Artykuły w czasopismach: „Microbial genetics”

1

Brown, P. R. "Modern microbial genetics". FEBS Letters 303, nr 1 (25.05.1992): 94–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-5793(92)80486-z.

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Gowland, Pete. "Modern microbial genetics". Trends in Biochemical Sciences 17, nr 8 (sierpień 1992): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0968-0004(92)90449-j.

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Skovgaard, Niels. "Modern Microbial Genetics". International Journal of Food Microbiology 84, nr 3 (sierpień 2003): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1605(02)00445-2.

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Del Duca, Sara, Alberto Vassallo, Alessio Mengoni i Renato Fani. "Microbial Genetics and Evolution". Microorganisms 10, nr 7 (23.06.2022): 1274. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10071274.

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Although proto-evolutionary ideas date back to the time of the ancient Greeks, the idea that organisms evolve was not considered a basic element of scientific knowledge until Charles Darwin published his “On the Origin of Species” in 1859 [...]

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Iyer, Shankar, i Sonia Muliyil. "Microbial Genetics: Stress Management". Trends in Microbiology 29, nr 1 (styczeń 2021): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2020.10.015.

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Iyer, Shankar, i Sonia Muliyil. "Microbial Genetics: Stress Management". Trends in Genetics 37, nr 1 (styczeń 2021): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tig.2020.10.012.

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Camarinha-Silva, Amelia, Maria Maushammer, Robin Wellmann, Marius Vital, Siegfried Preuss i Jörn Bennewitz. "Host Genome Influence on Gut Microbial Composition and Microbial Prediction of Complex Traits in Pigs". Genetics 206, nr 3 (3.05.2017): 1637–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/genetics.117.200782.

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Baldo, Laura, i John H. Werren. "Evolutionary Genetics of Microbial Symbiosis". Genes 12, nr 3 (25.02.2021): 327. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12030327.

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Krishnamurthy, Partha. "Modern Microbial Genetics, 2nd Edition". Shock 19, nr 1 (styczeń 2003): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00024382-200301000-00020.

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HARTL, D. "Population genetics of microbial organisms". Current Opinion in Genetics & Development 2, nr 6 (1992): 937–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0959-437x(05)80119-4.

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Day, M. J., P. F. Randerson i A. J. Wood. "GENMAP—A microbial genetics computer simulation". Journal of Biological Education 19, nr 1 (marzec 1985): 67–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00219266.1985.9654689.

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John, Joseph F., i Louis B. Rice. "The Microbial Genetics of Antibiotic Cycling". Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 21, S1 (styczeń 2000): S22—S31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/503170.

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AbstractCycling of currently available antibiotics to reduce resistance is an attractive concept. For cycling strategies to be successful, their implementation must have a demonstrable impact on the prevalence of resistance determinants already dispersed throughout the hospital and associated healthcare facilities. While antibiotic use in hospitals clearly constitutes a stimulus for the emergence of resistance, it is by no means the only important factor. The incorporation of resistance determinants into potentially stable genetic structures, including bacteriophages, plasmids, transposons, and the more newly discovered movable elements termedintegronsandgene cassettes,forces some degree of skepticism about the potential for such strategies in institutions where resistance determinants are already prevalent. In particular, the expanding role of integrons may pose an ultimate threat to formulary manipulations such as cycling. Despite these concerns, the crisis posed by antimicrobial resistance warrants investigation of any strategy with the potential for reducing the prevalence of resistance. Over the next decade, new studies with carefully designed outcomes should determine the utility of antibiotic cycling as one control measure for nosocomial resistance.

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Jeffries, Thomas W. "Biochemistry and genetics of microbial xylanases". Current Opinion in Biotechnology 7, nr 3 (czerwiec 1996): 337–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0958-1669(96)80041-3.

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Foster, Kevin R., Katie Parkinson i Christopher R. L. Thompson. "What can microbial genetics teach sociobiology?" Trends in Genetics 23, nr 2 (luty 2007): 74–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tig.2006.12.003.

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Lin, Jie, Michael Manhart i Ariel Amir. "Evolution of Microbial Growth Traits Under Serial Dilution". Genetics 215, nr 3 (4.05.2020): 767–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/genetics.120.303149.

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Selection of mutants in a microbial population depends on multiple cellular traits. In serial-dilution evolution experiments, three key traits are the lag time when transitioning from starvation to growth, the exponential growth rate, and the yield (number of cells per unit resource). Here, we investigate how these traits evolve in laboratory evolution experiments using a minimal model of population dynamics, where the only interaction between cells is competition for a single limiting resource. We find that the fixation probability of a beneficial mutation depends on a linear combination of its growth rate and lag time relative to its immediate ancestor, even under clonal interference. The relative selective pressure on growth rate and lag time is set by the dilution factor; a larger dilution factor favors the adaptation of growth rate over the adaptation of lag time. The model shows that yield, however, is under no direct selection. We also show how the adaptation speeds of growth and lag depend on experimental parameters and the underlying supply of mutations. Finally, we investigate the evolution of covariation between these traits across populations, which reveals that the population growth rate and lag time can evolve a nonzero correlation even if mutations have uncorrelated effects on the two traits. Altogether these results provide useful guidance to future experiments on microbial evolution.

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Ramadas, Rohini, i Mukund Thattai. "Flipping DNA to Generate and Regulate Microbial Consortia". Genetics 184, nr 1 (26.10.2009): 285–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/genetics.109.105999.

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Piggot, Patrick J. "Microbial development". Trends in Genetics 1 (styczeń 1985): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9525(85)90098-8.

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van Belkum, Alex, Marc Struelens, Arjan de Visser, Henri Verbrugh i Michel Tibayrenc. "Role of Genomic Typing in Taxonomy, Evolutionary Genetics, and Microbial Epidemiology". Clinical Microbiology Reviews 14, nr 3 (1.07.2001): 547–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.14.3.547-560.2001.

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SUMMARY Currently, genetic typing of microorganisms is widely used in several major fields of microbiological research. Taxonomy, research aimed at elucidation of evolutionary dynamics or phylogenetic relationships, population genetics of microorganisms, and microbial epidemiology all rely on genetic typing data for discrimination between genotypes. Apart from being an essential component of these fundamental sciences, microbial typing clearly affects several areas of applied microbiogical research. The epidemiological investigation of outbreaks of infectious diseases and the measurement of genetic diversity in relation to relevant biological properties such as pathogenicity, drug resistance, and biodegradation capacities are obvious examples. The diversity among nucleic acid molecules provides the basic information for all fields described above. However, researchers in various disciplines tend to use different vocabularies, a wide variety of different experimental methods to monitor genetic variation, and sometimes widely differing modes of data processing and interpretation. The aim of the present review is to summarize the technological and fundamental concepts used in microbial taxonomy, evolutionary genetics, and epidemiology. Information on the nomenclature used in the different fields of research is provided, descriptions of the diverse genetic typing procedures are presented, and examples of both conceptual and technological research developments for Escherichia coli are included. Recommendations for unification of the different fields through standardization of laboratory techniques are made.

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Davey, Mary Ellen, i George A. O'toole. "Microbial Biofilms: from Ecology to Molecular Genetics". Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 64, nr 4 (1.12.2000): 847–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.64.4.847-867.2000.

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SUMMARY Biofilms are complex communities of microorganisms attached to surfaces or associated with interfaces. Despite the focus of modern microbiology research on pure culture, planktonic (free-swimming) bacteria, it is now widely recognized that most bacteria found in natural, clinical, and industrial settings persist in association with surfaces. Furthermore, these microbial communities are often composed of multiple species that interact with each other and their environment. The determination of biofilm architecture, particularly the spatial arrangement of microcolonies (clusters of cells) relative to one another, has profound implications for the function of these complex communities. Numerous new experimental approaches and methodologies have been developed in order to explore metabolic interactions, phylogenetic groupings, and competition among members of the biofilm. To complement this broad view of biofilm ecology, individual organisms have been studied using molecular genetics in order to identify the genes required for biofilm development and to dissect the regulatory pathways that control the plankton-to-biofilm transition. These molecular genetic studies have led to the emergence of the concept of biofilm formation as a novel system for the study of bacterial development. The recent explosion in the field of biofilm research has led to exciting progress in the development of new technologies for studying these communities, advanced our understanding of the ecological significance of surface-attached bacteria, and provided new insights into the molecular genetic basis of biofilm development.

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Gratia, Jean-Pierre. "André Gratia: A Forerunner in Microbial and Viral Genetics". Genetics 156, nr 2 (1.10.2000): 471–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/156.2.471.

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Singh, Baljeet, Avnika Garg, Nandini Nayyar i Alka Sharma. "Genetics And Periodontium: A Review". Dental Journal of Advance Studies 01, nr 02 (sierpień 2013): 067–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1671956.

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AbstractPeriodontal disease may be regarded as a range of different diseases for which certain individuals are at relatively high risk. Epidemiological and molecular studies of the oral microbial flora suggest, that although microbial factors are required for periodontal disease, they alone do not predict the presence or severity of periodontitis. So in high-risk patient groups, host factors appear to play an important role in susceptibility to periodontitis. In recent years elements of host susceptibility, such as immune response and systemic disease state, and other non-microbial environmental factors, such as smoking, have been shown to be important contributors to the disease expression. Thus, periodontitis represents a lifelong account of interactions between our genome, our behavior, and our environment.

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Haruta, Shin, i Kyosuke Yamamoto. "Model Microbial Consortia as Tools for Understanding Complex Microbial Communities". Current Genomics 19, nr 8 (19.10.2018): 723–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389202919666180911131206.

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Gilbert, Rosalind, i Diane Ouwerkerk. "The Genetics of Rumen Phage Populations". Proceedings 36, nr 1 (7.04.2020): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019036165.

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The microbial populations of the rumen are widely recognised as being essential for ruminant nutrition and health, utilising and breaking down fibrous plant material which would otherwise be indigestible. The dense and highly diverse viral populations which co-exist with these microbial populations are less understood, despite their potential impacts on microbial lysis and gene transfer. In recent years, studies using metagenomics, metatranscriptomics and proteomics have provided new insights into the types of viruses present in the rumen and the proteins they produce. These studies however are limited in their capacity to fully identify and classify the viral sequence information obtained, due to the absence of rumen-specific virus genomes in current sequence databases. The majority of commensal viruses found in the rumen are those infecting bacteria (phages), therefore we genome sequenced phage isolates from our phage culture collection infecting the common rumen microbial genera Bacteroides, Ruminococcus and Streptococcus. We also created a pan-genome using 39 whole genome sequences of predominantly livestock-derived Streptococcus isolates (representing S. bovis, S. equinus, S. henryi, and S. gallolyticus), to identify and characterise integrated viral genomes (prophage sequences). Collectively this approach has provided novel rumen phage sequences to increase the accuracy of rumen metagenomics analyses. It has also provided new insights into how viruses or virus-encoded proteins can potentially be used to modulate specific microbial populations within the rumen microbiome.

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Kassen, Rees, i Paul B. Rainey. "The Ecology and Genetics of Microbial Diversity". Annual Review of Microbiology 58, nr 1 (październik 2004): 207–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.micro.58.030603.123654.

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Dudaniec, Rachael Y., i Sylvie V. M. Tesson. "Applying landscape genetics to the microbial world". Molecular Ecology 25, nr 14 (24.06.2016): 3266–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mec.13691.

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Holloway, B. W. "The less travelled road in microbial genetics". Microbiology 144, nr 12 (1.12.1998): 3243–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/00221287-144-12-3243.

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Li, Wei. "Linking host genetics to gut microbial variation". Nature Genetics 56, nr 2 (luty 2024): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41588-024-01672-3.

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Bubier, Jason A., Elissa J. Chesler i George M. Weinstock. "Host genetic control of gut microbiome composition". Mammalian Genome 32, nr 4 (22.06.2021): 263–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00335-021-09884-2.

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AbstractThe gut microbiome plays a significant role in health and disease, and there is mounting evidence indicating that the microbial composition is regulated in part by host genetics. Heritability estimates for microbial abundance in mice and humans range from (0.05–0.45), indicating that 5–45% of inter-individual variation can be explained by genetics. Through twin studies, genetic association studies, systems genetics, and genome-wide association studies (GWAS), hundreds of specific host genetic loci have been shown to associate with the abundance of discrete gut microbes. Using genetically engineered knock-out mice, at least 30 specific genes have now been validated as having specific effects on the microbiome. The relationships among of host genetics, microbiome composition, and abundance, and disease is now beginning to be unraveled through experiments designed to test causality. The genetic control of disease and its relationship to the microbiome can manifest in multiple ways. First, a genetic variant may directly cause the disease phenotype, resulting in an altered microbiome as a consequence of the disease phenotype. Second, a genetic variant may alter gene expression in the host, which in turn alters the microbiome, producing the disease phenotype. Finally, the genetic variant may alter the microbiome directly, which can result in the disease phenotype. In order to understand the processes that underlie the onset and progression of certain diseases, future research must take into account the relationship among host genetics, microbiome, and disease phenotype, and the resources needed to study these relationships.

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Xu, Zeling, Shuzhen Chen, Weiyan Wu, Yongqi Wen i Huiluo Cao. "Type I CRISPR-Cas-mediated microbial gene editing and regulation". AIMS Microbiology 9, nr 4 (2023): 780–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/microbiol.2023040.

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<abstract> <p>There are six major types of CRISPR-Cas systems that provide adaptive immunity in bacteria and archaea against invasive genetic elements. The discovery of CRISPR-Cas systems has revolutionized the field of genetics in many organisms. In the past few years, exploitations of the most abundant class 1 type I CRISPR-Cas systems have revealed their great potential and distinct advantages to achieve gene editing and regulation in diverse microorganisms in spite of their complicated structures. The widespread and diversified type I CRISPR-Cas systems are becoming increasingly attractive for the development of new biotechnological tools, especially in genetically recalcitrant microbial strains. In this review article, we comprehensively summarize recent advancements in microbial gene editing and regulation by utilizing type I CRISPR-Cas systems. Importantly, to expand the microbial host range of type I CRISPR-Cas-based applications, these structurally complicated systems have been improved as transferable gene-editing tools with efficient delivery methods for stable expression of CRISPR-Cas elements, as well as convenient gene-regulation tools with the prevention of DNA cleavage by obviating deletion or mutation of the Cas3 nuclease. We envision that type I CRISPR-Cas systems will largely expand the biotechnological toolbox for microbes with medical, environmental and industrial importance.</p> </abstract>

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Radford, Alan, i R. H. Davis. "John R. S. Fincham (1926–2005): A Life in Microbial Genetics". Genetics 171, nr 1 (1.09.2005): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/171.1.1.

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Handel, Andreas, i Matthew R. Bennett. "Surviving the Bottleneck: Transmission Mutants and the Evolution of Microbial Populations". Genetics 180, nr 4 (14.10.2008): 2193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/genetics.108.093013.

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Thompson, Cristiane C., Luciane Chimetto, Robert A. Edwards, Jean Swings, Erko Stackebrandt i Fabiano L. Thompson. "Microbial genomic taxonomy". BMC Genomics 14, nr 1 (2013): 913. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-14-913.

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Tabrett, Alexandra, i Matthew W. Horton. "The influence of host genetics on the microbiome". F1000Research 9 (5.02.2020): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.20835.1.

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It is well understood that genetic differences among hosts contribute to variation in pathogen susceptibility and the ability to associate with symbionts. However, it remains unclear just how influential host genes are in shaping the overall microbiome. Studies of both animal and plant microbial communities indicate that host genes impact species richness and the abundances of individual taxa. Analyses of beta diversity (that is, overall similarity), on the other hand, often conclude that hosts play a minor role in shaping microbial communities. In this review, we discuss recent attempts to identify the factors that shape host microbial communities and whether our understanding of these communities is affected by the traits chosen to represent them.

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Lee, Jongan, Yong-Jun Kang, Yoo-Kyung Kim, Jae-Young Choi, Sang-Min Shin i Moon-Cheol Shin. "Exploring the Influence of Growth-Associated Host Genetics on the Initial Gut Microbiota in Horses". Genes 14, nr 7 (27.06.2023): 1354. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes14071354.

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The influences of diet and environmental factors on gut microbial profiles have been widely acknowledged; however, the specific roles of host genetics remain uncertain. To unravel host genetic effects, we raised 47 Jeju crossbred (Jeju × Thoroughbred) foals that exhibited higher genetic diversity. Foals were raised under identical environmental conditions and diets. Microbial composition revealed that Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Spirochaetes were the predominant phyla. We identified 31 host–microbiome associations by utilizing 47,668 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 734 taxa with quantitative trait locus (QTL) information related to horse growth. The taxa involved in 31 host–microbiome associations were functionally linked to carbohydrate metabolism, energy metabolic processes, short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production, and lactic acid production. Abundances of these taxa were affected by specific SNP genotypes. Most growth-associated SNPs are found between genes. The rs69057439 and rs69127732 SNPs are located within the introns of the VWA8 and MFSD6 genes, respectively. These genes are known to affect energy balance and metabolism. These discoveries emphasize the significant effect of host SNPs on the development of the intestinal microbiome during the initial phases of life and provide insights into the influence of gut microbial composition on horse growth.

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Davidsen, Tanja, Erin Beck, Anuradha Ganapathy, Robert Montgomery, Nikhat Zafar, Qi Yang, Ramana Madupu i in. "The comprehensive microbial resource". Nucleic Acids Research 38, suppl_1 (5.11.2009): D340—D345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkp912.

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Cockell, Charles S. "Microbial rights?" EMBO reports 12, nr 3 (marzec 2011): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/embor.2011.13.

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Martin, Scott A., i David J. Nisbet. "Effect of Direct-Fed Microbials on Rumen Microbial Fermentation". Journal of Dairy Science 75, nr 6 (czerwiec 1992): 1736–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(92)77932-6.

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Logares, Ramiro. "Population genetics: the next stop for microbial ecologists?" Open Life Sciences 6, nr 6 (1.12.2011): 887–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11535-011-0086-9.

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AbstractMicrobes play key roles in the functioning of the biosphere. Still, our knowledge about their total diversity is very limited. In particular, we lack a clear understanding of the evolutionary dynamics occurring within their populations (i.e. among members of the same biological species). Unlike animals and plants, microbes normally have huge population sizes, high reproductive rates and the potential for unrestricted dispersal. As a consequence, the knowledge of population genetics acquired from studying animals and plants cannot be applied without extensive testing to microbes. Next generation molecular tools, like High Throughput Sequencing (e.g. 454 and Illumina) coupled to Single Cell Genomics, now allow investigating microbial populations at a very fine scale. Such techniques have the potential to shed light on several ecological and evolutionary processes occurring within microbial populations that so far have remained hidden. Furthermore, they may facilitate the identification of microbial species. Eventually, we may find an answer to the question of whether microbes and multicellular organisms follow the same or different rules in their population diversification patterns.

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Szczotka-Flynn, Loretta. "Contact Lens–Related Microbial Keratitis and Host Genetics". Eye & Contact Lens: Science & Clinical Practice 46, nr 6 (28.07.2020): 327–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/icl.0000000000000735.

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El Kafsi, Hela, Guy Gorochov i Martin Larsen. "Host genetics affect microbial ecosystems via host immunity". Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology 16, nr 5 (październik 2016): 413–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aci.0000000000000302.

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McClay, J. L., i E. J. C. G. van den Oord. "Microbial genetics: Split genes uncovered through science fusion". Heredity 95, nr 1 (13.04.2005): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.hdy.6800682.

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Miller, Kristin I., Shane D. Ingrey, Alfonsus Alvin, Man Yuen Daniel Sze, Basil D. Roufogalis i Brett A. Neilan. "Endophytes and the microbial genetics of traditional medicines". Microbiology Australia 31, nr 2 (2010): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma10060.

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Traditional medicine continues to play an essential role in the healthcare systems of many cultures. In some Asian and African countries up to 80% of the population depend on these ancient and culturally based medicinal practices for their primary healthcare needs. Plants and their derived natural products are frequently employed as traditional medicine and such plants are viewed as attractive targets for the discovery of novel therapeutic agents in natural product investigations. A variety of useful drugs has been discovered following the investigation of traditional herbs, such as morphine (analgesic), digitoxin (cariotonic) and ephedrine (sympathomimetic). These ethnopharmacology approaches to drug discovery are based on the premise that plants used as traditional medicines have shown some form of bioactivity and have the increased likelihood of containing bioactive compounds in comparison to plants selected at random. Three systems of traditional medicine that are relevant to Australian drug discovery researchers include the Chinese, Australian Aboriginal and Indonesian systems.

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Ebbole, Daniel. "Neurospora: a new (?) model system for microbial genetics". Trends in Genetics 16, nr 7 (lipiec 2000): 291–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9525(00)02040-0.

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OALEARY, N., K. OACONNOR i A. DOBSON. "Biochemistry, genetics and physiology of microbial styrene degradation". FEMS Microbiology Reviews 26, nr 4 (listopad 2002): 403–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-6445(02)00126-2.

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O'Leary, Niall D., Kevin E. O'Connor i Alan D. W. Dobson. "Biochemistry, genetics and physiology of microbial styrene degradation". FEMS Microbiology Reviews 26, nr 4 (listopad 2002): 403–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6976.2002.tb00622.x.

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Rosenzweig, R. F., R. R. Sharp, D. S. Treves i J. Adams. "Microbial evolution in a simple unstructured environment: genetic differentiation in Escherichia coli." Genetics 137, nr 4 (1.08.1994): 903–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/137.4.903.

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Abstract Populations of Escherichia coli initiated with a single clone and maintained for long periods in glucose-limited continuous culture, become polymorphic. In one population, three clones were isolated and by means of reconstruction experiments were shown to be maintained in stable polymorphism, although they exhibited substantial differences in maximum specific growth rates and in glucose uptake kinetics. Analysis of these three clones revealed that their stable coexistence could be explained by differential patterns of the secretion and uptake of two alternative metabolites acetate and glycerol. Regulatory (constitutive and null) mutations in acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase accounted for different patterns of acetate secretion and uptake seen. Altered patterns in glycerol uptake are most likely explained by mutations which result in quantitative differences in the induction of the glycerol regulon and/or structural changes in glycerol kinase that reduce allosteric inhibition by effector molecules associated with glycolysis. The evolution of resource partitioning, and consequent polymorphisms which arise may illustrate incipient processes of speciation in asexual organisms.

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Orlova, Ekaterina, Tom Dudding, Jonathan M. Chernus, Rasha N. Alotaibi, Simon Haworth, Richard J. Crout, Myoung Keun Lee i in. "Association of Early Childhood Caries with Bitter Taste Receptors: A Meta-Analysis of Genome-Wide Association Studies and Transcriptome-Wide Association Study". Genes 14, nr 1 (24.12.2022): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes14010059.

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Although genetics affects early childhood caries (ECC) risk, few studies have focused on finding its specific genetic determinants. Here, we performed genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in five cohorts of children (aged up to 5 years, total N = 2974, cohorts: Center for Oral Health Research in Appalachia cohorts one and two [COHRA1, COHRA2], Iowa Fluoride Study, Iowa Head Start, Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children [ALSPAC]) aiming to identify genes with potential roles in ECC biology. We meta-analyzed the GWASs testing ~3.9 million genetic variants and found suggestive evidence for association at genetic regions previously associated with caries in primary and permanent dentition, including the β-defensin anti-microbial proteins. We then integrated the meta-analysis results with gene expression data in a transcriptome-wide association study (TWAS). This approach identified four genes whose genetically predicted expression was associated with ECC (p-values < 3.09 × 10−6; CDH17, TAS2R43, SMIM10L1, TAS2R14). Some of the strongest associations were with genes encoding members of the bitter taste receptor family (TAS2R); other members of this family have previously been associated with caries. Of note, we identified the receptor encoded by TAS2R14, which stimulates innate immunity and anti-microbial defense in response to molecules released by the cariogenic bacteria, Streptococcus mutans and Staphylococcus aureus. These findings provide insight into ECC genetic architecture, underscore the importance of host-microbial interaction in caries risk, and identify novel risk genes.

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Holliday, Robin, i Richard B. Flavell. "John Robert Stanley Fincham. 11 August 1926 — 9 February 2005". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 52 (styczeń 2006): 83–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbm.2006.0007.

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Professor John Fincham was one of the UK's leading geneticists, with a remarkably broad knowledge of the subject across all the biological kingdoms. He became an international leader through being at the forefront of microbial genetics as some of the founding principles of the relationships between gene structure, activity and enzyme functions were being uncovered. He spearheaded discoveries from the one gene–one enzyme concept, through genetic complementation, protein structure and recombination. Much of his experimental microbial research centred on the genetic and enzyme variants of glutamate dehydrogenase in the fungus Neurospora . He also brought his outstanding mind and comprehensive interest in genetics to the then obscure features of unstable genes and transposable elements in plants. His standing was recognized by holding prestigious chairs in Leeds, Edinburgh and Cambridge universities. He was a talented writer, producing several textbooks and especially the leading text Fungal genetics . He was also a practitioner and lover of sports and in his early career was politically active. His successes in life made him an extraordinarily talented man who achieved much as a leader in genetics in the UK and internationally.

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Muers, Mary. "Microbial metatranscriptomics goes deep". Nature Reviews Genetics 10, nr 7 (9.06.2009): 426–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrg2616.

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Alfred, Jane. "Microbial genomes to metabolism". Nature Reviews Genetics 3, nr 10 (październik 2002): 733. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrg922.

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