Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Mexican americans – colonization – history

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  1. Artykuły w czasopismach
  2. Rozprawy doktorskie
  3. Książki
  4. Części książek
  5. Streszczenia konferencji

Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Mexican americans – colonization – history”

Autor: Grafiati
Data publikacji: 26 lipca 2024

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Mexican americans – colonization – history"

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Veselova, Irina. "Ángel María Garibay (1892-1967): the analysis of Nahuati poetic texts as a contribution to Mexican historical science." Исторический журнал: научные исследования, no. 5 (May 2020): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0609.2020.5.34160.

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The subject of this research is scientific activity of the Mexican philologist and historian Ángel María Garibay (1892-1967), who dedicated his life to accumulation, translation and analysis of various types of texts written in the Nahuatl language during the pre-colonial period and Spanish colonization of the Americas. The goal consists in clarification of schoolar’s contribution to the development of Mexican historical science, namely the ancient history of Mexico. The article analyzes the key stages in scientific career of A. M. Garibay, as well as examines his major works. The persona of this scholar and his writings unfortunately did not receive due attention in the Russian Latin American Studies. The conclusion is made that the works of A. M. Garibay predetermined the vector of research in the area of culture of pre-Columbian period of Mexico for decades ahead. His outlook upon the history of pre-Columbian civilizations in a remarkable manner intertwines with the perception of ancient history of the region by Creole historians of the late XVIII century. Garibay alongside Creole historians analogizes the culture of ancient Mexicans with the cultures of European antiquity. This article can be valuable to national researchers dealing with Mexican historiography and Mexican history overall.
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Hellier-Tinoco, Ruth. "Constructing “Old Spanish Days, Inc.” in Santa Barbara, California, USA: Flamenco vs. Mexican Ballet Folklórico." Congress on Research in Dance Conference Proceedings 2014 (2014): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cor.2014.12.

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Old Spanish Days Fiesta, an annual five-day event held in Santa Barbara, California, since 1924, “… provides an education to residents and visitors about the history, customs, and traditions of the American Indian, Spanish, Mexican, and early American settlers that comprise the rich cultural heritage of Santa Barbara” (http://www.sbfiesta.org). Dance plays a central role, with flamenco in the spotlight as the prime corporeal practice, constructing Spanishness through romanticized and revisionist historiography, and validating European colonization, migration, and diaspora. Although Mexican ballet folklórico is also featured, given the socio-political context in relation to people of Mexican heritage (recent and long-term) in Santa Barbara, I argue that deliberately privileging flamenco as the principal dance perpetuates problematic divisions, validating Europe and simultaneously undermining a Mexican presence.
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Monroy, D. "Mexican American Colonization during the Nineteenth Century: A History of the U.S.-Mexico Borderlands." Journal of American History 100, no. 1 (2013): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jahist/jat148.

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Bodner, Martin, Ugo A. Perego, J. Edgar Gomez, et al. "The Mitochondrial DNA Landscape of Modern Mexico." Genes 12, no. 9 (2021): 1453. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12091453.

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Mexico is a rich source for anthropological and population genetic studies with high diversity in ethnic and linguistic groups. The country witnessed the rise and fall of major civilizations, including the Maya and Aztec, but resulting from European colonization, the population landscape has dramatically changed. Today, the majority of Mexicans do not identify themselves as Indigenous but as admixed, and appear to have very little in common with their pre-Columbian predecessors. However, when the maternally inherited mitochondrial (mt)DNA is investigated in the modern Mexican population, this is not the case. Control region sequences of 2021 samples deriving from all over the country revealed an overwhelming Indigenous American legacy, with almost 90% of mtDNAs belonging to the four major pan-American haplogroups A2, B2, C1, and D1. This finding supports a very low European contribution to the Mexican gene pool by female colonizers and confirms the effectiveness of employing uniparental markers as a tool to reconstruct a country’s history. In addition, the distinct frequency and dispersal patterns of Indigenous American and West Eurasian clades highlight the benefit such large and country-wide databases provide for studying the impact of colonialism from a female perspective and population stratification. The importance of geographical database subsets not only for forensic application is clearly demonstrated.
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Veselova, Irina. "Contribution of Joaquín García Icazbalceta (1825-1894) to Mexican historiography." Genesis: исторические исследования, no. 10 (October 2020): 113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-868x.2020.10.34032.

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The subject of this article is the research activity of Joaquín García Icazbalceta (1825-1894) – a historian, linguist and bibliographer who published a large number of documents on the history of Mexico, namely records on Spanish colonization of the Americas and establishment of the colonial system. Analysis is conducted the formation of scientific views of the Mexican scholar in the context of the impact of external factors, such as the political and socioeconomic situation, as well as public thought. This author reveals the historiographical and methodological foundation of the indicated concept, as well as assesses the degree of influence of the external factors upon the movement of Mexican historical science in late XIX century. Joaquín García Icazbalceta was a persevering scholar, who dedicated most of his life to collecting and publishing of the rare historical writings and documents. He is the author of a number articles, which although are not considered complete research works, are based on reputable sources and shed lights on some aspects of the ancient and colonial history of Mexico. Despite the seeming affinity for Spanish heritage in Mexican culture, Joaquín García Icazbalceta greatly contributed to research on the history of Aztecs, forming and leaving to the future generations of historians a substantial documentary base that allows discovering Mexican history of the XVI century, as well as other periods of history of the country.
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Van Rankin-Anaya, Armando. "Mexico's colonial and early postcolonial state-formation: A political-Marxist account." enero-abril 30, no. 1 (2022): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.18232/20073496.1301.

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This paper analyses the agrarian hacienda as the chief defining political-economic institution that shaped class composition and state formation of colonial and early postcolonial Mexico. Following the insightful theoretical framework of political Marxism, this article reviews the evolution of Mexican social property relations from the colonization (in the 16th century) to independence (in the 19th century) employing a novel methodology. Due to the highly historicist-oriented perspective of this neo-Marxist wisdom –and its concrete notion of capitalism as a property regime politically constructed– this paper argues that the agrarian hacienda was substantially precapitalist. This reexamination, in turn, challenges structural and pancapitalist accounts within neo-Marxist thought such as Wallerstein’s world-system theory that argues conversely: that European colonialism in the Americas was capitalist. This work aims to expand the application of political Marxism literature to the Latin American context.
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Spencer, Andrew M. "Catholicism as Environmental Protest in Rudolfo Anaya’s Bless Me, Ultima and Ana Castillo’s So Far from God." MELUS: Multi-Ethnic Literature of the United States 48, no. 4 (2023): 165–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/melus/mlad074.

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Abstract The geographical region of the US Southwest now known as New Mexico has been colonized by successive waves of invaders. First, the Spanish arrived carrying with them a militant Catholicism that sought to uproot and replace Native spiritualities. Next, the newly independent Mexican government also used Catholicism as a tool of colonization to counter the threat of Native uprisings and Anglo-American encroachment. Finally, following the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo in 1848, New Mexico was overrun by Anglo settlers as US policies uprooted Spanish and Mexican landowners from their inherited land grants. While Catholicism remained the dominant religion among the mestiza/o population, Native spiritualities were also able to subvert and influence the direction that this now-distinctive New Mexican Catholicism would take. While scholars have read the decolonial and environmental justice themes at work in these Native spiritualities in both Rudolfo Anaya’s Bless Me, Ultima (1972) and Ana Castillo’s So Far from God (1993), I argue that the Catholic faith of the characters in these novels also plays an important role despite the religion’s use as a tool of colonization in the past. Different from the hybridization process used by the Roman Catholic church to erase/subsume indigenous spiritualities, the iterations of Catholicism in these novels seek a more subtle subversion of the faith’s colonial history. By recognizing the function of guilt within the Catholic church to control behavior, these novels throw this guilt back on the colonizer by redefining the Catholic terminology of sin as harm against people of color and the earth.
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Mora, A. P. "JOSE ANGEL HERNANDEZ. Mexican American Colonization during the Nineteenth Century: A History of the U.S.-Mexico Borderlands." American Historical Review 118, no. 3 (2013): 818–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ahr/118.3.818.

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Quintana-Vallejo, Ricardo. "Review: In the Mean Time: Temporal Colonization and the Mexican American Literary Tradition, by Erin Murrah-Mandril." Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos 37, no. 2 (2021): 315–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/msem.2021.37.2.315.

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McKiernan-González, John. "Mexican American Colonization during the Nineteenth Century: A History of the U.S.-Mexico Borderlands by José Angel Hernández." Southwestern Historical Quarterly 118, no. 1 (2014): 90–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/swh.2014.0082.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Mexican americans – colonization – history"

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Delgado, Godinez Esperanza. "Mexicanidad an oral history /." Online full text .pdf document, available to Fuller patrons only, 2003. http://www.tren.com.

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Gamboa, Maria C. "The legacy of pioneer Mexican-Americans in South Colton, California." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1989. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/549.

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Page, Sebastian Nicholas. "The American Civil War and black colonization." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:8a344a9f-1264-4f70-bef5-f9a4b40162d4.

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This is a study of the pursuit of African American colonization as a state and latterly a federal policy during the period c. 1850-65. Historians generally come to the topic via an interest in the Civil War and especially in Lincoln, but in so doing, they saddle it with moral judgment and the burden of rather self-referential debates. The thesis argues that, whilst the era’s most noteworthy ventures into African American colonization did indeed emerge from the circumstances of the Civil War, and from the personal efforts of the president, one can actually offer the freshest insights on Lincoln by bearing in mind that colonization was, above all, a real policy. It enjoyed the support of other adherents too, and could be pursued by various means, which themselves might have undergone adjustment over time and by trial and error. Using an array of unpublished primary sources, the study finds that Lincoln and his allies actively pursued colonization for a longer time, and with more persistence in the face of setbacks, than scholars normally assume. The policy became entangled in considerations of whether it was primarily a domestic or an international matter, whilst other overlapping briefs also sabotaged its execution, even as the administration slowly learned various lessons about how not to go about its implementation.By early 1864, the resulting confusion, as well as the political fallout from the fiasco of the one expedition to go ahead, curtailed the president’s ability to continue with the policy. There are strong suggestions, however, that he had not repudiated colonization, and possibly looked to revive it, even as he showed a tentative interest in alternative futures for African Americans. This thesis makes a case against unrealistically binary thinking, anachronistic assumptions, abused hindsight, sweeping interpretive frameworks, and double standards of evidentiary assessment respecting a technically imperfect and ethically awkward policy.
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Ríos-Bustamante, Antonio. "El Orgullo De Ser: Mexican American/Latino Applied History Programs, Exhibitions and Museums." University of Arizona, Mexican American Studies and Research Center, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/218873.

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Springs, Zandalee. "Mexican Masculinities: Migration and Experiences of Contemporary Mexican American Men." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/693.

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This thesis examined how four Male Mexican American post-undergraduate college students constructed their views on what it means “to be a man”. The method of oral histories not only for it’s power but also for its ability to offer a different perspective than that given by theory. Oral histories offer a rich perspective that has the power to challenge dominant narratives. The thesis was set up to reflect the way that the past informs the future. Through beginning with the history of U.S.-Mexico border relations via NAFTA, the Bracero Program, and the Border Patrol, one grasps the contentious relationship between the two countries and is introduced to the idea of pluarlities. Due to the relationship of labor to masculinity, theories on masculinity, machismo, and macho were discussed. The last two chapters centered on the oral histories of each man. “Origins,” the third chapter examined the “history” behind each orator. Finally chapter four, examined what masculinity, machismo, macho, and “being a man” is to each man. It is through this foregrounding in theory that one is able to better understand lived experiences. Through the combining of both theory and lived experiences, one is able to see the both the disconnect and overlap between the two. Although the responses ranged on what it “means to be a man” if you could essentialize it, there were are few themes that reappeared. “To be a Man” is about taking responsibility for your actions, being there for one’s family, and having honor. The range of responses only goes to highlight the complexities of even one term and each term could certainly warrant its own dissertation. Based on my brief research, there is still much work to be done on each area of focus.
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McCarty, Kieran. "Selections from A Frontier Documentary: Mexican Tucson, 1821-1856." University of Arizona, Mexican American Studies and Research Center, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/219036.

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Olden, Danielle R. "Whiteness in the Middle: Mexican Americans, School Desegregation and the Making of Race in Modern America." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1376959729.

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Goldberger, Stephanie. "Mexican-Americans in Los Angeles: Strengthening Their Ethnic Identity Through Chivas USA." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/307.

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A large Mexican-American population already exists in Los Angeles and, with each generation, it continues to rise. This Mexican-American community has maintained its connection to its heritage by playing and watching soccer, Mexico’s top watched sport. In this thesis, I analyze how Major League Soccer's Chivas USA serves as an outlet through which many Mexicans in Los Angeles have developed their ethnic identities. Since the early twentieth century, Mexicans in Los Angeles have created separate residential communities and sports organizations to strengthen their connections with one another. To appeal to Mexican-Americans, Chivas USA has branded itself closely to its sister team Chivas Guadalajara of Mexico. I explore how Chivas USA's Mexican-American fans have responded to the team's arrival in Los Angeles by forming three different supporter groups — Legion 1908, Union Ultras, and Black Army 1850. By interviewing members of the Union Ultras and Black Army 1850, I learned their beliefs towards a range of issues, including: why they support Chivas USA rather than the Los Angeles Galaxy and how they view the poor representation of Mexican-American players on the United States National Soccer Team. As I conclude, these supporter groups have increased in number and diversity as Chivas USA has grown in popularity. To increase its Mexican-American fan base and to sustain professional soccer in Los Angeles, Chivas USA should relocate to a new stadium for the Major League Soccer's 2013 season and consider rebranding its name to "Chivas Los Angeles."
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Lucero, Herman Robert. "Plessy to Brown: Education of Mexican Americans in Arizona public schools during the era of segregation." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/280724.

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This study provides an analysis of the historical events that shaped the public school education of Mexican American children in Arizona in the first half of the twentieth century. This study also examines how segregation was established in two cities in northern Arizona and how schooling affected the feelings and emotions of former students. From about 1900 to 1950 Mexican American children were required to attend segregated schools or were segregated in different classrooms even though there were no laws that mandated segregation. Segregation was established under the guise of providing special accommodations for Spanish-speakers. However, it was clear that the education policies of Arizona in the 1930s and 1940s were to prepare Mexican children for "Mexican" occupations. These educational programs had their roots in Americanization policies implemented earlier in the twentieth century. At the root of the Americanization policies in the Southwest was the notion that the Mexican immigrant was culturally inferior and could not be assimilated into the American mainstream until the Mexican culture and language were eradicated. Included in these policies were Mexican Americans, although they were United States citizens. Mexican children in school were publicly humiliated, physically and verbally abused for speaking Spanish on school grounds. The high school dropout rates for Mexican Americans in those years were very high. Mexican students were not encouraged to go to college by educators because they felt that the students did not have the mental skills to achieve academic success and because they did not need a higher education for the "Mexican" jobs they would be working. Most people are unaware of the extent of public school segregation of Mexican Americans in the state of Arizona. The public is generally aware of the segregation of African Americans in public schools and to some degree of the segregation of Native Americans in boarding schools. Segregation of Mexican Americans in the public schools is an important chapter in Arizona history that must be told to illustrate the struggle in the daily lives of past generations of Mexican Americans to overcome the numerous racial and discriminatory practices they experienced.
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Lindsay, Amanda J. "Controversy on the Mountain: Post Colonial Interpretations of the Crazy Horse Memorial." Kent State University Honors College / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ksuhonors1604332472945685.

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Książki na temat "Mexican americans – colonization – history"

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Mexican American colonization during the nineteenth century: A history of the U.S.-Mexico Borderlands. Cambridge University Press, 2012.

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Gómez, Laura E. Manifest destinies: The making of the Mexican American race. New York University, 2007.

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F, Fox John. Macnamara's Irish colony and the United States taking of California in 1846. McFarland, 2000.

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El Proyecto Macnamara: The maverick Irish priest and the race to seize California 1844-1846. Merrion, 2014.

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González, Deena J. Refusing the favor: The Spanish-Mexican women of Santa Fe, 1820-1880. Oxford University Press, 1999.

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Negotiating conquest: Gender and power in California, 1770s to 1880s. University of Arizona Press, 2004.

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Bandon, Alexandra. Mexican Americans. New Discovery Books, 1993.

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Mexican Americans. Heinemann Library, 2003.

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Schroeder, Michael J. Mexican Americans. Chelsea House, 2007.

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The Mexican Americans. Mason Crest Publishers, 2008.

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Części książek na temat "Mexican americans – colonization – history"

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Rizk, Beatriz J. "Mexican Americans." In A History of Latinx Performing Arts in the U.S. Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003384632-6.

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Gartner, Danielle R., and Rachel E. Wilbur. "Exploring Public Health’s Role in Addressing Historical Trauma Among U.S. Indigenous Populations." In Public Health Ethics Analysis. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92080-7_8.

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AbstractDespite decades of often well-intentioned work, public health interventions can fail to achieve desired outcomes within Native American communities. These failures may not be due to a lack of motivation on either side. Rather, they stem from a history of colonization which continues to impact the fundamental structure of public health as well as Native American responses to public health intervention. We purport that there are discrepancies between the tools provided in much of public health’s core training and the reality and needs of work in Indian Country. These discrepancies, including a fundamental lack of knowledge about historical trauma events and the ways their impacts reverberate through communities, families, and individuals, contribute to continued experiences of health disparities by Native Americans. Using narrative, this paper offers examples of this schism and is followed by four actionable steps that individuals working in settler public health institutions can take when approaching work with Native nations and communities.
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González, Deena J. "The Politics of Disidentification and RecuperationNotations about the “New” Western American History." In Refusing the Favor. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195078909.003.0005.

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Abstract This book has suggested a framework for unraveling historically the positions and situations of Chicanas by examining their history in one com- munity across a relatively short expanse of time last century (relative, that is, to their presence in the region studied). Its structure and its arguments have made the point that a different angle of vision is necessary if we are to unpack the implications of colonization. Becauses they were persistent, accommodating survivors, it is not surprising that the Spanish-Mexican women I have writ- ten about persevered and that their grandchildren, the Chicanas of Santa Fe, presently endure ongoing colonization. What is surprising, however, is how hidden female ancestors have been in the stories men have told of Santa Fe— how undervalued or invisible they have been in these renderings, even in re- cent decades. This chapter situates these oversights in the context of newer writings that deal with the racial and sexual politics surrounding the “encoun- ters “ between westering Euro-American and Spanish-Mexican frontiers- people. It offers a critique of that literature and proposes different possibili- ties—as each chapter has in this book—for examining the lives of women on this and other colonized frontiers of the world.
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Mitchell, Peter. "New Worlds for the Donkey." In The Donkey in Human History. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198749233.003.0013.

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One of the signature historical phenomena of the past 500 years has been the global expansion of European societies and their trans-Atlantic offshoots. The mercantile networks, commercial systems, and empires of conquest and colonization that formed the political and economic framework of that expansion involved the discovery and extraction of new mineral and agricultural resources, the establishment of new infrastructures of transport and communication, and the forcible relocation of millions of people. Another key component was the Columbian Exchange, the multiple transfers of people, animals, plants, and microbes that began even before Columbus, gathered pace after 1492, and were further fuelled as European settlement advanced into Africa, Australasia, and the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Donkeys evolved in the Old World and were confined there until the Columbian Exchange was underway. This chapter explores the introduction of the donkey and the mule to the Americas and, more briefly, to southern Africa and Australia. In keeping with my emphasis on seeking archaeological evidence with which to illuminate the donkey’s story, I omit other aspects of its expansion, such as the trade in animals to French plantations on the Indian Ocean islands of Réunion and Mauritius or, on a much greater scale, India to meet the demands of the British Raj. These examples nevertheless reinforce the argument that mules and donkeys were instrumental in creating and maintaining the structures of economic and political power that Europeans and Euro- Americans wielded in many parts of the globe. From Brazil to the United States, Mexico to Bolivia, Australia to South Africa, they helped directly in processing precious metals and were pivotal in moving gold and silver from mines to centres of consumption. At the same time, they aided the colonization of vast new interiors devoid of navigable rivers, maintained communications over terrain too rugged for wheeled vehicles to pose serious competition, and powered new forms of farming. Their contributions to agriculture and transport were well received by many of the societies that Europeans conquered and their mestizo descendants. However, they also provided opportunities for other Native communities to maintain a degree of independence and identity at and beyond the margins of the European-dominated world.
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"History of Mexican Americans in Politics." In Mexican Americans and the Politics of Diversity. University of Arizona Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv2rsfds9.8.

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"Environmental History of Mega-Mexico, El Sur." In Mexican Americans and the Environment. University of Arizona Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv2vvsxft.10.

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"Environmental History of Mega-Mexico, El Norte." In Mexican Americans and the Environment. University of Arizona Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv2vvsxft.11.

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"Conclusion. Of Oral History and Research Possibilities." In Texas Mexican Americans and Postwar Civil Rights. University of Texas Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.7560/767515-007.

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"The U.S. Colonization of Northern Mexico and the Creation of Mexican Americans." In Manifest Destinies, Second Edition. NYU Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1pwt9vn.6.

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"2. Mexican Americans: A History of Replenishment and Assimilation." In Replenished Ethnicity. University of California Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/9780520946071-005.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Mexican americans – colonization – history"

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Almeida, Juliana, and Fernanda Almeida. "AN UPDATE ON THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN TYPE 2 DIABETES AND ALZHEIMER- A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW." In XIII Meeting of Researchers on Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1980-5764.rpda076.

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Background: The association of Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) and Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), that is 6th cause of death in United States, have been long noted. The history of T2D increases the risk for AD by 50-200% and the 10 years risk in 10-30%, which is 25-35 times the general. Objective: To investigate findings of the last 5 years that directly correlate T2D with AD. Methods: Use of the PICO strategy, conducted on September 17, on PubMed using “Alzheimer disease” and “diabetes mellitus” as descriptors, identifying 14 articles, selecting 4 after screening. Inclusion criteria: clinical and randomized controlled trials with diabetic and Alzheimer patients, published on the last 5 years. Exclusion criteria: articles focused on medications. Results: Mexican Americans are more likely to evolve T2D, to have an earlier onset and severer forms of AD. Furthermore, cell-free mitochondrial DNA, common in diabetics, is related to cognitive impairment. Besides, metformin improves learning, memory and attention skills, and BG control is linked to longer survival time and an apparent delay of the dementia. Moreover, lower levels of plasma amyloid-β (Aβ) 40 and 42 were found when T2D and higher levels of Aβ42 have been found in people treated with insulin, but the Aβ levels meaning needs to be clarified. Conclusion: T2D is often related to lifestyle and AD to a genetic component. Anyhow, more studies are needed to clarify the meaning of these findings. Study limitations: few trials performed.
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Macken, Jared. "The Ordinary within the Extraordinary: The Ideology and Architectural Form of Boley, an “All-Black Town” in the Prairie." In 111th ACSA Annual Meeting Proceedings. ACSA Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.am.111.63.

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In 1908, Booker T. Washington stepped off the Fort Smith and Western Railway train into the town of Boley, Oklahoma. Washington found a bustling main street home to over 2,500 African American citizens. He described this collective of individuals as unified around a common goal, “with the definite intention of getting a home and building up a community where they can, as they say, be ‘free.’” The main street was the physical manifestation of this idea, the center of the community. It was comprised of ordinary banks, store front shops, theaters, and social clubs, all of which connected to form a dynamic cosmopolitan street— an architectural collective form. Each building aligned with its neighbor creating a single linear street, a space where the culture of the town thrived. This public space became a symbol of the extraordinary lives and ideology of its citizens, who produced an intentional utopia in the middle of the prairie. Boley is one of more than fifty “All-Black Towns” that developed in “Indian Territory” before Oklahoma became a state. Despite their prominence, these towns’ potential and influence was suppressed when the territory became a state in 1907. State development was driven by lawmaker’s ambition to control the sovereign land of Native Americans and impose control over towns like Boley by enacting Jim Crow Laws legalizing segregation. This agenda manifests itself in the form and ideology of the state’s colonial towns. However, the story of the state’s history does not reflect the narrative of colonization. Instead, it is dominated by tales of sturdy “pioneers” realizing their role within the myth of manifest destiny. In contrast, Boley’s history is an alternative to this myth, a symbol of a radical ideology of freedom, and a form that reinforces this idea. Boley’s narrative begins to debunk the myth of manifest destiny and contrast with other colonial town forms. This paper explores the relationship between the architectural form of Boley’s main street and the town’s cultural significance, linking the founding community’s ideology to architectural spaces that transformed the ordinary street into a dynamic social space. The paper compares Boley’s unified linear main street, which emphasized its citizens and their freedom, with another town typology built around the same time: Perry’s centralized courthouse square that emphasized the seat of power that was colonizing Cherokee Nation land. Analysis of these slightly varied architectural forms and ideologies reorients the historical narrative of the state. As a result, these suppressed urban stories, in particular that of Boley’s, are able to make new contributions to architectural discourse on the city and also change the dominant narratives of American Expansion.
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