EC (now the European Union), the Spanish state had already set in motion, in 1981, two great undertakings related to Latin America: (1) the commemoration of Columbus' fateful voyage to the New World in 1492 and (2) the formation of an “Iberoamerican Community of Nations.”
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Darr, Terry. "Book Review: Etiquette and Taboos Around the World". Reference & User Services Quarterly 58, nr 2 (18.01.2019): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/rusq.58.2.6946.
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“Etiquette is a code of behavior that defines expected, conventional social behavior according to contemporary norms within certain cultures, classes, and groups of people” (xi). This sentence describes the content of this one volume reference book, covering countries in North, Central, and South America, Europe, Asia, the Middle East and Oceania on this topic. The information presented in this book is appropriate for the research needs of high school and early college students. There are no other similar books available, so this fills a gap in the literature.
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Honhart, Michael. "Company Housing As Urban Planning in Germany, 1870–1940". Central European History 23, nr 1 (marzec 1990): 3–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938900021051.
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Animportant element of urban planning as it has developed in Europe and North America is the provision of housing for classes of people who are poorly served by private housing markets. In the case of Germany one can trace this activity back to the 1920s, during the middle years of the Weimar Republic, when public authorities began to plan and build housing on a large scale. However, one can also see in the activity of German employers, dating back another half century or more, earlier efforts at urban residential planning for people with modest incomes.
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Tuluș, Arthur. "Trends in Communist Propaganda. A CIA Investigation from 1970". Eminak, nr 4(36) (31.12.2021): 160–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.33782/eminak2021.4(36).564.
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Our study analyses a detailed report, issued on November 18th, 1970, by The Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS), which was subordinated to the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) during the Cold War. The role of the FBIS was to collect, translate into English, and make extensive summaries of information in foreign media, especially those within the Communist Bloc, summaries which would later be made available to U.S. decision-makers. The FBIS was an important branch of the CIA, seeing that the United States sought to identify any vulnerability to the adversary, and that the communist media did not enjoy freedom of expression, but instead precisely reflected the official position of the regime. The late 1970s are all the more interesting as the Communist Bloc`s monolithic unity breaks down and distinct positions emerge (e.g., the Soviet Union versus China, or Romania versus the Soviet Union), while the United States find themselves in a difficult situation in Indochina, the Middle East, or Latin America.
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Shermer, Elizabeth Tandy. "Counter-Organizing the Sunbelt: Right-to-Work Campaigns and Anti-Union Conservatism, 1943––1958". Pacific Historical Review 78, nr 1 (1.02.2009): 81–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2009.78.1.81.
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Right-to-work elections are one of the most understudied aspects in the formation of Sunbelt conservatism and the rise of the Right. After World War II, every Southwestern state put some kind of right-to-work referendum on the ballot. Support came from the most dynamic economic sectors whose anti-union activists stood in rebellion against the New Deal regulatory state. They promised prosperity based on laissez-faire growth to transform the region into a manufacturing power. Although not every proposition or bill passed, this ideological argument won over many voters, including members of the middle and working classes worried over labor's rapid growth and new-found power. The discourses in these early campaigns came to dominate national conversations about labor's power and legitimacy, suggesting that a pro-development anti-unionism was a pillar of western Sunbelt conservatism and the modern Right.
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Acharya, Sumana, i Harihar Sahoo. "Consanguineous Marriages in India: Prevalence and Determinants". Journal of Health Management 23, nr 4 (21.10.2021): 631–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09720634211050458.
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Consanguineous marriage is the legal union of male and female of a common ancestor related by blood. The most common prevailing form of consanguineous marriages is between first cousins. Middle East Asian countries and southern states in India show high prevalence. A comparative analysis between the two rounds of National Family Health Survey 1 and 4 have shown a declining trend for the practice of consanguineous marriages. The highest percentage of consanguineous marriages is seen among the first cousins from both father’s and mother’s side, most commonly practice in the southern states of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Tamil Nadu, and Karnataka except Kerala. Importantly, the practice of consanguineous marriage is higher among the Muslims of North India and Hindus of Southern India, among the Other Backward Classes and the less educated population of the middle and richer wealth index. A significant relationship can be noticed among consanguineous marriages and socio-economic variables.
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Shirahase, Sawako, Olivier Zunz, Leonard Schoppa i Nobuhiro Hiwatari. "Social Contracts under Stress: The Middle Classes of America, Europe, and Japan at the Turn of the Century". Contemporary Sociology 32, nr 4 (lipiec 2003): 497. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1556588.
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Kireeva, Irina. "Extra-regional aspects of Uruguay’s foreign policy (2010-2015". Cuadernos Iberoamericanos, nr 4 (28.12.2016): 94–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2409-3416-2016-4-94-106.
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The article analyses extraregional aspects of Uruguay’s foreign policy during the presidency of José Mujica (2010-2015), namely the development of relations between Uruguay and the USA, the European Union, Russia and countries of Asia and Middle East such as China, India, Iran, Palestine and Israel. This aspect of Uruguayan foreign policy is particularly relevant amid the crisis in Mercosur, when Uruguay is trying to mitigate its adverse consequences for the country’s economy by expanding trade ties with the other countries, both within Latin America and beyond it. The relations between Uruguay and Latin American countries are touched upon in some investigations while Uruguay’s active foreign policy in other regions isn’t studied at all
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Tkabladze, Zviad. "Prospects for the IMEC Against the Backdrop of Security Threats in the Middle East and the Existence of the Competing BRI Initiative". Works of Georgian Technical University, nr 1(531) (22.03.2024): 249–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.36073/1512-0996-2024-1-249-266.
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The appearance of “India - Middle East - Europe Economic Corridor” (IMEC) is not accidental. On the one hand, this is the desire of the United States of America in the new context of the existence and development of a multipolar world, to create a basis for maintaining its influence in the Middle East, on the other hand – to create a system under its auspices that can withstand the growing power of China and its “One Belt One Road” (BRI). The purpose of this transport trade and economic corridor is to stimulate economic integration between Asia, the Persian Gulf and Europe. The planned corridor will connect India, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, the State of Israel and the European Union through seaports and rail routes to make trade faster and cheaper, and develop economic cooperation and digital connectivity in the region. Despite the potential for significant economic and strategic benefits, the project faces a number of challenges and risks. Among them are interstate tensions, geopolitical rivalries and security threats, among others, especially the beginning of a new conflict in the Middle East.