Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „MID RISE BUILDING”

The objective of this project aimed to quantify and compare the environmental impacts associated with the construction of a mid-rise office building. Two alternative scenarios were considered; a traditional cast-in-place, reinforced concrete frame and a laminated timber hybrid design, which utilized engineered wood products including glulam and cross-laminated timber (CLT). The study boundary was cradle-to-gate and encompassed the structural support system and the building enclosure. A case study building; Discovery Place – Building 12, was selected to represent a typical five-storey office building constructed in North America. Floor plans, elevations, material quantities and design loads associated with the concrete-framed building design were obtained from issued-for-construction engineering drawings. A functionally equivalent, laminated timber design was then conceived, based on the requirements outlined in CAN/CSA-O86-01. Design values for locally produced CLT panels were established from in-house material testing results. A life cycle assessment of CLT, manufactured in British Columbia with mountain pine beetle killed wood, was developed based on primary inventory data collected from a pilot-scale manufacturing facility. Life cycle inventory and impact assessment data for building materials was obtained from secondary sources including BEES® 4.0, ATHENA® EcoCalculator, CORRIM, and the US LCI. TRACI, an impact assessment characterization methodology, was employed to translate inventory flows into environmental impact indicators. The environmental comparison of building design alternatives was based on 11 impact categories. The results concluded that the laminated timber building design was associated with a lower environmental footprint in 10 of 11 categories. At a minimum, the heavy timber design demonstrated a 14% improvement, when considering acidification potential. At a maximum, the timber design exhibited a global warming potential that was 71% less than the concrete design. Fossil fuel depletion was the only category where the concrete design was superior, displaying a 6% advantage over the timber scenario. The cumulative embodied energy of construction materials was also calculated; with results estimating energy contents of 116 and 66 terajoules for the timber and concrete designs, respectively. The concrete building acquired 20% of its energy from renewable sources, whereas in the timber-framed case, renewables accounted for over 60% of the combined feedstock and process energy.

SEISMIC STRENGTHENING OF A MID-RISE REINFORCED CONCRETE FRAME USING CFRPs: AN APPLICATION FROM REAL LIFE Tan, Mustafa Tü
mer M.S., Department Of Civil Engineering Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Gü
ney Ö
zcebe Co-Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. BariS Binici May 2009, 162 pages FRP retrofitting allows the utilization of brick infill walls as lateral load resisting elements. This practical retrofit scheme is a strong alternative to strengthen low to mid-rise deficient reinforced concrete (RC) structures in Turkey. The advantages of the FRP applications, to name a few, are the speed of construction and elimination of the need for building evacuation during construction. In this retrofit scheme, infill walls are adopted to the existing frame system by using FRP tension ties anchored the boundary frame using FRP dowels. Results of experiments have previously shown that FRP strengthened infill walls can enhance lateral load carrying capacity and reduce damage by limiting interstory drift deformations. In previous, analytical studies, a detailed mathematical model and a simplified version of the model for compression struts and tension ties was proposed and verified by comparing model estimations with test results. In this study, an existing 9-storey deficient RC building located in Antakya was chosen to design and apply a hybrid strengthening scheme with FRPs and reduced number of shear walls. Linear elastic analysis procedure was utilized (force based assessment technique) along with the rules of Mode Superposition Method for the reftrofit design. FRP retrofit scheme was employed using the simplified model and design was conducted such that life safety performance criterion is satisfied employing elastic spectrum with 10% probability of exceedance in 50 years according to the Turkish Earthquake Code 2007. Further analytical studies are performed by using Modal Pushover and Nonlinear Time-History Analyses. At the end of these nonlinear analyses, performance check is performed according to Turkish Earthquake Code 2007, using the strains resulting from the sum of yield and plastic rotations at demand in the critical sections. CFRP retrofitting works started at October 2008 and finished at December 2008 for the building mentioned in this study. Eccentric reinforced concrete shearwall installation is still being undertaken. All construction business is carried out without evacuation of the building occupants. This project is one of the first examples of its kind in Turkey. Keywords: CFRP, Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers, Masonry Infill Walls, Reinforced Concrete Infill Walls, Mid-Rise Deficient Structures, Turkish Earthquake Code 2007, Modal Pushover Analysis, Nonlinear Time History Analysis, Linear Elastic Building Assessment

Thesis (M. Phil.)--Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2004.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 96-102). Also available in electronic version. Access restricted to campus users.

The objective of this investigation is to evaluate the geo-climatic potential for comfort cooling energy savings in mid-rise office buildings applying advanced natural ventilation (ANV) approach based on the stack-effect. The region of interest is the Mediterranean coastline of Catalonia with selected reference geographical locations—the cities of Barcelona, Terrassa and Tarragona. In the first part of this research is evaluated the climatic potential for natural ventilation (CPNV) for each location, as a theoretical level of availability of natural ventilation (NV) based on the model of adaptive thermal comfort. For a comparison of geo-climatic potentials in a wider regional context, additional reference locations are chosen along the Northern Mediterranean: Valencia, Marseille, Rome, Koper, Split, Athens and Nicosia. Generated results confirm that NV is feasible mainly from April to October while in July and August is considerably limited due to unfavourable climate conditions. The second part of the work examines cooling energy savings of the hypothetical mid-rise office-type building model “A”. Applied building performance simulations (BPS) demonstrates achieved total yearly cooling energy savings in the region of Catalonia between 22% and 51%. The same model positioned along the Northern Mediterranean displays cutting in yearly cooling energy loads in a wider range—from 6% to 51%.The following section evaluates levels of climate change vulnerability applying climate scenarios for the selected time-slices—the years 2050 and 2080. It is indicated that the potential of ANV will be reduced close to zero in July and August in 2080. However, the introduction of selected assisted cooling techniques demonstrates that this impact can be absorbed approximately back to the previously evaluated scale in the horizon of 2050. In the last part of the investigation, the new defined building model “B” displays an improvement of comfort cooling energy efficiency: selected NV techniques are merged in order to take advantage of lower nocturnal outdoor temperatures by passive means, whose potential is reflected on the decrease of active day-time cooling loads. For this purpose, the positioned model in Barcelona achieves the yearly reduction of cooling energy loads by 65% in present-time weather conditions. At the conclusion, under projected climate configurations for 2050 and 2080, in Barcelona Terrassa and Tarragona, the series of BPS displays a higher level of climate resilience and the overall reduction of cooling energy loads within 53% and 59%. The key-contribution and the novelty of this research is in the performed series of experimental BPS of the building model “A” where are detected ANV system’s weaknesses as a result of estimated unfavourable climate effects. Relative to observed limited cooling performances, ANV is shifted from an autonomous comfort cooling concept to being a part of a complex ventilative system with specific day- and night-time cycles. Such a new established design approach based on dynamic heat storage is associated with an introduction of lower nocturnal and early morning outdoor air temperatures, as being less affected with future regional climate change. An achieved advantageous momentum in energy performances is categorized through strengths and opportunities. Thereby, the building model “B”, the outcome of this investigation, represents the climate responsive building form with an integrated climate sensitive comfort cooling system, which delivers a higher level of energy efficiency—seen as an acquired factor of resilience towards estimated climate change threats. Such a conceptualised hypothetical building prototype may prove to be a beneficial contributor in the current process of rapid deployment of renewable energy sources in the regional building sector, observed as well from the perspective of the ongoing European Union’s energy transition.
El objetivo de esta investigación es evaluar el potencial geo-climático para el ahorro de energía de enfriamiento de confort en los edificios de oficinas de mediana altura aplicando el concepto de ventilación natural avanzada (ANV). El enfoque es en la costa Mediterránea de Cataluña y las ubicaciones geográficas seleccionadas: Barcelona, Terrassa y Tarragona. La primera parte de investigación evalúa el potencial climático de ventilación natural (CPNV), un nivel teórico de disponibilidad de ventilación natural (NV) aplicando el modelo de confort térmico adaptativo. Para una comparación de los potenciales geo-climáticos en un contexto regional más amplio, están elegidas las ubicaciones a lo largo del Mediterráneo Norte: Valencia, Marsella, Roma, Koper, Split, Atenas y Nicosia. Los resultados confirman que NV es factible principalmente desde abril hasta octubre, mientras que en julio y agosto es considerablemente limitada. La segunda parte del trabajo examina los ahorros de energía de enfriamiento de un hipotético modelo “A” del edificio de oficinas de media altura. Las simulaciones de rendimiento de edificios (BPS) en la región de Cataluña demuestran una reducción anual de cargas de enfriamiento entre 22% y 51%. El mismo modelo posicionado a lo largo del Mediterráneo Norte muestra la reducción de las cargas anuales en un rango más amplio, entre 6% y 51%. La siguiente sección evalúa los niveles de vulnerabilidad al cambio climático aplicando escenarios climáticos para los años 2050 y 2080. Se indica que el potencial de ANV se reducirá cerca de cero en julio y agosto de 2080. Sin embargo, la introducción de unas técnicas de enfriamiento asistidas demuestra que ese impacto puede ser absorbido aproximadamente a la escala previamente evaluada en el horizonte de 2050. La última parte de investigación exhibe que el modelo “B” tiene un mejor nivel de la eficiencia energética del enfriamiento de confort: se fusionan técnicas de NV seleccionadas para aprovechar las temperaturas exteriores nocturnas más bajas por medios pasivos, cuyo potencial se refleja sobre la disminución de las cargas de enfriamiento activo diurno. Para este propósito, el modelo posicionado en Barcelona consigue la reducción anual de las cargas de enfriamiento en un 65% en las condiciones meteorológicas actuales. En conclusión, bajo las configuraciones climáticas proyectadas para 2050 y 2080, en Barcelona, Terrassa y Tarragona, la serie de BPS muestra un mayor nivel de resiliencia climática con la reducción de las cargas de enfriamiento entre 53% y 59%. El aporte clave de la investigación se encuentra en BPS experimentales del modelo “A” donde se detectan las debilidades del sistema ANV como consecuencia del cambio climático estimado. En relación con los rendimientos de enfriamiento limitados, ANV se cambia de un concepto autónomo a ser parte de un sistema de ventilación más complejo con los ciclos específicos diurnos y nocturnos. Este nuevo enfoque de diseño establecido basado en el almacenamiento dinámico de calor se asocia con una introducción del aire exterior con temperaturas más bajas durante la noche y las primeras horas de la mañana, como menos afectado por el futuro cambio climático regional. Un impulso ventajoso logrado en el desempeño energético se categoriza a través de las fortalezas y oportunidades. Por lo tanto, el modelo "B" representa la forma del edificio receptivo al clima con un sistema de enfriamiento de confort integrado sensible, lo que ofrece un mayor nivel de eficiencia energética, visto también como un factor adquirido de resiliencia frente a las amenazas estimadas del cambio climático. Tal prototipo de edificio hipotético puede resultar como un contribuyente beneficioso en el proceso actual de despliegue rápido de fuentes de energía renovables en el sector de la construcción regional, observado también desde la perspectiva de la transición energética en curso de la Unión Europea

Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2006.
Includes bibliographical references.
Selecting a structural system for a building is a complex, multidisciplinary process. No design project is the same; however, there are certain criteria that are commonly true in the initial phase of evaluating different structural schemes. These criteria encompass all aspects of a full, functioning building, forcing the design team to be creative in their approach of satisfying all facets. An investigation was carried out for several structural steel framing options available to designers. The schemes describe how each successfully resist lateral loads explaining the advantages and disadvantages of each. Many of the structural design tools available for initial structural system evaluation are strength based. The demand for cheaper, more efficient and taller structures has paved the way for performance based design. A simple cantilever beam performance based analysis was utilized to evaluate three common structural framing schemes in order to gain a better understanding of the performance of each. Results give recommendations for efficient structural solutions for proposed buildings as a function of height.
by Jason A. Cook.
M.Eng.

Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2009.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 58-59).
In this thesis, the importance of cladding panels on mid-rise buildings in an earthquake-prone region is investigated. A cladding panel acts as a protective or an insulating layer to control weather infiltration. The Northridge Earthquake, which took place on January 17, 1994, caused numerous heavy cladding panels to fall off the walls of residential and commercial buildings. The failure of these panels was a result of an insufficient understanding of the cladding behaviors as a subsystem in the three-dimensional framing system. Cladding is designed to be isolated from the structural frame movement during an earthquake. However, numerous studies have concluded that cladding interacts with the structural frame in providing lateral resistance. The advantages and disadvantages of different cladding materials, cladding systems, and cladding connections are presented in this thesis. The effects of cladding on mid-rise buildings in the Northridge Earthquake in the Los Angeles area are simulated in this study. Motion resistance contributed from cladding in a particular mid-rise building, a 19-story office building in downtown Los Angeles, is investigated. Analyses of clad models and unclad models are carried out, and clad models are discovered to displace less than unclad models. Therefore, cladding is able to contribute lateral motion resistance to a building during an earthquake, and structural engineers should include cladding in their analysis models when designing a building.
by Chuan-Hua Kuo.
M.Eng.

Thesis (Ph.D)--City Planning, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009.
Committee Chair: French, Steven P.; Committee Member: Drummond, William; Committee Member: Goodno, Barry; Committee Member: McCarthy, Patrick; Committee Member: Yang, Jiawen. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.

During the last few years, the merging of timber building tradition with the application of new technologies has produced new prefabricated building systems in Europe and North America. Mid-rise buildings present a unique opportunity to apply new timber technologies. Chile has shown sustained growth of buildings construction during the past decades but little further development in the use of wood. To establish the feasibility of timber systems applied to the Chilean context this research considered social aspects, technical aspects and local standards related to the manufacture and construction using timber components. A project proposal is used to analyze the architectural applications of timber systems according to the Chilean context. The design considers the case of densification in the city of Santiago and investigates the possibility of developing mid-rise structures using the structural properties and features of timber systems. So far only two systems applied to mid-rise structures have been tested for seismic resistance on full scale prototypes: Midply and Cross Laminated Timber. Both systems are suitable for the Chilean context despite their different features. However, it is essential to modify the Chilean Structural Code in order to properly incorporate the seismic performance of timber structures. Also, further research is needed on the application of softwoods and local construction techniques are required for timber panel systems in order to change the negative perception of users about timber housing. The Chilean context has interesting design opportunities to develop buildings that use prefabricated timber panel systems. These structures are flexible, light and have shear high-resistance. However, it is necessary further exploration on architectural possibilities that could expand the use of these alternatives.

The infrequent nature of earthquakes in the Central and Eastern United States (CEUS), and the fact that none with intensity comparable to the New Madrid sequence of 1811 12 or the Charleston earthquake of 1886 has occurred in the past century, have caused the earthquake hazard in the region to be ignored until quite recently. The seismic performance of reinforced concrete (RC) frames in the CEUS, which have primarily been designed for gravity load effects, is expected to be deficient when subjected to earthquakes that are judged, in recent seismological research, as being plausible in the New Madrid Seismic Zone (NMSZ). The objective of this study is to develop a set of probability-based tools for efficient uncertainty analysis and seismic vulnerability and risk assessment of such gravity load designed (GLD) RC frames and to use these tools in evaluating the seismic vulnerability of RC frames that are representative of the building inventory in Memphis, TN the largest population center close to the NMSZ. Synthetic earthquake ground motions for the CEUS that are available from two different Mid-America Earthquake (MAE) Center projects were used in the finite element-based simulations for determining the seismic demand on the GLD RC frames by nonlinear time history analysis (NTHA). A beam-column joint model was developed to address the deficiencies in the joints of GLD frames and was incorporated in the finite element structural models. Seismic fragilities were derived for low-, mid-, and high-rise GLD RC frames. Various sources of uncertainty were propagated through the analysis, and their significance for fragility assessment was examined. These fragilities were used to evaluate the vulnerability of the RC frame inventory in Memphis, TN with regard to performance-based design objectives, defined in terms of performance levels associated with reference earthquake hazard levels. This performance appraisal indicated that GLD RC frames do not meet the life safety and collapse prevention performance objectives that are found in recent building codes and guidelines for performance-based earthquake engineering.

Fires in buildings are dangerous in many ways, one big hazard is the risk of building collapse. This is a hazard both to occupants in the building and to the fire service, who might have to enter the building for their firefighting. The consequences of a building collapse can become severe, both in terms of damage to the building and in terms of injuries to people. Despite this, there are few methods to determine how stable a construction is, when exposed to stress from a fire. This thesis has tried to find connections between occurred events where buildings have collapsed, both by a literature study and by looking into some occurred collapses. This has been done by analysing some specific events more deeply, to find out what went wrong in that specific case, and by looking into a broader base of occurred building collapses which has been presented as statistics. Finally contact with personnel from two different fire brigades was taken, to perform a questionnaire and collect information of how they work with the dangers in reality. All of these studies has shown that there are some connections between which buildings collapse more often than others, one example is that small houses collapse more frequently than residential buildings and that roofs is the part of the building which collapses most often. This is confirmed by some of the people from the fire brigades, who thinks it reflects their own experiences regarding building fires. Even though some connections like these can be shown, they can have several explanations as for example, there are many more small houses than residential buildings in Sweden which makes it natural to believe that they collapse more often. Still, some connections are clear and this information can be used to base further studies on and perhaps gain more knowledge to be able to make better judgements on whether a construction is stable or not.

Vi har valt att undersöka vilka möjligheter och eventuella risker det finns att bygga högt i Stockholm. Undersökningen utgick på att jämföra olika byggtekniska lösningar för stomsystem. Hur tar stomsystemen hand om vertikala och horisontella laster? Vilket stomsystemen är lämpligast vid en viss höjd? Dessa är några av de frågor som besvaras i arbetet. De vertikala och horisontella lasterna är de faktorer som främst försvårar höghusbyggandet. Med en större belastning av laster ju högre det byggs måste stomsystemen dimensioneras med allt större noggrannhet för att lasterna ska nedföras till grundläggningen på ett säkert sätt. Stomsystemen måste även dimensioneras för de svajningar och stabilitetsproblem som uppstår av de transversella lasterna. Genom inläsning av litteratur och intervjuer angående ämnet så har vi kommit fram till att den största orsaken att det finns så få höghus i Sverige beror på den politiska inställningen i landet och efter Turning Torsos kostnad dubblerades så har många dragit sig undan höghusprojekt. Byggtekniskt har vi i Sverige erfarenheter att bygga upp till 100-150m.
We have in this thesis decided to examine the possibilities and the possible hazards of high-rise buildings in Stockholm. We compared the different structural systems to determine how the systems handle the vertical and transversal loads and which system is to recommend to a certain height. The vertical and transversal loads are the main factors that make high-rise buildings harder to dimension than normal buildings. The higher the building is the more vertical and transversal loads that needs to be accounted in the dimensioning of the structural systems. This needs to be done accurately to secure the safety of the building. The sway and stability problems that occurs from the transversal loads need to be taking into account when designing the structural system. By reading literature and conducting interviews about the subject we can come to the conclusion that the reason why Sweden is behind with recent high-rise development is because of political reasons rather than lack of knowledge. We in Sweden have the experience to successfully build high-rise buildings up to 100-150m.

In this study, the seismic fragility assessment of low-rise and mid-rise reinforced concrete frame buildings which constitute approximately 75 % of the total building stock in Turkey is investigated to quantify the earthquake risk. The inventory used in this study is selected from Dü
zce damage database which was compiled after the devastating 1999 earthquakes in the Marmara region. These buildings are not designed according to the current code regulations and the supervision in the construction phase is not adequate. The building database is divided into sub-classes according to the height and absence of infilled walls. Each building in the database is represented by an equivalent single degree of freedom system with three structural parameters: period, strength, and post-elastic stiffness ratio. The ground motion records are selected from different parts of the world covering a wide range of characteristics. The capacity of the structure is represented for each sub-class by the limit states. Hence, a set of fragility curves for low- and mid-rise reinforced concrete structures are developed by making use of the building characteristics in the database. The generated fragility curve set is referred as &ldquo
reference&rdquo
since it forms the basis of a parametric study. A parametric study is conducted to examine the influence of post-elastic stiffness ratio, simulation and sampling techniques, sample size, limit state definition and degrading behavior on the final fragility curves. Estimated damage distribution after two consecutive major earthquakes is compared with the actual field data in order to investigate the validity of the generated fragility curves.

碩士
國立中興大學
土木工程學系所
104
This study is about structural health monitoring and damage assessment is applied for real implementation. A real eight-story building is located in Taipei and fully instrumented with 3D Palerts on each floor. The well-established SSI Covariance-Driven (SSI-COV) system identification technique is employed to evaluate the dominant modal parameters (such as frequencies, damping ratios, and mode shapes) of the building based on real earthquake response records. Then, the finite element model of the building is generated and updated using ETABS computer program based on the identified modal parameters. Various cases with different degrees and locations of damages were introduced and their corresponding floor responses were calculated and regarded as the measurements. Finally, the story damage index is calculated based on the modal parameters with and without damages to evaluate the damage degree and location of building story and compared with the real cases. It’s shown that the proposed story damage indices can fairly well reflect the damage for each case and is applicable for real implementation.

University of Technology Sydney. Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology.
Structures are often mounted on layers of soil unless bedrock is very close to the ground surface. Based on the fact that seismic waves pass through kilometres of bedrock and usually less than 100 meters of soil, soil layers play a significant role in assigning the characteristics of the ground surface movement. When the ground is stiff enough, the dynamic response of the structure will not be influenced significantly by the soil properties during the earthquake, and the structure can be analysed under the fixed base condition. When the structure is resting on a flexible medium, the dynamic response of the structure will be different from the fixed base condition owing to the interaction between the soil and the structure. This difference in behaviour is because of the phenomenon, commonly referred to as soil-structure interaction (SSI), which if not taken into account in analysis and design properly; the accuracy in assessing the structural safety, facing earthquakes, could not be reliable. Performance-based engineering (PBE) is a technique for seismic evaluation and design using performance level prediction for safety and risk assessment. Soil-structure interaction particularly for unbraced structures resting on relatively soft soils may significantly amplify the lateral displacements and inter-storey drifts. This amplification of lateral deformations may change the performance level of the building frames. Thus, a comprehensive dynamic analysis to evaluate the realistic Performance level of a structure should consider effects of SSI in the model. In this study, an enhanced numerical soil-structure model has been developed which treats the behaviour of soil and structure with equal rigor. Structural elements of the soil-structure model are capable of capturing both elastic and inelastic structural behaviour as well as structural geometric nonlinearity (large displacements) in dynamic analysis. Adopting direct method of analysis, the numerical model can perform fully nonlinear time history dynamic analysis to simulate realistic dynamic behaviour of soil and structure under seismic excitations accurately. Fully nonlinear method precisely follows any prescribed nonlinear constitutive relation and adopts hysteretic damping algorithm enabling strain-dependent modulus (G/Gmax - ɤ) and damping functions (ζ - ɤ) to be incorporated directly to capture the hysteresis curves and energy-absorbing characteristics of the real soil. In order to avoid reflection of outward propagating waves back into the model, viscous boundaries comprising independent dashpots in the normal and shear directions are placed at the lateral boundaries of the soil medium. In addition, the lateral boundaries of the main grid are coupled to the free-field grids at the sides of the model to simulate the free-field motion which would exist in the absence of the structure. The proposed numerical soil-structure model has been verified and validated by performing experimental shaking table tests at the UTS civil laboratories. For this purpose, a prototype soil-structure system including a building frame resting on a clayey soil has been selected and scaled with geometric scaling factor of 1:30. The soil-structure physical model consists of 15 storey steel structural model, synthetic clay mixture consists of kaolinite, bentonite, class F fly ash, lime, and water, and laminar soil container, designed and constructed to realistically simulate the free field conditions in shaking table tests. A series of shaking table tests were performed on the soil-structure physical model under the influence of four scaled earthquake acceleration records and the results, in terms of maximum structural lateral and vertical displacements, were measured and compared with the numerical predictions. Comparing the predicted and observed values, it is noted that the numerical predictions and laboratory measurements are in a good agreement. Therefore, the numerical soil-structure model can replicate the behaviour of the real soil-structure system with acceptable accuracy. In order to determine the elastic and inelastic structural response of regular mid-rise building frames under the influence of soil-structure interaction, three types of mid-rise moment resisting building frames, including 5, 10, and 15 storey buildings are selected in conjunction with three soil types with the shear wave velocities less than 600m/s, representing soil classes Cₑ (Vs=600m/s), Dₑ (Vs=320m/s), and Eₑ (Vs=150m/s) according to Australian Standards, having three bedrock depths of 10, 20, and 30 metres. The structural sections are designed after conducting nonlinear time history analysis, based on both elastic method, and inelastic procedure considering elastic-perfectly plastic behaviour of structural elements. The designed frame sections are modelled and analysed, employing Finite Difference Method adopting FLAC2D software under two different boundary conditions: (i) fixed base (no soil-structure interaction), and (ii) flexible base considering soil-structure interaction. Fully nonlinear dynamic analyses under the influence of four different earthquake records are conducted and the results in terms of lateral displacements, inter-storey drifts, and base shears for both mentioned boundary conditions are obtained, compared, and discussed. According to the numerical and experimental investigations, conducted in this study, soil-structure interaction has significant effects on the elastic and inelastic seismic response and performance level of mid-rise moment resisting building frames resting on soil classes Dₑ and Eₑ. Thus, the conventional elastic and inelastic design procedures excluding SSI may not be adequate to guarantee the structural safety of regular mid-rise moment resisting building frames resting on soft soil deposits. Based on the numerical results, a simplified design procedure is proposed in which inter-storey drifts under the influence of soil-structure interaction for each two adjacent stories can be determined and checked against the criterion of life safe performance level. This can be used to ensure the performance levels of the mid-rise moment resisting building frames under the influence of SSI remain in life safe level, and the seismic design is safe and reliable. Structural engineers and engineering companies could employ the proposed simplified design procedure for similar structures as a reliable and accurate method of considering SSI effects in the seismic design procedure instead of going through the whole numerical procedure which could be complicated and time consuming.

This thesis examines the problems of building on Toronto’s main streets. These arterial mixed-use corridors that define much of the public face of the city are the subject of ongoing residential intensification efforts through the Official Plan policies of the City of Toronto. The form that this new development takes can either reinforce and improve existing streetscapes and housing stock, or it might –as is already happening– replace the long-established vital urban patterns of main streets with very different, less versatile, and less diverse building forms with a diminished standard of both urban and interior living space. Part I considers main streets at the urban scale, while Part II is a discussion of housing quality and architectural aims that informs a series of proposed prototypical building designs to be located on a site on Queen Street West as an example of site conditions found on main streets in a variety of locations throughout the city. To understand the urban implications of main street building, this study looks at the specific historical factors that have shaped Toronto’s main streets, and looks at why they continue to have value and have become a focus for intensification today. It revisits key episodes in Toronto’s redevelopment planning over the last four decades, particularly the St. Lawrence Neighborhood Plan, the Ataratiri Plan, and the Housing on Toronto’s Main Streets Initiative. The precedent historical research points to the need for small increments of development on main streets in order to maintain the economic, social, and visual diversity that have made them such a vital and dynamic component of the city in the past. This scale of development calls for new building types to respond to the very particular site conditions of main streets. Modern building types that are typically used in these situations are ill suited to respond to these conditions, provide a limited range of unit types, and are leading to compromises of urban and interior spatial quality when applied to these sites. The architectural discussion centers on the observation that traditional main street lot patterns, despite inherent rigidity and rationality, have nonetheless proven to be a functionally flexible urban structure that has accommodated and encouraged a remarkable diversity of uses, architectural forms, and individual interpretations over time. Comparable complexity and diversity of spatial qualities can be found in a variety of architectural design approaches, including those of Adolf Loos’ ‘Raumplan’, Rudolf Schindler’s ‘Space Architecture’, or Herman Hertzberger’s concept of ‘Polyvalent Form’. The spaces created by these architects are an architectural analogue of the dynamic, richly varied urban characteristics of Toronto’s existing main streets. Both create the opportunities for individual expression and continually varied spatial experience that better reflects the complexity of both urban and domestic life. These precedents of architectural form -imbued with qualities of multiplicity, heterogeneity and reinterpretability- propose a counterpoint to the standard of functionally rigid, spatially limited and typologically predictable buildings and living spaces currently available. The proposed building designs are intended to widen the options for dwelling within the city, while offering an update and intensification of main streets that reinforces rather than replaces desirable existing urban patterns.

碩士
國立成功大學
建築學系
104
The purpose of this study is to build a simple CO2 emission estimation formula to help designers estimate CO2 emissions during the primary design stage to reduce CO2 emissions effectively. The current study seeks to correct CO2 emissions estimation formula explored by previous research and at the same time to add design factors that are common for Residential Building. The study is carried out by setting a prototype model that is based on a practical case and experimental models, identifying several design factors that are most likely to affect CO2 emissions. In addition, using ETABS structure software to analyze the model and carefully calculate the material usage as well as material CO2 emissions. Also, the degree of influence of each factor is discussed and a simple CO2 emission estimation formula is therefore derived. Finally, this study applies corrected CO2 emissions estimation formula into practical cases and existing ones and calculates error to validate the formula and discuss the sources of error.

碩士
國立中央大學
土木工程學系
85
The construction industry has witnessed the use of build prefabrication as a construction technology since the end of World War II. The importation of this technology into Taiwan was during the 1970's, in which time a high demand of housing was experienced. The application of prefabrication technology in Taiwan was concluded unsuccessful in the past decades, due to many technical as well as human factors. In recent years, building pref?+\cation is once again deemed as a promising technology, especially due uo the changing needs of the owners, a serious labor shortage problem, tighter construction budgets and a shorter construction schedule. While many problems with the use of prefabrication technology still remain, one critical issue is the owner's impression towards this technology. Among a variety of considerations, the time-cost trade-off seems to attract the owner's attention the most. Specifically speaking, the owner demands cost-effectiveness, even though prefabrication can shorten the construction schedule. By shortening the construction schedule, the owner may be able to profit more by the early usage of the built facility. The emphasis of this research is on investigating the cost structure of building prefabrication. Very often, knowing the cost of prefabrication is elemental to the owner's preference towards the prefabrication technology. This study identifies nine main categories of cost of building prefabrication. For each category, detailed analysis was exercised to enumerate all the involved factors and the relationships among them. For all the factors that affect the cost of prefabrication, an effort was exerted to classify them into groups, each of which shares a similar nature of change. Two cases are incorporated in this study for verifying the cost models established. The cost models are believed to cover the majority of the prefabrication cost. In both cases examined, the accuracy of the estimated cost against the actual budget is above 96%.

碩士
朝陽科技大學
營建工程系
107
Due to Taiwan is situated along the seismic belt and reports frequent seismic activities, and there are also lots of old buildings constructed before the regulation of Earthquake resistance has been amended, it caused many doubts about the use of old or aging of buildings. Whether the seismic performance of these buildings is up to the standard of current regulation and whether there are appropriate earthquake-resistant reinforcement for buildings have become a big issue. In order to help quickly understand the future seismic performance evaluation, an eight-storied building has been chose for this study, then the deterioration parameters are simulated by ETABS Pushover Analysis. The main parameter are the percentage of aging column and the number of aging layers. To understand the impact on the seismic performance of the building, the researcher use computing and graphical analysis. The research shows that the impact on the seismic performance of the structure is not obvious when the percentage of aging column is less than 25%. However, buildings would not be able to resist when the percentage is higher than 25%. Furthermore, for the case of eight-storied building, it has little impact on seismic performance of building if the aging layers are less than two. When the deterioration is slight (〖f'〗_c180), the decrease of the seismic performance of the multi-story structure is not directly proportional to the increase of the number of aging floors. Instead, when the deterioration is severe (〖f'〗_c140), the seismic resistance decreases obviously as the number of floors increases.

碩士
國立成功大學
土木工程學系
105
The casualty risk and social impact caused by the collapse of these buildings should not be underestimated. Furthermore, if mid-rise buildings of critical facilities, e.g. hospital, high-tech factory etc., were damaged during earthquakes will also cause great economic loss. Therefore, developing suitable assessment methods to identify seismic performance levels and collapse risk of these buildings become a critical issue. Even though traditional seismic assessment methods, which usually employ the nonlinear static pushover analysis, have been successfully applied to regular low-rise buildings, these methods are unable to reflect higher-mode effect on the responses of mid-rise buildings. Furthermore, a traditional approach usually leads to a deterministic result that could not account for the uncertainty in seismic motions and structural responses of a mid-rise building, which is usually more complicated and involves more structural uncertainties than a low-rise building. For this reason, this paper presents a procedure to assess the risk of collapse and various seismic performance levels for mid-rise buildings based on the methodology proposed by FEMA P-58 and also acceptance criteria suggested in ASCE 41-13 and FEMA 356. To establish the fragility curves, this approach employs nonlinear time history analysis together with the method of incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) to estimate structural response parameters. For demonstration, the proposed approach is applied to assess the seismic risk of a mid-rise building that collapsed in the Meinong earthquake (2016) for various performance levels. In addition, the collapse risk of the building was assessed by using the proposed method and then compared with the observation in the Meinong earthquake.

碩士
國立中興大學
土木工程學系所
102
Many places around the world are subjected to big earthquake, would damage the structure of the building lost its original use, damage to equipment and property, but Unpredictable earthquake for the traditional design difficult to maintain the use of the building, and threat to life and property. In recent years, gradually began to understand the importance of the seismic capacity, and Isolated structure is effective to enhance the seismic capacity of the building, reducing earthquake disturbance on buildings, in the present study is hoping the mid- and low-rise retrofitted with Lead Rubber Bearing, reduce the seismic forces transmitted to structures and Reactions observed structural vibration, compare and discussion. Use the software Midas Gen to do analysis and design, simulation two-building structures with fifteen story beneath the column installation of lead rubber bearings, isolated building cannot yield under the 475 years return period of the earthquake as the design conditions. Which found that, building long span column axial force to make big differences, we must consider the impact of the axial force on the isolator, designed to differentiate. Isolated building can effectively reduce the structure''s displacement and acceleration. Design flow two different types of structures used vary, this study provides a complete design flow for the industry reference and comparison.

碩士
國立交通大學
土木工程系所
105
Located on the Circum Pacific seismic zone, Taiwan has to face extreme earthquakes annually. The 921 earthquake brought Taiwan huge damage and warned people of the insufficient seismic capacity of old buildings. As a result, National Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering (NCREE) proposed a procedure of seismic evaluation and seismic retrofit for school buildings. In 2016, Weiquan Jinlong building collapsed in Meinong earthquake and 115 people were killed in the collapse. Thus, the collapse of mid- to high-rise buildings is very deadly. In order to make sure that the mid- to high-rise buildings will be safe during earthquake, we proposed a seismic evaluation method for mid- to high-rise buildings referring to a similar method for school buildings. The seismic evaluation for mid- to high-rise buildings includes preliminary evaluation, simplified detailed evaluation and detailed evaluation. The preliminary evaluation method measures the area of vertical structural members to estimate the seismic capacity and floor area to estimate seismic demand. At last, by calculating basic seismic performance and performance PGA (peak ground acceleration), we can find out the buildings requiring the detailed evaluation. Some of the buildings might need to be retroffited. We can lower the construction cost and raise the efficiency through the seismic evaluations above. In order to establish the preliminary evaluation method, we take the average of the vertical structural members’ lateral strength per unit cross sectional area. The values are defined by applying simplified detailed evaluation to 3 mid- to high-rise buildings and summed up from the calculation. We can also get the average of ductility capacity and the weight per unit floor area for mid- to high-rise buildings by simplified detailed evaluation. Using the preliminary evaluation method for the 3 buildings, we can find that the performance PGA are more conservative comparing to the detailed evaluation without excessive underestimation, which shows that the preliminary evaluation method for mid- to high-rise buildings is usable and applicable. This research studies about the feasibility of the seismic evaluations for mid- to high-rise building and we expect to promote them in the future. Keywords: Mid- to high-rise buildings, Seismic evaluation, Preliminary evaluation, Simplified detailed evaluation

碩士
長榮大學
土地管理與開發學系碩士班
92
ABSTRACT Problems such as old buildings and narrow streets caused the deterioration of habitation quality. Although Urban renewal can solving old and low-rise building''s deterioration problems. But it is difficult for the mid to high-rise buildings to integrate owner''s opinions and evaluate the economic benefits. So making such buildings retrofit decision is very difficult. It''s important to present the appropriate methods to solving repair problem and improving living environment. Therefore the purpose of this study is to explore the problems of old buildings, sort out the categories of building repair and analyze the conduct pattern of repair case in order to figure out the overall procedure. Furthermore, so that the case can be used as a reference, a framework for a repair case database is proposed in order to reap the best value from the case. The data of repair cases were acquired through interviews and questionnaires. The repair cases were initiated by demand from habitants, and carried on with solutions drawn up by users. The projects that had been evaluated and resolved by users were implemented thereafter to fill the requirement of repair and solve the related problems. The collected data include the basic information of old buildings, the demand of repair, the contents of constructions, the features of each case, parties with ownership, construction outlays, contractors. These repair cases are valuable to provide users with experiences that can help solving problems. Therefore, this study integrates the correlated technology of internet and database to establishes the framework of database for repair cases. The system use ASP language and MSSQL database to provide data, including text and image data types, offering users and administrators search and display functions. Users have limited access to the data offered for reference purpose only while system administrators are titled to maintain and update the data by logging in verified codes of three-stage authority. Finally, a case-based database framework for building retrofit is presented. It provides a platform for experience learning and information sharing. Decision makers who are faced with repair problems can use the shared and real-time internet database. The database containing the various cases during decision making in problem solving, lessening the uncertainty involved in repair.

This research study investigates the contribution of excessive deflection of horizontal members to the vertical shortening of mid-rise light timber framed buildings, due to compression perpendicular to the grain. Various timber species and different reinforcement methods were tested to identify the most appropriate solution(s) for the mid-rise light timber­framed building. A solution is to apply extra plates and screws or nails, which were spaced in the connections, to decrease compression and accordingly increase the strength of the elements under compression. To develop an appropriate reinforcement method( s) to be implemented by the industry, extensive experimental and numerical analyses were performed in this research project. The second phase of this research is related to the investigation of the structural performance of full-scale lightweight timber-framed walls for mid-rise construction, where different applicable solutions for reinforcing light timber-framed walls were studied, and the compression perpendicular to the grain was considered. The most appropriate solutions obtained from the first phase of the study were employed in the second phase to enhance the compression perpendicular to the grain of the timber-framed walls and validate the outcomes. To verify the full-scale lightweight timber-framed walls' experimental results a couple of numerical analyses were carried out. Following the above mentioned studies, the modelling outcomes were compared with results from the experimental tests and were seen to connect well. The growth of stiffness due to the reinforcement(s) was accurately identified by the developed numerical model(s). In addition to the comparison of modelling and experimental test outcomes, the test series on connections have shown that common nail(s) can be replaced by a self-tapping screw(s). This thesis demonstrates the feasibility of the increase of the connections' strength under compression perpendicular to the grain with high strength self-tapping screws and applying some different timber species as horizontal elements. Further research is recommended into the investigation of the combination of high­density timber species with very high strength self-tapping screws in connections which can give promising performance levels under compression perpendicular to the grain.

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
營建工程系
105
The latest devastating earthquake in Taiwan is Meinong earthquake, which happened on 2016 and made eight (8) buildings with 2-16 stories had collapsed. The seismic evaluation study of mid to high rise buildings became essential to avoid the failure happened in the future. One alternative way to do the seismic evaluation of building is to perform nonlinear response history analysis. Nonlinear response history is an approach to clearly understand the real behavior of structure by inputting the real ground motion from representative earthquake excitation. The failure can be defined by global performance and component performance. Global performance is determined by the story drift, whereas component performance is determined with column rotation. In this research, several simple study case will be performed using several methods of defining the inelastic hinge properties. Compatibility of each method will be observed to be assigned in nonlinear response history analysis on mid to high rise building. Xingfu Building and Weiguan Building, which collapsed during Meinong earthquake, will become representative case of mid-rise and high-rise building. Using two ground motions, three cases of Xingfu Building has been performed: frame only case (Case A), frame with brick wall case (Case B), and frame with brick wall on 3rd floor to roof (Case C). On the other hand, two cases of Weiguan Building has been performed using nonlinear response history analysis: frame only case (Case A) and frame with considering brick wall (Case B). High axial ratio (more than 0.3 Agfc’) was observed during the earthquake in Xingfu and Weiguan building. Several columns undergo axial load more than its capacity in Weiguan Building case. The comparison result shows that the modeling of brick wall in analytical result is essential since the configuration of brick wall could affect the seismic behavior of mid to high rise building. Collapse has been defined using axial load check, drift ratio check, and ductility ratio check. Based on the analysis of Xingfu Building, under PGA 0.24g Case C could be defined as collapsed and under PGA 0.425g, Case A and C could be defined as collapsed. On the other hand, Weiguan Building under PGA 0.14g and PGA 0.425g could be defined as collapsed for Case B.

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
營建工程系
105
The 2016 Meinong Earthquake of Kaohsiung caused severe damage to many reinforced concrete (RC) buildings. From the many damaged buildings, it can be seen that several are buildings that were built 20 years ago and have seven or more floors but are less than 50 meters in height. The columns of this type of buildings usually have non-ductile reinforcement details, such as low amounts of transverse reinforcement, which caused poor concrete confinement and insufficient shear strength. Moreover, the columns of this type of buildings are usually subject to high axial compression. Due to these reasons, the columns of several buildings of this type showed brittle collapsed during the 2016 Meinong Earthquake, leading to collapse of stories or even the entire building and causing severe casualty. Therefore, it is necessary to examine the seismic behavior and retrofit methods for the columns of this type of buildings. This research aims to develop RC jacketing methods for retrofit of mid-rise nonductile RC building columns. This reseach will first collect the design data of the lower-story columns of real mid-rise buildings that were built around 20 years ago. The material properties, reinforcement details and amounts of axial load will be examined. Based on the design data, column specimens to represent origal columns of the buildings will be designed. Then, retrofit methods using RC jacketing will be developed and retrofitted column specimens designed. Finally, this research will conduct double-curvature cyclic tests on original columns and retrofitted columns to investigate the effectiveness of the proposed RC jacketing methods. Literature review has been completed and a test database of columns retrofitted with reinforced concrete jacket has been established. Based on the results of the literature review and the design data of the lower-story columns of real mid-rise buildings that were built around 20 years ago, seven large-scale column specimens have been designed and constructed. The construction has verified the constructability of the proposed retrofit scheme. Testing of the column specimens is currently in progress.The three specimens had been finished the test.

‘Net Positive Water’ explores the capability of domestic architecture to combat the developing urban water problem. Urban intensification is contributing to the volatility of urban waters and the breakdown of the urban water cycle. Inhabitant water misuse and overconsumption is overwhelming aging municipal utilities, resulting in the decay of urban water quality. LEEDTM and The Living Building Challenge are recognized Green Building Guidelines prescribing sustainable site and building water standards. Case Studies of domestic Green Building projects will showcase water conservation to enable domestic water renewal. Net Zero Water Guidelines based on the Green Building Guidelines outline Potable and Non-Potable water use to achieve a sustainable volume of water demand at 70 litres per capita per day. Sustainable water practices are encouraged by utilizing domestic building systems to increase water value and water awareness. Time-of-Use and Choice-of-Use exposure for household water related tasks establish water savings through the use of best-performing water fixtures and appliances. Net Positive Water Guidelines will establish On-site and Building standards for sustainable harvesting and storage of water resources. Clean and Dirty water management will prescribe Passive design and Active mechanical processes to maintain best-available water quality in the urban domestic environment. Net Positive Water building typology will integrate urban inhabitation as a functional component of the urban water cycle to use, reuse, and renew water resources. The method will be tested using a Mid-rise Pilot project to deploy the necessary Passive and Active mechanisms to generate Net Positive Water quality through Net Zero Water sustainable water use. The pilot project is situated in Waterfront Toronto - The Lower Don Lands development to harness regional interests for water renewal and environmental revitalization.

碩士
淡江大學
土木工程學系碩士班
102
Currently the engineers in our country always use SERCB or NCREE software to assess the seismic capacity of low-rise school buildings structure. Due to the different results we had got by using these two sets of software to analyze the characteristics of plastic hinge of beams and columns and the seismic capacity of low-rise school buildings structure. As well as due to the work of assessing and reinforcing the seismic capacity of low-rise school buildings structure had almost been completed and the work of assessing and reinforcing the seismic capacity of mid-high rise buildings structure will be the next target. This paper is intended to investigate the characteristics of plastic hinge of the reinforced concrete (RC) beams and columns and the seismic capacity of mid-high rise buildings structure in detail. In this paper first analyze and compare the results produced by SERCB and NCREE software to verify if there is any need to improve. With 12 and 20 storey building as cases for the mid-high rise building structure, then use pushover method and nonlinear time history analysis method to analyze their seismic capabilities with ETABS software. In addition compare the distribution of lateral seismic forces and the capacity spectrum method in different cases and evaluate the effect of results. Thereby establish a rational assessment model for the seismic capability of mid-high rise buildings structure. The results have shown that there is need for further improvement for the model of evaluating the characteristics of plastic hinge of RC beams and columns. In addition, there are different degrees of impacts when use various distribution of lateral seismic forces and various capacity spectrum method. Therefore we should carefully choose seismic assessment methods. The research results in this paper are available for engineering practitioners and academics deliberate references.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
土木工程學研究所
105
Meinong Earthquake in Tainan aroused the whole nation’s concern of seismic hazard in 2016. Since Chi-Chi Earthquake happened in 1999, the Ministry of Education in Taiwan increased the budget on structural retrofit of the school buildings. All the school buildings with insufficient seismic capacity are expected to be reinforced before 2019. After those buildings serving as emergency shelters are strengthened, the retrofit objects may be altered to other public buildings like district offices, hospitals, research buildings, etc., due to the government subsidy. These buildings may contain some equipment not allowed to be shaken or even moved, and moreover, the relocation of the staff is also a huge issue. Therefore, external retrofit method is required to be studied and developed. Retrofit with external frames is to provide additional seismic capacity to existing buildings. This research used ultimate moment equilibrium method to establish lateral strength per cross sectional area for the additional retrofitting columns. This lateral strength can be used in the procedures of preliminary design of retrofit, which can save time and manpower from repeated substitution for retrofit design. The detailed evaluation utilizes ETABS to carry out nonlinear static pushover analysis to obtain the curves of seismic capacity and seismic performance, which is referred to Technology Handbook for Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of School Buildings (3rd Edition) published by National Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering (NCREE). In order to see the original seismic capacity and the effect of retrofit, the detailed evaluation is used for both the existing buildings and those retrofitted. Later, a low-rise residential building (4 stories) and a mid- to high-rise building (11 stories) were chosen to illustrate the preliminary design of retrofit and the result of retrofit with external frames. Another method was established to simulate the behavior of 3-side-bounded brick walls by equivalent columns bearing lateral loading merely. This method can avoid not only the unexpected beforehand nonlinear behavior of beams below brick walls because of the concentrated loads in the existing equivalent-brace method, but also the underestimation of the structural strength. Owing to the shortage of corroboration from corresponding experiment, this method is also needed to be validated, which may help the engineers to comprehend the structural behavior.

碩士
國立臺北科技大學
土木工程系土木與防災碩士班
106
Many architects and structural technicians have not taken their seismic design seriously due to the fact that domestic equipment and non-structural materials do not belong to the major earthquake-resistant structural systems, and the types of equipment and non-structural materials are complex to handle. The tragic experiences of major earthquakes in Taiwan during recent years has shown that the equipment and lack of structure of important buildings without a good aseismic design have been damaged in the events of strong earthquakes, causing serious economic consequences and injuries to individuals. Furthermore, essential structures, such as hospitals that have a poor aseismic design can have devastating effects, as they will be rendered useless during a national catastrophe when disaster relief is crucially needed. This research uses the two most common types of buildings in Taiwan, steel buildings, and reinforced concrete structures, as an example. First, the case models are analyzed by pushover analysis to obtain the stiffness of each story. According to the design guideline specifications, buildings with large variability are reduced to stick model systems and then subjected to nonlinear time history analysis. After obtaining a high-floor response, a high-floor design response spectrum can be drawn according to design specifications and compared with the analysis results to determine whether the model analysis can accurately simulate the actual reaction. This is used to evaluate the earthquake-resistant demand and experiment with non-structural buildings that attached to high-rise buildings for safe structure in the future.

碩士
國立交通大學
土木工程系所
106
As the Country progresses, the population began to gather in the city. So high-rise build-ings will become a new trend. Taiwan is located in earthquake zone, seismic activity is frequent. In 1999, The 921 earthquake in Taiwan killed more than 2,400 people, destroyed or damaged thousands of buildings and left an estimated 100,000 people homeless. In 2016, The 6.6 Meinong earthquake occurred in Southern of Taiwan. Among them, the collapse of the Victoria Crown Financial Building in the form of a mixed-use commercial / residential building resulted in the death of the majority. Therefore, this study will be rapid screening of poor high-rise buildings, identify the need to reinforce the high-rise buildings. According to the survey of 0206 earthquake damage, some problems can be summarized as follows：(1) bad transmission path,(2) insufficient redundancy, (3)weak underlying structure, (4)excessive structural irregularity and(5) non-ductile reinforcement. In order to preliminary seismic evaluation procedure of building structures, This study collect the P-Δ effect, redun-dancy factor, stiffness-to-weight ratio and structural irregularity.Finally, according to the Thesus of Study on Seismic –Evalution Methods for Mid- to High rise building[1] and pre-liminary evaluation method of Building Earthquake Resistant Preliminary Assessment (PSERCB) [2]. Based on this, this study will be compared with subsequent buildings and proposed to be amended.

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
營建工程系
107
Generally, earthquakes recorded within the near-fault characteristic are qualitatively quite different from the usual far-fault earthquake. Because of the unique characteristics of near-fault earthquake, many researchers have developed several performance-based seismic design in order to quantify the damage potential caused by near-fault earthquake. Based on the Taiwan seismic design code and the past research conducted by Okano and Miyamoto [7], this study proposes the modified equivalent linearization method (MELM) of a SDOF system for a low-rise and mid-rise reinforced concrete (RC) building structure subjected to near-fault earthquake. Actually for high-rise building, the engineer needs to do the dynamic analysis. However, for low-rise and mid-rise building in Taiwan actually is not necessary doing the dynamic analysis. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to propose the equation which can help the engineer to estimate the maximum deformation of the building subjected to earthquake so that they do not need to do the dynamic analysis. In addition, for a building structure designed based on the code-suggested static design procedure cannot be used to investigate the damage state of a specified building under the earthquake. Therefore, the constant-damage ductility demand spectrum (CDDDS) for a reinforced concrete (RC) building that corresponds to a specified reliability is developed in this study based on the study conducted by Park and Ang [1].

As shown by many contemporary studies, cross-laminated timber – a relatively new construction material – has seen increased used as a frame material in Sweden in recent years. In most previous case studies, frame materials were often compared in terms of environmental impact, construction time and economy. One such study showed that carbon dioxide emissions are twice as large when working with prefabricated concrete elements. Therefore, the authors have chosen to examine the work environment more thoroughly; the work environment is thus the basis for the comparison in this study, with a focus on the production phase. In this study, the work environment is examined and compared in two different completed projects. One project consists of cross-glued wooden elements and the other of prefabricated concrete frame. This project is carried out in collaboration with the company Skanska. The construction industry is constantly evolving, changing from day to day; as a result, it can be difficult to create order and a healthy work environment when there are several corporations involved in the same project. Each project is unique and has its own requirements for the work environment, which in turn makes it difficult for management to create a good work environment for the employees. Abiding by the regulations concerning the working environment is also not easy due to the many individuals that move through it, from customers to the various contractors. This can lead to risky work situations, which in turn increase the likelihood of occupational injuries.  The methods used to answer the study's questions consist of a literature study, a case study and a qualitative study. The literature study provided information about basic laws and regulations regarding work environment issues. The case study, which involved two different cases, allowed for a better understanding of the real situations and events that occur at construction sites. With the help of the interview surveys, the authors were able to get answers to the specific questions that could not be answered through the literature study alone. It was concluded that, from a work environment perspective, the use of concreteinvolves greater risks than that of cross-glued wood. The results of the risk analysis carried out during the various work steps likewise showed that the use of cross-glued wood as a frame involves less risk than concrete. The information obtained through the interviews also corroborated these results.