Artykuły w czasopismach: „Microeconomic reform”

1

Kriesler, Peter. "Microeconomic Reform". Economic Papers: A journal of applied economics and policy 8, nr 3 (wrzesień 1989): 99–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-3441.1989.tb01081.x.

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BRENNAN, PAUL. "MICROECONOMIC REFORM". Economic Papers: A journal of applied economics and policy 9, nr 4 (grudzień 1990): 34–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-3441.1990.tb00617.x.

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Scotton, R. B., i H. J. Owens. "Case Payment and Microeconomic Reform". Australian Economic Review 24, nr 1 (styczeń 1991): 45–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8462.1991.tb00382.x.

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O'Neill, Deirdre, i Linda McGuire. "Microeconomic Reform and the Third Sector". Public Management: An International Journal of Research and Theory 1, nr 3 (styczeń 1999): 407–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14719039900000014.

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DOLLERY, BRIAN. "THE TIMING OF MICROECONOMIC REFORM IN AUSTRALIA". Economic Papers: A journal of applied economics and policy 13, nr 3 (wrzesień 1994): 84–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-3441.1994.tb00100.x.

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Makin, Tony. "Interventionism, Microeconomic Reform and the External Deficit". Australian Economic Review 25, nr 1 (styczeń 1992): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8462.1992.tb00572.x.

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Chapman, Ross. "What Should We Expect of Microeconomic Reform?" Economic and Labour Relations Review 1, nr 2 (grudzień 1990): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/103530469000100201.

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Johnston, Craig. "Social impact assessment of microeconomic reform: Australian hesitations". Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal 17, nr 1 (marzec 1999): 9–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3152/147154699781767990.

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Everett, Sophia. "Port Corporatisation in Australia: Dilemmas of Microeconomic Reform". Policy, Organisation and Society 14, nr 1 (grudzień 1997): 40–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10349952.1997.11876669.

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WHITEMAN, JOHN L. "THE INTER-REGIONAL ECONOMIC IMPACT OF MICROECONOMIC REFORM". Economic Papers: A journal of applied economics and policy 19, nr 1 (marzec 2000): 44–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-3441.2000.tb00951.x.

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Quiggin, John. "Looking Back on Microeconomic Reform: A Sceptical Viewpoint". Economic and Labour Relations Review 15, nr 1 (czerwiec 2004): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/103530460401500101.

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ADAMS, PHILIP D., i BRIAN R. PARMENTER. "Microeconomic Reform and Employment in the Short Run". Economic Record 70, nr 208 (marzec 1994): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4932.1994.tb01819.x.

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Evans, Lewis. "Microeconomic Reform of the New Zealand Public Sector". Australian Economic Review 26, nr 4 (październik 1993): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8462.1993.tb00805.x.

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Withers, Glenn. "Book Review: Great Expectations: Microeconomic Reform and Australia". Economic and Labour Relations Review 8, nr 1 (czerwiec 1997): 174–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/103530469700800114.

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Swan, Peter L., i John Zeitsch. "The Emerging Australian Manufacturing Export Response to Microeconomic Reform". Australian Journal of Management 17, nr 1 (czerwiec 1992): 21–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/031289629201700103.

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Gerritsen, Rolf. "THE POLITICS OF MICROECONOMIC REFORM: STRUCTURING A GENERAL MODEL1". Australian Journal of Public Administration 51, nr 1 (marzec 1992): 66–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8500.1992.tb01456.x.

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Kolsen, Ted. "Microeconomic Reform and National Competition Policy: Misconceptions and Problems". Australian Journal of Public Administration 55, nr 2 (czerwiec 1996): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8500.1996.tb01205.x.

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Dollery, Brian, i Joe Wallis. "A Note On The Timing Of Microeconomic Reform In Australia". Economic Analysis and Policy 30, nr 1 (marzec 2000): 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0313-5926(00)50005-8.

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MADDOCK, RODNEY. "MICROECONOMIC REFORM AS CONSTITUTIONAL POLITICAL ECONOMY: A COMMENTARY ON HILMER". Economic Papers: A journal of applied economics and policy 13, nr 2 (czerwiec 1994): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-3441.1994.tb00084.x.

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TULL, MALCOLM. "THE FREMANTLE PORT AUTHORITY: A CASE STUDY IN MICROECONOMIC REFORM". Economic Papers: A journal of applied economics and policy 16, nr 4 (grudzień 1997): 33–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-3441.1997.tb00160.x.

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Whiteford, Harvey. "Socioeconomic Context of Mental Health Funding". Australasian Psychiatry 5, nr 5 (październik 1997): 221–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10398569709082274.

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In the context of microeconomic reform there are now clear distinctions being made between the funders, purchasers and providers of health services. This is leading to a blurring of the traditional distinction between providers in the public, non profit (NGO) and private sectors.

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HAMILTON, CLIVE, i RICHARD DENNISS. "GENERATING EMISSIONS? THE IMPACT OF MICROECONOMIC REFORM ON THE ELECTRICITY INDUSTRY". Economic Papers: A journal of applied economics and policy 20, nr 3 (wrzesień 2001): 15–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-3441.2001.tb00979.x.

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Abbott, Malcolm. "Margarine and the origins and timing of microeconomic reform in Australia". Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 60, nr 1 (13.01.2015): 22–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8489.12100.

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Van Frausum, Yves G., Ulrich Gehmann i Jürgen Gross. "Market economy and economic reform in Romania: Macroeconomic and microeconomic perspectives". Europe-Asia Studies 46, nr 5 (styczeń 1994): 735–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09668139408412198.

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Frenk, Julio. "Primary Care and Reform of Health Systems: A Framework for the Analysis of Latin American Experiences". Health Services Management Research 5, nr 1 (marzec 1992): 32–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095148489200500104.

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The article first proposes a framework within which to assess the potential of health sector reforms in Latin America for primary health care (PHC). Two dimensions are recognized: the scope of the reforms, content, and the means of participation that are put into play. This framework is then complemented through a critique of the often-sought but little-analyzed PHC reform strategies of decentralization and health sector integration. The analytical framework is next directed to the financing of health services, a chief aspect of any reform aiming toward PHC. Two facets of health service finance are first distinguished: its formal aspect as a means for economic subsistence and growth, and its substantive aspect as a means to promote the rational use of services and thus improvement of health. Once finance is understood in this microeconomic perspective, the focus shifts to the analysis of health care reforms at the macro, health policy level. The article concludes by positing that PHC is in essence a new health care paradigm, oriented by the values of universality, redistribution, integration, plurality, quality, and efficiency.

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Loboda, N. O., O. М. Chabaniuk i Y. O. Mosolova. "Simplified Taxation System as a Microeconomic Fiscal Regulator". Business Inform 4, nr 519 (2021): 228–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2021-4-228-234.

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The article considers the specifics and features of application of the simplified taxation system in Ukraine. Small business entities can apply either general or simplified taxation system. On the basis of generalizations of literary sources and current practice, the advantages and disadvantages of the simplified system at the present stage of economic development are determined. The biggest advantages of the simplified taxation system are tax advantages, which consist in the absence of the obligation to pay certain types of taxes, as well as a simplified system of accounting and reporting for small business entities, the ability to take into account the socio-economic situation of a particular geographic area, because a single tax has to be paid to the local budget. The disadvantages are primarily associated with abuse by economic entities and their evasion of payments. Four groups of single tax payers are characterized depending on the level of annual income, the number of employees and legally established rates. The dynamics of single tax receipt is analyzed and its share in the structure of tax revenues to the Consolidated Budget of Ukraine for 2016-2020 is determined. The proportion of the single tax in the context of taxpayers for 2016-2020 is determined and it is found that the largest share of this tax comes from individual entrepreneurs. The actual problems of functioning of the simplified taxation system in Ukraine are distinguished. The main legally justified reforms are analyzed: new limits for individual entrepreneurs and introduction of registrars of settlement operations. Some changes and postponements in the legislation in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic are noted. As a result, conclusions are drawn about the need to reform the simplified taxation system, which should be aimed at improving it along with preventing abuse.

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Abbott, Malcolm. "Microeconomic reform and the Whitlam Government: the case of telecommunications and post". Journal of Australian Studies 37, nr 4 (grudzień 2013): 503–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14443058.2013.832699.

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Davids, Cindy, i Linda Hancock. "Policing, Accountability and Citizenship in the Market State". Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 31, nr 1 (kwiecień 1998): 38–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000486589803100104.

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This paper investigates trends in the reform agenda for Victoria Police. These include the implementation of the concept of user pays, outsourcing of ‘non–core’ services, expanded privatisation, corporate sponsorship, customer service, flatter management structures, fixed term contracts for senior officers, and performance targets — changes identified with 1990s economic rationalism, managerialism and the market model. With implications for similar trends internationally, the paper unpacks what these reforms mean in terms of relationships between the community and police (including services, management, and organisation). It raises questions related to what constitutes core tasks of the state, state accountability to the public, public safety, the social costs of economic rationalism, managerialism and the microeconomic reforms of the 1990s. These signal shifts in governance, and changes in the relationship between the citizen and the state.

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Shehabi, Manal. "Is Energy Subsidy Reform in an Oil-Exporting Small Economy Beneficial to Trade? Illustrations from Kuwait". World Trade Review 19, S1 (lipiec 2020): s39—s61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745620000324.

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AbstractThis article fills a gap in the literature by quantifying impacts of fossil fuel subsidy reform on trade (inflow and outflow) in an oil-producing, “almost small”, economy, using Kuwait as an example. It employs a two-region economy-wide model with oligopoly behaviour in a general equilibrium framework. The model embodies unique elements of Kuwait's economic structure, idiosyncratic rigidities, and distortions, including oligopolistic industrial structure and labour markets. Simulations show that energy subsidies have minimal effects on trade and on non-energy exports, largely due to the pervasiveness of oligopolies that sustain large markups and their collusive pricing. Reforming energy subsidies generates higher pro-trade effects if implemented during low (not high) oil prices because its negative effects are partially offset by efficiency gains and reduction in oligopoly markups. Yet, contrary to claims by proponents of reforms, these effects remain largely constrained unless appropriate incentives are introduced. These results have important policy implications. In developing oil-exporting economies with pervasive oligopolies, microeconomic reform can be a channel through which to achieve pro-trade effects of energy subsidy reform. Further, benefits beyond export expansion, such as higher economic efficiency, could be better motivators of energy subsidy reform in oil economies.

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MARES, S. C. "TRANSACTION COSTS AND LABOUR MARKET FLEXIBILITY: REFLECTIONS ON THE SCOPE OF MICROECONOMIC REFORM". Economic Papers: A journal of applied economics and policy 12, nr 2 (czerwiec 1993): 32–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-3441.1993.tb00879.x.

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31

Verikios, George, i Xiao-Guang Zhang. "MICROECONOMIC REFORM AND INCOME DISTRIBUTION: THE CASE OF AUSTRALIAN PORTS AND RAIL FREIGHT". Contemporary Economic Policy 33, nr 1 (3.04.2014): 159–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/coep.12059.

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Levaggi, R. "Analysing Italian Local Authorities' Expenditure Behaviour: A Tentative Interpretation". Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 14, nr 3 (wrzesień 1996): 285–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c140285.

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After the reform of local government organisation and finance following Act 142/1990, Reforming local autonomy, Italian councils can exercise considerably more discretion in setting their expenditure and taxation levels; in this paper a model in the microeconomic tradition is developed to predict the likely changes in these councils' behaviour. The model is based on the assumption that local governments behave as if they were maximising a nested Stone—Geary utility function; at the first stage of the utility-maximisation process, they set up the overall level of taxation, and at the second level they decide how to allocate expenditure among the different services. The results suggest that in the first years after the reform a utility-based incremental budgeting model could explain the determination of expenditure and its composition. Although the model has strong microeconomic foundations, the interpretation of the results may need to be tentative because the data used in the estimation procedure are for a transition year from the old to the new system. The results of the estimated econometric model were then used to predict the likely changes in expenditure which will be brought about by the introduction to the system of a locally managed property tax.

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Vopátek, Jiří. "A Microeconomic Analysis of Small Pension Reform in the Czech Republic (the So-Called First Pillar)". Politická ekonomie 65, nr 1 (1.02.2017): 96–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.18267/j.polek.1129.

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Kingwell, Jeff. "Better ways of getting into the space business: microeconomic reform in Australian space affairs". Space Policy 15, nr 1 (luty 1999): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0265-9646(98)00045-9.

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Visaria, Sujata. "Legal Reform and Loan Repayment: The Microeconomic Impact of Debt Recovery Tribunals in India". American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 1, nr 3 (1.06.2009): 59–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.1.3.59.

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In 1993, the Indian government introduced debt recovery tribunals to speed up the resolution of debt recovery claims larger than a threshold. This paper exploits the staggered introduction of tribunals across states and the link between overdues and claim size to implement a differences-in-differences strategy on project loan data. It finds that the tribunals reduced delinquency for the average loan by 28 percent. They also lowered the interest rates charged on larger loans, holding constant borrower quality. This suggests that the speedier processing of debt recovery suits can lower the cost of credit. (JEL G21, K41, O16, O17)

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Holzmann, Robert. "Starting Over in Pensions: The Challenges Facing Central and Eastern Europe1". Journal of Public Policy 17, nr 2 (maj 1997): 195–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x00003548.

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ABSTRACTAll countries in Central and Eastern Europe require rapid and drastic restructuring of their public pension schemes for macro- and microeconomic reasons. While initial considerations were geared towards streamlining the unfunded scheme, reducing many distortions and making it financially sound, some transition economies initiated reform plans for a move from unfunded to funded retirement income provision. The paper reviews the need for reform and surveys the discussion and current plans before addressing three central open questions: How to structure the first and unfunded tier? How to finance the transition toward the second and funded tier? What are the minimum financial sector requirements before funded provisions can be initiated? The success of the current pension reform efforts in Central Europe will have an important bearing on developments throughout Europe. A failure in one transition economy caused by bad design, unprojected deficits, or insufficient financial market preparation could discredit a funded pension system in the whole region; a successful move towards an unfunded-funded multi-tier pension scheme in Eastern Europe could positively stimulate the discussion of pension reform in the European Union.

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Yakutin, Yu V. "Academician Sitaryan. Create the future for today". Management and Business Administration, nr 2 (czerwiec 2020): 159–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.33983/2075-1826-2020-2-159-188.

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On the occasion of the 300th anniversary of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Free Economic Society — VEO of Russia, is preparing a series of articles devoted to members of the academy who actively collaborated with VEO. Academician Sitaryan S.A. entered the economic history of Russia both as a prominent theoretical scientist, and as a talented organizer of economic reform processes, and as an active participant in the life of VEO. The article analyzes the scientific views of Academician S. Sitaryan on the problems of reforming the Soviet economy, starting with the «kosygin reform» and up to the reform of the late 80s of the twentieth century. The role of academician S. Sitaryan is revealed. in approving value categories in the practice of managing the national economy. The contribution of S. Sitaryan to the theory of analysis of macro- and microeconomic processes is shown; organization and assessment of the effectiveness of foreign economic relations; building rational and optimal budgetary relations between the center and the regions.

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Thimann, Christian. "The Microeconomic Dimensions of the Eurozone Crisis and Why European Politics Cannot Solve Them". Journal of Economic Perspectives 29, nr 3 (1.08.2015): 141–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.29.3.141.

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The academic and policy debate about the crisis in Europe's single currency area is usually dominated by macroeconomic and public sector considerations. The microeconomic dimensions of the crisis and the private-sector issues typically get much less attention. However, it is the private sector hiring choices of domestic and foreign firms that will ultimately be decisive. This paper argues there are two main problems holding back private sector employment creation in the stressed eurozone countries. First, there is a persistent competitiveness problem in some of the eurozone countries due to high labor costs relative to underlying productivity. Second, widespread structural barriers make job creation in these countries far more arduous than in many other advanced economies, and even more arduous than in some key emerging economies and formerly planned economies. Structural barriers to private sector development are particularly widespread in the areas of labor market functioning, goods market functioning, and government regulation. Evidence from the World Economic Forum's Global Competitiveness Index and the World Bank's Doing Business dataset confirms the immense size and persistence of these barriers, despite improvements in some countries in recent years. The paper also presents a novel explanation for the difficulty of structural reforms in the eurozone, tracing the challenge to the current trend to “Europeanize” and “politicize” economic reform discussions in national policy fields where “Europe” is not a legitimate actor and the European political level is not effective.

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Simshauser, Paul. "The Gains From the Microeconomic Reform of the Power Generation Industry in East-Coast Australia". Economic Analysis and Policy 35, nr 1-2 (marzec 2005): 23–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0313-5926(05)50002-x.

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Kearney, Colm. "Wage Bargaining and the Efficiency Dividend in Public Enterprises". Economic and Labour Relations Review 7, nr 2 (grudzień 1996): 213–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/103530469600700204.

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An important aspect of the process of microeconomic reform is the improved operational efficiency of public trading enterprises. This paper argues the importance of appropriately distributing the efficiency dividend amongst the key players including the owners (ie., Governments which expect greater dividends), producers of the output (ie., workers and management who expect greater wages and salaries) and consumers (who expect better quality output at lower prices). The paper first evaluates the currently available measures of the efficiency dividend in public enterprises, including factor productivity and performance indicators. It then demonstrates that inappropriate use of these measures by management and/or workers during the wage bargaining process can lead to misunderstanding of the extent of the dividend and how it should be distributed. This in turn can undermine the reform process. Amongst the conclusions reached are that single factor productivity measures should not be used during the wage bargaining process.

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Oulton, Nicholas. "Supply Side Reform and UK Economic Growth: What Happened To The Miracle?" National Institute Economic Review 154 (listopad 1995): 53–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002795019515400104.

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Two institutions have retarded UK productivity growth in the post-war period: industrial relations and education. The failings of both were largely addressed in the 1980s. The productivity improvement of the 1980s was genuine and was largely due to the reduction in union power brought about by the trade union legislation of the 1980s. The 1980s and 1990s have also seen large falls in the proportion of the labour force which is unqualified and rises in enrolment rates in further and higher education, changes which tend to increase long-run growth. But two factors have obscured the extent o f the improvement. First, the whole climate for economic growth is less favourable than it was in the so-called Golden Age prior to the first oil shock in 1973. Second, UK macroeconomic policy compares poorly with other OECD countries: booms have been shorter and recessions longer, so that microeconomic success has been masked by macroeconomic failure.

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O'Hara, Glen. "‘The Russian Revolution has not yet taken place’: British views of the Soviet economy between the nineteen-fifties and nineteen-seventies". Historical Research 92, nr 258 (9.10.2019): 814–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2281.12282.

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Abstract This article examines British officials' and ministers' attitudes towards the Soviet Union's economy in the post-Second World War era. In the nineteen-fifties and early nineteen-sixties, public and some expert commentary posited Soviet economic ‘success’ based on the country's increasingly rapid growth rate, its potential for consumerization, the promise of economic reform, and the Soviet state's emphasis on education, science and the application of computer technology. New evidence from British official archives, presented here, makes clear that Westminster and Whitehall were never persuaded of this view, and always believed that political meddling and microeconomic inefficiencies would ultimately restrain and undermine Soviet growth.

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Pastor, Manuel, i Carol Wise. "The Lost Sexenio: Vicente Fox and the New Politics of Economic Reform in Mexico". Latin American Politics and Society 47, nr 4 (2005): 135–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-2456.2005.tb00331.x.

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AbstractThe 2000 presidential election of opposition candidate Vicente Fox signaled an end to seven decades of Mexico's single-party regime and seemed to herald the advent of truly competitive politics. But by 2003, economic reform had largely stalled, and Fox's party suffered a historically unprecedented midterm loss in the congress. This article analyzes the underpinnings of policy gridlock in the Fox administration. Fox inherited the need for microeconomic restructuring and increased competitiveness, more innovative and pragmatic state policies, the need to pay attention to the country's sharp income inequalities, and the challenge of crafting a political strategy that could build a middle ground and foster policy consensus. With his party's minority standing in the congress, Fox was constrained from the start by divided government. But more effective statecraft and coalition building would have helped. These will be essential elements for the success of any post-Fox regime.

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Jerome, Afeikhena. "Infrastructure, Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction in Africa". Journal of Infrastructure Development 3, nr 2 (grudzień 2011): 127–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097493061100300203.

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The relationship between infrastructure, growth and poverty is empirically robust in the macro- economic and microeconomic literature as well as in the rapidly evolving randomised field evaluation studies. This article appraises the role of infrastructure in economic growth and poverty alleviation in Africa. It notes that Africa’s infrastructure is still much below international standards in terms of quantity and quality. Access, affordability and quality of service continue to be key issues in all infrastructure sectors. Poverty was also not carefully addressed as part of the regulatory and other reform packages implemented during the 1990s. Not surprisingly, the infrastructure needs of the poor, the majority of who reside in rural and peri-urban areas have not been met and they continue to rely on unsafe, unreliable and often overpriced alternatives to compensate for the policy failures. Unlike the reforms of the 1990s which were shaped by ideological cleavages and blame game, there is gradually a coalescing of opinions on the reform agenda in the twenty-first century. The choice is no longer between a segregation of public and private provision but mutual collaboration between both actors. The public sector is now expected to play a much more important role in financing infrastructure than previously acknow-ledged, while the private sector should assist in meeting the significant needs associated with infrastructure construction, operation, and to some extent, financing in sectors such as telecommunications, energy generation, and transport services in which commercial and political risks are much lower. JEL Classification: F3, L3, L9, N17, 055

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Tatahi, Motasam. "Enterprise Performance, Privatization and the Role of Ownership in Finland". Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 5, nr 3 (30.03.2013): 122–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v5i3.387.

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In both economically developed and developing countries, privatisation, budget austerity measures and market liberalisations have become key aspects of structural reform programs in the last three decades. These three recommended policies were parts of strong revival of classical and newclassical school of thought since the middle of 70s. Such programs aim to achieve higher microeconomic efficiency and foster economic growth, whilst also aspiring to reduce public sector borrowing requirements through the elimination of unnecessary subsidies. For firms to achieve superior performance a change in ownership from public (state ownership) to private has been recommended as a vital condition. To assess the ownership role, the economic performances of private, public and mixed enterprises in Finland is compared through the use of factor analysis method. The extracted factors, using data of two years, 1998 and 2000, do not pick ownership as a key performance factor.

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Wise, Carol. "Latin American Trade Strategy at Century's End". Business and Politics 1, nr 2 (sierpień 1999): 117–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bap.1999.1.2.117.

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This paper tackles the question of trade strategy and differential economic performance in Latin America, with a focus on the four countries—Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Mexico—most important for the successful completion of a full Western Hemispheric integration scheme. The analysis distinguishes between a ‘standard’ market strategy that assigns the task of economic adjustment to market forces, and a ‘competitive’ strategy that more actively employs a range of public policies to facilitate adjustment and correct for instances of market failure. The choices of strategy are explored against the backdrop of international pressures, government business relations, and institutional reform within the state. Two main conclusions are drawn: first, the competitive strategy strongly correlates with more favorable macro- and microeconomic outcomes and, second, mediocre economic performance under a standard market strategy has undermined the spirit of collective action that will be necessary to forge ahead at the hemispheric level.

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Tomlinson, J. D. "The Iron Quadrilateral: Political Obstacles to Economic Reform under the Attlee Government". Journal of British Studies 34, nr 1 (styczeń 1995): 90–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/386068.

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The 1945 Labour government came to power with a clearly formulated economic program relating to nationalization and the continuation of wartime planning and controls to smooth the transition to a peacetime economy. The first of these components, at least, was largely carried out according to plan over the next six years. The transition to a peacetime economy was much less smooth, and Labour's policies here underwent a major shift. While controls remained an important part of the policy regime down to 1951, they increasingly gave way to the instruments of fiscal policy. In large part this reflected the buffeting of the economy by balance-of-payments problems. But while the compelling force of economic circumstance must be given its due, it is clear that the increasing dependence on demand management was a political and ideological defeat for Labour, in the sense that it had previously based its distinctive appeal so much on microeconomic policies usually summed up in that ambiguous term, “economic planning.” In that sense the reliance on demand management represented a retreat for Labour from its policy position of 1945: “Socialist planning was a notable, if unlikely casualty of Labour government after the Second World War.”On one influential view, Labour's conversion to macroeconomic management may be considered a success; eventually, as Alec Cairncross records, that management delivered balance-of-payments equilibrium without sacrificing the goal of full employment. But it is increasingly recognized that Labour's agenda involved issues beyond these macroeconomic goals, important as they undoubtedly were.

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Musabelli, Erisa. "Public Enterprises Privatization,The Costs and Benefits (Albania Case)". European Journal of Social Sciences Education and Research 1, nr 1 (1.05.2014): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejser.v1i1.p118-125.

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Privatization is the process that transfers the ownership of an enterprise ,service agency or public asset to the private sector,from which ,essentisal positive.effects in the capital markets, financial assets and working groups, are expected. It affects the interests of different groups of the population and includes 80% of all the economic activities including the fields of energy, oil and gas, telecommunications, forests and waterways, roads and railways, ports and airports, rail and inland waterway. Over the past ten years a large amount of privatizations has been accomplished in Albania, indeed, many companies, institutions, societies, mines, which previously had been owned by the state, have now become private property.But does it affect the national economy in a positive or a negative way? Had the privatizations in our country been done in the right extent? in the process of economy's transformation, the emphasis is found in the structural reform, where one of the pillars that support these reforms is the process of privatization. This article will provide a detailed and an accurate situation of the development of this process in Albania, based on the assumption that "the privatization affects positively the state economy", what went right and what did not work properly, how can we take action in order to achieve an improvement? What are the costs and the benefits of the process of privatization in terms of macroeconomic, microeconomic and social aspects in Albania?

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Broer, Michael. "Ertragsunabhängige Unternehmenssteuerbelastung im internationalen Vergleich". Review of Economics 58, nr 1 (1.04.2007): 71–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/roe-2007-0104.

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Summary One of the federal government’s most important projects is its reform of business taxation, planned for 2008. The key elements of this reform, published in summer 2006, provide for a reduction in the nominal tax burden on corporations from 38.65 % to 29.8 %. In return, an aspect of German taxation, namely the Hinzurechnung method, by which the interest paid on long-term debt was added back onto profit and which up to now has applied only with respect to the trade tax collected by the municipalities, is to be extended to corporation tax and is to include all interest paid as well as the financing part of rents, hire and leasing amounts. The key elements did not mention what percentage was to be added back on. One aspect which is important in terms of the effect the 2008 reform of business taxation has on the tax burden on companies is whether, despite a reduction in the tax rate, extending the Hinzurechnung method will lead to an increase in the burden on companies from taxes not dependent on earnings, and how this burden fares in international comparison. Attempts are being made to answer this question using a microeconomic and a macroeconomic approach. It would appear that the amendments as set out in the key elements published would lead to an increase in Germany’s currently very low burden from taxes not dependent on earnings. However, it should also be noted that even if this burden were to experience a strong percentage rise, it would still be relatively low in international comparison. In contrast to the extension of the Hinzurechnung method used in trade tax, a critical view should be taken of any inclusion into corporate taxation of non-earnings-dependent elements.

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Rehman, Scheherazade S. "The Obama Administration and the U.S. Financial Crisis". Global Economy Journal 10, nr 1 (19.02.2010): 1850190. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1524-5861.1613.

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There has been tremendous pressure on the Obama Administration to justify the actions taken with regards to the U.S. financial crisis which has managed to eliminate, overnight, over a quarter of the middle class wealth and leave one in six adults without a job or underemployed, while generating a bailout debt that was unimaginable in scale and scope only five years ago. In response to this public pressure, in mid-June 2009, the Obama Administration issued a white paper titled “Financial Regulatory Reform - A New Foundation: Rebuilding Financial Supervision and Regulation" (published by the U.S. Department of Treasury) covering a wide range of areas of financial regulation that proposed a new architecture for financial supervision. Although the White Paper touches upon many of the Administration's promised responses to the crisis with regards to new financial regulations and supervisory changes, it has been criticized as being too narrow in the scope and breath needed to manage the sheer size and scale of the impact of the U.S. financial crisis. This paper focuses on ten concerns and issues of note with the Obama Administration's actions and responses to date with regards to the U.S. financial/banking crisis and its 2009 White Paper on “Financial Regulatory Reform." They are as follows: (1) No Discussion and Minimal Attempt by the Administration to Relay Their Understanding of and Global Transmission of This Financial Crisis, (2) Proposed Financial Oversight Council, (3) Increased Powers for the Federal Reserve, (4) Most Recommendations Do Not Follow the Trend Toward Supervision Consolidation, (5) Macroeconomic vs. Microeconomic Supervision, (6) Government in the Financial Markets and Industry, (7) No Significant International Standard Setting or Coordination to Date, (8) Issue of Too Big to Fail Still at Large, (9) Obama Administration's PR Debacle, and (10) Something to Show after Spending $1.4 Trillion Plus.

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