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Ngenge, Jean Pierre Lukongo, i Fatemeh Nouban. "An overview and a WBS template for construction planning of mid-rise buildings". International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Sciences and Applications 1, nr 2 (30.04.2020): 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.47346/ijaesa.v1i2.21.
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The construction of small houses was started many years before Christ, and the development of this field has led many architects and engineers to a higher level of buildings. Mainly the buildings in terms of height are classified into three types: low-, medium- and high-rise buildings. In this particular study, medium or med-rise buildings are investigated. Reaching the fully finished building stage is not easy, and it requires many steps. Taking into account the step-by-step tasks for proper performance completion, economical point of view, performance period estimation and other considerations, it is essential to organise (plan) the work before it starts accurately; that is why a work breakdown structure (WBS) template is vital in the planning, design and construction of buildings. In this paper, an overview and a WBS template for construction planning of the med-rise buildings are submitted. It was seen that for the successful construction of a mid-rise building, 14 steps are required prior completion, and among all steps, construction step takes more time for completion.
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Tuure, Antti, i Hüseyin Emre Ilgın. "Space Efficiency in Finnish Mid-Rise Timber Apartment Buildings". Buildings 13, nr 8 (17.08.2023): 2094. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13082094.
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As in many other building types, space efficiency in mid-rise timber apartment buildings is one of the critical design parameters to make a project feasible. Space efficiency depends on varying selection criteria related to construction materials, construction methods, and proper planning. To date, no study provides a comprehensive understanding of space efficiency in mid-rise timber apartment buildings. This paper examined data from 55 Finnish mid-rise timber apartment buildings built between 2018 and 2022 under the Finnish Land Use and Building Act to increase the understanding of which factors and design parameters influence the space efficiency of mid-rise timber apartment buildings. The main findings of this study indicated that: (1) among the case studies, the space efficiency ranged from 77.8% to 87.9%, and the average was 83%; (2) the mean values of the ratios of structural wall area to gross floor area, vertical circulation area to gross floor area, and technical spaces (including shafts) to gross floor area were found to be 12.9%, 2.6%, and 1.5%, respectively; (3) construction methods or shear wall materials make no significant difference in terms of space efficiency, and there is no scientific correlation between the number of stories and space efficiency; (4) the best average space efficiency was achieved with central core type, followed by peripheral core arrangement. This research will contribute to design guidelines for clients, developers, architects, and other construction professionals of mid-rise timber apartment building projects.
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Ngenge, Jean Pierre Lukongo, i Abdallah M. S. Wafi. "Assessment of plastic hinge in RC structures with and without shear walls applying pushover analysis". International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Sciences and Applications 1, nr 1 (30.01.2020): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.47346/ijaesa.v1i1.27.
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This paper gives a brief presentation about different types of analysis, plastic hinge, moment-resisting frames (MRFs) and shear walls (SWs) in reinforced concrete (RC) Structures. ETABS computer software is employed to model and analyse the structures applying the pushover. The performances of the modelled structures are also evaluated considering different parameters such as the number of stories, spans length, shear walls, reinforcement yield strength and characteristic strength of concrete. The study includes two cases, which are moment-resisting frames with and without shear walls (i.e. MRFs and MRF-SWs, respectively). Each case covers low-, mid- and high-rise buildings. In this regard, a comparative study has been performed for the results obtained from all models. It was observed that the stiffness of MRFs compared to MRF-SWs was less and also the stiffness of low-rise frames was higher than that of mid-rise and high-rise frames. Technically this means that a low-rise building is stiffer than a mid-rise building and a mid-rise building is stiffer than a high-rise building. Additionally, when the span length increases, the stiffness of the building decreases. Therefore, it can be concluded that the span length is inversely proportional to the stiffness. Finally, all stiffness values were calculated taking into consideration the displacement and base shear at the first hinge formation on the pushover curve of each model.
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Al-Zaidee, Salah Rohaima, i Alfadhel Basil Kasim. "Wind Interference Effect for Overall Design Load on Mid-Rise Building". Journal of Engineering 24, nr 5 (1.05.2018): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2018.05.07.
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The constructed building in the urban area is subject to wind characteristics due to the influence of surrounding buildings. The residential complexes currently being built in Iraq represent a case study for the subject of this research. Therefore, the objective of this study is to identify the interference effect because of adjacent buildings effects on the mid-rise building. The speed and pressure of the wind have been numerically simulated as well as wind load has been simulated by using a virtual wind tunnel which is available in Autodesk Robot Structural Analysis, RSA, software. Two identical adjacent buildings have been simulated and many coefficients were included in this study such as the spacing, directionality, and elevation of adjacent building coefficients. The results of the study showed that the neighboring building could increase or decrease the wind pressure significantly so that it cannot be neglected.
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Bilgin, Hüseyin, i Rezarta Uruçi. "Effects of structural irregularities on low and mid-rise RC building response". Challenge Journal of Structural Mechanics 4, nr 2 (9.06.2018): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.20528/cjsmec.2018.02.001.
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During the recent earthquakes, it has been observed that structural irregularities are one of the main reasons of the building damage. Irregularities are weak points in a building which may cause failure of one element or total collapse of the building during an earthquake. Since Albania is a country with moderate seismicity which has been hit by earthquakes of different magnitudes many times establishes the need to study the effect of irregularities is well-founded. The main structural irregularities encountered in Albanian construction practice consist of short column, large and heavy overhangs and soft story. In this study, these types of irregularities are considered in two different types of buildings, low and mid-rise reinforced concrete frame buildings represented by 3- and 6- story respectively. Pushover analyses are deployed to get the effect of structural irregularities on RC building response. A building set is chosen to represent the existing construction practice in the region; regular framed building and buildings with irregularities such as soft stories, short columns, heavy overhangs and the presence of soft story with heavy overhangs. The analyses have been conducted by using ETABS and Seismosoft software. Pushover curves of building set are determined by nonlinear static analysis in two orthogonal directions. Comparative performance evaluations are done by considering EC8 and Albanian Seismic codes (KTP-N2-89). From the obtained results, it is observed that low and mid-rise structures with soft story- two sided overhangs and short column are more vulnerable during earthquakes.
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Suyanto, Ika Rahmawati. "Perilaku Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) Sebagai Material Utama Bangunan Tingkat Menengah Tahan Gempa di Indonesia". Rekayasa Sipil 14, nr 3 (25.10.2020): 204–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.rekayasasipil.2020.014.03.6.
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Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is made up of multilayered timber stacked perpendicularly, which improved the dimensional stability and allowing CLT to has high bearing capacity in its two direction. Despite all the advantages, CLT has not yet gain much attention in Indonesian, especially the utilization in mid-rise building construction. In order to have a better understanding about CLT as main structural element, the behaviour of mid-rise building made of CLT was assessed by running a 3D model of 5-story building by combining building code in Indonesia with CLT parameter from previous researcher as well as recommended adjustment from previous researchers. The research shows that CLT building statisy the allowable parameter for mid-rise building in Indonesia.
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Cai, Zhi, Yan Tang, Kai Chen i Guifeng Han. "Assessing the Heat Vulnerability of Different Local Climate Zones in the Old Areas of a Chinese Megacity". Sustainability 11, nr 7 (5.04.2019): 2032. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11072032.
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Frequent and extreme heat waves have strongly influenced the sustainable development of cities and resulted in a higher level of mortality in residents. Using the Local Climate Zone (LCZ) classification scheme, combined with the factors of land surface temperature (LST), building age (BA), and housing price (HP), and the normalized values of which represent heat exposure, sensitivity, and adaptability, respectively, this paper investigates a practical method for assessing the heat vulnerability of different LCZ classes in the old areas of a Chinese megacity, taking the Yuzhong district of Chongqing city as a case study. The results reveal that the distribution of LCZ classes in this study area exhibits a typical circle-layer distribution pattern from the city center to the suburbs. Heavy industry areas are the most vulnerable, with the highest exposure to heat waves, the oldest building age and the lowest housing price. Compact class areas (compact high-rise, compact mid-rise and compact low-rise) are usually more vulnerable than open class areas (open high-rise, open mid-rise, and open low-rise) and low-rise buildings are always more susceptible to heat waves than mid-rise and high-rise buildings. The methods and findings can help us to better understand the comprehensive and space–time action rules of heat vulnerability, thereby inspiring scientific and rational urban planning strategies to mitigate or adapt to urban heat weaves towards the sustainable development of cities and society.
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Kamal, Muhammet, i Mehmet Inel. "Correlation between Ground Motion Parameters and Displacement Demands of Mid-Rise RC Buildings on Soft Soils Considering Soil-Structure-Interaction". Buildings 11, nr 3 (19.03.2021): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11030125.
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This paper investigates the correlation between ground motion parameters and displacement demands of mid-rise RC frame buildings on soft soils considering the soil-structure interaction. The mid-rise RC buildings are represented by using 5, 8, 10, 13, and 15-storey frame building models with no structural irregularity. A total of 105 3D nonlinear time history analyses were carried out for 21 acceleration records and 5 different building models. The roof drift ratio (RDR) obtained as inelastic displacement demands at roof level normalized by the building height is used for demand measure, while 20 ground motion parameters were used as intensity measure. The outcomes show velocity related parameters such as Housner Intensity (HI), Root Mean Square of Velocity (Vrms), Velocity Spectrum Intensity (VSI) and Peak Ground Velocity (PGV), which reflect inelastic displacement demands of mid-rise buildings as a damage indicator on soft soil deposit reasonably well. HI is the leading parameter with the strongest correlation. However, acceleration and displacement related parameters exhibit poor correlation. This study proposed new combined multiple ground motion parameter equations to reflect the damage potential better than a single ground motion parameter. The use of combined multiple parameters can be effective in determining seismic damages by improving the scatter by at least 24% compared to the use of a single parameter.
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Lien, Anne Gunnarshaug. "Costs and Procurement for Cross-Laminated Timber in Mid-Rise Buildings". Journal of Sustainable Architecture and Civil Engineering 25, nr 2 (9.07.2019): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.sace.25.2.22099.
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The objective of this paper is to report and analyse strategies for cost reduction, design processes, and procurement models of one wooden nearly Zero Energy Building (nZEB) in Norway. The building investigated in this paper is the Moholt Allmenning, a newly-built student accommodation located in Moholt, Trondheim. Interviews with the building's owner and the contractor were carried out to obtain information on the decision-making process during the procurement phase, the planning phase, and the execution phase. The results show that the environmental goal and the criteria set for the use of wood in the tender announcement were a critical driving force for choosing cross laminated timber (CLT) in the final design. The results also show that the cost of using CLT in student residences is competitive against using concrete and steel. Given the requirement of little greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from materials production in nZEBs, the use of CLT is however a better choice.
The objective of this paper is to report and analyse strategies for cost reduction, design processes, and procurement models of one wooden nearly Zero Energy Building (nZEB) in Norway. This publication is part of the dissemination activities of the EU Horizon 2020 project NERO, whose scope is to demonstrate the feasibility of cost reduction of nZEBs built with wood in the Nordic Countries. Case buildings from Estonia, Finland, Norway, and Sweden are studied with respect to their technological solutions, energy use, and construction cost. The Norwegian building investigated in this paper is the Moholt Allmenning, a newly-built student accommodation located in Moholt, Trondheim. Interviews with the building's owner and the contractor were carried out to obtain information on the decision-making process during the procurement phase, the planning phase, and the execution phase. The results show that the environmental goal and the criteria set for the use of wood in the tender announcement were a critical driving force for choosing cross laminated timber (CLT) in the final design. The results also show that the cost of using CLT in student residences is competitive against using concrete and steel. Given the requirement of little greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from materials production in nZEBs, the use of CLT is however a better choice.
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Işık, Ercan, İbrahim Baran Karaşin, Alper Demirci i Aydın Büyüksaraç. "Seismic risk priorities of site and mid-rise RC buildings in Turkey". Challenge Journal of Structural Mechanics 6, nr 4 (20.12.2020): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.20528/cjsmec.2020.04.004.
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Especially, the large-scale loss of life and property caused by the significant earthquakes in recent years has brought the importance of research and measures to be taken on this issue. Determining and analysing the ever-increasing building stock of the cities and detecting and managing all information related to buildings are important in terms of spatial planning and urban transformation. This study aims to determine tectonic characteristics calculating a and b values of Gutenberg- Richter magnitude-frequency relation which forms the basis of earthquake statistics for all cities in Turkey and the reinforced-concrete buildings which are primarily risky in terms of urban transformation. For this purpose, a total of 1620, 5-storey buildings from all provinces of Turkey were assessed. Twenty reinforced concrete buildings from each province were taken into consideration which has 5-stories. The first stage evaluation method specified in the principles regarding the identification of risky buildings issued in 2013 by the Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Environment and Urbanization was used in this study. The performance scores for 1620 buildings were calculated by using this method. A risk priority map was created for the provinces, taking into account for these buildings. The study aims to determine risk priorities of site and mid-rise reinforced-concrete buildings among the cities. The results obtained were interpreted and recommendations were made.
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Miura, Hiroyuki, i Saburoh Midorikawa. "Updating GIS Building Inventory Data Using High-Resolution Satellite Images for Earthquake Damage Assessment: Application to Metro Manila, Philippines". Earthquake Spectra 22, nr 1 (luty 2006): 151–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.2162940.
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In order to conduct earthquake damage assessment, a methodology for updating GIS building inventory data in Metro Manila, Philippines, using remote sensing data is proposed. The locations of newly constructed mid- and high-rise buildings are detected from high-resolution satellite images using the image analysis technique, while the number of low-rise buildings is estimated from the built-up areas on a land cover classification map. The building inventory data is updated by incorporating the data on the newly constructed buildings into the existing data. The number of buildings in the updated inventory data shows good agreement with the results of the manual interpretation and a recent survey. A building damage assessment for a scenario earthquake is conducted using the updated inventory data.
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Bande, Lindita, Deema Alqahtani i Hiba Hamad. "Evaluation of a Community Center Based on Retrofit Strategies and Re-Design through Python Tools and Local Standards, Case Study in Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates". Buildings 12, nr 8 (10.08.2022): 1204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12081204.
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Over the last 50 years the cities in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) developed rapidly. Building stock is very diverse in the country and varies from one city to another. While Dubai has a large stock of skyscrapers, Abu Dhabi has more of a mix of high-rise and mid-rise buildings, and AL Ain—mainly mid-rise and low-rise buildings. The aim of this study is to evaluate the energy consumption of a retrofitted building versus a new building designed based on advanced tools of calculation. The new design is based on sustainability principles of design as well as the advanced parametric design where the analysis considers several parameters. This evaluation is a comparison between the current building, a retrofitted building, and a new design of the same build-up area. This analysis will be conducted considering local sustainability standards such as Estidama and Abu Dhabi Realm Manual. The methodology starts with the building selection process which consists of the selected building as part of a villa compound done in the city of AL Ain. The site measurements are the following step. This file is used for the boundary conditions of the models. The following step involves energy simulations. The models were prepared with several scenarios as per the predefined analysis and run for simulation. Grasshopper throughthrough rhino were the softwares used for energy simulations and applied design. Therefore, energy saving was calculated based on the selected matrix. The results show that the selection of the shape of the building and application of sustainable measures in the early stages of design can save 32% of energy, and a retrofit of the current building would save 9% of the electricity used.
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Kam, Weng Y., Stefano Pampanin, Rajesh Dhakal, Henri P. Gavin i Charles Roeder. "Seismic performance of reinforced concrete buildings in the September 2010 Darfield (Canterbury) earthquake". Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 43, nr 4 (31.12.2010): 340–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.43.4.340-350.
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This paper describes observations of damage to reinforced concrete buildings from the September 2010 Darfield (Canterbury) earthquakes. Data was collated from first-hand earthquake reconnaissance observations by the authors, post-earthquake surveys, and communications and meetings with structural engineers in Christchurch. The paper discusses the general performance of several reinforced concrete building classes: pre-1976 low-rise, pre-1976 medium rise, modern low- and mid-rise, modern high-rise, industrial tilt-up buildings, advanced seismic systems and ground-failure induced damaged and retrofitted RC buildings. Preliminary lessons are highlighted and discussed. In general, reinforced concrete buildings behaved well and as expected, given the intensity of this event.
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Vijayan, Anand, i Raiza Susan George. "Mid Rise Building having Oblique Column with and without Damper: A Review". International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, nr 4 (30.04.2023): 2533–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.50706.
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Abstract: As the modern culture of living develops, conventional regular shaped buildings are getting outdated with new designs of complex irregular shaped structures. That irregularity became the new mode of measuring the modernity and development of that society. The complex shapes demands the need of designing irregular shaped structural elements too. One of that structural elements is oblique columns. The Oblique columns are inclined or slanted or rotated at an angle to reference line. Oblique columns are stiffer and the initial stiffness of the reinforced concrete frames largely depends upon the stiffness of oblique column. For oblique column of below 90°, there will be a decrease in plan dimensions and for above 90°, there will be increase in plan dimensions as we reach upper floors. It affects the lateral stiffness of these buildings. Compared to standard columns, oblique columns of below 90° have lesser storey shear values and oblique columns of above 90° have higher storey shear values. Stiffness of reinforced concrete frames with oblique columns depends on the distribution of oblique columns. The lateral loads are resisted by structure with oblique columns of below 90°, the highest storey displacement is less in oblique structure as compared to the easy RC Frame building. The building is analyzed with and without viscous dampers. In this review paper, attempts are made to review the previous studies related to buildings with oblique columns and dampers. It aims at consolidating the outcomes of several attempted kinds of research to improve the overall stability of the buildings with oblique column.
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Alva, Rodrigo E., Luis G. Pujades, Ramón González-Drigo, Guido Luzi, Oriol Caselles i Luis A. Pinzón. "Dynamic Monitoring of a Mid-Rise Building by Real-Aperture Radar Interferometer: Advantages and Limitations". Remote Sensing 12, nr 6 (23.03.2020): 1025. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12061025.
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In this paper, remote and in situ techniques to estimate the dynamic response of a building to ambient vibration are reported: data acquired through a real-aperture radar (RAR) interferometer and conventional accelerometers are analyzed. A five-story reinforced concrete housing building, which was damaged during the May 11th 2011 Lorca (Spain) earthquake, is used as a case study. The building was monitored using both types of instruments. The dynamic properties of the building are estimated first taking acceleration measurements using a set of 10 high-precision accelerometers installed on the roof of the building. Further, the displacement–time histories, recorded with the RAR device pointing to a corner of the building, are analyzed. Then, the ability and shortcomings of RAR measurements to deal with the fundamental frequencies of vibration of the structure are investigated. The advantages and limitations of from-inside (accelerometric) and from-outside (RAR) measurements are highlighted and discussed. A relevant conclusion is that, after strong earthquakes, RAR may be an interesting and useful tool, as it allows surveying the structural response of mid-rise buildings remotely, without the need to enter the structures, which may be dangerous for inspectors or technicians in cases of severely damaged buildings. Given that the instrumented building suffered significant damage, the ability of these kinds of measurements to detect damage is also discussed.
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Dhulipala, Somayajulu L. N. "Gaussian Kernel Methods for Seismic Fragility and Risk Assessment of Mid-Rise Buildings". Sustainability 13, nr 5 (9.03.2021): 2973. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052973.
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Seismic fragility functions can be evaluated using the cloud analysis method with linear regression which makes three fundamental assumptions about the relation between structural response and seismic intensity: log-linear median relationship, constant standard deviation, and Gaussian distributed errors. While cloud analysis with linear regression is a popular method, the degree to which these individual and compounded assumptions affect the fragility and the risk of mid-rise buildings needs to be systematically studied. This paper conducts such a study considering three building archetypes that make up a bulk of the building stock: RC moment frame, steel moment frame, and wood shear wall. Gaussian kernel methods are employed to capture the data-driven variations in the median structural response and standard deviation and the distributions of residuals with the intensity level. With reference to the Gaussian kernels approach, it is found that while the linear regression assumptions may not affect the fragility functions of lower damage states, this conclusion does not hold for the higher damage states (such as the Complete state). In addition, the effects of linear regression assumptions on the seismic risk are evaluated. For predicting the demand hazard, it is found that the linear regression assumptions can impact the computed risk for larger structural response values. However, for predicting the loss hazard with downtime as the decision variable, linear regression can be considered adequate for all practical purposes.
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Fleming, Patrick, Simon Smith i Michael Ramage. "Measuring-up in timber: a critical perspective on mid- and high-rise timber building design". Architectural Research Quarterly 18, nr 1 (marzec 2014): 20–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1359135514000268.
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Architects, engineers and researchers alike often cite practical reasons for building with wood. Since the development of curved glulam beams and columns over a century ago, the widespread use of massive structural timber elements has allowed architects and engineers to design and build in wood with unprecedented speed and scale. Moreover, rising concerns of climate change and the carbon-dioxide emissions associated with construction encourage the use of wood as a viable alternative to steel and concrete, due to CO2 sequestration in trees.In mid- and high-rise buildings, the current shift from steel and concrete towards massive structural timber elements like glulam, laminated-veneer lumber (LVL) and cross-laminated timber (CLT) is evident in a number of recently completed timber buildings in Europe, ranging from seven to nine storeys. Several speculative design proposals have also been made for ‘timber towers’ of thirty, fortytwo and even sixty-five storeys, recognising that designing with massive structural timber elements in high-rise buildings is still in its infancy. This paper offers a new perspective on building with wood at this scale, beyond carbon sequestrationand construction.
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Yin, Shusheng, Jiatong Liu i Zenglin Han. "Relationship between urban morphology and land surface temperature—A case study of Nanjing City". PLOS ONE 17, nr 2 (9.02.2022): e0260205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260205.
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This study investigated the relationship between urban form and land surface temperature (LST) using the Multi-access Geographically Weighted Regression (MGWR) model. A case study on Nanjing City was conducted using building data, point-of-interest (POI) data, land use data, remote sensing data, and elevation data. The results show that the MGWR model can reveal the influence of altitude, urban green space, road, building height (BH), building density (BD) and POI on LST, with a superior fitting effect over the geographically weighted regression model. LST in Nanjing exhibits a significant spatial differentiation, and the distribution of LST hotspots is spatially consistent with the level of urban construction. In terms of the two-dimensional landscape pattern, LST decreases with altitude and increases with POI. In terms of the three-dimensional structure, building height has a positive correlation with LST. POI, urban roads, and urban buildings positively affect LST, while urban green space and altitude negatively affect LST. The results of this study were verified against existing findings. The LST of areas with high-rise and super high-rise buildings is lower than that of areas with mid-rise building, which can be attributed to the large number of shadow areas formed by high-rise and super high-rise buildings. A similar phenomenon was also observed between areas with medium- and high-density buildings. These findings provide a reference for urban architecture planning and can help to develop urban heat island adaptation strategies based on local conditions.
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Rasuli, Mohammad Azim, i Shuichi Torii. "Energy consumption comparison at various insulation scenarios: Mid-rise residential buildings, Kabul city". E3S Web of Conferences 405 (2023): 02001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202340502001.
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An insulating substance is typically used to reduce the amount of heat that enters buildings with air conditioning from the outside. The heat conductivity of this substance is extremely low. In this scenario, having a cost-effective air conditioning system requires using an appropriate insulation material with the right thickness. Up until a certain point, when the material thickness is optimal and will give the maximum overall energy savings, given that the building industry accounts for roughly 40% of worldwide energy consumption and is the greatest producer of greenhouse gas emissions, it is well known that it has a substantial negative influence on the environment too. Therefore, Insulating the outer walls of the building is a recognized method to improve the energy efficiency of buildings in the current setting of ongoing global energy price increases and concern to support global efforts to recover the climate. This study was conducted on a residential building in Kabul city capital of Afghanistan, to study and analyse the insulation materials used to seal the building envelope to calculate how much energy can be saved. Version 4.9 of the HAP program was used to calculate the energy consumption and heating/cooling loads. According to the obtained results, adding insulation to the envelope’s various elements (walls, roofs, windows, etc.) can improve thermal comfort indoors and cut the energy use of the structures under study by between 30 to 40 percent. Especially the amount of heat losses in winter decrease with proper insulation, but due to the low-temperature difference in the summertime, the insulation effect is negligible.
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Sadeghfar, Milad, i Sadra Sahebzadeh. "Impact of roof geometry on cross-ventilation in vaulted buildings: a CFD study". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2042, nr 1 (1.11.2021): 012106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2042/1/012106.
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Abstract The roof geometry is an important parameter in determining the natural cross-ventilation in buildings. Although many studies have been performed on natural ventilation, the impact of the large set of vaulted roofs on the building cross-ventilation remains to be addressed. In this paper, high-fidelity computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, validated with experimental data, are performed on five naturally ventilated buildings with two opposing windows, each with a specific type of vaulted roof and otherwise identical, in 0° incident flow angle, to assess the impact of vaulted roof geometry on the building cross-ventilation performance. The following vault geometries are investigated and compared against a flat-roof building with the same specifications: (i) segmental, (ii) low-rise pointed, (iii) mid-rise catenary (iv) high-rise pointed and (v) high-rise catenary. The results show that compared to the flat-roof building, the vaulted roofs cause a <5% decrease in volume flow rate and 16-29% increase in the average mean velocity magnitude at the occupants’ level. In vaulted buildings, the low-velocity regions of the flow are moved further away from the occupied zone towards the ceiling, thus providing a fresher air to the occupants. The results clarify the high potential of vaulted roofs for natural ventilation and sustainable design.
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Fatahi, Behzad, i S. Hamid Reza Tabatabaiefar. "Effects of Soil Plasticity on Seismic Performance of Mid-Rise Building Frames Resting on Soft Soils". Advances in Structural Engineering 17, nr 10 (listopad 2014): 1387–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/1369-4332.17.10.1387.
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In this study, the effects of Plasticity Index (PI) variation on the seismic response of mid-rise building frames resting on soft soil deposits are investigated. To achieve this goal, three structural models including 5, 10, and 15 storey buildings are simulated in conjunction with a clayey soil representing soil class Ee according to the classification of AS1170.4–2007 (Earthquake actions in Australia) and then varying the Plasticity Index. Structural sections of the selected frames were designed according to AS3600–2009 (Australian Standard for Concrete Structures) after undertaking dynamic analysis under the influence of four different earthquake ground motions. The frame sections are modelled and analysed, employing finite difference method adopting FLAC 2D software under two different boundary conditions: (i) fixed base (no Soil-Structure Interaction), and (ii) flexible base considering soil-structure interaction. Fully nonlinear dynamic analyses under the influence of different earthquake records are conducted and the results in terms of maximum lateral displacements and inter-storey drifts for the above mentioned boundary conditions are obtained, compared, and discussed. Base on the results of the numerical investigations, it becomes apparent that as the Plasticity Index of the subsoil increases, the base shears of mid-rise building frames resting on soft soil deposits increase, while the lateral deflections and corresponding inter-storey drifts decrease. It is concluded that reduction of the Plasticity Index could noticeably amplify the effects of soil-structure interaction on the seismic response of mid-rise building frames.
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Munmulla, Thisari, Satheeskumar Navaratnam, Julian Thamboo, Thusiyanthan Ponnampalam, Hidallana-Gamage Hasitha Damruwan, Konstantinos Daniel Tsavdaridis i Guomin Zang. "Analyses of Structural Robustness of Prefabricated Modular Buildings: A Case Study on Mid-Rise Building Configurations". Buildings 12, nr 8 (22.08.2022): 1289. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12081289.
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The limited knowledge of the behaviour of modular buildings subjected to different loading scenarios and thereby lack of design guidelines hinder the growth of modular construction practices despite its widespread benefits. In order to understand the robustness of modular building systems, a case study was carried out using the numerical analysis method to evaluate the robustness of ten-storey braced frame modular buildings with different modular systems. Two types of modules with different span lengths were used in the assessments. Then, three different column removal scenarios involving (1) removal of a corner column, (2) an edge column, and (3) an interior column were employed to assess the robustness of modular building cases considered. The forces generated in the elements in close proximity to the removed column were verified to assess the robustness of each building case analysed. The results showed that the change in damping ratio from 1% to 5% has no significant influence on the robustness of the modular building cases considered, where the zero-damping leads to collapse. Corner column removal has not considerably affected the robustness of the braced modular building cases studied. The axial capacity ratio of columns is 0.8 in dynamic column removal in the building subjected to corner column removal, while in interior column removal capacity ratio reached up to 1.2, making it the most vulnerable failure scenario. Doubling the span of the modules (from 2.5 m to 5 m) has influenced the robustness of the buildings by increasing the axial forces of columns up to 30% in the interior column removal scenario. Thus, this study highlights that proper guidelines should be made available to assess the robustness of modular building systems to effectively design against progressive collapse.
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Kim, Taewan, Yurim Chu i Seung Rae Kim. "Seismic Performance Evaluation of a Mid-rise General Hospital Building". Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea 21, nr 5 (30.09.2017): 245–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5000/eesk.2017.21.5.245.
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Proulx, Guylène. "The Time Delay to Start Evacuating upon Hearing a Fire Alarm". Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 38, nr 14 (październik 1994): 811–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129403801403.
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An experiment was designed to observe the evacuation drills of occupants in four mid-rise apartment buildings. Each mid-rise building contained approximately 100 apartments, with 1 to 4 persons per apartment. All printed fire safety procedures stated that upon hearing the fire alarm all occupants should leave the building or move to an area of refuge, which means the movement of 100 to 200 people for each drill. The buildings chosen for this project were characterized as mixed-occupancy buildings; that is, they included adults, children, seniors and people with handicaps. Occupants received a memo that an evacuation drill would take place during the upcoming week. The evacuations were planned and carried out with the full participation of the local fire departments. The evacuation drills were recorded on video-cameras located throughout the buildings. This paper presents the results regarding the time at which each occupant started to evacuate which varies between 30 seconds to over 24 minutes. Most occupants who heard the fire alarm started their evacuation approximately 2 1/2 minutes after the alarm activation. The impact of the alarm system, the location of alarm-bells, training and pre-evacuation actions are discussed.
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K V, Smrithi, i Jisha P. "Seismic Analysis of a Multi-Storey Building with Different Types of Slabs". Journal of Structural Technology 8, nr 2 (3.05.2023): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.46610/jost.2023.v08i02.001.
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Earthquake plays an influential role in the analysis and design of structures. Unless the structures are designed and constructed to withstand seismic forces, failure cannot be avoided. Buildings can be made seismically sound with proper structure design, detailing and construction practice. The configuration of a building is very much important for the seismic performance of buildings. The important aspects that affect the seismic configuration of a building are overall geometry and structural system. This parameter varies in their behaviour in the flat slab, waffle slab and conventional slab. Therefore introducing different types of slabs becomes very crucial for a structural engineer when it comes to better performance of RC structure. The objective of this paper is to study the seismic behaviour of multi-storeyed buildings with different types of slab systems. The study is done by considering the varying number of stories i.e. low-rise, mid-rise and high-rise buildings. The study aims to find an effective slab system for both regular and irregular structures. The different types of slabs considered are flat plate system, flat slab with drop system and waffle slab system which is compared with the conventional slab system. Seismic assessment using response spectrum analysis is done. For low-rise to high-rise buildings, the seismic behaviour of the waffle slab is more effective.
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Raisinghani, B. M. "Evaluation of Regional Demand Parameters for Design of Mid-high-rise Building Using Past Earthquake Records". Proceedings of the 12th Structural Engineering Convention, SEC 2022: Themes 1-2 1, nr 1 (19.12.2022): 931–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.38208/acp.v1.604.
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Category of earthquake and distance from epicenter are the prime parameters that decide the demand on buildings for its engineering. As observed in past Bhuj earthquake of 2001 (7Mw), seventy buildings got severely damaged in Ahmedabad city which is located 250kms from the epicenter. Intensity index through observed damages fills the gap for the demand anticipations. Design of a building considering excitation frequency rather than just the zone factor is necessary to include effects of low frequency waves (e.g. Mexico-city). This paper shows the broad ways in which seismic demand can be obtained for performing PBD in Indian context. A mid-rise RC building is designed as per three standard code of practices (i.e. IS, ACI, EN) to provide seismic resistance. The anticipated demand levels are obtained using GMPEs (PEER), magnitude-intensity relations, micro-zonation study and NDMA hazard contours for 15 storey building in Ahmedabad. The highest capacity curve is for design using IS 1893 code and this building will survive earthquake having 0.22g PGA value. The magnitude-intensity-epicentral distance relation (Gutenberg et al, 1956) shows that the intensity of VII for Zone-III is not correct for Ahmedabad city and it shall be taken as VIII which is for Zone-IV (0.24g) as per zoning map of India. However, as per the micro-zonation study showing PGA of 0.18g for the city it can be said that building will survive the next earthquake of 7.0Mw in Bhuj. The damage to non-structural elements is evident from the NLTHA using matched response spectrum obtained using Uttarkashi and Chamoli earthquake records (COSMOS). It is suggested to use intensity-based response spectrum for design of mid-high-rise buildings in Ahmedabad city. Moreover, a local directive based on social and technology resilience shall be developed to provide design basis based on loss (%)-multiple hazard (PGA) matrix using the matching relations found in this paper. Design provisions and loss reduction strategy can only lead to sustainable infrastructure in cities planning for vertical development.
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Yang, Feng. "Investigating wintertime pedestrian wind environment and user perception in dense residential neighbourhood in a city of hot-summer and cold-winter climate zone, China". Indoor and Built Environment 26, nr 3 (28.07.2016): 392–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1420326x15620257.
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Urban wind environment could have an impact on pedestrian’s comfort and safety, as well as pollution dispersion and building energy consumption. For cities in the hot-summer and cold-winter climate zone of China, a proper design residential neighbourhoods is important to facilitate urban ventilation in hot and transient seasons and to protect users from strong winds in cold season. This paper reports the results of field measurements and a questionnaire survey in a large residential development with three different types of housings. Micrometeorology measurement was carried out at the pedestrian height level as well as at a rooftop reference station. Pedestrians’ subjective perception on wind and thermal comfort was recorded through a guided interview and questionnaire survey during the measurement. The measured wind velocity ratio is highest in the long-linear high-rise building layout, and is the lowest in the mid-rise linear building layout. Eight-seven per cent of respondents felt fairly comfortable living in the long-linear high-rise building layout, only 7% less than the mid-rise building layout. For similar housing forms in Shanghai, the wintertime wind shelter may not be critical compared with summertime ventilation requirement, and that the site planning and housing design should focus mainly on summertime wind channelling.
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Stepinac, Mislav, Iztok Šušteršič, Igor Gavrić i Vlatka Rajčić. "Seismic Design of Timber Buildings: Highlighted Challenges and Future Trends". Applied Sciences 10, nr 4 (19.02.2020): 1380. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10041380.
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Use of timber as a construction material has entered a period of renaissance since the development of high-performance engineered wood products, enabling larger and taller buildings to be built. In addition, due to substantial contribution of the building sector to global energy use, greenhouse gas emissions and waste production, sustainable solutions are needed, for which timber has shown a great potential as a sustainable, resilient and renewable building alternative, not only for single family homes but also for mid-rise and high-rise buildings. Both recent technological developments in timber engineering and exponentially increased use of engineered wood products and wood composites reflect in deficiency of current timber codes and standards. This paper presents an overview of some of the current challenges and emerging trends in the field of seismic design of timber buildings. Currently existing building codes and the development of new generation of European building codes are presented. Ongoing studies on a variety topics within seismic timber engineering are presented, including tall timber and hybrid buildings, composites with timber and seismic retrofitting with timber. Crucial challenges, key research needs and opportunities are addressed and critically discussed.
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Akkar, Sinan, Haluk Sucuoğlu i Ahmet Yakut. "Displacement-Based Fragility Functions for Low- and Mid-rise Ordinary Concrete Buildings". Earthquake Spectra 21, nr 4 (listopad 2005): 901–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.2084232.
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Fragility functions are determined for low- and mid-rise ordinary concrete buildings, which constitute the most vulnerable construction type in Turkey as well as several other countries prone to earthquakes. A hybrid approach is employed where building capacities are obtained from field data and their dynamic responses are calculated by response history analyses. Field data consists of 32 sample buildings representing the general characteristics of two- to five-story substandard reinforced concrete buildings in Turkey. Lateral stiffness, strength, and deformation capacities of the sample buildings are determined by pushover analyses conducted in two principal directions. Uncertainties in lateral stiffness, strength, and damage limit states are expressed by using statistical distributions. The inelastic dynamic structural characteristics of the buildings investigated are represented by a family of equivalent single-degree-of-freedom systems and their seismic deformation demands are calculated under 82 ground-motion records. Peak ground velocity (PGV) is selected as the measure of seismic intensity since maximum inelastic displacements are better correlated with PGV than peak ground acceleration (PGA). Fragility functions are derived separately for different number of stories, which is a prominent parameter influencing the vulnerability of existing substandard concrete buildings.
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Ansah, Mark Kyeredey, Xi Chen i Hongxing Yang. "Two-Stage Lifecycle Energy Optimization of Mid-Rise Residential Buildings with Building-Integrated Photovoltaic and Alternative Composite Façade Materials". Buildings 11, nr 12 (12.12.2021): 642. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11120642.
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Reducing the lifecycle energy use of buildings with renewable energy applications has become critical given the urgent need to decarbonize the building sector. Multi-objective optimizations have been widely applied to reduce the operational energy use of buildings, but limited studies concern the embodied or whole lifecycle energy use. Consequently, there are issues such as sub-optimal design solutions and unclear correlation between embodied and operational energy in the current building energy assessment. To address these gaps, this study integrates a multi-objective optimization method with building energy simulation and lifecycle assessment (LCA) to explore the optimal configuration of different building envelopes from a lifecycle perspective. Major contributions of the study include the integrated optimization which reflects the dynamics of the whole lifecycle energy use. Insights from the study reveal the optimal configuration of PV and composite building façades for different regions in sub-Saharan Africa. The lifecycle energy use for the optimized building design resulted in 24.59, 33.33, and 36.93% energy savings in Ghana, Burkina Faso, and Nigeria, respectively. Additionally, PV power generation can efficiently cover over 90% of the total building energy demand. This study provides valuable insights for building designers in sub-Saharan Africa and similar areas that minimize lifecycle energy demand.
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Yakubu,, U. S., A. B. Adeboye, M. C. Baiyegunhi i K. M. Idachaba. "Towards The Elimination of Residential Building Structural Failures Through International Best Implementation Practices in Nigeria". International Journal of Energy and Environmental Research 10, nr 3 (15.03.2022): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.37745/ijeer.13/vol10n33343.
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Structural failures and the total collapse of mid-rise residential buildings are common phenomena in Nigeria. The rate at which buildings collapse in Nigeria, the frequency of this occurrence, and the magnitude of the losses which are recorded in terms of lives and properties, are becoming alarming. Such incidents are reaching an unprecedented level and have become a major source of concern, not only to the government at all levels but to all stakeholders involved. This paper identifies and examines structural building regulatory implementation and enforcement practices, focusing on stakeholders’ perceptions of building regulatory enforcement and compliance in Nigeria. Quantitative data were captured via a structured questionnaire survey of architects, builders, and engineers, with valid responses received from 378 (63%), and semi-structured face-to-face interviews with industry professionals from different disciplines, such as structural engineers, heads of building departments, site managers, architects, quantity surveyors, builders and project site supervisors, enabled stakeholders’ perceptions of building regulatory enforcement and compliance to be obtained. Using the software SPSS for descriptive and inferential statistical analysis and Nvivo 10 for the qualitative analysis, the quantitative findings revealed that stakeholders’ perceptions of building regulatory enforcement and compliance are that these are very low and unsatisfactory. The qualitative findings yielded a large amount of multiple-interlocking reasons for the lack of compliance, which were anchored in inadequate project supervision, poverty levels, inadequate regulatory awareness, and inadequate professional experience. The findings emphasise the need for the Nigerian house-building sector to adopt international best regulatory implementation practices in order to eliminate mid-rise residential building structural failures through short-term and long-term initiative measures. The sector should focus on systemic and attitudinal change, implementation through capacity building and team work, double-loop feedback learning, and a continual evaluation of the implementation process with a view towards improving residential building construction regulatory practices in Nigeria.
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Alkhalidi, Ammar, i Osama Aljolani. "Do green buildings provide benefits to the residential sector in Jordan? Yes, but…". International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies 15, nr 3 (17.02.2020): 319–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijlct/ctz080.
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Abstract The concept of green buildings has recently arisen in order to contribute to solving some environmental, energy and economic issues. To meet the green building requirements, this paper describes an integrated design approach to improve the energy and water efficiency of the mid-rise residential buildings in Jordan using the eQUEST energy simulation tool. The results show that savings of 77.9% in the annual requirements of electricity, 65.0% in the requirements of diesel oil and 19.5% in the indoor water consumption can be achieved. Finally, the Jordanian green building model had achieved 44 points in the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design green building rating system and will have the ‘Certified’ classification.
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Reinoso, Eduardo, Miguel A. Jaimes i Marco A. Torres. "Evaluation of building code compliance in Mexico City: mid-rise dwellings". Building Research & Information 44, nr 2 (8.01.2015): 202–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2014.991622.
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Sangadji, S., S. A. Kritiawan i S. I. Prastiwi. "Determining fragility of urban low-to-mid rise masonry infilled building". IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 615 (15.10.2019): 012084. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/615/1/012084.
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Yip, Chun-Chieh, Jing-Ying Wong, Su-Shen Lim i Jie-Sheng Ooi. "Pseudo dynamic loads energy dissipation in mechanical shock absorber seismic damper". E3S Web of Conferences 347 (2022): 03012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202234703012.
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Earthquake tremor from neighbouring country had caused several cases of structural and non-structural damages toward the buildings in Malaysia. This issue had raised public attention about the safeness of the low-rise, mid-rise and high-rise building in the country. Buildings without proper seismic resistance design will collapse during the earth earthquake and people who could not evacuated from the building will be buried alive. Viscous Damper is one of the passive structural control systems in attenuating the seismic response on building. The damper utilized principle of fluid flow through orifices to create friction that turns the movement into heat energy to be release into atmosphere. This study is to investigate the effectiveness and behaviour of the mechanical shock absorber as damper in resisting seismic force. Three different type of dampers are being tested under 6 different loading displacement amplitude to measure the hysteresis loops and energy dissipation capability. The results showed that the extra features of the coil over in EX5 Kriss Wave damper with 17 kNmm had significantly increase the energy dissipation capability up to 5.6 time better than the lowest 3 kNmm APIDO type damper.
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Maison, Bruce F., Kazuhiko Kasai i Yoji Ooki. "Relative Performance of Kobe and Northridge WSMF Buildings". Earthquake Spectra 22, nr 4 (listopad 2006): 1081–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.2359743.
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Seismic behaviors of a five-story welded steel moment-frame (WSMF) office building in Kobe, Japan, and a six-story WSMF office building in Northridge, California, are compared. Both experienced earthquake damage (1995 Kobe and 1994 Northridge earthquakes, respectively). Computer models of the buildings are formulated, having the ability to simulate damage in terms of fractured moment connections. Analyses are conducted to assess building response during the earthquakes. The calibrated models are then analyzed using a suite of earthquake records to compare building performance under consistent demands. The Kobe building is found to be more rugged than the Northridge building. Analysis suggests it would experience much less damage than the Northridge building from shaking equivalent to 2,500-year earthquake for a generic Los Angeles site. Superior performance of the Kobe building is attributed to its relatively greater stiffness and strength. The results provide insight into the difference in seismic fragility expected for this class of mid-rise WSMF buildings in Japan and the United States.
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Al-Ashmori, Yasser Yahya, Idris Othman i Al-Hussein M. H. Al-Aidrous. "“Values, Challenges, and Critical Success Factors” of Building Information Modelling (BIM) in Malaysia: Experts Perspective". Sustainability 14, nr 6 (9.03.2022): 3192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14063192.
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Building Information Modelling (BIM) plays a major role in enhancing the building project process. However, BIM implementation in building projects has not been categorized, and no previous investigation of its value in the different building project types has been undertaken. This research intended to evaluate BIM implementation in building projects and to identify its values, challenges, and enablers. Experts from BIM consultancy organizations were the respondents in this study. Based on nine interviews and 26 responses to a structured questionnaire, a quantitative approach to the content validity method was adopted. The results reveal that BIM implementation in mid- and low-rise buildings is very low. Only top organizations are able to implement BIM in their projects. Experts suggested that local organizations are not able to implement BIM due to their inability to adopt the BIM system as a digital management process throughout the project life cycle. In addition, there was consensus agreement based on the Content Validity Ratio (CVR) that BIM adds significant value to building projects, which includes providing collaborative organizations, greater communication, increased client satisfaction, more cost-savings, increased productivity, and a new way of reasoning for projects. This research also identified 20 challenges and 45 enablers of BIM implementation in mid- and low-rise building construction by the local firms. From the result, it was found that the presented variables were reliable, as reported in the interview transcripts and based on the majority of experts’ opinions. This research provides an important list of challenges and success factors that need to be considered to overcome the critical issue of low BIM implementation in building projects.
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Işık, Mehmet Fatih, Fatih Avcil, Ehsan Harirchian, Mehmet Akif Bülbül, Marijana Hadzima-Nyarko, Ercan Işık, Rabia İzol i Dorin Radu. "A Hybrid Artificial Neural Network—Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm Model for the Determination of Target Displacements in Mid-Rise Regular Reinforced-Concrete Buildings". Sustainability 15, nr 12 (18.06.2023): 9715. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15129715.
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The realistic determination of damage estimation and building performance depends on target displacements in performance-based earthquake engineering. In this study, target displacements were obtained by performing pushover analysis for a sample reinforced-concrete building model, taking into account 60 different peak ground accelerations for each of the five different stories. Three different target displacements were obtained for damage estimation, such as damage limitation (DL), significant damage (SD), and near collapse (NC), obtained for each peak ground acceleration for five different numbers of stories, respectively. It aims to develop an artificial neural network (ANN)-based sustainable model to predict target displacements under different seismic risks for mid-rise regular reinforced-concrete buildings, which make up a large part of the existing building stock, using all the data obtained. For this purpose, a hybrid structure was established with the particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO), and the network structure’s hyper parameters were optimized. Three different hybrid models were created in order to predict the target displacements most successfully. It was found that the ANN established with particles with the best position revealed by the hybrid models produced successful results in the calculation of the performance score. The created hybrid models produced 99% successful results in DL estimation, 99% in SD estimation, and 99% in NC estimation in determining target displacements in mid-rise regular reinforced-concrete buildings. The hybrid model also revealed which parameters should be used in ANN for estimating target displacements under different seismic risks.
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Koziatek, O., S. Dragićević i S. Li. "GEOSPATIAL MODELLING APPROACH FOR 3D URBAN DENSIFICATION DEVELOPMENTS". ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B2 (7.06.2016): 349–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b2-349-2016.
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With growing populations, economic pressures, and the need for sustainable practices, many urban regions are rapidly densifying developments in the vertical built dimension with mid- and high-rise buildings. The location of these buildings can be projected based on key factors that are attractive to urban planners, developers, and potential buyers. Current research in this area includes various modelling approaches, such as cellular automata and agent-based modelling, but the results are mostly linked to raster grids as the smallest spatial units that operate in two spatial dimensions. Therefore, the objective of this research is to develop a geospatial model that operates on irregular spatial tessellations to model mid- and high-rise buildings in three spatial dimensions (3D). The proposed model is based on the integration of GIS, fuzzy multi-criteria evaluation (MCE), and 3D GIS-based procedural modelling. Part of the City of Surrey, within the Metro Vancouver Region, Canada, has been used to present the simulations of the generated 3D building objects. The proposed 3D modelling approach was developed using ESRI’s CityEngine software and the Computer Generated Architecture (CGA) language.
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Koziatek, O., S. Dragićević i S. Li. "GEOSPATIAL MODELLING APPROACH FOR 3D URBAN DENSIFICATION DEVELOPMENTS". ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B2 (7.06.2016): 349–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b2-349-2016.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
With growing populations, economic pressures, and the need for sustainable practices, many urban regions are rapidly densifying developments in the vertical built dimension with mid- and high-rise buildings. The location of these buildings can be projected based on key factors that are attractive to urban planners, developers, and potential buyers. Current research in this area includes various modelling approaches, such as cellular automata and agent-based modelling, but the results are mostly linked to raster grids as the smallest spatial units that operate in two spatial dimensions. Therefore, the objective of this research is to develop a geospatial model that operates on irregular spatial tessellations to model mid- and high-rise buildings in three spatial dimensions (3D). The proposed model is based on the integration of GIS, fuzzy multi-criteria evaluation (MCE), and 3D GIS-based procedural modelling. Part of the City of Surrey, within the Metro Vancouver Region, Canada, has been used to present the simulations of the generated 3D building objects. The proposed 3D modelling approach was developed using ESRI’s CityEngine software and the Computer Generated Architecture (CGA) language.
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Blagojević, Predrag, Svetlana Brzev i Radovan Cvetković. "Seismic Retrofitting of Mid-Rise Unreinforced Masonry Residential Buildings after the 2010 Kraljevo, Serbia Earthquake: A Case Study". Buildings 13, nr 3 (24.02.2023): 597. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13030597.
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There is a significant building stock of post-WWII low- and mid-rise unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings in Serbia and the region (former Yugoslavia). Numerous buildings of this typology collapsed due to the devastating 1963 Skopje, Yugoslavia earthquake, causing fatalities, injuries, and property losses, as well as experienced damage in a few recent earthquakes in the region, including the 2010 Kraljevo, Serbia earthquake (MW 5.5) and the 2020 Petrinja, Croatia earthquake (M 6.4). These buildings are three- to five-stories high, have clay brick masonry walls, and rigid floor slabs, usually with an RC ring beam at each floor level. This paper presents a case study of a URM building which was damaged due to the 2010 Kraljevo earthquake and subsequently retrofitted. A comparison of seismic analysis results, including the capacity/demand ratio and displacement/drift values, for the original and retrofitted building according to the seismic design and retrofit codes which were followed in Serbia as well as some of the neighboring countries for several decades and Eurocode 8 has been presented. The results of this study show that the selected retrofit solution that satisfied the Yugoslav seismic code requirements is not adequate according to the Eurocode 8, primarily due to significantly higher seismic demand.
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Soleimani, Sahman, Abdolreza S. Moghadam i Armin Aziminejad. "Bidirectional energy-based pushover procedure as a fast approach to establish approximate IDA curves under biaxial seismic excitations: an evaluation for medium- and high-rise buildings". Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 20, nr 5 (31.01.2022): 2565–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10518-022-01324-z.
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AbstractThis paper evaluates the accuracy of bidirectional energy-based pushover (BEP) procedure in predicting approximate incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) results for medium- and high-rise structures. BEP provides approximate IDA curves under the simultaneous effect of the two horizontal components of ground motions and is applicable to both symmetric- and asymmetric-plan buildings. The method has already proven useful in low-rise buildings, and this study aims to evaluate its suitability for mid- and high-rise structures. Six steel structures were considered in this evaluation in two groups of 9- and 20-story buildings, with each group consisting of a symmetric, a one-way asymmetric, and a two-way asymmetric-plan building. The assessment was performed for 22 pairs of far-field ground motion records. The results revealed that the accuracy of the method was satisfactory to produce approximate IDA curves for all structural models. The method had similar accuracy in the asymmetric models as it did in the symmetric models, although the accuracy showed a tendency to decrease as the height of the building increased. BEP also provided reasonable estimates of the demands in both 'flexible' and 'stiff sides' of the asymmetric buildings as well as the demands over the height of the buildings.
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Lee, Jae Min, i William Braham. "Right-Sizing Cities for Maximum Power: Urban Form Parameters for New York City and the Greater Philadelphia Region". Sustainability 11, nr 8 (19.04.2019): 2352. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11082352.
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This paper examines the urban form parameters in theories and ideas related to the urbanizing world. Adopting emergy (spelled with an “m”) synthesis, we studied New York City and the Greater Philadelphia region to determine the appropriate urban form, including building height, development density, bulkiness, and transportation. The European and North American mid-rise urban block is an effective settlement type for reducing per capita emergy in construction and building operations. Buildings over 40 stories with a development density exceeding a floor area ratio of 5 tend to show higher emergy investments per person. Large and bulky buildings with low surface-area-to-volume ratios that reside on the periphery of cities consume a significant amount of energy due to conditioning building space and the increased transportation needs for commuters.
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Mosey, Grant, i Brian Deal. "Optimizing Multi-Family Building Massing for Affordability and Envelope Performance: An Investigation of the Trade-Offs Implicit in Low Rise Residential Buildings". Buildings 11, nr 3 (6.03.2021): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11030099.
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The United States faces twin crises of housing affordability and environmental degradation. Under these clouds, the nation is experiencing an explosive growth in new construction multi-family housing. This paper seeks to evaluate how designers might optimize the organization of such projects to minimize cost and maximize environmental performance. A method is developed for evaluating the construction costs and environmental performance of multifamily developments across four variables: building height, number of buildings, building width, and building floor area. Our analysis suggests that buildings with deeper floor plates are preferable for both economic and environmental reasons. We also suggest that taller buildings have more performative envelopes while shorter buildings are more economical to construct. Finally, we offer a method of finding a compromise between economic and environmental objectives for projects of a given square footage. Most commonly, this “compromise” takes the form of a moderate number of mid-rise buildings with deep floor plates. This investigation adds nuance to the existing literature on the effects of building shape on building cost and envelope performance. It also provides designers with a method of potentially constructing multifamily buildings in a less expensive and more environmentally conscious way.
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AHMADNIA, GHOLAMREZA, Sajjad Saeb, ALFONSO COBO ESCAMILLA i JOSE ANGEL CAPITAN GOMEZ. "ENERGY OPTIMIZATION OF MID-RISE BUILDINGS IN TROPICAL AREAS: A RESIDENTIAL SITE CASE STUDY". DYNA 98, nr 4 (1.07.2023): 356–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.6036/10618.
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Residential buildings and living conditions have greatly changed over the last two decades. In fact, with a few exceptions, current buildings are not the kind of habitats belonged to today. Due to the development of innovative materials, products and construction methods, the construction of environmentally friendly buildings with better economic efficiency seems essential. The present study seeks to provide simple and practical solutions to reduce energy consumption and develop comfort in residential buildings in cities influenced by hot climatic conditions. To this end, a 4-storey residential building in the city of Ahvaz, Iran, is simulated by Design Builder Software (which uses Energy plus engine) to investigate the impact of alternative roofing and facade materials, awning, windows, and others, on energy efficiency. The results show that using rockwool and aluminum composite panels (ACP) facade, pumice concrete roofing, double glazed windows, vertical awning of a 70 cm height, and a balcony of 50 cm depth are the best composition to thermal reinforcement for residential buildings and decrease energy consumption. Key Words: Energy Consumption Optimization, Thermal Comfort, Residential Complex
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Wang, Yu Chung, i Hsien Te Lin. "Energy-Saving Techniques of Full-Scale Green Building Analysis Research - Taiwan’s First Zero-Carbon Green Building". Applied Mechanics and Materials 121-126 (październik 2011): 3058–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.121-126.3058.
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This research is based on Taiwan’s first zero-carbon green building-Magic School of Green Technology in National Cheng Kung University. Actual energy consumption will be measured to explore benefits of energy-saving. The design origin for this building encompasses 13 green energy-saving techniques. United States Department of Energy dynamic building energy analytical software, eQUEST, is used to execute the strictest energy consumption analytical assessment. It is forecasted to reach an energy-saving efficiency of 65% with energy use intensity (EUI) of 43 kWh/m².yr for the whole building, far below that of 169 kWh/m².yr found in Taiwan low/mid-rise office buildings. This building has begun operation in 2011, through actual readings from Building Energy Management System (BEMS) during January to June, first-half-year accumulated EUI of 19.3 kWh/m².yr against eQUEST analytical assessment of 22.5 kWh/m².yr for the same period. Actual energy consumption analysis for air conditioning, lighting, socket outlet, and power equipment, respectively recorded 41.7%, 11%, 22.3%, and 25% in June. Demonstrating that eQUEST analytical assessed value is very consistent with building’s actual energy consumption readings. The energy consumption standard in the experimental research behind the Magic School of Green Technology stands at world class.
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SHIMOYAMA, Masato, Yuji MIYAZU, Yujiro MIYATA, Takehiro WAKITA i Hiroki ISHIYAMA. "DEVELOPMENT OF KNEE-BRACE FRICTION DAMPER FOR MID-RISE TIMBER FRAME BUILDING". AIJ Journal of Technology and Design 28, nr 70 (20.10.2022): 1189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aijt.28.1189.
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Ohkuma, Takeshi, Hachinori Yasui i Hisao Marukawa. "Development of wind tunnel test model of mid-rise base-isolated building". Wind and Structures 7, nr 3 (25.06.2004): 203–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/was.2004.7.3.203.
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Smyrou, Eleni. "FRP versus traditional strengthening on a typical mid-rise Turkish RC building". Earthquakes and Structures 9, nr 5 (25.11.2015): 1069–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/eas.2015.9.5.1069.
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Chiu, Vincent, Hua Ge i Ted Stathopoulos. "Overhang Effect on Reducing Wind-driven Rain for a Mid-rise Building". Energy Procedia 78 (listopad 2015): 2506–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2015.11.252.
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