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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Microgrides"
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Albaker, Abdullah, Mansoor Alturki, Rabeh Abbassi i Khalid Alqunun. "Zonal-Based Optimal Microgrids Identification". Energies 15, nr 7 (26.03.2022): 2446. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15072446.
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Even though many studies have been deployed to determine the optimal planning and operation of microgrids, limited research was discussed to determine the optimal microgrids’ geographical boundaries. This paper proposes a zonal-based optimal microgrid identification model aiming at identifying the optimal microgrids topology in the current distribution systems through zoning the network into several clusters. In addition, the proposed model was developed as a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) problem that identifies the optimal capacity and location of installing distributed energy resources (DERs), including but not limited to renewable energy resources and Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS), within the determined microgrid’s boundaries. Moreover, it investigates the impact of incorporating the BESS in boosting the DERs’ penetration on the optimal centralized microgrid. Numerical simulations on the IEEE-33 bus test system demonstrate the features and effectiveness of the proposed model on identifying the optimal microgrid geographical boundaries on current distribution grids as well as its capability on defining the optimal sizes and locations of installing DERs within the microgrid’s zonal area.
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Malyshev, Evgeny Anatolyevich, i Evgeny Fedorovich Shcherba. "Overview of conceptualization and operational management of seaport microgrides". Актуальные проблемы экономики и управления, nr 1 (2022): 305–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.52899/978-5-88303-644-5_305.
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Silva, Vanderlei Aparecido, Alexandre Rasi Aoki i Germano Lambert-Torres. "Optimal Day-Ahead Scheduling of Microgrids with Battery Energy Storage System". Energies 13, nr 19 (5.10.2020): 5188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13195188.
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Optimal scheduling is a requirement for microgrids to participate in current and future energy markets. Although the number of research articles on this subject is on the rise, there is a shortage of papers containing detailed mathematical modeling of the distributed energy resources available in a microgrid. To address this gap, this paper presents in detail how to mathematically model resources such as battery energy storage systems, solar generation systems, directly controllable loads, load shedding, scheduled intentional islanding, and generation curtailment in the microgrid optimal scheduling problem. The proposed modeling also includes a methodology to determine the availability cost of battery and solar systems assets. Simulations were carried out considering energy prices from an actual time-of-use tariff, costs based on real market data, and scenarios with scheduled islanding. Simulation results provide support to validate the proposed model. Data illustrate how energy arbitrage can reduce microgrid costs in a time-of-use tariff. Results also show how the microgrid’s self-sufficiency and the storage system’s capacity can impact the microgrid’s energy bill. The findings also bring out the need to consider the scheduled islanding event in the day-ahead optimization for microgrids.
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Azeem, Omar, Mujtaba Ali, Ghulam Abbas, Muhammad Uzair, Ayman Qahmash, Abdulmohsen Algarni i Mohammad Rashid Hussain. "A Comprehensive Review on Integration Challenges, Optimization Techniques and Control Strategies of Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid". Applied Sciences 11, nr 14 (6.07.2021): 6242. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11146242.
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The depletion of natural resources and the intermittence of renewable energy resources have pressed the need for a hybrid microgrid, combining the benefits of both AC and DC microgrids, minimizing the overall deficiency shortcomings and increasing the reliability of the system. The hybrid microgrid also supports the decentralized grid control structure, aligning with the current scattered and concentrated load scenarios. Hence, there is an increasing need to explore and reveal the integration, optimization, and control strategies regarding the hybrid microgrid. A comprehensive study of hybrid microgrid’s performance parameters, efficiency, reliability, security, design flexibility, and cost-effectiveness is required. This paper discusses major issues regarding the hybrid microgrids, the integration of AC and DC microgrids, their security and reliability, the optimization of power generation and load management in different scenarios, the efficient management regarding uncertainty for renewable energy resources, the optimal placement of feeders, and the cost-effective control methodologies for the hybrid microgrid. The major research areas are briefly explained, aiming to find the research gap that can further improve the performance of the grid. In light of the recent trends in research, novel strategies are proposed that are found most effective and cost-friendly regarding the hybrid microgrid. This paper will serve as a baseline for future research, comparative analysis, and further development of novel techniques regarding hybrid microgrids.
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Twaisan, Kumail, i Necaattin Barışçı. "Integrated Distributed Energy Resources (DER) and Microgrids: Modeling and Optimization of DERs". Electronics 11, nr 18 (6.09.2022): 2816. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11182816.
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In the near future, the notion of integrating distributed energy resources (DERs) to build a microgrid will be extremely important. The DERs comprise several technologies, such as diesel engines, micro turbines, fuel cells, photovoltaic, small wind turbines, etc. The coordinated operation and control of DER together with controllable loads and storage devices, such as flywheels, energy capacitors and batteries, are central to the concept of microgrid. Microgrids can operate interconnected to the main distribution grid, or in an islanded mode. This paper reviews the studies on microgrid technologies. The modeling and optimization methodologies of DERs are also presented and discussed in this paper along with system control approaches for DERs and microgrids. The review findings indicate that the use of multimodal indicators that take into consideration the financial, technological, ecological, and social elements of microgrids increased the community’s and stakeholders’ reaction capability. The microgrid structure under consideration comprises several types of combined heat power devices, boilers, and various types of DERs, including FC units, distributed generators, and MTs. Moreover, compared to grid-connected mode, the microgrid’s total operation cost is significantly higher in isolated mode.
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Singh, Shruti, i David Wenzhong Gao. "Improved Virtual Synchronous Generator Principle for Better Economic Dispatch and Stability in Grid-Connected Microgrids with Low Noise". Energies 16, nr 12 (12.06.2023): 4670. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16124670.
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The proper operation of microgrids depends on Economic Dispatch. It satisfies all requirements while lowering the microgrids’ overall operating and generation costs. Since distributed generators constitute a large portion of microgrids, seamless communication between generators is essential. While guaranteeing a reliable microgrid operation, this should be achieved with the fewest losses as possible. The distributed generator technology introduces noise into the system by design. To find the best economic dispatch strategy, noise was considered in this research as a limitation in grid-connected microgrids. The microgrid’s performance was improved, and the proposed technique also showed increased resilience. A virtual synchronous generator (VSG) control approach is proposed with a noiseless consensus-based algorithm to improve the power quality of microgrids. Voltage and frequency regulation modules are the foundation of the VSG paradigm. The synchronous generator’s second-order equation (hidden-pole configuration) was also used to represent the voltage of the stator and rotor motion. This study compared changes in power, frequency, and voltage for the microgrid by utilizing the described control approach using MATLAB. According to the findings, this method aids in controlling load and noise variations and offers distributed generators an efficient control strategy.
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Vegunta, Sarat Chandra, Michael J. Higginson, Yashar E. Kenarangui, George Tsai Li, David W. Zabel, Mohammad Tasdighi i Azadeh Shadman. "AC Microgrid Protection System Design Challenges—A Practical Experience". Energies 14, nr 7 (6.04.2021): 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14072016.
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Alternating current (AC) microgrids are the next step in the evolution of the electricity distribution systems. They can operate in a grid-tied or island mode. Depending on the services they are designed to offer, their grid-tied or island modes could have several sub-operational states and or topological configurations. Short-circuit current levels and protection requirements between different microgrid modes and configurations can vary significantly. Designing a microgrid’s protection system, therefore, requires a thorough understanding of all microgrid operational modes, configurations, transitional states, and how transitions between those modes are managed. As part of the microgrid protection design, speed and reliability of information flow between the microprocessor-based relays and the microgrid controller, including during microgrid failure modes, must be considered. Furthermore, utility protection practices and customer requirements are not always inclusive of the protection schemes that are unique to microgrids. These and other aspects contribute to the overall complexity and challenge of designing effective microgrid protection systems. Following a review of microgrid protection system design challenges, this paper discusses a few real-world experiences, based on the authors’ own engineering, design, and field experience, in using several approaches to address microgrid protection system design, engineering, and implementation challenges.
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Campo-Ossa, Daniel D., Enrique A. Sanabria-Torres, Jesus D. Vasquez-Plaza, Omar F. Rodriguez-Martinez, Oscar D. Garzon-Rivera i Fabio Andrade. "Novel Rotated Virtual Synchronous Generator Control for Power-Sharing in Microgrids with Complex Line Impedance". Electronics 12, nr 10 (9.05.2023): 2156. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12102156.
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Virtual synchronous generator (VSG) control is based on the fact that the line impedance in a microgrid is highly inductive. This assumption was made due to the emulation of the stator winding of an electrical machine. This concept can affect the controllability of a microgrid with complex line impedance, generating deviations in the chosen operation point. To overcome this issue, additional techniques must be implemented. This paper describes a novel mathematical approach that uses the power line characteristics in a microgrid to rotate the power control reference frame and proposes a new control method called a “Rotated Virtual Synchronous Generator” (RVSG). This RVSG control approach integrates the effect of complex impedance on the microgrid’s operation and adjusts the reference frame accordingly to improve the system’s stability and performance. The use of this proposed mathematical approach in microgrids allows the further emulation of virtual inertia in microgrids that lack inertia. Finally, a comparison between RVSG control and the classical virtual synchronous generator method is carried out to show that it allows the improvement of the transient power response, power quality, stability, and performance, mainly in microgrids with complex line impedance.
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Lanas, Fernando J., Francisco J. Martínez-Conde, Diego Alvarado, Rodrigo Moreno, Patricio Mendoza-Araya i Guillermo Jiménez-Estévez. "Non-Strategic Capacity Withholding from Distributed Energy Storage within Microgrids Providing Energy and Reserve Services". Energies 13, nr 19 (8.10.2020): 5235. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13195235.
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Microgrids have the potential to provide security and flexibility to power systems through the integration of a wide range of resources, including distributed energy storage, usually in the form of batteries. An aggregation of microgrids can enable the participation of these resources in the main system’s energy and ancillary services market. The traditional minimum-cost operation, however, can undermine microgrid’s ability to hold reserve capacity for operation in islanded mode and can rapidly degrade distributed batteries. This paper studies the impacts of various operational strategies from distributed energy storage plants on their revenues and on market prices, considering an array of microgrids that act in a synchronized fashion. The operational model minimizes the entire electric power system cost, considering transmission-connected and distributed energy resources, and capturing capacity degradation of batteries as part of the cost function. Additionally, microgrid-based, distributed batteries can provide energy arbitrage and both system-level and microgrid-level security services. Through several case studies, we demonstrate the economic impacts of distributed energy storage providing these services, including also capacity degradation. We also demonstrate the benefits of providing reserve services in terms of extra revenue and battery lifespan. Finally, we conclude that limitations in the provision of system-level services from distributed batteries due to degradation considerations and higher microgrid-level security requirements may, counterintuitively, increase system-level revenues for storage owners, if such degradation considerations and microgrid-level security requirements are adopted, at once, by a large number of microgrids, leading to unintended, non-strategic capacity withholding by distributed storage owners.
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Marchand, Sophie, Cristian Monsalve, Thorsten Reimann, Wolfram Heckmann, Jakob Ungerland, Hagen Lauer, Stephan Ruhe i Christoph Krauß. "Microgrid Systems: Towards a Technical Performance Assessment Frame". Energies 14, nr 8 (13.04.2021): 2161. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14082161.
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A microgrid is an independent power system that can be connected to the grid or operated in an islanded mode. This single grid entity is widely used for furthering access to energy and ensuring reliable energy supply. However, if islanded, microgrids do not benefit from the high inertia of the main grid and can be subject to high variations in terms of voltage and frequency, which challenge their stability. In addition, operability and interoperability requirements, standards as well as directives have addressed main concerns regarding a microgrid’s reliability, use of distributed local resources and cybersecurity. Nevertheless, microgrid systems are quickly evolving through digitalization and have a large range of applications. Thus, a consensus over their testing must be further developed with the current technological development. Here, we describe existing technical requirements and assessment criteria for a microgrid’s main functionalities to foster harmonization of functionality-level testing and an international conception of system-level one. This framework is proposed as a reference document for assessment frame development serving both microgrid research and implementation for a comprehensive understanding of technical microgrid performance and its current assessment challenges, such as lack of standardization and evolving technology.
Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Microgrides"
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Moghimi, Mojtaba. "Modelling and Optimization of Energy Management Systems in Microgrids and Multi-Microgrids". Thesis, Griffith University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/385882.
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With the new challenges brought by the high penetration of Renewable Energy Resources (RESs) into the modern grid, developing new solutions and concepts are necessary. Microgrid (MG) is one of the new concepts introduced to overcome upcoming issues in the modern electricity grids. MGs and Multi-Microgrids (MMGs) are defined as the building blocks of smart grids. MGs are the small units, where power generation and consumption happen at the same location and MG makes the decisions by itself. MGs can operate grid-connected or island mode depending on the functionality of the MG. Energy Management System (EMS) is the decision making centre of the MG. The data from the devices is received by the EMS and after processing, the commands are sent to the controllable components. Management of voltage, active and reactive power, neutral current, unit commitment and economic dispatch are of the tasks of EMS.
In this PhD thesis, an optimal EMS for MGs and MMGs is developed. The main objective of this project by developing the EMS is to optimize the energy flow in the MGs and MMGs to obtain peak load shaving in a cost beneficial system. In order to achieve an efficient EMS, communication system, forecasting system, scheduling system, and optimization system are modelled and developed. Different types of EMS operation, centralized, decentralized and distributed, are investigated in this work to achieve the best combination for MMG EMS operation.
The communication system is mainly utilizing Modbus TCP/IP protocol for data transmission at local level and Internet of Things (IoT) protocols (MQTT) for the global communication level. A communication operation algorithm is proposed to manage the MMG EMS under different communication operation modes and communication failure conditions. Furthermore, a monitoring system is developed to collect the data from different devices in the MG. The data is processed in the MG EMS and the commands are sent to components through the communication infrastructure. The link between MGs and MMGs is through the proposed two-level communication system, where the expansion of MGs to a MMG is investigated. In the MMG, MGs are functioning as a unit while having different priorities and operating under different policies. Each MG has its own MG EMS and the EMSs transfer information through the communication system between each other in either centralized, decentralized, distributed, or no communication modes under the MMG EMS.
The forecasting system is required in the EMS to predict the future MG characteristics such as power generation and consumption. The forecasted data is the input to the optimization and scheduling system of EMS. Employing the forecasting system in the EMS would increase the accuracy of the optimization and scheduling systems. In this thesis, the timeseries-based forecasting algorithms are employed to predict next day’s active power using the load data, generation data, weather data and temperature data as the inputs.
The heart of EMS is the scheduling and optimization system. The purpose of the scheduling system is to define the amount and the time of energy flow in the MG for different generation sources and consumption loads. Furthermore, scheduling system is responsible for peak load shaving and valley filling. On the other hand, the optimization system has the task of minimizing the operation costs of the MGs. The role of market in the scheduling and optimization is important. Time of Use (ToU) tariff is the pricing system, which determines the peak and off peak hours for energy usage pricing. In order to apply the optimization system, a model of the system, an objective function and systems constraints are defined, where aging of battery energy storage system (BESS), operational cost of components and MG cost benefits are considered. To operate the EMS scheduling and optimization system, IBM CPLEX Optimization Studio solver conducts the optimization while for the scheduling system, objective function and constraints are defined in MATLAB. In this thesis, a rule-based, MILP and MIQP optimization system for commercial MGs including electric vehicles (EVs) are proposed to investigate performance of MG EMS for different case studies.
In this thesis, the literature for different scheduling and forecasting systems is investigated and different optimization algorithms are analysed. The communication protocols utilized in this research are described and compared to other protocols in the literature. In different chapters of this thesis, the modelling of MGs and MMG EMS, different modules of EMS, forecasting, optimization, scheduling and communication systems are described and analysed. A novel communication system for MMG EMS operation is proposed for commercial buildings. The performance of MG EMS and MMG EMS is examined for power and neutral current sharing, operation cost optimization, and demand peak shaving applications and results are compared to investigate the performance of proposed algorithms.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Eng & Built Env
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
Full Text
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Zhang, Fan. "Operation of Networked Microgrids in the Electrical Distribution System". Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1467974481.
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Awad, Bieshoy Awad Boutros. "Operation of Energy MicroGrids". Thesis, Cardiff University, 2010. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/54179/.
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Integrated Operation is a strategy to operate the Energy MicroGrid as an integrated system. In this strategy, a CHP plant, an electric water heater, and thermal storage were operated to support both electricity and heat networks of the Energy MicroGrid. An Integrated Optimal Power Flow was formulated and was used to investigate the advantages of this Integrated Operation. Simulations indicated that Integrated Operation minimised generation curtailment and load shedding. It also reduced electricity imported from the main grid and the operating cost.
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Hornik, Tomas. "Power quality in microgrids". Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2010. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/1456/.
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Rapidly increasing energy demand from the industrial and commercial sector, especially in the current climate of high oil prices, steadily reducing energy sources and at the same time increased concerns about environmental changes, have caused fast development of Distributed Power Generation Systems (DPGS) based on renewable energy. A recent concept is to group DPGS and the associated loads to a common local area forming a small power system called a microgrid. This small autonomous system formed by DPGS can offer increased reliability and effciency of future power system networks. Furthermore, the improvement of the control capabilities and operational features of microgrids brings environmental and economic benefits. The introduction of microgrids improves power quality, reduces transmission line congestion, decreases emission and energy losses, and effectively facilitates the utilisation of renewable energy resources. As a consequence of the fast expanding DPGS based on renewable energy sources, Transmission System Operators (TSO) have issued strict interconnection requirements (grid code compliance), e.g., on power quality control, reactive power control, fault ride-through etc. Among these different requirements issued by the grid operators, power quality have recently gained a lot of attention due to excessive non-linear and unbalanced loads over-stressing the power systems and causing system failure. As nonlinear and/or unbalanced loads can represent a high proportion of the total load in small-scale systems, the problem with power quality is a particular concern in microgrids. In this work, different control strategies are proposed and implemented for the grid and microgrid connected voltage-source inverters (VSI), based on H^inf and repetitive control techniques. The repetitive control, which is regarded as a simple learning control method, offers very good performance for voltage and current tracking as it can deal with a very large number of harmonics simultaneously. This leads to a very low Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) of the output voltage and/or the current even in the presence of nonlinear loads and/or grid distortions. Initially, a voltage controller proposed in the literature for microgrid applications is further developed and experimentally tested. The aim is to improve power quality and tracking performance, while considerably reducing the complexity of the controller design. The model of the plant is reduced for single-input-single-output (SISO) repetitive control design. As a consequence, the design becomes much simpler and the stability evaluation easier. Moreover, a frequency adaptive mechanism is proposed so that the controller can cope with grid frequency variations in the grid-connected mode. This mechanism allows the controller to maintain very good tracking performance over a wide range of grid frequencies. Then, a H^inf repetitive control strategy for the inverter current is proposed and validated with experiments. As a result, the power quality and tracking performance are considerably improved. In order to demonstrate the improvements, the proposed controller is compared with the traditional proportional-resonant (PR), proportional- integral (PI) and predictive deadbeat (DB) controllers. Finally, the advantages of the proposed voltage and current controllers based on H^inf and repetitive control techniques are put together for consideration in microgrid applications and experimentally tested. The proposed cascaded current-voltage control strategy is not a simple combination of the two control strategies, but a complete re-design after realising that the inverter LCL filter can be split into two separate partsfor the design of the controllers. As a consequence, the cascaded controller is able to maintain low THD in both the microgrid voltage and the current following into/from the grid at the same time. It also enables seamless transfer of the operation mode from standalone to grid-connected or vice versa. It turns out that the voltage controller can be reduced to a proportional gain cascaded with the internal model (in a re-arranged form), which can be easily implemented in real applications. Experiments under different scenarios (e.g. in the standalone mode or in the grid-connected mode, with linear, nonlinear or unbalanced loads etc.) are presented to demonstrate the excellent performance of the controllers.
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Levi, Patricia Janet. "Feasibility of grid compatible microgrids". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/108215.
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Thesis: S.M. in Technology and Policy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Engineering, Institute for Data, Systems, and Society, Technology and Policy Program, 2016.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 133-139).
There are 1.1 billion people in the world who lack access to electricity, mostly in rural areas. The expansion of the central grid has been slow in many developing countries, hampered by a lack of supply, poor finances, and politics. Distribution companies in these countries are often cash strapped, in a tremendous amount of debt and are unable to make adequate investments in infrastructure. Off-grid technologies can be the most cost-effective choice in remote areas, and they also can offer a solution for communities that will not receive reliable centralized electricity for many years. These solutions include solar home systems and microgrids. However, investment in microgrids has been discouraged by the risk of the central grid expanding into the service area of a microgrid. An attractive solution is to create technical standards for microgrids such that they are able to connect to the grid if or when it arrives, and to provide regulations for the integration of these systems into the operation of the main grid. This arrangement could reduce the risk to microgrid investors significantly. While existing literature speculates on the value of such a system, the costs and benefits have not been quantified. This analysis uses the Reference Electrification Model, a tool developed in collaboration by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and IIT Comillas - Madrid, to assess the costs and benefits that might arise when using grid compatible microgrids. These results and an assessment of the regulatory context and forthcoming regulations show that grid compatible microgrids can provide significant social value, but only if supported by sufficient subsidies and a recognition of the costs imposed on society by depriving so many people of electricity.
by Patricia Janet Levi.
S.M. in Technology and Policy
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Blasi, Bronson Richard. "DC microgrids: review and applications". Kansas State University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/16823.
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Master of ScienceDepartment of Architectural Engineering and Construction Science
Fred Hasler
This paper discusses a brief history of electricity, specifically alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC), and how the current standard of AC distribution has been reached. DC power was first produced in 1800, but the shift to AC occurred in the 1880’s with the advent of the transformer. Because the decisions for distribution were made over 100 years ago, it could be time to rethink the standards of power distribution. Compared to traditional AC distribution, DC microgrids are significantly more energy efficient when implemented with distributed generation. Distributed generation, or on-site generation from photovoltaic panels, wind turbines, fuel cells, or microturbines, is more efficient when the power is transmitted by DC. DC generation, paired with the growing DC load profile, increases energy savings by utilizing DC architecture and eliminating wasteful conversions. Energy savings would result from a lower grid strain and more efficient utilization of the utility grid. DC distribution results in a more reliable electrical service due to short transmission distances, high service reliability when paired with on-site generation, and efficient storage. Occupant safety is a perceived concern with DC microgrids due to the lack of knowledge and familiarity in regards to these systems. However, with proper regulation and design standards, building occupants never encounter voltage higher than 24VDC, which is significantly safer than existing 120VAC in the United States. DC Microgrids have several disadvantages such as higher initial cost due, in part, to unfamiliarity of the system as well as a general lack of code recognition and efficiency metric recognition leading to difficult certification and code compliance. Case studies are cited in this paper to demonstrate energy reduction possibilities due to the lack of modeling ability in current energy analysis programs and demonstrated energy savings of approximately 20%. It was concluded that continued advancement in code development will come from pressure to increase energy efficiency. This pressure, paired with the standardization of a 24VDC plug and socket, will cause substantial increases in DC microgrid usage in the next 10 years.
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Yassuda, Yamashita Damiela. "Hierarchical Control for Building Microgrids". Thesis, Poitiers, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021POIT2267.
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Représentant plus d'un tiers de la consommation mondiale d'électricité, les bâtiments sont le secteur énergétique majeur pour promouvoir l’usage des énergies renouvelables. L'installation à la fois de sources d’énergie rénouvelable et d'un système de stockage d'énergie électrique dans les bâtiments peut favoriser la transition énergétique vers un système électrique à faible émission de carbone, tout en permettant aux consommateurs d'énergie finaux de bénéficier d'une énergie propre. Malgré tous ces avantages, cette topologie innovante et distribuée d’un Micro-réseau dédié au Bâtiment (MB)nécessite des changements importants dans le réseau actuel, qui dépend des politiques énergétiques et d’avancement technologiques.La conception d'un Système de Gestion de l'Energie (EMS) capable de gérer efficacement les composants électriques du micro-réseau sans menacer la stabilité du réseau principal est un obstacle au développement des MB. Pour atténuer les effets néfastes introduits par des acteurs d’énergie imprévisibles, le concept d'autoconsommation est de plus en plus adopté. Néanmoins, une analyse technico-économique plus approfondie est nécessaire pour piloter d’une manière optimaledes systèmes de stockage d'énergie afin d’atteindre des indices d'autoconsommation plus élevés.Face à ces enjeux, le but de ce doctorat est de proposer un EMS pour les micro-réseaux installés dans les bâtiments afin de maximiser leur taux d’autoconsommation à un coût d’exploitation minimum. Parmi les architectures de contrôle, la structure hiérarchique s'est avérée efficace pour gérer des objectifs contradictoires qui ne sont pas dans la même échelle de temps. Ainsi, une structure de contrôle Hiérarchique à Modèle Prédictif (HMPC) a été adoptée pour remédier aux incertitudes liées aux déséquilibres de puissance ainsi qu’établir un compromis entre la réduction du coût de fonctionnement et le respect du code de l’énergie français.Considérant que les bâtiments ne sont pas homogènes et nécessitent des solutions adaptées à leur besoin, le contrôleur proposé a été couplé à deux modules fonctionnant à base d’analyse de données. Le premier algorithme consiste à gérer les inexactitudes dans les modèles internes de l’HMPC. Sans avoir besoin de régler aucun paramètre, cet algorithme améliore la précision du modèle de batteries jusqu'à trois fois et augmente jusqu'à dix fois la précision du modèle de stockage d'hydrogène, réduisant ainsi la dépendance de l’EMS aux étapes de modélisation. Le deuxième algorithme détermine de manière autonome les paramètres de l’HMPC et facilite le compromis entre les aspects économiques et énergétiques. S'appuyant uniquement sur l'analyse des données de déséquilibre de puissance et des mesures, le contrôleur hiérarchique spécifie quel dispositif de stockage d'énergie doit fonctionner quotidiennement en fonction de l'estimation du taux d'autoconsommation et du coût de fonctionnement du micro-réseau. Ces estimations diminuent les dépenses annuelles du micro-réseau en évitant la pénalisation en ce qui concerne les exigences d'autoconsommation et en réduisant la dégradation et l'entretien des systèmes de stockage d'énergie.L’EMS proposé s'est également révélé capable de charger de préférence les batteries des véhicules électriques en période de surplus d’énergie et les décharger pendant les périodes de déficit pour réduire les échanges d’énergie avec le réseau principal. Les résultats ont aussi montré que la contribution des batteries de véhicules électriques dépend de la taille du parc de véhicules, de leur temps de connexion et du profil de déséquilibre de puissance. En conclusion, à travers les simulations utilisant le dimensionnement réel d'un bâtiment public et résidentiel, l’EMS hiérarchique s'est avéré efficace pour gérer de nombreux dispositifs de stockage d'énergie et contribuer à l’essor de micro-réseaux dédiés aux bâtiments à l’avenirRepresenting more than one-third of global electricity consumption, buildings undergo the most important sector capable of reducing greenhouse gas emissions and promote the share of Renewable Energy Sources (RES). The integrated RES and electric energy storage system in buildings can assist the energy transition toward a low-carbon electricity system while allowing end-energy consumers to benefit from clean energy. Despite its valuable advantages, this innovative distributed Building Microgrids (BM) topology requires significant changes in the current electric grid, which is highly dependent on grid energy policies and technology breakthroughs.The complexity of designing a robust Energy Management System (EMS) capable of managing all electric components inside the microgrid efficiently without harming the main grid stability is one of the greatest challenge in the development of BM. To mitigate the harmful effects of unpredictable grid actors, the concept of self-consumption has been increasingly adopted. Nonetheless, further technical-economic analysis is needed to optimally manage the energy storage systems to attain higher marks of self-consumption.Faceing these issues, the purpose of this doctoral thesis is to propose a complete framework for designing a building EMS for microgrids installed in buildings capable of maximising the self-consumption rate at minimum operating cost. Among all possible control architectures, the hierarchical structure has proved effective to handle conflicting goals that are not in the same timeframe. Hence, a Hierarchical Model Predictive (HMPC) control structure was adopted to address the uncertainties in the power imbalance as well as the trade-off between costs and compliance with the French grid code.Considering that buildings are not homogeneous and require solutions tailored to their specific conditions, the proposed controller was enhanced by two data-driven modules. The first data-driven algorithm is to handle inaccuracies in HMPC internal models. Without needing to tune any parameter, this algorithm can enhance the accuracy of the battery model up to three times and improve up to ten times the precision of the hydrogen storage model. This makes the building EMS more flexible and less dependent on pre-modelling steps.The second data-oriented algorithm determines autonomously adequate parameters to HMPC to relieve the trade-off between economic and energy aspects. Relying only on power imbalance data analysis and local measurements, the proposed hierarchical controller determines which energy storage device must run daily based on the estimation of the annual self-consumption rate and the annual microgrid operating cost. These estimations decrease microgrid expenditure because it avoids grid penalties regarding the requirements of annual self-consumption and reduces the degradation and maintenance of energy storage devices.The proposed EMS also demonstrated being capable of exploiting the potentials of shifting in time the charging of batteries of plug-in electric vehicles. The simulation confirmed that the proposed controller preferably charges electric vehicles’ batteries at periods of energy surplus and discharges them during periods of energy deficit, leading the building microgrid to reduce grid energy exchange. The results also showed that electric vehicle batteries' contribution depends on the size of the vehicle parking, their arrival and departure time, and the building’s net power imbalance profile. In conclusion, through simulations using the dataset of both public and residential buildings, the proposed hierarchical building EMS proved its effectiveness to handle different kinds of energy storage devices and foster the development of forthcoming building microgrids
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Guo, Yuanzhen. "ECONOMIC OPERATION OF TYPICAL MICROGRIDS". UKnowledge, 2018. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/ece_etds/131.
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A microgrid is a subnetwork of power system that consists of a group of distributed energy sources and loads. It is designed to integrate distributed generation, loads, energy storage devices, converters, and monitoring and protection devices. Generally, a successful microgrid could run both in island mode (off-grid) and in grid-connected mode (on-grid), being able to convert between two modes at any time. With continuous development of the power system, distributed renewable generation unit accounts for an increasing proportion, since microgrid could effectively connect these generation units to the main grid, thereby improving the energy efficiency and the energy structure. Microgrid is increasingly playing an important role in the power system.
This thesis focuses on reducing the cost of microgrids through economic operation, including both static and dynamic economic operations. Three cases are tested based on these two methods. Also, each case will include four situations including one without ESS and three situations with 2MWh ESS, 3MWh ESS, 4MWh ESS, respectively.
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TUCCI, MICHELE. "Scalable control of islanded microgrids". Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Pavia, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11571/1214890.
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In the recent years, the increasing penetration of renewable energy sources has motivated a growing interest for microgrids, energy networks composed of interconnected Distributed Generation Units (DGUs) and loads. Microgrids are self-sustained electric systems that can operate either connected to the main grid or detached from it. In this thesis, we focus on the latter case, thus dealing with the so-called Islanded microGrids (ImGs). We propose scalable control design methodologies for both AC and DC ImGs, allowing DGUs and loads to be connected in general topologies and enter/leave the network over time. In order to ensure safe and reliable operations, we mirror the flexibility of ImGs structures in their primary and secondary control layers. Notably, off-line control design hinges on Plug-and-Play (PnP) synthesis, meaning that the computation of individual regulators is complemented by local optimization-based tests for denying dangerous plug-in/out requests. The solutions presented in this work aim to address some of the key challenges arising in control of AC and DC ImGs, while overcoming the limitations of the existing approaches. More precisely, this thesis comprises the following main contributions: (i) the development of decentralized primary control schemes for load-connected networks (i.e. where local loads appear only at the output terminals of each DGU) ensuring voltage stability in DC ImGs, and voltage and frequency stability in AC ImGs. In contrast with the most commonly used control strategies available in the literature, our regulators guarantee offset-free tracking of reference signals. Moreover, the proposed primary local controllers can be designed or updated on-the-fly when DGUs are plugged in/out, and the closed-loop stability of the ImG is always preserved. (ii) Novel approximate network reduction methods for handling totally general interconnections of DGUs and loads in AC ImGs. We study and exploit Kron reduction in order to derive an equivalent load-connected model of the original ImG, and designing stabilizing voltage and frequency regulators, independently of the ImG topology. (iii) Distributed secondary control schemes, built on top of primary layers, for accurate reactive power sharing in AC ImGs, and current sharing and voltage balancing in DC ImGs. In the latter case, we prove that the desired coordinated behaviors are achieved in a stable fashion and we describe how to design secondary regulators in a PnP manner when DGUs are added/removed to/from the network. (iv) Theoretical results are validated through extensive simulations, and some of the proposed design algorithms have been successfully tested on real ImG platforms.In the recent years, the increasing penetration of renewable energy sources has motivated a growing interest for microgrids, energy networks composed of interconnected Distributed Generation Units (DGUs) and loads. Microgrids are self-sustained electric systems that can operate either connected to the main grid or detached from it. In this thesis, we focus on the latter case, thus dealing with the so-called Islanded microGrids (ImGs). We propose scalable control design methodologies for both AC and DC ImGs, allowing DGUs and loads to be connected in general topologies and enter/leave the network over time. In order to ensure safe and reliable operations, we mirror the flexibility of ImGs structures in their primary and secondary control layers. Notably, off-line control design hinges on Plug-and-Play (PnP) synthesis, meaning that the computation of individual regulators is complemented by local optimization-based tests for denying dangerous plug-in/out requests. The solutions presented in this work aim to address some of the key challenges arising in control of AC and DC ImGs, while overcoming the limitations of the existing approaches. More precisely, this thesis comprises the following main contributions: (i) the development of decentralized primary control schemes for load-connected networks (i.e. where local loads appear only at the output terminals of each DGU) ensuring voltage stability in DC ImGs, and voltage and frequency stability in AC ImGs. In contrast with the most commonly used control strategies available in the literature, our regulators guarantee offset-free tracking of reference signals. Moreover, the proposed primary local controllers can be designed or updated on-the-fly when DGUs are plugged in/out, and the closed-loop stability of the ImG is always preserved. (ii) Novel approximate network reduction methods for handling totally general interconnections of DGUs and loads in AC ImGs. We study and exploit Kron reduction in order to derive an equivalent load-connected model of the original ImG, and designing stabilizing voltage and frequency regulators, independently of the ImG topology. (iii) Distributed secondary control schemes, built on top of primary layers, for accurate reactive power sharing in AC ImGs, and current sharing and voltage balancing in DC ImGs. In the latter case, we prove that the desired coordinated behaviors are achieved in a stable fashion and we describe how to design secondary regulators in a PnP manner when DGUs are added/removed to/from the network. (iv) Theoretical results are validated through extensive simulations, and some of the proposed design algorithms have been successfully tested on real ImG platforms.
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Lilla, Stefano <1969>. "Energy Management Systems of Microgrids". Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/8778/1/Lilla_Stefano_Tesi.pdf.
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The distributed operation of parts of the system, denoted as microgrids or, more generally, as local energy communities, could be an effective answer to the issues posed by the increasing complexity of the modern power distribution systems facing the increasing penetration of renewable energy sources and the electrification of urban transportation.
The results of the research activities described in the thesis can be divided into three main parts. The first one is the modeling and analysis of low voltage power distribution networks feeding residential, commercial and small-scale industrial consumers including distributed generation units and storage systems. It focuses on an optimization model that has been applied to the energy management system of an experimental microgrid. A mixed integer linear programming model is developed and presented, which takes into account the unbalanced operation of the LV network.
The second part focuses on the day-ahead operational planning of a local energy community, which is assumed able to implement transactive energy control actions with allocation of the network power loss. The problem has been addressed by means of two different optimization procedures, namely a centralized mathematical programming model and a specific distributed optimization procedure based on the adoption of the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM).
The third part is the day-ahead optimization of the operation of a local energy system consisting of photovoltaic units, energy storage systems and loads aimed at minimizing the electricity procurement cost, considering the uncertainties in the load and generation forecasts. Two mixed integer linear programming models are adopted, each for a different representation of the battery: a simple energy balance constraint and the Kinetic Battery Model. The chapter describes the generation of the scenarios, the construction of the scenario tree and the intraday decision-making procedure based on the solution of the multistage stochastic programming.
Książki na temat "Microgrides"
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Anvari-Moghaddam, Amjad, Hamdi Abdi, Behnam Mohammadi-Ivatloo i Nikos Hatziargyriou, red. Microgrids. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59750-4.
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Narejo, Ghous Bakhsh, Biswaranjan Acharya, Ranjit Singh Sarban Singh i Fatma Newagy. Microgrids. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003121626.
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Hatziargyriou, Nikos, red. Microgrids. Chichester, United Kingdom: John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118720677.
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Bahrami, Shahab, i Ali Mohammadi, red. Smart Microgrids. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02656-1.
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Li, Yan. Cyber-Physical Microgrids. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80724-5.
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Zambroni de Souza, Antonio Carlos, i Miguel Castilla, red. Microgrids Design and Implementation. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98687-6.
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Sun, Yao, Xiaochao Hou, Jinghang Lu, Zhangjie Liu, Mei Su i Joseph M. Guerrero. Series-Parallel Converter-Based Microgrids. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91511-7.
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Rosales-Asensio, Enrique, Francisco José García-Moya, David Borge-Diez i Antonio Colmenar-Santos. Sea Water Desalination in Microgrids. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-96678-2.
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Bordons, Carlos, Félix Garcia-Torres i Miguel A. Ridao. Model Predictive Control of Microgrids. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24570-2.
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Sharkh, Suleiman M., Mohammad A. Abusara, Georgios I. Orfanoudakis i Babar Hussain. Power Electronic Converters for Microgrids. Singapore: John Wiley & Sons, Singapore Pte. Ltd, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470824054.
Pełny tekst źródłaCzęści książek na temat "Microgrides"
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de Graaf, Florijn, i Simon Goddek. "Smarthoods: Aquaponics Integrated Microgrids". W Aquaponics Food Production Systems, 379–92. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15943-6_15.
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AbstractWith the pressure to transition towards a fully renewable energy system increasing, a new type of power system architecture is emerging: the microgrid. A microgrid integrates a multitude of decentralised renewable energy technologies using smart energy management systems, in order to efficiently balance the local production and consumption of renewable energy, resulting in a high degree of flexibility and resilience. Generally, the performance of a microgrid increases with the number of technologies present, although it remains difficult to create a fully autonomous microgrid within economic reason (de Graaf F, New strategies for smart integrated decentralised energy systems, 2018). In order to improve the self-sufficiency and flexibility of these microgrids, this research proposes integrating a neighbourhood microgrid with an urban agriculture facility that houses a decoupled multi-loop aquaponics facility. This new concept is called Smarthood, where all Food–Water–Energy flows are circularly connected. In doing so, the performance of the microgrid greatly improves, due to the high flexibility present within the thermal mass, pumps and lighting systems. As a result, it is possible to achieve 95.38% power and 100% heat self-sufficiency. This result is promising, as it could pave the way towards realising these fully circular, decentralised Food–Water–Energy systems.
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Schwaegerl, Christine, i Liang Tao. "The Microgrids Concept". W Microgrids, 1–24. Chichester, United Kingdom: John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118720677.ch01.
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Dimeas, Aris, Antonis Tsikalakis, George Kariniotakis i George Korres. "Microgrids Control Issues". W Microgrids, 25–80. Chichester, United Kingdom: John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118720677.ch02.
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Degner, Thomas, Nikos Soultanis, Alfred Engler i Asier Gil de Muro. "Intelligent Local Controllers". W Microgrids, 81–116. Chichester, United Kingdom: John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118720677.ch03.
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Oudalov, Alexander, Thomas Degner, Frank van Overbeeke i Jose Miguel Yarza. "Microgrid Protection". W Microgrids, 117–64. Chichester, United Kingdom: John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118720677.ch04.
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Lopes, João Abel Peças, André Madureira, Nuno Gil i Fernanda Resende. "Operation of Multi-Microgrids". W Microgrids, 165–205. Chichester, United Kingdom: John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118720677.ch05.
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Kariniotakis, George, Aris Dimeas i Frank Van Overbeeke Sections . . "Pilot Sites: Success Stories and Learnt Lessons". W Microgrids, 206–74. Chichester, United Kingdom: John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118720677.ch06.
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Schwaegerl, Christine, i Liang Tao. "Quantification of Technical, Economic, Environmental and Social Benefits of Microgrid Operation". W Microgrids, 275–313. Chichester, United Kingdom: John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118720677.ch07.
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Namrata, Kumari, Ch Sekhar, D. P. Kothari i Sriparna Das. "Microgrid Design Evolution and Architecture". W Microgrids, 19–51. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003121626-2.
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Ghatak, Sriparna Roy, Aashish Kumar Bohre i Parimal Acharjee. "Hybrid Microgrid Design Based on Environment, Reliability, and Economic Aspects". W Microgrids, 101–18. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003121626-5.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenia konferencji na temat "Microgrides"
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Sharma, Ratnesh K., i Koji Kudo. "Integrated Management of Energy Storage for Sustainable Operation of Energy Microgrids". W ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-65711.
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Energy microgrids are a key building block of smart grids. Energy microgrids can not only provide voltage and VAR support to the power grid but also reduce the emission footprint of the overall power generation infrastructure. While it provides added advantages like grid decongestion and reduced operating cost for system operators, it creates significant challenges in stable operation and meeting economic goals of the microgrid owners. Currently, energy microgrids are heavily subsidized through government grants/rebates and require high maintenance in terms of skilled operating staff and advance control systems. In this paper, we propose a microgrid energy storage architecture that could reduce the cost of ownership and simplify control and management of energy microgrids while retaining the advantages of reduced emissions and resource consumption. The controls existing in normal energy storage also offers unique opportunities in simplifying the control system of such distributed generation infrastructure and improving the reliability of microgrid in meeting local demand constraints. From a utility operator’s perspective, energy storage provides a reliable and dispatchable source as opposed to intermittent distributed energy resources.
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Chu Cheong, Matthew K., Haiya Qian, Julia Conger, Dongmei Chen i Pengwei Du. "Distributed ℋ∞ Frequency Control for Inverter Connected Microgrids". W ASME 2017 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2017-5400.
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Microgrids are small-scale power networks where distributed generation and inverter interfaced power sources are common. These networks are faced with more significant control challenges; a smaller system can less effectively dampen and distribute power disturbances or fluctuations, and the system frequency is less robust without synchronous generators to provide rotational inertia. In this paper we will develop optimal control algorithms to control the voltage and frequency in an islanded inverter-based microgrid. The voltages and frequency of this system are controlled using decentralized ℋ∞ control. The decentralized controllers operate using only local data, making the control methodolgy scalable. In addition, the studied controllers can be tuned to achieve the desired transient behavior. For voltage and frequency control of microgrids, transient performance is still an area of weakness. The proposed control scheme extends optimal control to the field of microgrid control and can improve the state of microgrid technology.
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Hammonds, James S. "Cost Competitive Implementation of Community Shared Microgrids". W ASME 2008 2nd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer, Fluids Engineering, and 3rd Energy Nanotechnology Conferences. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2008-54155.
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Microgrids are systems of linked distributed energy (DE) generation sources that provide power for a relatively small number of users. In this work, we show how microgrids can be used to reduce emissions and deliver power with an annual amortized cost that is competitive with grid power. To perform the analysis, average hourly electrical load profiles for residential customers in Washington, DC were obtained from the utility company (Pepco). Hot water and heating fuel consumption is modeled computationally using prototype building characteristics. The energy consumption data is then used with a computer-based model to analyze grid-tied microgrids. The DE sources examined in this work are photovoltaic arrays and combined heat and power (CHP). The cost and CO2 emissions for the microgrid are compared to the case where power is drawn solely from the grid. We show that when DE capacity is optimally utilized, the microgrid is cost competitive, and the cost to reduce emissions is lowered.
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Vargas Salgado, Carlos, Jesús Águila-León, Cristian D. Chiñas-Palacios i Elías Hurtado-Pérez. "Design and Deployment of a Web SCADA for an Experimental Microgrid". W INNODOCT 2020. Valencia: Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/inn2020.2020.11878.
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Microgrids are a group of loads and distributed power generation sources acting as a single entity to provide power to the user or the grid. Since a Microgrid is a system of systems, this leads to an operability problem for local management and an interoperability problem for remote management. Operability and interoperability problems are solved by Data Acquisition and Control Systems (SCADA). There are several commercial platforms for the development of SCADA systems, being most of the time very expensive for the average user and even many universities. Therefore, this paper presents the design and implementation of a SCADA Web based on open-source software for experimental microgrids to allow the management of Microgrids remotely through the web. The Web-based SCADA system was developed for the Renewable Energy Laboratory (LabDER) of the Universitat Politècnica de València. An OMRON CPU CJ2M PLC was linked to a remote MYSQL database. A user interface was programmed using JAVA, and PHP languages perform operations and take data for the web-based SCADA system. The implemented SCADA system allowed monitoring and limited control of the LabdDER microgrid remotely, showing it to be an effective solution for Microgrids remote management.
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Odonkor, Philip. "Exploring How the Heterogeneity of Building Types in Community Microgrids Impact Their Value Proposition". W ASME 2022 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2022-90705.
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Abstract Community microgrids present a compelling new approach for designing and operating the next generation of power grids. The extent to which their benefits can be realized depends on their constituent buildings, energy infrastructure, and the control algorithms that maintain grid balance. Conventional practice has been to treat the former as inflexible, meaning micro-grids are often designed for a preset group to buildings. However, as microgrids evolve to consider multiple stakeholder needs (such as consumers, prosumers and utilities), the ability for them to maximize stakeholder value — in terms of demand flexibility and energy resiliency — relies on an optimal building composition. This work advances the hypothesis that heterogeneous microgrid compositions exhibit distinguishable value propositions for different stakeholders which, if identified and understood, can provide decision support for microgrid design and adoption at scale. By leveraging the US Department of Energy’s ComStock dataset, we conduct an in-depth empirical study which uncovers trends to support the inclusion (and in some cases exclusion) of a variety of building types when composing community microgrids. The pairing of hotels with quick service restaurants, for example, was one of several key findings that illustrate how complimentary building relationships can be leveraged to advance energy self sufficiency and demand flexibility in community microgrids.
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Moridian, Barzin, Daryl Bennett, Nina Mahmoudian, Rush Robinett i Wayne W. Weaver. "Design of Mobile Microgrid’s Hierarchy for Power Distribution". W ASME 2015 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2015-9866.
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This paper presents a hierarchy for autonomous mobile microgrids to ensure robustness and scalability of such systems for power distribution applications. Developing an autonomous mobile microgrid based on the proposed hierarchy will create a microgrid system that will autonomously connect to different power nodes (generators, loads, storage units, converters, etc.) and interact with them accordingly. This system will have the scalability characteristics of an ad hoc system and can reconfigure itself depending on available power nodes.
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Suk, Hailie, Abhishek Yadav i John Hall. "Scalability Considerations in the Design of Microgrids to Support Socioeconomic Development in Rural Communities". W ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-88441.
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The interaction between technology and people is characterized by sociotechnical models. In the context of design, these types of systems are analyzed to increase productivity. The level of productivity is expected to increase as the technology evolves. Still, a lack of focus on adaptive design hinders the success of sociotechnical systems. The problem is evident in the relationship between microgrid technology and the residents of developing communities. An analysis of this type of sociotechnical system is analyzed in this paper. Rural villages in the developing world often lack access to the power grid. However, microgrids can provide electrical power in these locations. Power can be harnessed from renewable resources such as wind, solar, geothermal, and hydropower. Large batteries are used to store energy and buffer the electrical supply with the demand. The system powers security lighting, water pumps, and purification systems. Microgrids also power small machines that sustain agriculture in developing communities. The access to energy uplifts the developing community socially and economically. Still, as the community evolves, energy demand increases and the microgrid is unable to provide sufficient energy. A challenge in microgrid design involves the scalability of the system. Currently, there is no method for adapting the microgrid system to the increases in demand that occur over time. Accordingly, a mathematical framework is needed to support design decisions that could otherwise support adaptability. A demand model to predict the energy use for a composite rural village is presented. The predicted demand requirements are configured using a design optimization simulation model. These configurations are studied, and adaptive design techniques are devised through the process. The outcome of this study identifies a basic design methodology for microgrid design that is cognizant of scalability. Moreover, it identifies key attributes and relationships for the mathematical framework that supports the overarching goal of adaptable design.
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Haghani, Sasan. "Development of a New Course on Microgrids and Distributed Energy Resources". W ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-88506.
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Microgrids are an essential element of smart grids and are identified as a key component for improving power reliability and quality, increasing system energy efficiency, and providing the possibility of grid-independence to individual end-user sites. Microgrids support a flexible and efficient electric grid by enabling the integration of growing deployments of distributed energy resources such as solar and wind power. According to a recent Navigant report, spending on microgrid enabling technologies will reach 112 billion dollars by 2026. While the development of microgrids and distributed energy technologies are underway, a recent Department of Energy jobs report indicates that the U.S. does not have enough skilled workers to fill 1.5 million new energy jobs by 2030. Furthermore, even the most experienced workers often lack the updated skills and training needed to successfully support the advanced systems, tools and devices that make up microgrids. Hence it is important to develop new courses that can equip our students with the necessary technical skills to enter the microgrids job market. This paper presents the development of a new course on microgrids and distributed energy resources. This course is a follow up to a previously developed course on Smart Grids. The paper will discuss the course content, the pedagogical approach used to deliver the course, and some of the students’ projects and presentations.
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Orellana Postigo, Miguel Angel, Javier Martinez i José Reinaldo Silva. "Microgrid System Design Based On Model Based Systems Engineering And Goal-Oriented Requirements Engineering". W Congresso Brasileiro de Automática - 2020. sbabra, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.48011/asba.v2i1.1146.
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Microgrids appear as a practical, clean and reliable solution to meet the demand of populations that, for various reasons, do not have access to electricity. The complexity of microgrid systems, requires considerable engineering eort in the design process. To design this type of complex systems, new approaches, methods, concepts and engineering tools are needed. Where, the requirements analysis has a preponderant role to better characterize, understand and specify the application domain and the problem that the microgrids must solve. This work proposes the introduction of a formal analysis of requirements in the life cycle of microgrid systems, using IEC 61850 as a reference architecture. The requirements would be represented in an Object Oriented Requirements Engineering (GORE) approach, using specically visual diagrams based on the KAOS (Keep All Objectives Satised) method, where the operation and control of the network will be formally represented. The requirements analysis is presented using a combined representation that uses the GORE and Petri Nets methodology for dynamic modeling and formal verication. A case study for small communities in the Amazon rainforest is used as a case study for the proposed method.
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Chu Cheong, Matthew K., Dongmei Chen i Pengwei Du. "Understanding the Role of Microgrid Topology for Decentralized Model-Based Control". W ASME 2019 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2019-9103.
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Abstract This paper identifies how the topology of a microgrid, particularly with respect to localized power injections, can affect the overall stability of the system. Microgrids are smaller-scale power networks that can disconnect from, and operate independently to, the main grid if necessary; accordingly, distributed and local generation is much more common in these systems. Of these local power sources, a significant proportion interface with the microgrid via inverters, and therefore lack physical inertia. This absence of physical inertia exacerbates the control challenge in a microgrid. These issues motivate the question of how to best control distributed generators to realize grid-wide improvements to power quality. We outline how the placement of controlled distributed generators can result in varying degrees of improved transient behavior, following disturbances to a microgrid. In this resulting simulations and analysis, we find that when the power sources in a microgrid are of varying capacity or rating, then the network topology can have a significant effect on transient performance deterioration. Notably, we find that if even a single a lower rated power source is ‘near’ or adjacent to a grid disturbance, then the microgrid may experience severe harmonic disturbances. In addition, we show that if such sources are controlled with a decentralized optimal controller, rather than a typical droop mechanism, then the overall microgrid performance is significantly improved.
Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Microgrides"
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Ye, Z., R. Walling, N. Miller, P. Du i K. Nelson. Facility Microgrids. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), maj 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/15016290.
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Truyol, Sabine. Smart Microgrids. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), wrzesień 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1886774.
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Shepherd, Rachel, Chuck Kurnik i Phil Voss. Financing Federal Microgrids. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), wrzesień 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1824294.
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Starke, Michael R. Networked Microgrids Scoping Study. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), październik 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1329135.
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Trinklei, Eddy, Gordon Parker, Wayne Weaver, Rush Robinett, Lucia Babe Gauchia, Chee Wooi Ten, Ward Bower, Steven F. Glover i Steve Bukowski. Scoping Study: Networked Microgrids. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), październik 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1433071.
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Backhaus, Scott N., Larisa Dobriansky, Steve Glover, Chen-Ching Liu, Patrick Looney, Salman Mashayekh, Annabelle Pratt i in. Networked Microgrids Scoping Study. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), grudzień 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1334654.
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McJunkin, Timothy, i James Reilly. Net-Zero Carbon Microgrids. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), listopad 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1831061.
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Cardoso, Goncalo, Miguel Heleno i Nicholas DeForest. Remote Off-grid Microgrid Design Support Tool (ROMDST) - An Optimal Design Support Tool for Remote, Resilient, and Reliable Microgrids Phase II - Final Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), lipiec 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1504744.
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Cardoso, Goncalo, Miguel Heleno i Nicholas DeForest. Remote Off-grid Microgrid Design Support Tool (ROMDST) - An Optimal Design Support Tool for Remote, Resilient, and Reliable Microgrids (Phase II, Final Report). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), marzec 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1506410.
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Firestone, Ryan, i Chris Marnay. Energy manager design for microgrids. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), styczeń 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/838178.
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