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Soosani, Mohammad, Mohammad Fathalilou, Ghader Rezazadeh i Mohammad Homaei. "DE-based capacitive micro-speakers for generating directional audible sound". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications 234, nr 10 (8.07.2020): 1325–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464420720934830.
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Although silicon is the most used material in micro-electro-mechanical-systems, due to the excellent mechanical properties, it has poor performance for generating audible sound by capacitive micro-speakers. This paper studies the capability of dielectric elastomer material instead for generating the directional sound in the human hearing regime. Dielectric elastomers are a branch of smart materials with high desired and practical specifications such as large deformation, energy-efficient, lightweight, biocompatible, and fast response which share the common characteristics of changing their shape under an applied electrical voltage or charge. An elastic circular dielectric elastomer micro-plate with compliant electrodes on both sides suspended over the unmoving plate as a capacitive micro-structure has been modeled as a diaphragm of the micro-speaker. Then the Bessel panel array has been considered in a square matrix form composed of the number of dielectric elastomer micro-speakers. The nonlinear equation of the vibrations of a micro-speaker’s diaphragm under an electrostatic loading and equations of the sound pressure and sound radiation pattern have been presented and solved. The results have shown that utilizing dielectric elastomer-based micro-speakers in a Bessel panel array can generate a directional audible sound pressure in the human hearing range. In addition, the results clear that the desired sound waves in the human audible range and a private or personal listening zone can be produced through adopting an optimal value among the excitation frequencies, diaphragm numbers, radii and inter-element spaces of a Bessel panel array.
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Homaei, Mohammad, Mohammad Fathalilou, Rasoul Shabani i Ghader Rezazadeh. "Application of the Electrostatic Micro-Speakers for Producing Audible Directional Sound". International Journal of Applied Mechanics 12, nr 04 (maj 2020): 2050045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1758825120500453.
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In recent years, the demand for control of sound power and radiation patterns in personal messaging, calls, automotive entertainment, and gaming has brought a new interest in the audio world. The aim of this paper is to investigate the feasibility of producing the sound waves in the audible range and directing them in the desired listening zone by electrostatic micro-speakers. Therefore, a capacitive circular micro-plate has been modeled as an electrostatic micro-speaker. Then a Bessel panel array has been developed using a number of these plates arranged in a square array. The equations governing the vibrations of the micro-speaker’s diaphragm, as well as radiation pattern of the sound waves, have been introduced and solved. The results have shown that the Micro-Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) electrostatic diaphragms have the capability of producing the directional sound in the human hearing range. Moreover, we have investigated the effect of different excitation frequencies, radii size and the number of the diaphragms as well as the inter-element spacing on the sound radiation pattern of the Bessel panel array.
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FONSECA-GREBER, BONNIBETH BEALE. "The Emergence of Emphatic ‘ne’ in Conversational Swiss French". Journal of French Language Studies 17, nr 3 (8.10.2007): 249–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959269507002992.
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This study explores ne use in a previously unexamined variety of French: Swiss French. Based on a corpus of conversation among friends and family recorded at home, the results of this study show the lowest ne use reported for adult, middle-class speakers of European French, 2.5%. It also shows that ne functions micro-stylistically to effect micro-shifts in register allowing speakers to enact the institutional talk of public discourse. Finally, a new function appears to emerge: the use of ne as an emphatic, where it tends to appear in foregrounded clauses often with other emphatics, functioning as speaker evaluation or involvement.
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Geubrina, Misla. "Macro and Micro Level Analysis of Indonesian Business E-mail Written By Minangkabau and Javanese Speakers". Vernacular: Linguistics, Literature, Communication and Culture Journal 1, nr 2 (18.01.2022): 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.35447/vernacular.v1i2.454.
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The comparison of the approach totally different individuals with different language backgrounds adopt the Indonesian in their e-mails will yield useful findings and may illuminate the extent to that the e-mail messages or influenced by the interlingual and intercultural transfer. This analysis aims to explain the interrelatedness among genre analysis of Indonesian business e-mails written by Minangkabau and Javanese Speakers. The method used descriptive qualitative. The information was obtained from ten business e-mails written by Minangkabau (five business e-mails) and Javanese Speaker (five business e-mails) and analyzed those supported 2 major stages, namely: macro-level and micro-level analysis consistent with Santos (2002). The results obtained from this analysis were Minangkabau speaker had additional complete structure than Javanese speaker. Because, in business e-mails written by Minangkabau had additional complete in move than Javanese speakers. And in lexico-grammatical options, the Javanese prefer to use proper noun, and therefore the Minangkabau prefer to use function word “you”.
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Celata, Chiara, Chiara Meluzzi i Irene Ricci. "The sociophonetics of rhotic variation in Sicilian dialects and Sicilian Italian: corpus, methodology and first results". Loquens 3, nr 1 (29.09.2016): 025. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/loquens.2016.025.
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SoPhISM (The SocioPhonetics of verbal Interaction: Sicilian Multimodal corpus) is an acoustic and articulatory sociophonetic corpus focused on whithin-speaker variation as a function of stylistic/communicative factors. The corpus is particularly intended for the study of rhotics as a sociolinguistic variable in the production of Sicilian speakers. Rhotics are analyzed according to the distinction between single-phase and multiple-phase rhotics along with the presence of constriction and aperture articulatory phases. Based on these parameters, the annotation protocol seeks to classify rhotic variants within a sufficiently granular, but internally consistent, phonetic perspective. The proposed descriptive parameters allow for the discussion of atypical realizations in terms of phonetic derivations (or simplifications) of typical closure–aperture sequences. The distribution of fricative variants in the speech repertoire of one speaker and his interlocutors shows the potential provided by SoPhISM for sociophonetic variation to be studied at the ‘micro’ level of individual speaker’s idiolects.
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Kristina, Diah, Ni Luh Putu Setiarini i Muhammad Thoyibi. "Textual and discoursal strategies of national leaders to establish their political images in the global arena". Studies in English Language and Education 8, nr 2 (3.05.2021): 779–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/siele.v8i2.18757.
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Giving speeches is one’s vital competency for creating a country’s image in the global arena. Every political speech represents the speaker’s deliberative reasoning to respond to the existing situation and is a synoptic lens of the intended judgment on particular issues. This study explores three Indonesian speakers’ textual and discoursal strategies in the opening of three political speeches. By employing qualitative research, the researchers analyzed the textual and discoursal properties in terms of features, characters, and structures of argumentation and the speakers’ flow of thinking realized linguistically. This research found that the speeches’ micro and macro components are in mutual supporting functions to accommodate the themes of the discourse. Verbally, each speaker built their image as a figure who concerns solidarity, a leader who is aware of the global crisis, and an activist who promotes Indonesia’s positive global roles. The findings imply the pivotal roles of textual and discoursal strategies to construct the national and personal image of a politician delivering a speech for the global audience. This study is expected to be beneficial for ESP, especially for the teaching of English for Public Relations.
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Mendoza-López, J., S. Sánchez-Solano i J. L. Huertas-Díaz. "Characterization and Modelling of Circular Piezoelectric Micro Speakers for Audio Acoustic Actuation". ISRN Mechanical Engineering 2012 (12.02.2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/635268.
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A study of circular piezoelectric micro speakers is presented for applications in the audio frequency range, including values for impedance, admittance, noise figures, transducer gain, and acoustic frequency responses. The micro speakers were modelled based on piezoelectric micro ultrasonic transducer (pMUT) design techniques and principles. In order to reach the audio frequency range, transducer radii were increased to the order of one centimetre, whilst piezoelectric layer thicknesses ranged the order of several μm. The micro actuators presented might be used for a variety of electroacoustic applications including noise control, hearing aids, earphones, sonar, and medical diagnostic ultrasound. This work main contribution is the characterization of the design space and transducer performance as a function of transducer radius, piezoelectric layer thickness, and frequency range, looking towards an optimized fabrication process.
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Jaworska, Sylvia, Cedric Krummes i Astrid Ensslin. "Formulaic sequences in native and non-native argumentative writing in German". International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 20, nr 4 (30.12.2015): 500–525. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.20.4.04jaw.
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The aim of this paper is to contribute to learner corpus research into formulaic language in native and non-native German. To this effect, a corpus of argumentative essays written by advanced British students of German (WHiG) was compared with a corpus of argumentative essays written by German native speakers (Falko-L1). A corpus-driven analysis reveals a larger number of 3-grams in WHiG than in Falko-L1, which suggests that British advanced learners of German are more likely to use formulaic language in argumentative writing than their native-speaker counterparts. Secondly, by classifying the formulaic sequences according to their functions, this study finds that native speakers of German prefer discourse-structuring devices to stance expressions, whilst British advanced learners display the opposite preferences. Thirdly, the results show that learners of German make greater use of macro-discourse-structuring devices and cautious language, whereas native speakers favour micro-discourse structuring devices and tend to use more direct language.
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Long, Michael H., Assma Al Thowaini, Buthainah Al Thowaini, Jiyong Lee i Payman Vafaee. "A micro process-product study of a CLIL lesson l". Instructed Second Language Acquisition 2, nr 1 (16.03.2018): 3–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/isla.33605.
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We begin by comparing two models for the simultaneous teaching of language and content: immersion, and content and language integrated learning (CLIL). Following a brief summary and critique of research on CLIL, we describe a micro process-product laboratory experiment with young adult native speakers of Arabic for whom English was the L2. The same fifteen-minute lesson about an amateur anthropologist’s alleged discovery of a hitherto unknown indigenous tribe in the Amazonian jungle was delivered by nine surrogate teachers to nine groups of four surrogate students in three baseline English native speaker groups, three baseline Arabic native speaker groups and three CLIL groups. Findings on language use in the nine lessons are related to content learning and vocabulary knowledge. The short-term, artificial nature of the study precludes generalisations to real CLIL programs, which was not our intention. Rather, we wish to suggest that process-product laboratory studies of larger scale and longer duration, paired with classroom studies employing a similar design and research methodology, offer a useful approach to identifying strengths and weaknesses of CLIL programs largely ignored to date.
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Wang, Qi, Tao Ruan, Qingda Xu, Zhiyong Hu, Bin Yang, Minmin You, Zude Lin i Jingquan Liu. "A Piezoelectric MEMS Speaker with a Combined Function of a Silent Alarm". Micromachines 14, nr 3 (22.03.2023): 702. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14030702.
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To explore the versatility of speakers, a piezoelectric micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) speaker combining the function of a silent alarm is proposed, which mainly comprises a lead zirconate titanate (PZT) actuation layer and a rigid–flexible coupling supporting layer. Measurements performed on encapsulated prototypes mounted to an artificial ear simulator have revealed that, compared to a speaker with a rigid supporting layer, the sound pressure level (SPL) of the proposed piezoelectric MEMS speaker with a rigid–flexible coupling supporting layer is significantly higher and is especially higher by 4.1–20.1 dB in the frequency range from 20 Hz to 4.2 kHz, indicating that the rigid–flexible coupling supporting layer can improve the SPL significantly in low frequency. Moreover, the spectral distribution characteristic of its playback audio is similar to that of the commercial electromagnetic type. The device can also function as a silent alarm based on oral airflows in dangerous situations, as it performs well at recognizing words according to their unique voltage-signal characteristics, and can avoid the effects of external sound noise, body movement, long distance, and occlusion. This strategy provides inspiration for functional diversification of piezoelectric MEMS speakers.
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Dr. Uzma Imtiaz, Dr. Aisha Jadoon i Ali Naqi. "Language Attitude of Pakistani Under-Graduate Students towards Non-Native Speakers". sjesr 3, nr 2 (25.06.2020): 16–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.36902/sjesr-vol3-iss2-2020(16-24).
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English used by native English speakers was being followed as a standard token of usage for non-native English speakers for a longer time. However, with the spread of knowledge and technology, the English language across the world has provoked a much-heated debate about these norms whether they should be followed by the non-native English speaker or not. The present paper explores the response of Pakistani undergraduate university students about the effectiveness of the non-native English model of communication by using Kachru’s monocentric model which refutes the standard model of English language to focus more on conventional norms together with native politico-cultural needs. For this purpose, this study used a close-ended questionnaire that asked the non-native English speakers responses to the audio of three different English speeches Different varieties of spoken English existing across the Pakistani society point towards the strong influence of culture over language. This research concludes that the English language has now got the status of pluricentricity based on micro-level variation, so it is impossible to rely on a single communication model for language users considering their diversity.
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Laughlin, Gary J., i Dean Golemis. "Inter/Micro 2022 — International Microscopy Conference". Microscope 69, nr 3 (2022): 109–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.59082/ebiz6604.
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McCrone Research Institute in Chicago was pleased to hold the Inter/Micro international microscopy conference again on Sept. 20 – 23, 2022, after a two-year hiatus due to the Covid-19 pandemic. This 72nd annual gathering of professional and amateur microscopists featured research talks on the first two days, covering advancements in instrumentation, new techniques, and practical applications in various fields of microscopy and microanalysis. Speakers focused on light microscopy, SEM, TEM, EDS, microspectrophotometry, electron backscatter diffraction, ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry, μ-Raman and FTIR spectroscopy, microchemistry, forensic trace evidence, and materials analysis.
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Ponchon, Thierry. "MODO-TEMPORAL MICRO-SYSTEMS IN CONTEMPORARY ORAL FRENCH". Sociolingvistika 4, nr 4 (28.12.2020): 131–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.37892/2713-2951-4-4-131-152.
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The ability to use verbal modes and tenses in spoken French differently from standard French is undeniably aphenomenon that is part of social usage, especially among young people. Indeed, faced with a great variety and complexity of modes and tenses in written French, the speaker will tend to use in his speech only grammatical forms strictly necessary for immediate communication. This article is based on a survey carried out over a period from 2005to 2010, put into understanding with another independent oral corpus, in order to better underline the contrasts. The resulting cross-analysis shows not only the evolution of the language as a sociolect, but also the ability of some speakers to adapt their speech to the minimalist need for interlocution. First, it focuses on the opposition between the modal-temporal organization of written French and of contemporary spoken language. In a second step, itcharacterizes in this field the differentiation of use in “standard” oral French and in “spontaneous” oral French, to end up delineating the modo-temporal architectonics of the latter. By highlighting the fact that the variations and thetrends identified are a social trait and are part of the vitality of the language, thus, this study contributes to a more precise definition of “spontaneous” oral French as a social language and is intended to be an illustration of the contemporary socio- pragmatic use of the French language.
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Xu, Fang, i Rongping Cao. "Epistemic Stance in Chinese L2 Spoken English: The Effect of Grade and Genre-Specific Questions". Languages 8, nr 1 (31.12.2022): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages8010015.
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Zuczkowski et al.’s KUB model clarified three epistemic stances: Knowing/Certain, Not Knowing Whether and Believing/Uncertain, and Unknowing/Neither Certain nor Uncertain, according to the speakers’ communicated information, and delineated three types of markers: macro-markers, micro-markers, and morphosyntactic markers. The model has seldom been applied to L2 instruction. To address this gap, the study examines the effect of grade and genre-specific questions on Chinese L2 speakers’ choice of epistemic markers with reference to the model by analyzing the self-built corpus consisting of the oral data collected from two groups: Group One consisting of 20 sophomores and Group Two comprising 20 first-year graduate students. The participants were required to answer four genre-specific questions covering argumentation, description, narration, and exposition. The results show that the two group members use similar epistemic markers (EMs) for the Knowing/Certain and Not Knowing Whether and Believing /Uncertain positions but present a slight discrepancy in Unknowing/Neither Certain nor Uncertain stance-taking. The genre-based questions demonstrate a significant effect on the graduate speakers’ use of the micro-markers and morphosyntactic markers for the Not Knowing Whether and Believing/Uncertain and the macro-markers and morphosyntactic markers for the Unknowing/Neither Certain nor Uncertain. It indicates that high-grade speakers are more sensitive to genre-based messages, though they use rather limited epistemic forms as low-grade speakers do. The findings suggest that English as a Second Language (ESL) oral instruction in China should be reformed and supplemented with diverse EMs to allow the speakers to take the epistemic stance they are comfortable with.
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Casadei, Beatrice, Serafina Guadagnuolo, Monica Barone, Silvia Turroni, Lisa Argnani, Patrizia Brigidi i Pier Luigi Zinzani. "Gut Microbiota Role in Response to Checkpoint Inhibitor Treatment in Patients with Relapsed/Refractory B-Cell Hodgkin Lymphoma: The MICRO-Linf Study". Blood 138, Supplement 1 (5.11.2021): 2957. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2021-146813.
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Abstract Single-agent monoclonal antibodies targeting the immune checkpoint PD1 (programmed death 1) are an efficient and safe therapeutic option in patients with relapsed/refractory B-cell lymphoma. However, many patients progress or lose response to anti-PD1. Recent studies have highlighted the role of the gut microbiota (GM) in influencing the response to chemo-immunotherapeutic agents. Here we hypothesize that the GM dynamics in B-cell lymphoma patients during anti-PD1 therapy correlate with treatment response. From December 2017 to December 2020, we enrolled 17 patients (12 with classical Hodgkin lymphoma [cHL] and 5 with primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma [PMBCL]) treated with anti-PD1 due to relapsed/refractory disease. Feces were collected at baseline, before each therapy cycle, at response assessment (both during therapeutic course and at the end of treatment) and for grade >2 adverse events. All the samples were profiled through Illumina sequencing. At each time point, patients compiled a 7-day weighted food intake record that was analyzed by MètaDieta (METEDA). We report the results of the first 6 patients enrolled, all affected by cHL. Of the six patients, five were females. The median age was 31 years (range 26-71). Five patients were refractory to the last therapy, with a median of previous treatments of 3 (range 3-5). All the six patients discontinued the chemo-immunotherapy. In particular, three patients were discontinued due to disease progression, two achieved a complete remission and consolidated the response with autologous stem cell transplantation and the last one discontinued due to a grade 3 adverse event, despite partial remission. The median number of anti-PD1 cycles was 15 (range 7-18). The baseline GM was found to be distinct from that of age-/gender-matched healthy controls (HC). In particular, the Bray-Curtis dissimilarity index showed significant segregation between the two study groups (p value < 1×10 -4, PERMANOVA), as well as greater dispersion in the patient group. Regarding intra-individual diversity, although no significant differences were found with both metrics used (Inverse Simpson and Shannon index, Wilcoxon test), a slight decrease in patients compared to HC was observed. By analyzing the genus-level composition, compared to HC, the microbial ecosystem of patients was enriched in the pathobiont Collinsella while depleted of health-associated taxa, e.g., Faecalibacterium, Ruminococcus, Coprococcus and Roseburia (p value < 0.05; Figure 1A). When focusing the analysis on the GM trajectories along the checkpoint inhibitor treatment (Figure 1B), we found that intra-individual variability underwent cyclical fluctuations in responders, while values remained nearly constant in non-responders. Furthermore, significant differences were found between the GM structures of the two patient groups (responders vs non-responders), both at the level of dominant (weighted UniFrac, p value = 0.02) and subdominant (unweighted UniFrac, p value = 0.01) microbial components. The analysis of the questionnaires on eating habits filled in by the patients at each time point made it possible to estimate the daily consumption of the main macronutrients. Despite comparable energy intake and protein and fiber consumption, a greater lipid consumption and lower carbohydrate consumption were observed in responders than in non-responders. In conclusion, the GM of patients affected by B-cell Hodgkin lymphoma showed some peculiarities compared to the HC microbiota, with a depletion of health-promoting microbial components, including producers of short-chain fatty acids (i.e., Faecalibacterium, Roseburia, Coprococcus and Ruminococcus). During therapy, a peculiar trend of GM response emerged in patients with different therapeutic outcomes. Beyond the different structures in terms of dominant and subdominant microbial components, responders showed greater biodiversity plasticity than non-responders. This difference possibly suggests a lower resilience of the disease state. Furthermore, the responder group showed a greater consumption of lipids and a lower intake of carbohydrates during therapy, opening interesting perspectives towards the development of integrated intervention strategies in this peculiar setting. Figure 1 Figure 1. Disclosures Zinzani: GILEAD: Other: Advisory board, Speakers Bureau; MSD: Consultancy, Other: Advisory board, Speakers Bureau; TAKEDA: Other: Advisory board, Speakers Bureau; TG Therapeutics: Other: Advisory board, Speakers Bureau; BMS: Other: Advisory board, Speakers Bureau; Beigene: Other, Speakers Bureau; Incyte: Other, Speakers Bureau; SANDOZ: Other: Advisory board; ADC Therap.: Other; JANSSEN-CILAG: Other: Advisory board, Speakers Bureau; CELLTRION: Other: Advisory board, Speakers Bureau; EUSAPHARMA: Consultancy, Other, Speakers Bureau; KYOWA KIRIN: Other, Speakers Bureau; NOVARTIS: Consultancy, Other, Speakers Bureau; SERVIER: Other: Advisory board, Speakers Bureau; ROCHE: Other, Speakers Bureau; VERASTEM: Consultancy, Other: Advisory board, Speakers Bureau.
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WATSON, KEVIN, i LYNN CLARK. "How salient is the nurse~square merger?" English Language and Linguistics 17, nr 2 (10.06.2013): 297–323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s136067431300004x.
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This article reports the results of an experimental investigation into listeners' evaluative reactions towards the nurse~square merger in the north-west of England, in an attempt to shed light on its salience. Although speakers across England's north-west have a nurse~square merger, its realisation differs: in Liverpool, speakers typically merge to a mid front [ɛː], while speakers from St Helens, just 20km further east, merge to a mid central [ɜː]. To test listeners' responses to each variant, we presented two groups of listeners from each of these localities with read sentence data from a single speaker. The speaker was from the north-west of England and had a centralised nurse~square vowel in his native accent (representing the St Helens model). To achieve a matched-guise, the original nurse~square vowels were acoustically manipulated to give the impression of fronting (representing the Liverpool model). Listeners from Liverpool and St Helens were asked to react to guises along the status dimension, and their reaction was measured in real-time using bespoke audience response software administered via the web. The novelty in this approach is that it can be used not only to show that listeners do indeed react to the guises, but also to examine precisely when this reaction takes place. Our results show that (a) overall, speakers with a nurse~square merger are not rated highly on the status dimension, regardless of whether they have a merger to a front or central vowel; (b) listeners' real-time reactions can be correlated with instances of nurse and square; and (c) listeners' responses to nurse can be different from responses to square. We discuss these results in relation to the salience of this merger in particular and to salience in general. We suggest that the salience of nurse and square is related to the local social context and the micro-linguistic context in which they appear.
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Cavalcanti, Julio Cesar, Anders Eriksson i Plinio A. Barbosa. "Multi-parametric analysis of speech timing in inter-talker identical twin pairs and cross-pair comparisons: Some forensic implications". PLOS ONE 17, nr 1 (21.01.2022): e0262800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262800.
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The purpose of this study was to assess the speaker-discriminatory potential of a set of speech timing parameters while probing their suitability for forensic speaker comparison applications. The recordings comprised of spontaneous dialogues between twin pairs through mobile phones while being directly recorded with professional headset microphones. Speaker comparisons were performed with twins speakers engaged in a dialogue (i.e., intra-twin pairs) and among all subjects (i.e., cross-twin pairs). The participants were 20 Brazilian Portuguese speakers, ten male identical twin pairs from the same dialectal area. A set of 11 speech timing parameters was extracted and analyzed, including speech rate, articulation rate, syllable duration (V-V unit), vowel duration, and pause duration. Three system performance estimates were considered for assessing the suitability of the parameters for speaker comparison purposes, namely global Cllr, EER, and AUC values. These were interpreted while also taking into consideration the analysis of effect sizes. Overall, speech rate and articulation rate were found the most reliable parameters, displaying the largest effect sizes for the factor “speaker” and the best system performance outcomes, namely lowest Cllr, EER, and highest AUC values. Conversely, smaller effect sizes were found for the other parameters, which is compatible with a lower explanatory potential of the speaker identity on the duration of such units and a possibly higher linguistic control regarding their temporal variation. In addition, there was a tendency for speech timing estimates based on larger temporal intervals to present larger effect sizes and better speaker-discriminatory performance. Finally, identical twin pairs were found remarkably similar in their speech temporal patterns at the macro and micro levels while engaging in a dialogue, resulting in poor system discriminatory performance. Possible underlying factors for such a striking convergence in identical twins’ speech timing patterns are presented and discussed.
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Hernández-Campoy, Juan M., i Tamara García-Vidal. "Persona management and identity projection in English Medieval society: Evidence from John Paston II". Journal of Historical Sociolinguistics 4, nr 1 (26.03.2018): 33–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jhsl-2016-0027.
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AbstractHistorical sociolinguistics has favoured the interest in tracing heterogeneity and vernacularity in the history of language, reconstructing the sociolinguistic contexts and directions of language change as well as socially based variation patterns in remote speech communities. But this treatment of language variation and change macroscopically, longitudinally, unidimensionally and focused on the speech community as a macro-cosmos can be revealingly complemented with other views microscopically, cross-sectionally, multidimensionally and privileging individuals and their community of practice as a micro-cosmos. This conveys a shift from the study of collectivity and inter-speaker variation to that of individuality, intra-speaker variation and authenticity. The aim of this paper is to show results of the microscopic investigation of intra-speaker variation and the use of stylistic choices as linguistic resources for persona management within the micro-cosmos of late Medieval England, through the application of current multidimensional socio-constructionist models to historical corpora of written correspondence. The study is carried out through the analysis of the behaviour of the orthographic variable (TH) in the letters written by members of the Paston family. In addition to tracing language change, the data obtained from private letters provide us with the possibility of reconstructing the sociolinguistic values in medieval times. Ultimately, this study’s contribution is to account for the social meaning of inter- and intra-speaker variation in the sociolinguistic behaviour of speakers at the individual level as a linguistic resource for identity construction, representation, and even social positioning in interpersonal communication.
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Rogers, Christopher, i Barrett Hamp. "A comparison of vowel harmony in Xinkan, Jicaquean, and Lencan". Studies in Language 44, nr 2 (10.06.2020): 327–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.19032.rog.
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Abstract The Xinkan, Jicaquean, and Lencan language families are isolates. However, they show similarities in their vowel co-occurrence restrictions within morphemes. This paper compares and contrasts the harmonic patterns in each of these language families and concludes that similarities are likely due to contact between their speakers. This suggests that Xinkan, Jicaquean and Lencan speakers existed in a sort of micro-language area, a small-scale scenario of contact that shows unique indications of contact near or within the more dispersed scenarios of contact and borrowing acknowledged throughout Mesoamerica.
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Bento, Leyre, Teresa Ros, Josep Muncunill, Víctor Asensio, Concepción Fernández, Adriana Marcela Quintero, Adriana Sas i in. "Analysis of Micro-RNAs Associated to Treatment Failure in Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma". Blood 134, Supplement_1 (13.11.2019): 1627. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2019-130544.
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Introduction: Micro-RNAs (miRNAs) are 19-24 nucleotide non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression through the inactivation of their messenger RNA. Previous studies have demonstrated the important role of some miRNAs in the development of cancer. Specifically, in diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL), miRNAs involved in lymphomagenesis were identified but understanding their biological function continues to be a challenge. Nevertheless, the pathogenesis effects of some miRNAs such as miR-125a, miR-17-92 cluster or mi-R-155 are well characterized. Some studies suggest that miRNAs also possess a prognostic potential role in DLBCL. For this reason, our objective was to analyze the different miRNAs involved in the chemo-sensitivity or resistance to the first line treatment, their correlation with standard prognostic factors at diagnosis and the role of these miRNAs in survival in patients with DLBCL. Material and methods: Patients homogeneously treated with R-CHOP from 1999-2013 were reviewed from 3 Spanish centers. They were retrospectively obtained from Pathology Department registry to avoid selection bias. We included those patients with valid genomic material in formalin-fixed-paraffin-embedded tissue and with available clinical data. Samples were processed using the miRNA 4 Affymetrix microarrays kit in a discovery group that included 2 cohorts (patients with durable complete remission (CR) versus refractory or early relapsing patients). Those miRNAs with differential expression were validated in the whole series with quantitative RT-PCR. We also analyzed the role of these miRNAs as predictors of event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) and their relationship with standard prognostic factors in DLBCL. Results: We identified 156 patients homogeneously treated with R-CHOP. Finally, 96 samples were obtained with valid material for RNA extraction. To identify those miRNAs with prognostic implication, a discovery cohort of 12 patients was used in which all the cases had poor prognosis with high tumor load and advance disease (III-IV stage and unfavorable R-IPI). On this basis of poor prognosis, 2 groups were defined totally opposed from the point of view of the treatment response and evolution: chemo-resistance group (n=6) including refractory or relapsed (RR) patients (first 12 months) and chemo-sensitive group (n=6) including patients with at least 3 years of CR. A hierarchical clustering was performed in which 26 miRNAs differentially expressed were identified. A screening of miRNAs was carried out based on the fold-change and pathways involved and finally we obtained 10 miRNAs differentially expressed in RR group. The validation of these miRNAs was performed with quantitative RT-PCR in the whole series which finally included 68 samples with valid material. A univariate survival analysis including clinical prognostic factors and the selected 10 miRNAs was performed. We confirmed that 7 of them (miR-20b-5p, miR-1244, miR-6840-3p, miR-1231, miR-193b-5p, miR-6860-5p y miR-199a-5p) significantly influenced EFS and 6 of them (miR-1244, miR-1231, miR-193b-5p, miR-885-3p, miR-182-5p y miR-199a-5p) on OS. From these 10 miRNAs, only 3 had a significant prognosis role not only for EFS but also for OS and progression-free survival (PFS): miR-1244, miR-193b-5p and miR-1231. The overexpression of miR-1244 and miR-193-5p were associated with advance stage and worse clinical prognosis factors (p<0.05). A multivariate analysis was performed including clinical and biological variables and we obtained that the overexpression of miR-1231, high R-IPI and a reduction of relative dose intensity (RDI) >15% were independently associated with worse SG and EFS (Figure 1). In previously reported studies, these 3 miRNAs have been related with proliferative events such as the overexpression of myc or anti-apoptosis. Also, the miR-1231 may be related with new lymphomagenesis pathways associated to viral infections. Conclusions: Through a discovery group focused on progression/refractoriness, a group of new miRNAs differentially expressed on chemo-resistant patients with DLBCL was identified. The overexpression of miR-1244 and miR-193-5p was associated with more extensive disease and worse clinical prognostic factors. The high R-IPI, reduction of >15% RDI and the overexpression of miR-1231 were independently associated with worse EFS and OS. Disclosures Sánchez-González: Amgen: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau; Gilead: Speakers Bureau; Navartis: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau; Shire: Speakers Bureau; Takeda: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau. Salar:Roche: Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Janssen Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau; Gilead: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau; Celgene: Consultancy.
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Yoshimitsu, Kuniko. "Japanese school children in Melbourne and their language maintenance efforts". Journal of Asian Pacific Communication 10, nr 2 (31.12.2000): 255–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/japc.10.2.07yos.
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This paper presents a case study of language maintenance efforts made by bilingual Japanese children in Melbourne whose parents are of Japanese background. The children were selected from two sub-groups in the Japanese community: the children of business sojourners (temporary residents), the largest sub-group in the community, and the children of permanent residents, the second largest sub-group. Focusing on the micro-level language planning for maintenance, this study examines the speakers’ degree and direction of maintenance in terms of Japanese language proficiency, and it analyses the correlation between the maintenance achieved, the factors, and the strategies adopted. Two instruments have been developed for the assessment of speakers’ naturally occurring spoken discourse data. It is argued that the children’s differing residential status, being either a sojourner or permanent resident, is a key factor affecting the maintenance process and its outcomes, and that maintenance at the micro-level, specifically individual and family levels, is the result of the combined efforts of the parents and the children.
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Zilletti, Michele, Arthur Marker, Stephen John Elliott i Keith Holland. "Identifying the nonlinear mechanical behaviour of micro-speakers from their quasi-linear electrical response". Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 88 (maj 2017): 212–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2016.10.018.
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Gilbert, Kara. "A comparison of argument structures in L1 and L2 student writing". Journal of Asian Pacific Communication 14, nr 1 (8.03.2004): 55–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/japc.14.1.05gil.
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The study consisted of an investigation into the argument structures employed in the English academic writing of Japanese native speakers and Australian English native speakers in the Arts (humanities) faculty of an Australian university. In order to investigate naturally occurring written argument structures, an in-depth case-study analysis of a small number of coursework essays was conducted. The complexity of argument structures in terms of the elaboration of individual arguments and the relational links between multiple related arguments of extended persuasive discourse were examined. Consequently, the similarities and differences between the L1 and L2 argumentative structures in the English essays and the nature of argument in English native speaker and Japanese ESL writing were identified. The findings indicate that although there were some differences between the micro- and macro-structures of written arguments in the coursework essays of L1 and L2 students, there were also similarities across both groups of writers. This may suggest that the context of learning plays a role in shaping the argumentative discourse patterns of written texts, which has significant implications not only for L2 writers learning the conventions of English discourse in an academic environment but also for future research investigating forms of written argument.
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Velyan, Karen. "Syntactic Maxi-Accidents in Spontaneous Speech of Middle-Class Speakers of English". Armenian Folia Anglistika 15, nr 2 (20) (15.10.2019): 38–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.46991/afa/2019.15.2.038.
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Spontaneous spoken language is known to be rich in fragmented and nonintegrated chunks of speech. The latter are the result of syntactic “accidents”, which are indispensible elements of spontaneous talk. Caused by a variety of pragmatic factors, syntactic accidents differ in their formal, lexical, and distributional features. With these features in view, we single out three main varieties of syntactic accidents: 1. maxi-accidents, 2. mini-accidents and 3. micro-accidents, which collectively constitute one whole paradigm.
Within the framework of the present article, the main focus of the analysis is on maxi-accidents in spontaneous talk of middle-class native speakers of English. Based on the empirical data, the analysis outlines the key functional properties of maxi-accidents, such as their frequency of occurrence, positional characteristics and pragmatic reasons that lie behind maxi-accidents.
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Scrivner, Olga, i Manuel Díaz-Campos. "Language Variation Suite: A theoretical and methodological contribution for linguistic data analysis". Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 1 (12.06.2016): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v1i0.3734.
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In recent years there has been growing interest in quantitative methods for analyzing linguistic data. Advanced multifactorial statistical analyses, such as inferential trees and mixed-effects logistic regression models, have become more accessible for linguistic research as a result of the availability of an open source programming environment provided by the statistical software R. In the present paper, we introduce a novel toolkit, Language Variation Suite, a software program that offers a friendly environment for conducting quantitative analyses. We demonstrate how theory built on traditional monofactorial analysis can be extended to macro and micro multifactorial approaches allowing for a deeper understanding of language variation. The focus of the analysis is based on intervocalic /d/ deletion in Spanish from the Diachronic Study of the Speech of Caracas 1987 and 2004-2010. In contrast to traditional methodological approaches we have treated intervocalic /d/ as a continuous dependent variable according to the intensity ratio measurements obtained. Furthermore, we have integrated various syntactic, phonetic and sociolinguistic factors. Non-parametric and fixed-effects regression models revealed that overall age (younger speakers), sex (male speakers), phonetic context (low vowels), token frequency and morphosyntactic category (past participles) have a significant effect on the lenition of intervocalic /d/. In contrast, the mixed-effects model selected only phonetic context, frequency and category, showing that individual speaker variation is higher than group variation.
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Lehmann-Willenbrock, Nale, Ming Ming Chiu, Zhike Lei i Simone Kauffeld. "Understanding Positivity Within Dynamic Team Interactions". Group & Organization Management 42, nr 1 (26.07.2016): 39–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1059601116628720.
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Positivity has been heralded for its individual benefits. However, how positivity dynamically unfolds within the temporal flow of team interactions remains unclear. This is an important oversight, as positivity can be key to team problem solving and performance. In this study, we examine how team micro-processes affect the likelihood of positivity occurring within dynamic team interactions. In doing so, we build on and expand previous work on individual positivity and integrate theory on temporal team processes, interaction rituals, and team problem solving. We analyze 43,139 utterances during the meetings of 43 problem-solving teams in two organizations. First, we find that the observed overall frequency of positivity behavior in a team is positively related to managerial ratings of team performance. Second, using statistical discourse analysis, we show that solution-focused behavior and previous positivity within the team interaction process increase the likelihood of subsequent positivity expressions, whereas positivity is less likely after problem-focused behavior. Dynamic speaker switches moderate these effects, such that interaction instances involving more speakers increase the facilitating effects of solutions and earlier positivity for subsequent positivity within team interactions. We discuss the theoretical and managerial implications of micro-level team positivity and its performance benefits.
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Choudhury, Dimple, i Suranjana Barua. "Politeness and Collective Identity: A Case Study of Two Endangered Languages of Arunachal Pradesh". International Linguistics Research 4, nr 1 (20.03.2021): p43. http://dx.doi.org/10.30560/ilr.v4n1p43.
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The study explores the phenomenon of politeness vis-à-vis collective identity in two indigenous languages of Arunachal Pradesh, India: Miju and Digaru. Through the differential use of discourse markers in various language settings, this paper examines politeness strategies used by the speakers of both languages to form inferences on the speakers’ worldview and social knowledge of their respective communities in different contexts. The intrinsic structure of the language of a community and its lucid usage construes politeness together with a society's socio-cultural principles. The socio-cultural characteristics fabricate the speakers' cognitive structure that formulates the phenomenon of politeness falling in with the language principles and boundaries. The current paper examines the production, projection and perception of politeness through discursive approach including inclusiveness/ exclusiveness strategies to understand natives’ perspective on collective identity as speakers of endangered languages themselves. Further, the study takes linguistic politeness as a meta-pragmatic entity and tries to explore this phenomenon in the Miju and Digaru languages from the native’s socio-cognitive understanding. In doing so, the paper appropriates Koller (2012), which, in introducing critical analytical parameters for analysing collective identity in discourse, talks about three levels of discourse – Macro-level, Meso-level, and Micro-level.
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Hu, Yuxiang, Min Wang, Jing Lu i Xiaojun Qiu. "Compensating the distortion of micro-speakers in a closed box with consideration of nonlinear mechanical resistance". Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 141, nr 2 (luty 2017): 1144–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4976095.
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Kabli, Hanan Mohammed. "Boys Are Boys: A Contrastive Study of Nominal Tautology Between L1 English and L1 Arabic". International Education Studies 14, nr 3 (20.02.2021): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ies.v14n3p33.
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This study aims to examine nominal tautology functioned as human nature based on the assumptions by Wierzbicka (1987). It compares English and Arabic tautology on construction like Boys are boys. This study integrates Miki’s evocation function with two other core concepts namely a macro-frame and a micro-frame. In addition, the role of the context is closely investigated as it forms an essential component in the realization of nominal tautology as proposed by Gibbs and McCarrell (1990). All these notions are merged into one solid framework to comprehend the mechanism of tautology in the brain of the speakers/hearer in any given language. Acceptability Judgment Task is used as an instrument to elicit participants’ acceptable judgments and interpretations on human nature tautology. The study includes two groups; English native speakers (51 participants) and Arabic native speakers (34 participants). According to the analyses, the results show no difference between the study groups, in the realization of nominal tautology related to human nature at the level of the acceptability and the interpretation.
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Bonilla Medina, Sandra Ximena, i Kyria Finardi. "Critical Race and Decolonial Theory Intersections to Understand the Context of ELT in the Global South". Íkala, Revista de Lenguaje y Cultura 27, nr 3 (16.09.2022): 822–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17533/udea.ikala.v27n3a13.
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Critical race theory (CRT) questions social practices that have perpetuated discrimination and social inequality. Decolonial studies coincide with these efforts to deracialise elt practices, explaining racialisation as dominant structures constituted in whiteness-centred practices that situate some in disadvantage (usually non-white) while privileging others (usually white). In the context of English language teaching (ELT), that colonisation/racialisation can take the form of some hierarchisation of English native speakers from the Global North while otherising non-native speakers of English and native speakers of English from the Global South. Therefore, coloniality/racialisation are useful terms to explain practices that value foreign over local identities alienating regional/local views and languages. In this article, the links between CRT and decolonial theories are explored and colonisation/racialisation of ELT are approached through the analysis of macro and micro practices developed in two public universities, one in Colombia and one in Brazil. The aim is to disrupt those practices by making evident decolonisation/deracialisation efforts in undergraduate and graduate students’ proposals.
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Manzo, John F. "“You Wouldn't Take a Seven-Year-Old and Ask Him All These Questions”: Jurors' Use of Practical Reasoning in Supporting Their Arguments". Law & Social Inquiry 19, nr 03 (1994): 639–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.1994.tb00776.x.
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In ordinary conversation, speakers are often called on to defend their assertions. In talk that takes place in institutional settings, speakers must often account for their claims as well. This study concerns the methods of argumentative support employed by participants in a particular institutional setting: jury deliberations. Micro-interactional analysis of transcripts of two actual deliberations—using the theore tical and methodological perspectives of ethnomethodology and conversation analysis-reveals that when jurors present defenses or accounts of their positions, they often reference mundane experience and practical reasoning. Jurors do not, then, merely weigh strictly “legal” considerations. Three of the jurors' discursive methods are scrutinized: Normative assertions, claims of expertise, and declarations of knowledge. These techniques serve not only to establish “evidence” in support of a juror's position but also to deflect other jurors' disagreement
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Subur, Subur. "Strengthening the Micro Teaching Role in the Development of Teacher Candidates Teaching Skills". INSANIA : Jurnal Pemikiran Alternatif Kependidikan 27, nr 1 (30.06.2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.24090/insania.v27i1.4681.
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This study aims to analyze the micro-teaching course at the Faculty of Tarbiya and Teacher Training (FTIK) IAIN Purwokerto. The laboratories department of FTIK carried out the program. Analyzing its implementation is essential because micro-teaching is a strategic activity to improve teacher competence. Micro teaching is widely associated with efforts to improve teacher skills in education, and thus great attention is required. The data source in this study is the micro-teaching manager and the study program head. It is from observations and interviews. The steps to analyze the data are reduction, data display, verification, and conclusions. The results showed that technical briefing by merging all study programs at the same time, overcrowded participants, unrepresentative speakers for each study program, irrelevant appointed supervisors with the study program, and micro-teaching schedules that coincide with the lectures schedules had the potential to cause the implementation of micro-teaching becomes less effective. It encourages the need to re-enforce the role of micro-teaching to be more effective in providing basic teaching skills for the teacher candidates. The lecture should manage every study program by coordinating with the laboratory. It aims to increase the effectiveness of micro-teaching. The briefing material needs to be supplemented by enrichment various learning strategies relevant to the study program. One lecturer with small classes carries out lectures according to the norms of micro-teaching classes, and the frequency of meetings is adjusted to the regular lecture schedule.
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Setiawan, F., R. L. Toruan, L. Subehi i A. Rahmat. "The 5th Indonesian Society of Limnology (MLI) Congress and International Conference 2021". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1062, nr 1 (1.07.2022): 011001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1062/1/011001.
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The 5th Indonesian Society of Limnology (MLI) Congress and International Conference 2021 is a biannual conference organized by the Indonesian Society of Limnology, with the theme is “Building synergies towards sustainable use of inland waters.” This year due to the COVID-19 pandemic, we hold the event virtually from 2nd to 3rd December. The objectives of this event are to (1) Connect, discuss, share and create a mutual network among communities from different backgrounds who are interested in inland waters ecosystem; (2) Disseminate science & technology and lessen the gap between scientific and common communities through fruitful discussion settings; (3) Underpin sustainable use and management of inland aquatic ecosystems. There were four keynotes speakers, four invited speakers, and 66 general presenters in the conference sessions. In total, 116 participants were registered and joined the conference. The first keynote speaker was Prof. Dr. Gadis Sri Haryani from the Research Center for Limnology and Water Resources, National Research and Innovation Agency of the Republic of Indonesia (BRIN), Indonesia, who presented research about Migratory freshwater fish in Indonesia: Threats and conservation efforts. The second presenter was Dr. Robert Walsh from the Australian Water Life, Australia, who presented research about Discover the world of Micro-invertebrates. The third keynote speaker was Dr. Khamla Inkhavilay from the National University of Laos, Lao PDR, who presented Persistent Organic Pollutants in Wetland of Mekong Basin. The fourth speaker was Dr. Kwanraree Joy Sirikanchana from the Chulabhorn Research Institute, Thailand, who presented Microbial Source Tracking and Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment for Sustainable Water Pollution Management. In addition, the four invited speakers and 66 general presenters split into four rooms for parallel discussions which covered the latest research on inland water ecosystems, including; (1) Biotic resources, biodiversity, and conservation; (2) System Dynamic of inland waters; (3) Applied technology for the management and pollution control; (4) Modelling, system information, decision support tool, disaster risk reduction; (5) Management, policies, regulation, education, social, economy, and culture. We highly appreciate the generous support from Research Centre for Limnology-BRIN (Indonesia), Australian Water Life (Australia), Chulabhorn Research Institute (Thailand), National University of Laos (Lao PDR), Southeast Asian Limnological Network (SEALnet), Advisory Board, Steering and Organizing committee and all presenters and participants. List of Committees, Advisory Board, Steering Committee, Scientific Committee, Organizing Committee, Documentation, all photos are available in this pdf.
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Soler, Josep, i Anastassia Zabrodskaja. "New spaces of new speaker profiles: Exploring language ideologies in transnational multilingual families". Language in Society 46, nr 4 (3.08.2017): 547–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404517000367.
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AbstractThis article looks at Spanish-Estonian speaking families and their language ideologies in relation to language use in the family setting—how parents decide to use languages among themselves and with their children. Family members choose different languages for different purposes when they talk to one another. In our study, parents draw on their knowledge of the ‘one parent–one language’ strategy but also translanguage for different reasons, constructing new patterns of bilingual modes. In the article, we examine parents’ attitudes towards language maintenance, transmission, and use with their children. We incorporate the lens of ‘new speaker’ research to analyse the empirical data collected in Tallinn households among Spanish-Estonian speaking families so as to contribute to a better understanding of family language policy, planning, and management, highlighting how macro-level sociolinguistic expectations and norms might be elaborated on the micro level in everyday social interactions. (Family language policy, language ideology, new speakers, Estonian, Spanish)*
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Dąbrowska, Ewa. "Language as a phenomenon of the third kind". Cognitive Linguistics 31, nr 2 (25.06.2020): 213–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cog-2019-0029.
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AbstractWhile many linguists view language as either a cognitive or a social phenomenon, it is clearly both: a language can live only in individual minds, but it is learned from examples of utterances produced by speakers engaged in communicative interaction. In other words, language is what (Keller 1994. On language change: The invisible hand in language. London: Taylor & Francis) calls a “phenomenon of the third kind”, emerging from the interaction of a micro-level and a macro-level. Such a dual perspective helps us understand some otherwise puzzling phenomena, including “non-psychological” generalizations, or situations where a pattern which is arguably present in a language is not explicitly represented in most speakers’ minds. This paper discusses two very different examples of such generalizations, genitive marking on masculine nouns in Polish and some restrictions on questions with long-distance dependencies in English. It is argued that such situations are possible because speakers may represent “the same” knowledge at different levels of abstraction: while a few may have extracted an abstract generalization, others approximate their behaviour by relying on memorised exemplars or lexically specific patterns. Thus, a cognitively realistic usage-based construction grammar needs to distinguish between patterns in the usage of a particular speech community (a social phenomenon) and patterns in speakers’ minds (a cognitive phenomenon).
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Laughlin, Gary J. "Editorial | A Homecoming for Microscopists". Microscope 69, nr 3 (2022): ii. http://dx.doi.org/10.59082/yaej8738.
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The third quarter issue of The Microscope has historically been designated as the Inter/Micro issue, featuring the proceedings from the current year’s conference. This third quarter issue of 2022 is no exception. We (taking a cue from the rest of the world) determined this year that it was safe to resume closer-to-normal activities since the start of the Covid-19 pandemic. And so after a two-year break, the 72nd annual Inter/Micro conference was delivered on time — in September this year rather than June — in-person at McCrone Research Institute, and with a full schedule, including 25 presentations by 22 speakers. It was a remarkable showing under the circumstances for all the uncertainty that transpired during the last two years.
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MAHEUX-PELLETIER, GENEVIÈVE, i ANDREA GOLATO. "Repair in membership categorization in French". Language in Society 37, nr 5 (16.10.2008): 689–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404508080998.
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ABSTRACTUsing conversation analysis as methodology, this article provides a link between the local organization of talk and larger societal issues by investigating specific conversational sequences in which French speakers from different speech communities interact. It is argued that in addition to dealing with problems of speaking, hearing, and understanding, repair can simultaneously be used to negotiate linguistic membership. Repair can be used to establish, confirm, or insist on speakers' belonging to one particular speech community over another. Moreover, participants can use repair to express affiliation and disaffiliation with each other. The implications of this research are discussed, linking the organization of conversation with issues of language and identity, specifically with the social meaning of dialect variety in the Francophone world. Thus, this article demonstrates how phenomena commonly discussed on the macro level are realized and negotiated on the micro level.
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Erpaçal, Begüm, Özkan Adıgüzel i Suzan Cangül. "The use of micro-computed tomography in dental applications". International Dental Research 9, nr 2 (31.08.2019): 78–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5577/intdentres.2019.vol9.no2.7.
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Together with developments in digital imaging systems, there has been increasing use of micro-computed tomography (μCT) in many areas, primarily in dentistry. As this method allows 3-dimensional images to be taken providing safe and high quality results, without damaging the samples being examined, it is often preferred. Consequently, it has become possible to record rapid progression in endodontic studies in particular and to research and easily compare several techniques. Furthermore, this method can be used in tissue engineering, forming data for FEM analysis, the growth and development of craniofacial bones, imaging bone structure, and in the evaluation of implants and surrounding bone in root tip surgery, to determine mineral concentration in the teeth and to measure the thickness of enamel.
The aim of this review was to focus on the areas of use of μCT in dentistry and state the advantages.
Key Words: Micro-computed tomography, X-ray micro-CT, dental application, three-dimensional imaging
How to cite this article: Erpaçal B, Adıgüzel Ö, Cangül S. The use of micro-computed tomography in dental applications. Int Dent Res 2019;9(2):78-91.
Linguistic Revision: The English in this manuscript has been checked by at least two professional editors, both native speakers of English.
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Blanchette, Frances, Marianna Nadeu, Jeremy Yeaton i Viviane Deprez. "English negative concord and double negation: The division of labor between syntax and pragmatics". Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 3, nr 1 (3.03.2018): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v3i1.4349.
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Recent research demonstrates that prototypical negative concord (NC) languages allow double negation (DN) (Espinal & Prieto 2011; Prieto et al. 2013; Déprez et al. 2015; Espinal et al. 2016). In NC, two or more syntactic negations yield a single semantic one (e.g., the ‘I ate nothing’ reading of “I didn’t eat nothing”), and in DN each negation contributes to the semantics (e.g. ‘It is not the case that I ate nothing’). That NC and DN have been shown to coexist calls into question the hypothesis that grammars are either NC or DN (Zeijlstra 2004), and supports micro-parametric views of these phenomena (Déprez 2011; Blanchette 2017). Our study informs this debate with new experimental data from American English. We explore the role of syntax and speaker intent in shaping the perception and interpretation of English sentences with two negatives. Our results demonstrate that, like in prototypical NC languages (Espinal et al. 2016), English speakers reliably exploit syntactic, pragmatic, and acoustic cues to in selecting an NC or a DN interpretation.
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McEWAN-FUJITA, EMILY. "Ideology, affect, and socialization in language shift and revitalization: The experiences of adults learning Gaelic in the Western Isles of Scotland". Language in Society 39, nr 1 (15.01.2010): 27–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404509990649.
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ABSTRACTThe intertwined role of language ideologies and affect in language shift and revitalization can be understood by taking a language socialization perspective on local micro-level interaction between adult Gaelic learners and fluent Gaelic-English bilinguals. Seven adults living in the Western Isles were interviewed about their efforts to learn and speak Scottish Gaelic, a minority language spoken by 1–2% of Scotland’s population. Their negative affective stances in describing their interactions with local Gaelic-English bilinguals indicate that they were being socialized into an ideology of local Gaelic-English sociolinguistic boundaries: an “etiquette of accommodation” to English speakers and wariness about public Gaelic speaking. This socialized combination of ideology and negative affect reduces opportunities for Gaelic speaking, hindering both Gaelic learners’ efforts to become fluent speakers and their potential contribution to language revitalization. In contrast, however, the interviewees described “sociolinguistic mentors” who socialized them into a more inclusive vision of Gaelic speaking laden with positive affect.1
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Nahir, Moshe. "Micro language planning and the revival of Hebrew: A schematic framework". Language in Society 27, nr 3 (czerwiec 1998): 335–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404500020005.
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ABSTRACTSupported by contemporary evidence, this study discusses the revival of Hebrew a century ago (within two or three decades), with a focus on the actual total shift of pre-Israel Palestine's Jewish community from Yiddish and several other languages to Hebrew as an all-purpose means of communication. First, four “factors” that prevailed prior to and during the revival are discussed: the “communicative”, “political”, “religious”, and “literary.” The study then proposes schematically that the shift to Hebrew evolved in a cycle consisting of four consecutive albeit partially overlapping “steps”: (1) The children are instilled with desired language attitudes. (2) The children acquire the code, Hebrew. (3) The children transfer Hebrew, now a second language, out of the schools. (4) With these children now adults, their newly born receive Hebrew as a first language. Finally, the study suggests that, in the absence of a central authority, the revival can be seen as a case of “micro language planning,” in which potential speakers constituted “language planning agents” active in “language planning cells.” (Language revival, Hebrew, language planning, language shift, vernacular)
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Vasquez, Camilla. "Examining the role of face work in a workplace complaint narrative". Narrative Inquiry 19, nr 2 (16.12.2009): 259–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ni.19.2.04vas.
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In recent years, interest in examining the diverse functions and features of oral narratives told in workplace contexts has grown alongside the body of research investigating the role of language in enacting politeness in the workplace. Yet, to date, there has been little integration of these two strands of inquiry. This paper forges a link between linguistic politeness and some social functions of institutional narratives. Specifically, the micro-analysis of one narrative taken from a corpus of teacher/supervisor feedback sessions demonstrates how the narrator, a novice teacher, negotiates the telling of a complaint narrative to her supervisor along with the politeness demands embedded in the local context of telling. I argue that the speaker’s contradictory evaluation of her situation interacts with linguistic politeness (i.e., the need to mitigate a “face-threatening act”) in the situated telling of this narrative. Finally, in the spirit of recent work on narrative, which calls for increased attention to context in narrative activities, this paper highlights the importance of considering the interrelationships among factors such as face work, recipient design, production circumstances, and institutional roles and relationships among speakers, in the analysis of institutional narratives.
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NIKANDER, PIRJO. "Doing change and continuity: age identity and the micro–macro divide". Ageing and Society 29, nr 6 (6.07.2009): 863–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x09008873.
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ABSTRACTThis paper is a study of the discursive management of notions of change and continuity in interview talk. It presents selected short empirical examples from interviews with 22 Finnish baby-boomers, and discusses the methodological and theoretical issues that arise. Following a review of the major approaches to the study of age identity, the analytic intersection between qualitative gerontology and discursive psychology is explored. The analysis identifies how the frequent use of a ‘provisional continuity device’ enables speakers simultaneously both to acknowledge and to distance themselves from factual notions of physical or psychological lifespan change. The key methodological argument is that the discursive analysis of age-in-interaction cannot necessarily be achieved through the myopic micro-study of discursive strategies, but rather two suggestions are made. First, it is argued that analytically-anchored and rigorous discursive gerontology that both systematically draws on and contributes to the broad field of discursive research provides a means by which to test empirically post-modern conceptualisations of age identity. Second, it is suggested that analyses of age-talk in everyday and institutional settings provide an analytical and theoretical middle-ground between the macroversusmicro or ‘microfication’ debate in gerontology.
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Theodoropoulou, Irene. "Sociolinguistic Variation in Athenian Suburban Speech". Journal of Greek Linguistics 13, nr 1 (2013): 30–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15699846-13130104.
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This article focuses on the description and interpretation of the social meaning of sociolinguistic variation in Athenian suburban speech. A descriptive statistical and a Varbrul analysis of the syntactic variable Verb and presence or absence of Prepositional Phrase (V +/– PP), as it is used by native northern and western suburbanites of Athens, suggests that primarily the area (northern and western suburbia) and, to a lesser extent, the sex of the speakers are statistically significant macro social factors constraining variation. In an effort to tease out the social meaning of the variation, a further analysis of some micro factors within each area, including the group of speakers, the topic, and the stance towards the rivalry between the aforementioned suburban areas, suggests that variation in both areas is interactionally constrained, but in the northern area it tends to be more friendship group-constrained, while in the western area it is more education-constrained. In light of these findings, the sociolinguistic implications of the study translate into the analytical need to account for the relationship between interactional and social factors in the description of variable grammars.
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Vogel, Jerca. "The importance of intra-linguistic diversity in teaching Slovenian as the first language". Journal of Language and Cultural Education 7, nr 3 (1.12.2019): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jolace-2019-0018.
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Abstract In recent decades, Slovenian sociolinguistic situation and within the functions of different language varieties have dramatically changed. In spite of this process, the standard language remains a language variety that enables an individual to participate equally in educational and public life. As the Slovenian schools are not successful enough in developing of the discursive flexibility and mastering of the standard language, in the article, the functions of Standard language in modern Slovenian-speaking society is described; the specific groups of primary Slovenian language speakers are defined, and some solutions for improving the first language learning are suggested. In 1990’s, in opposite to the prevailing traditional structural language-stratification theory, the new classification of the primary sociolects, based on the English functional linguistics, by A. E. Skubic was represented. According to his theory, the sociolects are defined as non-hierarchically ordered cultivated or marginal language varieties that are used and identified with by different social groups. Based on Skubic’s classification, two main groups of primary-Slovenian language speakers can be described. The speakers of the cultivated primary sociolects are mostly self-confident users of language, identifying themselves with the main culture. In opposite, the speakers of the marginal sociolects could be de-privileged due to their linguistic deficit in standard language and micro-cultural discursive patterns, used in educational or public contexts. As it is suggested, to improve students’ linguistic competence and diminish deficits, the discursive flexibility should be understood as a complex awareness, consisting of cognitive, emotional-evaluative and active dimensions. Therefore, the basic principle of first language teaching should become the extended holistic principle, emphasizing the inclusion of standard and different non-standard language varieties, observation of their different functions in specific communicative situations and reflection about the complex context, that can be implemented to first language teaching in all basic phases of learning.
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SUNSTEIN, CASS R., i REID HASTIE. "Garbage in, garbage out? Some micro sources of macro errors". Journal of Institutional Economics 11, nr 3 (10.03.2014): 561–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744137413000398.
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AbstractMany institutions, large or small, make their decisions through some process of deliberation. Nonetheless, deliberating institutions often fail, in the sense that they make judgments that are false or that fail to take advantage of the information that their members have. Micro mistakes can lead to macro blunders or even catastrophes. There are four such failures; all of them have implication for large-scale institutions as well as small ones. (1) Sometimes the predeliberation errors of an institution's members are amplified, not merely propagated, as a result of deliberation. (2) Institutions fall victim to cascade effects, as the initial speakers or actors are followed by their successors, who do not disclose what they know. Non-disclosure, on the part of those successors, may be a product of either informational or reputational cascades. (3) As a result of group polarization, deliberating institutions sometimes end up in a more extreme position in line with their predeliberation tendencies. Sometimes group polarization leads in desirable directions, but there is no assurance to this effect. (4) In deliberating institutions, shared information often dominates or crowds out unshared information, ensuring that institutions do not learn what their members know. Informational signals and reputational pressure help to explain all four errors. The results can be harmful to numerous institutions, including large ones, and to societies as a whole. Markets are able to correct some of these problems, but cascade effects occur there as well.
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Nekvapil, Jiří. "Some thoughts on “noting” in Language Management Theory and beyond". Language Management Approach 22, nr 2 (2.11.2012): 160–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/japc.22.2.02nek.
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This paper analyses how “noting” has been conceptualized in the Language Management Framework originating in the work of Neustupný and Jernudd. It deals with the influence of the cognitivist concept of “noticing” as used in the theories of Second Language Acquisition and instead proposes to assume the discursive approach of “noting” inspired by Discursive Psychology and Conversation Analysis. It pays attention to the formulations and concrete words which people use to express that they “noted” a phenomenon (be it linguistic, communicative or socio-cultural). Finally, it addresses micro-macro-linkage in the framework, namely, how “noting” of everyday speakers connects to management acts performed by experts in institutions.
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Georgalidou, Marianthi, Vasilia Kourtis-Kazoullis i Hasan Kaili. "Humor in conversation among bilinguals". European Journal of Humour Research 10, nr 3 (11.10.2022): 168–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.7592/ejhr.2022.10.3.625.
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In this study, we analyse conversations recorded during ethnographic research in two bilingual communities on the island of Rhodes, Greece. We examine: (a) the bilingual in Greek and Turkish Muslim community of Rhodes (Georgalidou et al. 2010, 2013) and (b) the Greek-American/Canadian community of repatriated emigrant families of Rhodian origin (Kourtis-Kazoullis 2016). In particular, combining interactional and conversation analytic frameworks (Auer 1995; Gafaranga 2007), we examine contemporary approaches to bi-/multilingualism focusing on the pragmatics of humour in conversations among bilinguals. We scrutinise aspects of the overall and sequential organisation of talk as well as instances of humour produced by speakers of different ethnic origin, generation, and social groups. We focus on the construction of “otherness,” which reflects the dynamic interplay between the micro-level of conversational practices and the macro-level of discourse involving contrasting categorisations and identities pertaining to differently orientated ethnic and social groups. Based on the analysis, we will show a) how humorous targeting orients in-groups versus out-groups, and b) mediates the dynamic process of constructing the identity of speakers who, being members of minority linguistic communities, represent “otherness.”
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Czerwionka, Lori, Bruno Staszkiewicz i Farzin Shamloo. "Contextual Variables as Predictors of Verb Form: An Analysis of Gender and Stance in Peninsular Spanish Requests". Languages 8, nr 3 (29.08.2023): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages8030202.
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The current experiment employs a variational pragmatics perspective to explore how the contextual variables of power, distance, and imposition jointly affect social groups’ and individuals’ choice of verb forms in requests in Madrid, Spain. Using a mixed-method approach to explore the requests of 111 Spanish speakers from Madrid, quantitative analyses determined the level of significance and hierarchical order of the predictor variables of power, distance, and imposition on verb form and also the distribution of verb forms by gender, with male and female participants exhibiting significant differences. Additionally, certain participants demonstrated decreased sensitivity to contextual factors, adopting more categorically indirect or direct request strategies. The examination of both gendered request patterns and the stances that single participants adopt through their verb-form selections contributes to our understanding of the social moves that are made by all speakers, not just those who fall within the gendered norms. The results highlight the different frames and social meanings attached to these forms at the micro- and macro-social levels, providing new insight into the complex relationship among linguistic variables, contextual factors, and social groups and individuals.
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Thane, Dr Soe. "Teachers' Perspective on the Obstacles and Challenges in Teaching and Learning English to Non-native Speakers using a Quantitative Research Method". Praxis International Journal of Social Science and Literature 6, nr 4 (25.04.2023): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.51879/pijssl/060401.
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Learning a language is no easy process. Although English is a worldwide language, mastering all four micro skills is difficult. There are several problems and stumbling blocks to mastering English, particularly for non-native speakers such as Myanmar students. For example, insufficient teaching and learning materials, large numbers of students in classes, utilizing their native language in spite of English, not being in an English-speaking setting, less confident in speaking English and using the incorrect syllabus. These are only a few examples. I occasionally teach English in Myanmar. In both teaching and learning English in Myanmar, I encountered several hurdles and barriers. It motivates me to conduct particular studies on the difficulties that students and instructors face in Myanmar.I used the quantitative research approach to determine the specific issues and impediments experienced in teaching and learning English. I implemented Google Form to identify the most relevant 15 questions for instructors, which took about two months, and I received 47 replies out of 50 surveys on obstacles in teaching English. Through the survey findings, we could clearly see what hurdles and obstacles Myanmar instructors had throughout their teaching and how they dealt with all of these concerns, as well as their dos and don'ts remarks and wise advise. Then I concluded by outlining how we should use the recommended strategies and implementations to overcome all of the obstacles that we have when teaching and learning English.