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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Micro speakers"
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Soosani, Mohammad, Mohammad Fathalilou, Ghader Rezazadeh i Mohammad Homaei. "DE-based capacitive micro-speakers for generating directional audible sound". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications 234, nr 10 (8.07.2020): 1325–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464420720934830.
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Although silicon is the most used material in micro-electro-mechanical-systems, due to the excellent mechanical properties, it has poor performance for generating audible sound by capacitive micro-speakers. This paper studies the capability of dielectric elastomer material instead for generating the directional sound in the human hearing regime. Dielectric elastomers are a branch of smart materials with high desired and practical specifications such as large deformation, energy-efficient, lightweight, biocompatible, and fast response which share the common characteristics of changing their shape under an applied electrical voltage or charge. An elastic circular dielectric elastomer micro-plate with compliant electrodes on both sides suspended over the unmoving plate as a capacitive micro-structure has been modeled as a diaphragm of the micro-speaker. Then the Bessel panel array has been considered in a square matrix form composed of the number of dielectric elastomer micro-speakers. The nonlinear equation of the vibrations of a micro-speaker’s diaphragm under an electrostatic loading and equations of the sound pressure and sound radiation pattern have been presented and solved. The results have shown that utilizing dielectric elastomer-based micro-speakers in a Bessel panel array can generate a directional audible sound pressure in the human hearing range. In addition, the results clear that the desired sound waves in the human audible range and a private or personal listening zone can be produced through adopting an optimal value among the excitation frequencies, diaphragm numbers, radii and inter-element spaces of a Bessel panel array.
2
Homaei, Mohammad, Mohammad Fathalilou, Rasoul Shabani i Ghader Rezazadeh. "Application of the Electrostatic Micro-Speakers for Producing Audible Directional Sound". International Journal of Applied Mechanics 12, nr 04 (maj 2020): 2050045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1758825120500453.
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In recent years, the demand for control of sound power and radiation patterns in personal messaging, calls, automotive entertainment, and gaming has brought a new interest in the audio world. The aim of this paper is to investigate the feasibility of producing the sound waves in the audible range and directing them in the desired listening zone by electrostatic micro-speakers. Therefore, a capacitive circular micro-plate has been modeled as an electrostatic micro-speaker. Then a Bessel panel array has been developed using a number of these plates arranged in a square array. The equations governing the vibrations of the micro-speaker’s diaphragm, as well as radiation pattern of the sound waves, have been introduced and solved. The results have shown that the Micro-Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) electrostatic diaphragms have the capability of producing the directional sound in the human hearing range. Moreover, we have investigated the effect of different excitation frequencies, radii size and the number of the diaphragms as well as the inter-element spacing on the sound radiation pattern of the Bessel panel array.
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FONSECA-GREBER, BONNIBETH BEALE. "The Emergence of Emphatic ‘ne’ in Conversational Swiss French". Journal of French Language Studies 17, nr 3 (8.10.2007): 249–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959269507002992.
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This study explores ne use in a previously unexamined variety of French: Swiss French. Based on a corpus of conversation among friends and family recorded at home, the results of this study show the lowest ne use reported for adult, middle-class speakers of European French, 2.5%. It also shows that ne functions micro-stylistically to effect micro-shifts in register allowing speakers to enact the institutional talk of public discourse. Finally, a new function appears to emerge: the use of ne as an emphatic, where it tends to appear in foregrounded clauses often with other emphatics, functioning as speaker evaluation or involvement.
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Geubrina, Misla. "Macro and Micro Level Analysis of Indonesian Business E-mail Written By Minangkabau and Javanese Speakers". Vernacular: Linguistics, Literature, Communication and Culture Journal 1, nr 2 (18.01.2022): 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.35447/vernacular.v1i2.454.
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The comparison of the approach totally different individuals with different language backgrounds adopt the Indonesian in their e-mails will yield useful findings and may illuminate the extent to that the e-mail messages or influenced by the interlingual and intercultural transfer. This analysis aims to explain the interrelatedness among genre analysis of Indonesian business e-mails written by Minangkabau and Javanese Speakers. The method used descriptive qualitative. The information was obtained from ten business e-mails written by Minangkabau (five business e-mails) and Javanese Speaker (five business e-mails) and analyzed those supported 2 major stages, namely: macro-level and micro-level analysis consistent with Santos (2002). The results obtained from this analysis were Minangkabau speaker had additional complete structure than Javanese speaker. Because, in business e-mails written by Minangkabau had additional complete in move than Javanese speakers. And in lexico-grammatical options, the Javanese prefer to use proper noun, and therefore the Minangkabau prefer to use function word “you”.
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Celata, Chiara, Chiara Meluzzi i Irene Ricci. "The sociophonetics of rhotic variation in Sicilian dialects and Sicilian Italian: corpus, methodology and first results". Loquens 3, nr 1 (29.09.2016): 025. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/loquens.2016.025.
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SoPhISM (The SocioPhonetics of verbal Interaction: Sicilian Multimodal corpus) is an acoustic and articulatory sociophonetic corpus focused on whithin-speaker variation as a function of stylistic/communicative factors. The corpus is particularly intended for the study of rhotics as a sociolinguistic variable in the production of Sicilian speakers. Rhotics are analyzed according to the distinction between single-phase and multiple-phase rhotics along with the presence of constriction and aperture articulatory phases. Based on these parameters, the annotation protocol seeks to classify rhotic variants within a sufficiently granular, but internally consistent, phonetic perspective. The proposed descriptive parameters allow for the discussion of atypical realizations in terms of phonetic derivations (or simplifications) of typical closure–aperture sequences. The distribution of fricative variants in the speech repertoire of one speaker and his interlocutors shows the potential provided by SoPhISM for sociophonetic variation to be studied at the ‘micro’ level of individual speaker’s idiolects.
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Kristina, Diah, Ni Luh Putu Setiarini i Muhammad Thoyibi. "Textual and discoursal strategies of national leaders to establish their political images in the global arena". Studies in English Language and Education 8, nr 2 (3.05.2021): 779–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/siele.v8i2.18757.
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Giving speeches is one’s vital competency for creating a country’s image in the global arena. Every political speech represents the speaker’s deliberative reasoning to respond to the existing situation and is a synoptic lens of the intended judgment on particular issues. This study explores three Indonesian speakers’ textual and discoursal strategies in the opening of three political speeches. By employing qualitative research, the researchers analyzed the textual and discoursal properties in terms of features, characters, and structures of argumentation and the speakers’ flow of thinking realized linguistically. This research found that the speeches’ micro and macro components are in mutual supporting functions to accommodate the themes of the discourse. Verbally, each speaker built their image as a figure who concerns solidarity, a leader who is aware of the global crisis, and an activist who promotes Indonesia’s positive global roles. The findings imply the pivotal roles of textual and discoursal strategies to construct the national and personal image of a politician delivering a speech for the global audience. This study is expected to be beneficial for ESP, especially for the teaching of English for Public Relations.
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Mendoza-López, J., S. Sánchez-Solano i J. L. Huertas-Díaz. "Characterization and Modelling of Circular Piezoelectric Micro Speakers for Audio Acoustic Actuation". ISRN Mechanical Engineering 2012 (12.02.2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/635268.
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A study of circular piezoelectric micro speakers is presented for applications in the audio frequency range, including values for impedance, admittance, noise figures, transducer gain, and acoustic frequency responses. The micro speakers were modelled based on piezoelectric micro ultrasonic transducer (pMUT) design techniques and principles. In order to reach the audio frequency range, transducer radii were increased to the order of one centimetre, whilst piezoelectric layer thicknesses ranged the order of several μm. The micro actuators presented might be used for a variety of electroacoustic applications including noise control, hearing aids, earphones, sonar, and medical diagnostic ultrasound. This work main contribution is the characterization of the design space and transducer performance as a function of transducer radius, piezoelectric layer thickness, and frequency range, looking towards an optimized fabrication process.
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Jaworska, Sylvia, Cedric Krummes i Astrid Ensslin. "Formulaic sequences in native and non-native argumentative writing in German". International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 20, nr 4 (30.12.2015): 500–525. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.20.4.04jaw.
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The aim of this paper is to contribute to learner corpus research into formulaic language in native and non-native German. To this effect, a corpus of argumentative essays written by advanced British students of German (WHiG) was compared with a corpus of argumentative essays written by German native speakers (Falko-L1). A corpus-driven analysis reveals a larger number of 3-grams in WHiG than in Falko-L1, which suggests that British advanced learners of German are more likely to use formulaic language in argumentative writing than their native-speaker counterparts. Secondly, by classifying the formulaic sequences according to their functions, this study finds that native speakers of German prefer discourse-structuring devices to stance expressions, whilst British advanced learners display the opposite preferences. Thirdly, the results show that learners of German make greater use of macro-discourse-structuring devices and cautious language, whereas native speakers favour micro-discourse structuring devices and tend to use more direct language.
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Long, Michael H., Assma Al Thowaini, Buthainah Al Thowaini, Jiyong Lee i Payman Vafaee. "A micro process-product study of a CLIL lesson l". Instructed Second Language Acquisition 2, nr 1 (16.03.2018): 3–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/isla.33605.
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We begin by comparing two models for the simultaneous teaching of language and content: immersion, and content and language integrated learning (CLIL). Following a brief summary and critique of research on CLIL, we describe a micro process-product laboratory experiment with young adult native speakers of Arabic for whom English was the L2. The same fifteen-minute lesson about an amateur anthropologist’s alleged discovery of a hitherto unknown indigenous tribe in the Amazonian jungle was delivered by nine surrogate teachers to nine groups of four surrogate students in three baseline English native speaker groups, three baseline Arabic native speaker groups and three CLIL groups. Findings on language use in the nine lessons are related to content learning and vocabulary knowledge. The short-term, artificial nature of the study precludes generalisations to real CLIL programs, which was not our intention. Rather, we wish to suggest that process-product laboratory studies of larger scale and longer duration, paired with classroom studies employing a similar design and research methodology, offer a useful approach to identifying strengths and weaknesses of CLIL programs largely ignored to date.
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Wang, Qi, Tao Ruan, Qingda Xu, Zhiyong Hu, Bin Yang, Minmin You, Zude Lin i Jingquan Liu. "A Piezoelectric MEMS Speaker with a Combined Function of a Silent Alarm". Micromachines 14, nr 3 (22.03.2023): 702. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14030702.
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To explore the versatility of speakers, a piezoelectric micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) speaker combining the function of a silent alarm is proposed, which mainly comprises a lead zirconate titanate (PZT) actuation layer and a rigid–flexible coupling supporting layer. Measurements performed on encapsulated prototypes mounted to an artificial ear simulator have revealed that, compared to a speaker with a rigid supporting layer, the sound pressure level (SPL) of the proposed piezoelectric MEMS speaker with a rigid–flexible coupling supporting layer is significantly higher and is especially higher by 4.1–20.1 dB in the frequency range from 20 Hz to 4.2 kHz, indicating that the rigid–flexible coupling supporting layer can improve the SPL significantly in low frequency. Moreover, the spectral distribution characteristic of its playback audio is similar to that of the commercial electromagnetic type. The device can also function as a silent alarm based on oral airflows in dangerous situations, as it performs well at recognizing words according to their unique voltage-signal characteristics, and can avoid the effects of external sound noise, body movement, long distance, and occlusion. This strategy provides inspiration for functional diversification of piezoelectric MEMS speakers.
Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Micro speakers"
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Lipembe, Pembe Peter Agustini. "Exploring the micro-social dynamics of intergenerational language transmission :a critical analysis of parents's attitudes and language use patterns among Ndamba speakers in Tanzania". Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_5270_1297836275.
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The study has several implications
for general theoretical traditions it highlights the point that ambivalent attitudes and incomplete language use are responsible for gradual language decline. Previous studies while acknowledging the role of community based, intuitive conditions on language maintenance and shift, did not show how the process occurred. For policy the study aims toward sensitizing policy makers and raise their awareness about the dire situation in which minority languages currently are in. This would ensure that politicians, bureaucrats, and other state authorities could implement policy decisions that guarantee protection of minority languages and enhance their vitality. One policy strategy that could ensure revitalization of minority languages would be to include them in the school curriculum as supplementary approach to the effort of the home and the community, as McCarty (2002, quoted in Recento, 2006) observes that schools
[&hellip
] can be constructed as a place where children can be free to be indigenous in the indigenous language &ndash
in all of its multiple and everchanging meanings and forms.
2
Sturtzer, Eric. "Modélisation en vue de l'intégration d'un système audio de micro puissance comprenant un haut-parleur MEMS et son amplificateur". Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00940463.
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Ce manuscrit de thèse propose l'optimisation de l'ensemble de la chaîne de reproduction sonore dans un système embarqué. Le premier axe de recherche introduit les notions générales concernant les systèmes audio embarqués nécessaires à la bonne compréhension du contexte de la recherche. Le principe de conversion de l'ensemble de la chaine est présenté afin de comprendre les différentes étapes qui composent un système audio. Un état de l'art présente les différents types de haut-parleurs ainsi que l'électronique associé les plus couramment utilisées dans les systèmes embarqués. Le second axe de recherche propose une approche globale : une modélisation électrique du haut-parleur (tenant compte d'un nombre optimal de paramètres) permet à un électronicien de mieux appréhender les phénomènes non-linéaires du haut-parleur qui dégradent majoritairement la qualité audio. Il en résulte un modèle viable qui permet d'évaluer la non-linéarité intrinsèque du haut-parleur et d'en connaitre sa cause. Les résultats des simulations montrent que le taux de distorsion harmonique intrinsèque au haut-parleur est supérieur à celui généré par un amplificateur. Le troisième axe de recherche met en avant l'impact du contrôle du transducteur. L'objectif étant de savoir s'il existe une différence, du point de vue de la qualité audio, entre la commande asservie par une tension ou par un courant, d'un micro-haut-parleur électrodynamique. Pour ce type de transducteur et à ce niveau de la modélisation, le contrôle en tension est équivalent à contrôler directement le haut-parleur en courant. Néanmoins, une solution alternative (ne dégradant pas davantage la qualité audio du signal) pourrait être de contrôler le micro-haut-parleur en courant. Le quatrième axe de recherche propose d'adapter les spécifications des amplificateurs audio aux performances des micro-haut-parleurs. Une étude globale (énergétique) démontre qu'un des facteurs clés pour améliorer l'efficacité énergétique du côté de l'amplificateur audio est la minimalisation de la consommation statique en courant, en maximalisant le rendement à puissance nominale. Pour les autres spécifications, l'approche globale se base sur l'étude de l'impact de la spécification d'un amplificateur sur la partie acoustique. Cela nous a par exemple permis de réduire la contrainte en bruit de 300%. Le dernier axe de recherche s'articule autour d'un nouveau type de transducteur : un micro-haut-parleur en technologie MEMS. La caractérisation électroacoustique présente l'amélioration en terme de qualité audio (moins de 0,016% de taux de distorsion harmonique) et de plage de fréquence utile allant de 200 Hz à 20 kHz le tout pour un niveau sonore moyen de 80dB (10cm). La combinaison de tous les efforts présente un réel saut technologique. Enfin, la démarche globale d'optimisation de la partie électrique a été appliquée aux performances du MEMS dans la dernière section, ce qui a notamment permis de réduire la contrainte en bruit de 500%.
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Garud, Meera. "Cricket Inspired micro Speakers". Thesis, 2019. https://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/4585.
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MEMS technology has ushered in a new era of miniaturized sensors and actuators. Many
smart devices and systems are being developed using these sensors. Home automation
is now a widespread reality owing to the development of affordable miniature devices.
Wearables like smart watches and point-of-care medical devices have brought positive
changes in the healthcare industry. Also, at global scale, these sensors and actuators find
their place in tracking weather changes and remote sensing applications.
Many of these micro and nano systems communicate with humans using
electroacoustic devices. They can take in voice input, process it and give out voice
instructions/suggestions using a system made of microphones and audio speakers.
However, when we compare the sizes of all the different sensors and actuators with the
size of an audio speaker, we see that audio speakers have not really achieved
miniaturization. For example, in a standard smartphone a mini audio speaker is still 8
times larger in volume when compared with a MEMS microphone. An audio speaker is
still struggling to get into micron size range. This further limits the extent to which a
smart device can reduce in size. The size reduction of the audio speaker, if possible, will
lead to an overall size reduction of smart devices. We inspect the intricacies involved in
miniaturization of an audio speaker and explore a possible solution by combining silicon
MEMS technologies with nature inspired design for the same.
In this work, we present two unconventional approaches to build electrostatically
actuated thin audio speakers. First, we present a bio-mimetic micro-speaker inspired by
the sound production mechanism of field crickets. This design uses peripheral actuation
unlike the usual full area actuation in the conventional electrostatic speaker designs or
unlike the electrodynamic speaker designs where the diaphragm is directly actuated by
magnet-coil partially covering the central area of the vibrating diaphragm. Also, as in the
cricket’s sound production mechanism, we design to take advantage of the resonance.
Our speaker essentially uses a silicon diaphragm created by etching out patterned
cavities in the handle layer of an SOI wafer and controlled lateral etch of the buried
oxide to create closely spaced top and bottom annular electrodes for peripheral actuation.
These electrodes are used to drive the diaphragm with audio signal close to its resonance.
The open cavity provides an incredible advantage in terms of increasing the pull-in
voltage enormously. While we demonstrate the working of these micro-speakers with
several audio signals, the development must continue with an array of such speakers for
attaining a flat response over audible frequency range in order to make them
commercially viable. The second novel design to build wafer thin loudspeakers is based
on an accidental discovery we made during testing of the cricket inspired speakers. We
demonstrate how two simple pieces of silicon stacked loosely together and actuated with
appropriate electrical signal produce sound. The theoretical explanation is given behind
the new design idea, whose foundation is electrostatic actuation. Also, a few initial
results for the thin speakers developed with this design are presented
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Ma, Yi-Fan, i 馬宜凡. "The Study of Finite Element Analysis of Micro-Speakers". Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/fgn382.
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碩士國立臺北科技大學
車輛工程系所
105
Micros-speakers are key components of portable devices such as computer, communication and consumer electronics. The aim of this study is to investigate the acoustic performance of rectangle micro-speaker by FEM simulation with COMSOL Multiphysics. Two simulation methods are applied, one is analog circuit analysis combined with FEM and the other is use FEM only. The simulation results are agreed with experimental data, especially the FEM one. It can save the time and cost for acoustic performance analysis at the stage of design.
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Liu, Min-Ting, i 柳旻廷. "Application of Finite Element Method for Micro-Speakers Parametric Study". Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/7rckw3.
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碩士國立臺北科技大學
車輛工程系所
105
As technology progresses, not only powerful function is demanded in electronic devices, public also has aspiration for having a thinner, and smaller exterior. As speaker’s volume influence its’ performance directly, the public’s requirement may cause limitations in designing it. Beside, development course is also compressed to fulfill customers’ expectations. To develop optimized sound performance and make best efficacy in the low frequency field, and to reduce the entire cost, running simulation is no doubt a tendency. Types of notebook speakers were collected and analyzed. After measuring those speakers’ length, width, and height, a standard speaker box was defined not to be larger than all of them. Finite element analysis software “COMSOL Multiphysics” was used to find the best design, and confirm the result with a true sample. Through the simulation process, the influences of different sizes of bass reflex tubes in low frequency area’s performance and their frequency response level were discovered. And, the best volume scale of bass-reflex tube was found. Results of the study were expected to let designers find the best volume scale in the initial stage, and most importantly, to develop a performance-optimized speaker system with minimum costs and time.
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Wang, Chia-Ying, i 王嘉瑩. "Optimal Design for Speakers of Cellular Phones Using Micro-Genetic Algorithm". Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/36207037754413528004.
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碩士逢甲大學
航太與系統工程所
95
The quality of a speaker is determined by its frequency response. A high quality and sensitivity are critical to achieving an ideal design of speakers. However, the influence parameters of a speaker design are quite a lot. In the past, most of the speaker designs were implemented based on the trial-and-error method and by the designer''s experiences. Hence the design process are not only time consuming but costly. In the thesis, an equivalent circuit was built to predict the frequency response of speakers and to determine the quality of speakers. We use a parameter study to determine the influence of electro-mechano-acoustical parameters on the performance of the speakers. This study combines the equivalent circuit method and state-of-the-art micro-genetic algorithm to optimize the design parameters. It is hoped that this study can provide an optimal design technique for the speaker manufactures in Taiwan.
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Cai, Chang, i 蔡長安. "Design and Analysis of Enclosure and Open Hole of Micro-speakers". Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/46459c.
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碩士國立臺北科技大學
車輛工程系所
95
Recently, audio performance becomes an important issue of the 3C products such as mobile phone and notebook. Micro-speakers are widely used in these products. The audio performance depends on the enclosure and open holes design. The aim of this research is to study the effect of the enclosure (front and rear) and also the size and pattern of open holes. Experiments are measured with the CLIO audio test system in a semi-anechoic room. The front-rear enclosure and open hole can be modeled as electric components in an analogous circuit of the EMA (Electro-Mechano-Acoustical) system. It can effectively simulate the audio performance in the product design stage.
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Godthi, Vamsy. "Dynamics Of Cricket Song Towards Nature-inspired MEMS Speakers". Thesis, 2015. https://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/2571.
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The clever designs of natural transducers are a great source of inspiration for man-made systems. At small length scales, there are many transducers in nature that we are now beginning to understand and learn from. Here, we present an example of such a transducer that is used by field crickets to produce their characteristic song. This transducer uses two distinct components—a file of discrete teeth and a plectrum that engages intermittently to produce a series of impulses forming the loading, and an approximately triangular membrane, called the harp, that acts as a resonator and vibrates in response to the impulse-train loading. The file-and-plectrum act as a frequency multiplier taking the low wing beat frequency as the input and converting it into an impulse-train of sufficiently high frequency close to the resonant frequency of the harp. The forced vibration response results in beats producing the characteristic sound of the cricket song. Based on various experimental observations reported in the literature, we model the sound production mechanism as consisting of three stages—actuator, frequency multiplier, and amplifier. We then examine how different features of the forewing govern the sound production. With careful experiments on the harp, we estimate the actual modulus of the harp cuticle and also measure the morphological features of the forewings of different field cricket species. Using this data, we construct a finite element model of the harp and carry out modal analysis to determine its natural frequency. We fine tune the model with appropriate elastic boundary conditions to match the natural frequency of the harp of a particular species—Gryllus bimaculatus. We model impulsive loading based on a loading scheme reported in the literature and predict the transient response of the harp. We show that the harp indeed produces beats and its frequency content matches closely that of the recorded song. Subsequently, we use our FEM model to show that the natural design is quite robust to structural perturbations in the file. The characteristic song frequency produced is unaffected by small variations in the spacing of file-teeth and even by larger gaps. We then attempt to predict a scaling law that crickets must use for spectrum allocation. We use our FEM model, with measurements and computations, to arrive at a predictive model that relates call frequencies of field crickets to the harp dimensions. We verify the validity of this model by using the measured dimensions of harps of nine field cricket species. We then use our model to provide possible explanations as to why the song frequency of various field crickets in our study is bounded between 3.1 kHz and 6.8 kHz. We also show that we are faced with similar challenges as crickets when designing miniature MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems) speakers. We present a design of MEMS speakers that is inspired by how the crickets actuate. We have been able to realize our first prototypes using simple fabrication processes. By electrostatically actuating the MEMS devices, we obtain a sound pressure of 70 dB SPL at a distance of 10 cm. We believe that with a few design and fabrication iterations, we will be able to achieve a much higher sound pressure output from the MEMS speakers.
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Godthi, Vamsy. "Dynamics Of Cricket Song Towards Nature-inspired MEMS Speakers". Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2005/2571.
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The clever designs of natural transducers are a great source of inspiration for man-made systems. At small length scales, there are many transducers in nature that we are now beginning to understand and learn from. Here, we present an example of such a transducer that is used by field crickets to produce their characteristic song. This transducer uses two distinct components—a file of discrete teeth and a plectrum that engages intermittently to produce a series of impulses forming the loading, and an approximately triangular membrane, called the harp, that acts as a resonator and vibrates in response to the impulse-train loading. The file-and-plectrum act as a frequency multiplier taking the low wing beat frequency as the input and converting it into an impulse-train of sufficiently high frequency close to the resonant frequency of the harp. The forced vibration response results in beats producing the characteristic sound of the cricket song. Based on various experimental observations reported in the literature, we model the sound production mechanism as consisting of three stages—actuator, frequency multiplier, and amplifier. We then examine how different features of the forewing govern the sound production. With careful experiments on the harp, we estimate the actual modulus of the harp cuticle and also measure the morphological features of the forewings of different field cricket species. Using this data, we construct a finite element model of the harp and carry out modal analysis to determine its natural frequency. We fine tune the model with appropriate elastic boundary conditions to match the natural frequency of the harp of a particular species—Gryllus bimaculatus. We model impulsive loading based on a loading scheme reported in the literature and predict the transient response of the harp. We show that the harp indeed produces beats and its frequency content matches closely that of the recorded song. Subsequently, we use our FEM model to show that the natural design is quite robust to structural perturbations in the file. The characteristic song frequency produced is unaffected by small variations in the spacing of file-teeth and even by larger gaps. We then attempt to predict a scaling law that crickets must use for spectrum allocation. We use our FEM model, with measurements and computations, to arrive at a predictive model that relates call frequencies of field crickets to the harp dimensions. We verify the validity of this model by using the measured dimensions of harps of nine field cricket species. We then use our model to provide possible explanations as to why the song frequency of various field crickets in our study is bounded between 3.1 kHz and 6.8 kHz. We also show that we are faced with similar challenges as crickets when designing miniature MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems) speakers. We present a design of MEMS speakers that is inspired by how the crickets actuate. We have been able to realize our first prototypes using simple fabrication processes. By electrostatically actuating the MEMS devices, we obtain a sound pressure of 70 dB SPL at a distance of 10 cm. We believe that with a few design and fabrication iterations, we will be able to achieve a much higher sound pressure output from the MEMS speakers.
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Liu, Feng-Ming, i 劉峰銘. "The Study of Cavity Design and Testing of Micro Speakers for the Smart Mobile Device". Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/b44uy2.
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碩士國立臺北科技大學
車輛工程系所
101
Impedance curves of a micro-speaker are not the same for different test methods. It influences the calculation of T-S parameters which are used to simulate the frequency response curve of a micro-speaker. Constant current testing and constant voltage testing are two common test methods for AC impedance measurement. Actually, the micro-loudspeaker in the circuit is driven by required power which let micro-speaker to achieve the specific capability. But different driving voltages cause the impedance of the loudspeaker varied which induces nonlinear characteristics. The purpose of this paper is to investigate impedance properties of a loudspeaker by using different testing methods, and also to study the linear capability of impedance and sound pressure frequency response at different experiment voltages. Measured sound pressure frequency response curves are compared with simulations from equivalent circuit method by using T-S parameters measured at different voltages. The differences between simulation and measured data are interpreted with the modal analysis of diaphragm. The micro-loudspeakers usually want to integrate into the smart mobile device, because internal structure of space and exterior covering of shape design different, to affect applications are also different chamber volume. Therefore, the different back and front chamber of volumes, housing holes, materials and thicknesses, using EMA analog circuit are analyzed by the experiment and simulation result.
Książki na temat "Micro speakers"
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Archikē epaggelmatikē ekpaideuē kai katartisē II. To mikro mou lexiko: Eikonographēmeno lexiko. Wyd. 2. Athēna: Ethniko kai Kapodistriako Panepistēmio Athēnōn, 2007.
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Gates, Susan, Martin Waddell i Michaela Morgan. Dustbin, the Ghost Ship, Hero, Cornflake Coin, Micro the Metal Dog. Oxford University Press, 2014.
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Mauranen, Anna. Second-Order Language Contact. Redaktorzy Markku Filppula, Juhani Klemola i Devyani Sharma. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199777716.013.010.
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This chapter discusses the nature of English as a lingua franca (ELF) as uniquely complex ‘second order language contact’, which arises from contact between ‘similects’ of speakers from given first language backgrounds. The data is drawn from speech in academic communities. ELF is best understood as operating on three levels: the macro-social, the micro-social, and the cognitive. English as a lingua franca is largely similar to English as a native language in comparable social circumstances, but it also manifests lexico-grammatical features that are clearly different: nonstandard grammatical and lexical forms are relatively common, together with lexical simplification in a statistical sense. As speakers make competent use of discourse phenomena for communicative success, it seems that lexico-grammatical accuracy may be less crucial to communication. The findings lend support to modelling language processes as discourse-driven, fuzzy and approximate, with a high level of tolerance for variability in form.
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Philops, Eternity. When Spirit Speaks: One Hundred Micro Meditations for the Heart and Soul. Soul Ink Press, 2017.
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Kiss, Katalin É. The rise and fall of Hungarian complex tenses. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747840.003.0005.
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This chapter reconstructs how and why complex tenses appeared in Hungarian grammar in the late Proto-Hungarian period, and how and why they disappeared 1000 years later. It claims that the evolution of complex tenses started with a micro-change: the reanalysis of the feature content of a verbal suffix. This step initiated further processes of reanalysis, analogical extension, and abstraction, as a consequence of which the tense system inherited from Uralic, distinguishing only past and nonpast, developed into a complex system marking both tense and viewpoint aspect. The chapter argues that both the appearance of complex tenses, and their disappearance, i.e., the replacement of morphological viewpoint aspect marking by situation aspect marking via verbal particles, was triggered by language contact. In both cases, a translinguistic reanalysis took place: Hungarian speakers assigned to the Hungarian construction the structural–functional properties of the construction of the contact language.
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Cave, Terence. Towards a Passing Theory of Literary Understanding. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794776.003.0010.
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Relevance theory offers a model of communication where utterances are constantly updated by the speaker, inviting the listener to engage in a corresponding activity of inferential adjustment. In the case of literature, the potential time-scale of this activity is expanded, whether by the length of the text, the passage of historical time, or the demands of close reading. How then do incremental effects operate within the virtual time of literary utterance? How does one effect become a platform or trigger for others? This chapter touches on issues such as the situated logic of collocation and the ‘echoic’ as a way of approaching literary allusiveness, and brings together the micro-analysis of a line of poetry with a broader-scope reflection on the principles that operate over extended fictions. Adapting to literary understanding Davidson’s notion of a ‘passing theory’, it tracks the time-bound, ephemeral passage of verbal events through the reader’s cognitive focus.
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Giebler, Heiko. Not Second-Order, but Still Second-Rate? Patterns of Electoral Behavior in German State Elections. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198792130.003.0009.
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Looking at differences in electoral outcome in first- and second-order elections, there is only scant evidence that the second-order approach holds when translated to and tested on the micro level. We present a more nuanced framework that distinguishes between direct and indirect contextual effects as implicit elements of the original second-order approach. Applying our framework to Länder and federal elections in Germany, we show that electoral behavior does not differ—there is no direct effect of the second-order arena. However, the analysis makes a strong case for an indirect effect that refers to the importance of first-order factors for their second-order counterparts. The first-order arena strongly influences individuals’ perceptions of the second-order arena and this indeed speaks in favor of a substantively revised second-order approach.
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Goode, Erich. The Taming of New York's Washington Square. NYU Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479878574.001.0001.
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This book addresses the matter of how social audiences, both formal agents of social control (the NYPD and the Park Enforcement Control) and the ordinary, everyday park-goer, react when they encounter what they consider wrongdoing, or “deviance.” The focus is on the micro or face-to-face interactional level; the larger structural forces are held in abeyance and assumed to operate, but they are not analysed or accounted for here. Likewise, literary and philosophical speculations as well as considering political and ideological implications have been left to other analysts. What constitutes deviance in an unconventional public setting remains the central issue throughout the volume. Visitors to the park—one that is known for celebrating difference and diversity—observe behaviour or utterances by an actor or a speaker in their presence that, they feel goes too far in violating their sense of acceptable norms. What do they do? How do they sanction the offender? The analysis in this book presents the reader with a series of anecdotes—events or episodes observed or statements overheard by the researcher that audiences, judging by their reactions, consider untoward. The action-reaction-interaction dynamics constitutes the lodestone of this volume. Washington Square Park is a “text”; this book represents a sociological “reading” of that text.
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Bavelas, Janet Beavin. Face-to-Face Dialogue. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190913366.001.0001.
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Face-to-face dialogue is the basic and universal form of language use, from everyday life to professional interactions. This book, written for a range of readers from researchers to practitioners, presents a program of research into the key features that make face-to-face dialogue unique: First, interacting in dialogue is highly reciprocal, with constant moment-by-moment interchanges. Dialogues that are face-to-face are also multimodal, combining speech with hand and facial gestures (including gaze) that contribute to both the content and the coordination of a dialogue. The book starts with two essential changes of focus, from individuals to interactions and from nonverbal communication to co-speech gestures. These lead to a wide variety of video-based experiments into how dialogue works, always from an interactional rather than an individual perspective. Results include the influence of the listener on the speaker, the importance of co-speech gestures in the coordination and management of dialogue, and an empirically supported model of mutual understanding as a constant, three-step micro-process of co-construction. Finally, there are applications to dialogues in a variety of practical settings, including psychotherapy, computer-mediated communication, infant autism, and medical consultations. Because microanalysis of even the most ordinary face-to-face dialogue reveals precision and skill on a second-by-second level, virtually every study includes examples from actual dialogues, and a supplementary website provides video analysis of these examples, which brings the details of face-to-face dialogue to life.
Części książek na temat "Micro speakers"
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Rusconi, Andrea, Sonia Costantini i Carlo Prelini. "Micro Speakers". W Silicon Sensors and Actuators, 651–76. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80135-9_20.
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Grenier, Gilles, i Serge Nadeau. "English as the Lingua franca and the Economic Value of Other Languages: The Case of the Language of Work in the Montreal Labor Market". W The Economics of Language Policy. The MIT Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262034708.003.0009.
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An important feature of Canada is that it has two official languages, English and French, and that one of them, English, is also the international lingua franca. This situation may have particular policy implications. Within Canada, the Montreal metropolitan area presents an interesting case in point: it has a majority of native French speakers, an important minority of native English speakers, and many immigrants from various linguistic backgrounds who try to make their way into the labor market. Using confidential micro-data from the 2006 Canadian Census, this chapter investigates the determinants and the economic values of the use of different languages at work in Montreal. Workers are divided into three groups: French, English and Other mother tongues, and indices are defined for the use of French, English, and Other languages at work. It is found that the use of English at work by non-English native speakers is positively related to the education level of the workers, while there is no such relationship for the use of French by native English speakers. The returns to using at work a language that is different from one’s mother tongue are analyzed with ordinary least squares and instrumental variables regressions. For the English mother tongue group, using French at work has little or no reward, while using English at work pays a lot for the French mother tongue group. For the Other mother tongues group, there is a high payoff to using an official language at work, especially English. This situation is not due to the inferior economic status of the native French speakers; it is due to the fact that English is the international lingua franca. The policy implications of the above results are discussed.
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Leisiö, Larisa. "Типология переключения кодов на примере русско-финских и нганасанско-русских языковых контактов". W Siberica et Uralica. Szeged: University of Szeged, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/sua.2022.56.179-195.
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Code switching typology completed in 1998 and partially revisited in 2013 (Auer 1998; 2013) is discussed and applied in the analysis of Russian speakers living in Finland and of Nganasan speakers living on the Taimyr Peninsula, Russian Federation. According to the code-switching typology, there are broadly seen three stages of codeswitching: code switching proper (I), code mixing (II) and mixed language (III). They form a one-directional continuum in language-contact situations, so that the direction from the first stage towards the third one cannot be reversed and, on the other hand, there is no clear boundary between the two consecutive stages. Both Finno-Russians and Nganasans use the other language in the interaction. Finno-Russians use Finnish in their Russian speech and Nganasans use Russian in their Nganasan-language interaction. All in all, language alternation of both groups varies between code-switching and code-mixing. Short and phono-morphologically integrated passages in the other language usually do not include interaction or narrative relevant meaning. Code-switched excerpts meaningful from the narrative or interaction viewpoint are longer and form the other-language islands. The status of the languages in society and the interaction type construct, respectively, macro- and micro-frameworks for language choice and the possibility of language alternation.
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Irwin, Patricia. "SO [totally] Speaker-oriented An Analysis of “Drama SO”". W Micro-Syntactic Variation in North American English, 29–70. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199367221.003.0002.
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Tortora, Christina. "Addressing the Problem of Intra-speaker Variation for Parametric Theory". W Micro-Syntactic Variation in North American English, 294–323. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199367221.003.0010.
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Riess Jones, Mari. "Melodies of Speech". W Time Will Tell, 279–300. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190618216.003.0013.
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The focus in this chapter is on fast speech events. Specifically, it centers upon the melodies of speech created by vocal modulations of micro-driving rhythms associated with a speaker’s fundamental frequency. Briefly, it is about vocal intonation patterns in speech. Theoretically, it concentrates on a listener’s ability to engage pitch tracking (i.e., frequency following) to follow a speaker’s changing vocal pitch. To describe pitch tracking, pitch contrasts arising from vocal modulations are formalized using the important entrainment construct of a detuning curve. This methodology is described in detail. A derivative of this curve is the isolation of pitch accents as extreme pitch contrasts. The remainder of this chapter focuses on the role of pitch accents in outlining slower macro-rhythms of intonation that invite either traditional mode-locking (hence global attractors) or transient mode-locking (hence attractor profiles).
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Vallier, Kevin. "Epilogue". W All the Kingdoms of the World, 265—C8P71. Oxford University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197611371.003.0009.
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Abstract Where does the anti-liberalism framework leave the conflict between liberals and non-liberals? This epilogue reviews the implications of the book for religious anti-liberal thought and addresses postliberalism as a broader intellectual movement. It also speaks to liberals struggling to answer new challenges to liberal political thought. Vallier proposes an alliance among liberals to protect liberal institutions. But he also argues that liberals must allow non-liberals a considerable measure of local political autonomy. Political autonomy could manifest as integralist charter cities. No matter the form, however, these micro-polities can fit within a federal liberal framework. All sides of the debate can be reconciled.
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"Bilingualism at the National and International Levels". W Understanding Bilingualism, Bilinguality, and Bilingual Education in an Era of Globalization, 60–117. IGI Global, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-4869-4.ch003.
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This chapter moves the discussions of bilingualism from the micro level to the macro level, specifically the national and international level, to view bilingualism from a global perspective. The first topic explored is language policies and language planning. Some cases of language policies and language planning are exemplified to show how language policies or language planning can be affected by a nation or region's historical backgrounds, societal and political changes, and even individuals' linguistic attitudes and behaviors. The long-standing issues of linguistic hegemony of English and native speakerism are then discussed. The discussions are followed by discussions of how the trend of bilingualism and language education has changed from colonialism to globalization, and globalization, in turn, is affected by neoliberalism. Finally, the author draws readers' attention to and reminds readers of the similarities existing between and among different languages and cultures.
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Gajda, Alexandra. "Corpus Christi, Catholics, and the Elizabethan Reformation". W History of Universities, 263–86. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198848523.003.0015.
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This chapter looks at the impact of the Elizabethan Religious Settlement upon institutions and the individuals who peopled them. Beginning with the protestant ‘conversion‘ of Corpus Christi College and the university in the 1560s, it shows that the micro-history of the college’s experience of reformation speaks revealingly to a broader historiography about the implementation of the Settlement in the tense first decade of the Queen’s reign. The imposition of protestant religion within the university and its colleges and halls can be seen as a test case of the state’s ability to compel obedience to the parliamentary statutes that established the new church. This process was rendered exceptionally difficult both by the strength of adherence to Catholicism in ‘conservative‘ Oxford, but also by the complexity of the university’s structure: the overlapping jurisdictions between the university and its colleges and halls and the traditions of autonomy and self-government within each.
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Clark, Sam. "Design tweaks". W Inside Retirement Housing, 231–46. Policy Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447357629.003.0014.
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Chapter 13 contains a reflective account that acknowledges the author’s agency as researcher and creative practitioner. It is the meta narrative that relates to and connects the other research stories within the volume. It also offers a less censored designer perspective that speaks more directly to the experience of architectural practitioners and those engaged in practice-led research. In particular this chapter reflects on the theme of design research for change, and seeks to answer three questions: (i) who decided what to change, (ii) who activated the change and (iii) who has been affected by the change? Here ‘change’ is defined as revised or tweaked design patterns for an established housing product – the retirement villa. A case study is used to demonstrate how small changes can positively affect the experiences of residents and their visitors while occupying communal spaces within residential developments. It explores the process of ‘tweaking’ the design template for a shared lounge, to include an open-plan coffee bar that gives the space a distinct character and relatable programme. The chapter thus explores architectural agency through micro design changes that have the potential to impact a population of older people, particularly when replicated across an expanding portfolio of retirement villas.
Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Micro speakers"
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"Invited speakers [15 speaker biographies]". W 2013 8th IEEE International Conference on Nano/Micro Engineered and Molecular Systems (NEMS). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nems.2013.6559672.
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"Topics and invited speakers". W 2009 6th International Workshop on Wearable Micro and Nanosystems for Personalized Health (pHealth 2009). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/phealth.2009.5754844.
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Kshetri, Nir. "Keynote speakers big data deployment in assessing the creditworthiness of low-income families and micro-enterprises in emerging economies: Platforms, methodologies and business models". W 2015 Fifteenth International Conference on Advances in ICT for Emerging Regions (ICTer). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icter.2015.7377655.
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Pobar, M., i I. Ipsic. "Online speaker de-identification using voice transformation". W 2014 37th International Convention on Information and Communication Technology, Electronics and Microelectronics (MIPRO). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mipro.2014.6859761.
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Kataoka, Kuniyoshi. "Poetics through Body and Soul: A Plurimodal Approach". W GLOCAL Conference on Asian Linguistic Anthropology 2019. The GLOCAL Unit, SOAS University of London, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47298/cala2019.4-1.
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In this presentation, I will show that various multimodal resources—such as utterance, prosody, rhythm, schematic images, and bodily reactions—may integratively contribute to the holistic achievement of poeticity. By incorporating the ideas from “ethnopoetics” (Hymes 1981, 1996) and “gesture studies” (McNeill 1992, 2005), I will present a plurimodal analysis of naturally occurring interactions by highlighting the interplay among the verbal, nonverbal, and corporeal representations. With those observations, I confirm that poeticity is not a distinctive quality restricted to constructed poetry or “high” culture, but rather an endowment to any kind of natural discourse that is co-constructed by various semiotic resources. My claim specifically concerns a renewed interest in an ethnopoetic kata ‘form/ shape/ style/ model’ embraced as performative “habitus” among Japanese speakers (Kataoka 2012). Kata, in its broader sense, is stable as well as versatile, often serving as an organizational “template” for performance, which at opportune moments may change its shape and trajectory according to ongoing developments. In other words, preferred structures are not confined to an emergent management of performance, but should also incorporate culturally embedded practices with immediate (re)actions. In order to promote this claim, I explore a case in which mutually coordinated performance is extensively pursued for sharing sympathy and camaraderie. Such a kata-driven construction was typically observed in a highly involved, interactional interview about the Great East Japan Earthquake, in which both interviewer and interviewee were recursively oriented and attuned to the same rhythmic and organizational pattern consisting of an odd-number of kata. Based on these observations, I argue that indigenous principles of organizing discourse are as crucial as the mechanisms of conversational organization, with the higher-order, macro cultural preferences inevitably infiltrating into the micro management of spontaneous talk.
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Desai, Nihalkumar, i Nikunj Tahilramani. "Digital Speech Watermarking for Authenticity of Speaker in Speaker Recognition System". W 2016 International Conference on Micro-Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering (ICMETE). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmete.2016.13.
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Portelo, Jose, Bhiksha Raj, Alberto Abad i Isabel Trancoso. "Privacy-preserving speaker verification using secure binary embeddings". W 2014 37th International Convention on Information and Communication Technology, Electronics and Microelectronics (MIPRO). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mipro.2014.6859762.
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Correia, M. J., A. Abad i I. Trancoso. "Preventing converted speech spoofing attacks in speaker verification". W 2014 37th International Convention on Information and Communication Technology, Electronics and Microelectronics (MIPRO). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mipro.2014.6859772.
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Kyung, Youn-Jeong, i Hwang-Soo Lee. "Text independent speaker recognition using micro-prosody". W 5th International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (ICSLP 1998). ISCA: ISCA, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.21437/icslp.1998-219.
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Yu, Yipeng, Xiao Chen i Hui Zhan. "VideoMaster: A Multimodal Micro Game Video Recreator". W Thirty-Second International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-23}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2023/844.
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To free human from laborious video production, this paper proposes the building of VideoMaster, a multimodal system equipped with four capabilities: highlight extraction, video describing, video dubbing and video editing. It extracts interesting episodes from long game videos, generates subtitles for each episode, reads the subtitles through synthesized speech, and finally re-creates a better short video through video editing. Notably, VideoMaster takes a combination of deep learning and traditional computer vision techniques to extract highlights with fine-to-coarse labels, utilizes a novel framework named PCSG-v (probabilistic context sensitive grammar for video) for video description generation, and imitates a target speaker's voice to read the description. To the best of our knowledge, VideoMaster is the first multimedia system that can automatically produce product-level micro-videos without heavy human annotation.