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Zysk, Janusz. "Modeling of the atmospheric dispersion of heavy metals over Poland". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC1169.
Pełny tekst źródłaModelling of atmospheric transport of heavy metals emitted from Polish power sectorMany studies have been conducted to investigate the atmospheric heavy metals contamination and its deposition to ecosystems. The increasing attention to mercury pollution has been mainly driven by the growing evidence of its negative impacts on wildlife, ecosystems and particularly human health. Lead and cadium are also toxics which are being emitted into the atmosphere by anthropogenic as well as natural sources. The harmful influence of these three heavy metals was underlined in the Aarhus Protocol on Heavy Metals of 1998. The Parties of this protocol (including Poland) are obligated to reduce emissions, observe the transport and the amounts of lead, mercury and cadmium in the environment.Poland is one of the biggest emitter of mercury, lead and cadmium in Europe mainly due to emission from coal combustion processes. Therefore in Poland, research efforts to study the heavy metals emission, atmospheric transport, concentration and deposition are extremely important. The objectives of this work were twofold:• The practical objective was to develop and run a model to represent the atmospheric dispersion of mercury and to implement it in the air quality modelling platform Polyphemus.• The scientific objective was to perform heavy metals dispersion studies over Europe and detailed studies of the impact of the polish power sector on the air quality regarding mercury, cadmium and lead.To meet the declared aim, a new mercury chemical model was implemented into the Polyphemus air quality system. The scientific literature was reviewed regarding mercury chemistry and mercury chemical models. It can be concluded that the chemistry of mercury is still not well known. The models also differ in the way of calculating the dry and wet deposition of mercury. The elemental gaseous mercury ambient concentrations are evenly distributed, on the contrary, high variations in the spatial gradients of reactive gaseous and particulate forms of mercury air concentrations and deposition fluxes were noted.This study shows that many components of the developed model have crucial impacts on the results. In the model of mercury chemistry, the most effective pathway in the gaseous phase are the oxidation of gaseous elemental mercury by hydroxyl radical, ozone and most of all bromine oxide radicals, while in the aqueous phase the reduction reactions of elemental mercury dominate. These reactions have a crucial influence on the mass balance of reactive mercury, but a rather low influence on gaseous elemental mercury (GEM). In this model, dry deposition of gaseous elemental mercury is the prevailing process for removing mercury from the atmosphere. Dry deposition of GEM over land is equally distributed, due to almost uniform ambient concentrations. The relatively high dry deposition flux of gaseous elemental mercury has a huge influence on the presented results and differs significantly from other models where the dry deposition of GEM is often not taken into account. It was also shown that a change in the calculation of the scavenging coefficients or representative raindrop diameter for in-cloud scavenging has a significant impact on the amount of wet deposited mercury.The detailed results show that the Polish power sector can be responsible for up to 80% of wet deposited mercury near large emission sources. The contribution from national sources over whole Poland reaches 21% during the winter heating season when large quantities of coal are burned in the domestic sector and additionally the power sector activity is at its highest. The impact of emissions of cadmium and lead from the power sector is lower compared to the obtained results for mercury. The modelling results showed maximal impacts of 30% and 10% for cadmium and lead near large power sector sources on the ambient concentrations and deposition. Wider measurements of heavy metals are very much needed
Zysk, Janusz. "Modeling of the atmospheric dispersion of heavy metals over Poland". Thesis, Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC1169/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaModelling of atmospheric transport of heavy metals emitted from Polish power sectorMany studies have been conducted to investigate the atmospheric heavy metals contamination and its deposition to ecosystems. The increasing attention to mercury pollution has been mainly driven by the growing evidence of its negative impacts on wildlife, ecosystems and particularly human health. Lead and cadium are also toxics which are being emitted into the atmosphere by anthropogenic as well as natural sources. The harmful influence of these three heavy metals was underlined in the Aarhus Protocol on Heavy Metals of 1998. The Parties of this protocol (including Poland) are obligated to reduce emissions, observe the transport and the amounts of lead, mercury and cadmium in the environment.Poland is one of the biggest emitter of mercury, lead and cadmium in Europe mainly due to emission from coal combustion processes. Therefore in Poland, research efforts to study the heavy metals emission, atmospheric transport, concentration and deposition are extremely important. The objectives of this work were twofold:• The practical objective was to develop and run a model to represent the atmospheric dispersion of mercury and to implement it in the air quality modelling platform Polyphemus.• The scientific objective was to perform heavy metals dispersion studies over Europe and detailed studies of the impact of the polish power sector on the air quality regarding mercury, cadmium and lead.To meet the declared aim, a new mercury chemical model was implemented into the Polyphemus air quality system. The scientific literature was reviewed regarding mercury chemistry and mercury chemical models. It can be concluded that the chemistry of mercury is still not well known. The models also differ in the way of calculating the dry and wet deposition of mercury. The elemental gaseous mercury ambient concentrations are evenly distributed, on the contrary, high variations in the spatial gradients of reactive gaseous and particulate forms of mercury air concentrations and deposition fluxes were noted.This study shows that many components of the developed model have crucial impacts on the results. In the model of mercury chemistry, the most effective pathway in the gaseous phase are the oxidation of gaseous elemental mercury by hydroxyl radical, ozone and most of all bromine oxide radicals, while in the aqueous phase the reduction reactions of elemental mercury dominate. These reactions have a crucial influence on the mass balance of reactive mercury, but a rather low influence on gaseous elemental mercury (GEM). In this model, dry deposition of gaseous elemental mercury is the prevailing process for removing mercury from the atmosphere. Dry deposition of GEM over land is equally distributed, due to almost uniform ambient concentrations. The relatively high dry deposition flux of gaseous elemental mercury has a huge influence on the presented results and differs significantly from other models where the dry deposition of GEM is often not taken into account. It was also shown that a change in the calculation of the scavenging coefficients or representative raindrop diameter for in-cloud scavenging has a significant impact on the amount of wet deposited mercury.The detailed results show that the Polish power sector can be responsible for up to 80% of wet deposited mercury near large emission sources. The contribution from national sources over whole Poland reaches 21% during the winter heating season when large quantities of coal are burned in the domestic sector and additionally the power sector activity is at its highest. The impact of emissions of cadmium and lead from the power sector is lower compared to the obtained results for mercury. The modelling results showed maximal impacts of 30% and 10% for cadmium and lead near large power sector sources on the ambient concentrations and deposition. Wider measurements of heavy metals are very much needed
Godard, Grégory. "Extraction des métaux lourds de l’eau par réaction avec l’hydrogène adsorbé sur une surface de Nickel". Lyon 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003LYO1A168.
Pełny tekst źródłaFor public health and environment protection, heavy metals have to be removed from industrial aqueous efluents before discharges. Several technologies (in exchange resins, electrochemistry, cementation, distillation. . . ) are available to companies but have some limits in efficiency. We propose the concept of a new process for heavy metal removal based on the reaction of the metallic pollutants with the hydrogen adsorbed on a nickel surface. The metallic ions in water are reduced by chemisorbed hydrogen and deposited on the nickel particles. This process decreases the concentrations in organometallics too and is not sensitive to the presence of mineal salts. Only H3O+ or OH- ions easily neutralized are produced. After treatment on alumina supported nickel under hydrogen, the concentrations in Cd2+, Co2+, Ni2+ or Cr2O72- of aqueous solutions are decreased more than 99%
Wu, Ting. "Développement et application des systèmes microanalytiques dans le domaine de l'environnement". Phd thesis, École normale supérieure de Cachan - ENS Cachan, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00463218.
Pełny tekst źródłaKierczak, Jakub. "Spéciation solide du nickel et du chrome dans un site minier et industriel à usage agricole (Szklary, Pologne)". Limoges, 2007. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/9a2fbfbb-1238-4d3e-af9f-c2d3e533d23f/blobholder:0/2007LIMO4034.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe geological unit called Szklary Massif comprises two environments containing Ni and Cr from diverse origins: lithogenic (serpentine soils) and anthropogenic (pyrometallurgical waste) origins. The study was dedicated to investigate the distribution and mobility of Ni and Cr occurring within this small area. The approach is first based on mineralogical characterization of the Ni and Cr bearing minerals using analytical instrumental methods (XRD, SEM-EDS, EPMA, micro Raman, TEM, ICP-MS). Later complementary chemical extractions not only provide information about the actual solid speciation of Cr, Ni. They also allow discussing about potential mobility and forthcoming environmental impact induced by the abundance of Ni and Cr and by the presence of other elements (Co, Cu, Pb and Zn), especially in soils cultivated in the dump vicinity. The multidisciplinary approach gives concordant and complementary results. The direct mineralogical approach, consisting in characterization of primary and secondary mineral phases, provides qualitative information about the stability of potentially toxic elements (PTE) in minerals in the present weathering conditions (well drained soils, enriched in organic matter, within neutral to basic pH, submitted to transitional temperate climatic conditions). The chemical extractions specify the solid speciation of PTE in a quantitative way and evidence implication of organic and amorphous phases in the PTE immobilization. In addition, mineralogical investigations of the solid residues after sequential extractions allow assessment of the real effect of the chemical extractants used on the studied materials. The use of combined approach evidenced relative stability of Cr compared to Ni. Moreover, the study confirms contamination of the cultivated soils located next to the waste dump. The environmental risk is related not only with Ni and Cr but also with other PTE such as Zn and Cu, which are present in significant proportions within biodisponible fractions
Domas, Jérémie. "Valorisation de sables issus de boues de curage des réseaux d'assainissementbTexte imprimé : exemple en remblayage de tranchée". Marne-la-vallée, ENPC, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999ENPC9933.
Pełny tekst źródłaJalali, Jihen. "Contribution à la gestion environnementale des zones de stockage des phosphogypses en Tunisie : traitement par association bioaugmentation / phytoextraction". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Nantes, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NANT4104.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe present work aims at solving the environmental problem raised by phosphogypsum (PG), thanks to a potentially invasive and cheap approach which relies on the use of living organisms (plants and microorganisms). Two objectives are pursued: i) extracting contaminants from PG to reduce the environmental risk and ii) valuing rare earths. The phytoextraction method associated with bioaugmentation are applied to Cd and Sr (environmental objective) and Ce, La, Nd and Y (economic objective). As a first step, an assessment of the environmental impact of all PG depository sites in Tunisia is carried out, with the physico-chemical analysis of soils adjoining PG deposits, as well as the bacterial and plant communities which naturally colonize sites. Among the present plant species, The Zygophylum album accumulates the most metal trace elements (MTE). As a second step, the isolated bacteria from on-site samples are evaluated for their ability to tolerate the studied MTE, their ability to mobilize MTE through the production of siderophores, including pyoverdine, and to stimulate the plants growth through the production of indole acetic acid (AIA) and degradation of the ACC deaminase. The most successful bacteria are associated with commercial plants (Trifolium pratense and Helianthus annus) which are grown on a PG-Compost mixture. Both plants mainly accumulated Sr and to a lesser extent Ce, La and Nd. The coupling of Bacteria-plant help stimulate plant growth and increase the bioavailability of the studied MTE, except for Cd
Zangué, Adjia Henriette. "Adsorption des métaux lourds des eaux usées par les argiles alluviales de l'Extrême-Nord Cameroun". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0389.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe industrial and urban development increases the water pollution in Cameroon. It becomes imperative to develop inexpensive and easy to manage remediation methods. This work aimed at eliminating heavy metals (Cu2+, Pb2+, Hg2+, Cr3+) from water by adsorption on raw or heat treated clay. The alluvial clay sampled in the far North of Cameroon mainly contains smectite (46%), kaolinite (38%), interlayers (10%) and quartz (5%). The structural formulas are : (Si3,42Al0,58)(Al0,87Fe0,96Mg0,17)O10(OH)2(C+)0,75 for the smectite and Si2Al1,95Fe0,05O5(OH)4 for the kaolinite. The heavy metals cations fastly adsorb on raw clay, the temperature and the pH have not much influence on their adsorption. The clay affinity in relation to Cu2+, and Pb2+ is very strong whereas it is low for Hg2+, Cr3+. For the adsorption of Cu2+, Pb2+ and Cr3+ the proposed mechanisms are the cation exchange and the complexation while for the Hg2+, a mechanism of speciation is involved. The pellets obtained by thremic treatment of the clay above 500°C are stable in solution and they have a good capacity for heavy metals adsorption. Performances of the pellets are lower than those of raw clay, however, their use is easier since they do not need solid-liquid separation after adsorption
Imyim, Apichat. "Méthodologie d'évaluation environnementale des déchets stabilisés / solidifiés par liants hydrauliques". Lyon, INSA, 2000. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2000ISAL0091/these.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis research aims to assess the long-term release of inorganic pollutants leached from stabilised wastes by hydraulic binders in the environmental point of view. The research divides in three parts: (1) proposition of an assessment methodology of the long term behavior of pollutant species, (2) application and validation of the methodology to synthetic stabilised wastes, (3) application of the methodology to stabilized galvanic sludge and stabilized fly ash. The methodology includes leachning tests and a model of the long-term behavior prediction of pollutant contained in the wastes. The selected leaching tests permitting the identification of the necessary parameters for behavioral model have been done. The developed model is based on a diffusional model in the porous matrix coupled to chemical reactions of major species contained in the stabilized materials. The consistency between the experimental and simulated results proves that the model describes the physico – chemical mechanism of considered species release well. This approach leads to determine the long-term behavior of stabilized wastes in order to assess their impact on the environment
Oger-Duroy, Cécile. "Etude des bactéries résistantes au cadmium portant le gène cadA dans un environnement naturel contaminé par les métaux lourds : l'estuaire de la Seine". Rouen, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ROUES019.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn the Seine estuary cadmium-resistant bacterial communities was studied with different approaches of classical microbiology and molecular ecology. Molecular quantification of the cadA gene level in the total extracted DNA from environmental samples (water and sediments) in the microbial community, enabled us to study modifications in the genetic background of these communities. Those modifications could be related to the selection pressure by cadmium occurring on bacterial communities in contaminated sites such as the Northern intertidal mudflats. Moreover, high level of cadA gene in the water column of the mouth could be relied to the hydrodynamic of the environment during the maximum turbidity zone formation in low riverflow periods. This study focalized on the Staphylococcus population harboring cadA gene. The conservation of cadA gene sequences in the bacteria of this genus could be related to the dissemination of this gene with plasmids or insertion sequences IS257 intermediates
Kostecka, Alicja A. "Adaptations of Arabidopsis halleri to habitats rich in heavy metals in southern Poland". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIL10014.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis study attempted to provide a better description and understanding of the origin and the evolution of Zn tolerance and accumulation ability in Arabidopsis halleri populations from southern Poland. The research was carried out on 15 populations from both metalliferous (M) and non-metalliferous (NM) sites. Physic-chemical analyses of field soil and plant samples were performed in order to characterize A. halleri habitats and plants' behavior. Genetic analyses aimed to resolve genetic structure and to reconstruct phylogeography of A. halleri populations from investigated area. Tolerance and accumulation tests in controlled conditions aimed to check if relationships between tolerance and accumulation of heavy metals abilities exist in studied species. Variation of soil properties and population behavior within M sites was higher than within NM and both types of sites differed significantly in terms of heavy metal concentration as well as other physic-chemical parameters. The neutral genetic structure assessed with 10 nuclear microsatellite markers showed that populations were clustered according to their geographic location. Moreover, for the first time it was shown that NM populations might be founded from M populations. The selected genetic structure assessed in controlled conditions showed that NM populations are less tolerant and accumulated Zn to significantly higher concentration as compared to M populations. Nevertheless no relationship between traits was detected at the level of the plant individuals
Souchon, Vincent. "Ingénierie moléculaire et fluorescence pour la reconnaissance de cations toxiques". Phd thesis, École normale supérieure de Cachan - ENS Cachan, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00255005.
Pełny tekst źródłaPicaud, Thierry. "Fonction et régulation des oxydoréductases à disulfure : étude comparative des interactions entre le cycle isoalloxazine et son environnement". Paris 11, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA112029.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis manuscript presents a study on the characterization of structural factors modulating enzymatic activity and reactivity with metallic ions from members of the pyridine nucleotide disulfide-oxidoreductase family (Glutathione reductase (GR), Thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) and NADH peroxidase (NPX). Complementary techniques combining biochemical experiments, electronic absorption and resonance Raman (RR) spectroscopies have been used. The two-electron reduction of GR by the substrate (NADPH) or the product (GSH) of the enzyme reaction gives rise to the formation of two different species. RR studies of these two-electron reduced states show that isoalloxazine ring of the FAD imposes a redox control and a regulation, of enzyme activity via a hydrogen bond modulation on the N5 atom of FAD. The enzyme inhibition induced by the binding of metallic ions (Hg2+, Cd2+) on the active site dithiol of GR is explained by both an elimination of the redox coupling between the two active centers of GR (dithiol and FAD) and a strong out-of-plane distortion of isoalloxazine moiety that generates strong alterations in FAD-protein interactions. Association of the heavy metal to TrxR produces a displacement of the second redaction step of FAD from 1 to 3 equivalents of NADPH. Moreover, the formation of a blue semiquinone is stabilized. The stabilization of this radical is proposed to be a regulation way for this enzyme class. RR spectra obtained for different redox states of NPX show that the isoalloxazine ring has a low electronic density, as in the case of GR. A direct consequence is the stabilization, of the cysteine-sulfenic acid as well as a charge transfer complex formed after the enzyme redaction by NADH. For the three enzymes, this study showed an intimate electronic coupling between the two redox centers for the two electron-reduced enzymes
Kostecka, Alicja A. "Adaptations of Arabidopsis halleri to habitats rich in heavy metals in southern Poland". Thesis, Lille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIL10014/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis study attempted to provide a better description and understanding of the origin and the evolution of Zn tolerance and accumulation ability in Arabidopsis halleri populations from southern Poland. The research was carried out on 15 populations from both metalliferous (M) and non-metalliferous (NM) sites. Physic-chemical analyses of field soil and plant samples were performed in order to characterize A. halleri habitats and plants' behavior. Genetic analyses aimed to resolve genetic structure and to reconstruct phylogeography of A. halleri populations from investigated area. Tolerance and accumulation tests in controlled conditions aimed to check if relationships between tolerance and accumulation of heavy metals abilities exist in studied species. Variation of soil properties and population behavior within M sites was higher than within NM and both types of sites differed significantly in terms of heavy metal concentration as well as other physic-chemical parameters. The neutral genetic structure assessed with 10 nuclear microsatellite markers showed that populations were clustered according to their geographic location. Moreover, for the first time it was shown that NM populations might be founded from M populations. The selected genetic structure assessed in controlled conditions showed that NM populations are less tolerant and accumulated Zn to significantly higher concentration as compared to M populations. Nevertheless no relationship between traits was detected at the level of the plant individuals
Mombo, Stéphane. "Transferts des métaux et métalloïdes dans le système sol-plante-atmosphère : mécanismes biogéochimiques et conséquences environnement-santé". Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016INPT0074/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaPollution of (peri)urban soils by (eco)toxic metal(loid)s is commonly observed on a global scale. Some elements (Se, Cu ...) have biological roles and other (Pb, Cd ...) only have an (eco)toxic impact influenced by their speciation and compartmentalization that can change their transfers and bioavailability. With the perspective of sustainable management of soil and food, multidisciplinary scientific questions are digging for: (i) the mechanisms involved in the bioavailability and impact on living organisms of inorganic elements related to speciation; (ii) the co-management of environmental-health risks from industrial regulated plants (ICPE in France, such as former battery recycling plant) with residents who grow vegetable gardens or employees. In this context, were studied: (1) the transfer of metals between solid phase and soil solution under the influence of earthworms on a ICPE site; (2) the transfer and bioavailability of Se in controlled conditions for two chemical forms; (3) the health risk for the residents with gardening activities near ICPE plant and factors influencing blood lead of professionals (statistical analysis of data). A literature review of the quality of cassava in connection with the cultivation and culinary practices and characteristics of the environment was finally performed to complete the "Science and Society" process of the thesis. From the analysis of different isotopes of lead in the soil around the recycling plant it was concluded that 84 to 100% of lead in surface soils has anthropogenic origin. Avoidance behavior in the most lead polluted areas was observed for A. caliginosa earthworm species. The selenium root transfer, translocation to corn and its bioavailability in the grain are higher in the case of selenate (translocation factor of 1.1, and human bioavailability of 89.3%) compared to selenite (0.13 and bioaccessibility 82.7%). The study of crops quality in the gardens near the ICPE plant (in Bazoches), in relation to atmosphere and soil quality (low Pb contamination, alkaline pH and high organic content that reduce pollutants transfers) highlighted an atmosphere-plant transfer which depends on the metal (Cd is the most bioavailable) and plant species. Pb and Cd concentrations follow respectively the sequences: [lettuce> Leek> celery> carrot] and [lettuce> celery> carrot> leek]. To reduce population exposure, thorough washing of productions before consumption is recommended
Gallou, Guillaume. "Etude et optimisation de la spectroscopie sur plasma induit par laser (LIBS) pour le suivi en continu des polluants émis par les sources fixes". Thesis, Lyon 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LYO10153.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn the context of the prevention of atmospheric pollution and air quality improvement, measurement of the stationary sources emission appears as a key component to evaluate the concentration of one or many pollutants and also to estimate the annual flows. Analytical techniques of atmospheric pollutants must on principle permit to control the safety concentration limits fixed by order. To that end, laserinduced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) appears to be a good technique. Indeed, this multielementary analysis technique requires no sample preparation, is quantitative, fast (< 1 min), and can be performed at remote distance. The objective of this work, supported by ADEME and run by CEA and INERIS, is to develop and optimise LIBS technique to measure in-situ and in real time metallic pollutants in particulate forms emitted by stationary sources. During this study, two experimental approaches were carried out simultaneously: the first one, realized in CEA, consists to collect micrometric metallic particles generated by ultrasonic nebulizer on filter and then to analyse those filters with adapted LIBS device. In parallel, the second device is realised in INERIS to analyse the same particles by focusing the laser directly (direct analysis) on the flowing aerosol inside an analysis cell. To evaluate correctly the analysis LIBS devices as well as the acquisition and data treatment protocols adapted to aerosols analysis, specific experimental setup of generating and characterising metallic aerosol is designed and implemented. Then, experimental results are optimized and compared. After those developments and tests in laboratory, in-situ measurements are realized in the "Centre Technique des Industries de la Fonderie (CTIF)" in Sèvres. Measurements were performed on melting process to analyse in-situ and in real time concentration of metallic particles emitted during copper melt
Diaz, Mendoza Alvaro. "Conception of a fibrous composite material for the retention of heavy metals". Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSEI125.
Pełny tekst źródłaHeavy metal contamination is a current problem which affects the ecosystems and their constituent organisms. This problem has been worldwide recognized as one of the biggest challenges of our time. Since the middle of the last century, innovations in the material science field have developed new methods to confront this risk, with techniques such as chemical precipitation or flotation. However, there is still significant room for improvement in this line. Furthermore, recent research has explored how to combine biomolecules such as proteins with materials like polymers to create more active solutions. This thesis work seeks to create a prototype hybrid biosorbent material capable to capture specifically the divalent metal ions Ni(II), Cd(II) and Pb(II) thanks to the presence of a synthetic metalloprotein in its structure. To address this objective, the thesis work focuses on the development of a synthetic metalloprotein capable to specifically capture the three target metal ions, from the in silico conception to its in vivo synthesis. On the other hand, the biosorbent material support is processed with the electrospinning technique that consists of a fibrous membrane material, being optimized to host the synthetic metalloprotein in its structure. Additionally, a method to integrate the metalloprotein into the polymeric support is researched. This is achieved by means of a grafting route through surface modified silica nanoparticles. At the end, the integration of both components creates the expected prototype synthetic biosorbent material. This material has been characterized to evaluate its capacity to adsorb the three metal ions of interest, providing some trends of the future perspectives for further development to create more efficient materials for the industry
Saulais, Muriel. "Colonisation végétale des basins d'infiltration et de rétention : caractérisation de la flore et évolution des caractéristiques physico-chimiques de l'horizon de surface végétalisé". Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00715802.
Pełny tekst źródłaBen, Ahmed Nada. "Conception de bio-indicateurs de polluant organique et de métaux lourds par encapsulation de micro-algues dans une matrice de silice synthétisée par le procédé sol-gel". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC247.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe work is an interdisciplinary framework, at the interface of the sol-gel chemistry, biology and physics of materials. First, we are interested to the study of a silica matrix obtained by sol-gel process from a mixture of colloidal silica and sodium silicate. The goal was to understand the interactions between the precursors and to study the effect of different synthesis parameters on the structure of the matrix in order to find the best optical and mechanical properties. These matrices have been extensively characterized using various techniques (UV-Visible absorption, IR, TGA, BET, NMR, TEM and SEM). This study allows us for the first time to choose final properties and to specify the initial combination to get them in terms of concentrations of precursors and pH. Next, we studied the effect of the matrix properties on the survival of photosynthetic encapsulated cells and we got phyco-compatible materials with a wide range of optical and mechanical properties. After precising the best synthesis conditions for the survival of microorganisms, one could proceed to study the functionality in the presence of toxic contaminants (heavy metals Cd (II) and Pb (II) and a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon: anthracene) and we managed to get a functional biosensor. Interestingly, some specificity of detection could be obtained according to the combination of microalga / selected matrix
Achour, Yosra. "Etude de la mobilité des métaux (Pb, Zn, Cd) et des métalloïdes (As, Sb) dans les sols carbonatés contaminés par les rejets miniers". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Orléans, 2022. https://theses.univ-orleans.fr/prive/accesESR/2022ORLE1041_va.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis thesis provides answers on the ecodynamics and phytoavailability of potentially toxic elements (PTE) in agricultural soils heavily contaminated by mining waste developed on a carbonated bedrock of northern Tunisia (Jebel Ressas (JRS), Jebel Hallouf (JH1) and Sidi Bouaoune (SB) in a semi-arid climate.The main contaminants in question are Zn, Pb, Cd, As and Sb which can respectively reach 185037 mg.kg-1 at JRS, 28,000 mg.kg-1 at (JH1), 1021 mg.kg-1 at JRS, 1,355 mg.kg-1 and 338 mg.kg-1 at (JH1).These soils are essentially made up of clays (kaolinite, illite, and montmorillonite), carbonates (calcite, dolomite, and hydrozincite), silicates (quartz and hemimorphite), and sulfates (barite and anglesite).The rhizospheric effect on the mobility of PTE has been investigated using kinetic test with a mixture of low molecular weight organic acids. The results showed an increase in the pH of the solution (initial pH 2.8) up to near neutrality, leading to the dissolution of carbonates. Our results suggest that the most extractable elements are Cd and Zn and to a lesser extent Pb. an extraction percentage not exceeding 1% for Sb and 0.1% for As, respectively, was observed. for metalloids (As and Sb) their extractibility was relatively low with the exception of the soils of Jebel Hallouf and Sidi Bouaouane, with an extraction percentage not exceeding 1% for Sb and 0.1% for As, respectively.For the determination of the forms of the PTE in soils, two methods of sequential extractions were applied (BCR and Maiz). Jointly, the total dissolved concentration in pore waters, the labile fraction (DGT probes) and the absorption by plants (barley and peas) were measured in order to study the speciation, mobility and phytoavailability of two sites post-mining (Jebel Hallouf - Sidi Bouaouane and Jebel Ressas).Our résultats showed that the PTE in the mobile and mobilisable fraction(Maiz scheme) of the soils are low compared to their total concentrations. The BCR scheme revealed that most of the PTE are bound to the residual fraction with the exception of Zn at JRS which is much more concentrated in the exchangeable fraction. An exception was also observed for Pb in JH(1) and JH(2) soils where it was distributed evenly in the exchangeable, oxidizable and residual fractions, the percentage of which varies between 23 % and 32 %.The response of plants to these contaminants shows that peas and barley have accumulated TPE levels exceeding the levels absorbed by plants in control soils.Total dissolved concentrations soil power water as well as concentrations measured by DGT are not correlated with primary plant leaf content. This result is explained by the fact that the concentrations of PTE accumulated in the plants are higher than those available in the power waters and that the replenishment of the solid phase is practically negligible.The risk of transfer of PTE to water was studied by percolation in saturated conditions in soil columns reproducing the surface profile. A progressive decrease in the redox potential related to the concentration of organic carbon in the soil induced an increase in the mobility of arsenic probably related to the microbial reduction of iron oxides
Nafeh, Kassir Lina. "Les métaux lourds dans les engrais phosphatés et les sulfates rejetés par les industries des fertilisants : recherche sur leur transfert et leur mobilité dans les sols libanais". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0332.
Pełny tekst źródłaTo determine the impact and risk of chemical fertilizers, from their manufacture to their amendment, on soil contamination by trace metals, the study of their mobility and transfer would be necessary. The objective of this work was to evaluate the source of soil contamination by trace elements around the industry of chemical fertilizers, and to follow the temporal evolution of mobility and transfer of these elements in the profile of agricultural soil amended by superphosphate (SSP) fertilizers or phosphogypsum. To achieve our objective, we used techniques allowing the determination of structural and mineralogical characterization of collected soil samples, such as X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy. Chemical characterization related to the total concentration of trace and major elements of collected soils was established. As mobility was unstable over time, depending on several physico-chemical parameters such as pH, redox potential, and organic matter content, a sequential extraction was adopted throughout the study over time in the amended soil profile to a depth of 55 cm. In addition, the absorption of trace elements by agricultural crops cultivated over land amended with fertilizer or phosphogypsum was analyzed over time to assess the risk of their transfer to the food chain, especially the human food chain, imposing health hazards. A comparison between the effects of the application of phosphogypsum and phosphate fertilizer was carried out in concluding this work
Gammoudi, Ibtissem. "Biocapteur à base de bactéries pour le contrôle environnemental". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR14535.
Pełny tekst źródłaOur works aim the study of an ultra-sensitive bacteria-based biosensor for the detection of heavy metals (environmental control). They include the development of impedimetric and of Love acoustic wave devices, both associated with a microfluidic chip and functionalized with Escherichia coli immobilized on a polyelectrolyte multilayer deposited by the method "Layer by Layer." The theoretical study of physico-chemical interactions and biological phenomena involved during the steps of functionalization of the sensor surface, and during its application to the detection of cadmium and mercury, is also addressed through the real-time monitoring by the acoustic sensor and by atomic force microscopy in air or liquid medium. Detection threshold better than10-12M within only a few minutes have been observed
Saulais, Muriel. "Colonisation végétale des basins d’infiltration et de rétention : caractérisation de la flore et évolution des caractéristiques physico-chimiques de l’horizon de surface végétalisé". Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ISAL0116/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaUrban stormwater basins surfaces can be highly contaminated and can be spontaneously or intentionaly vegetated. The aim of this work is to better characterize the role of the vegetation on heavy metal (Zn, Cd, Cu) mobility. Firstly, vegetation inventory has pointed out the high species diversity in these devices (from ruderal vegetation to wetland plants). Then, a physico-chemical characterization of surface samples vegetated by dominant species has been carried out. We have shown that carbonates and organic matter play a major role in the control of heavy metal mobility. The parameters which are the most spatially and temporally variable are essentially related to organic matter cycle (nitrate, heavy metal fraction bound to organic matter), and to the introduction of stormwater suspended matter (heavy metals, texture). At the maximum of plant growth phase, heavy metal mobility is enhanced and the period of plant death leads to a better heavy metal retention in the basin surface. This thesis invites us to consider plants as agents of surface stormwater basin transformation and to include plants in future research work
Sioud, Khaled. "Transfert de métaux entre eau et suspensions dans les estuaires". Phd thesis, Marne-la-vallée, ENPC, 1994. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00574027.
Pełny tekst źródłaFaye, Djibril. "Détection fluorimétrique en circuit microfluidique des ions Pb2+, Hg2+ et Cd2+ en milieu aqueux". Phd thesis, École normale supérieure de Cachan - ENS Cachan, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00722906.
Pełny tekst źródłaGaulier, Camille. "Trace metals in estuarine and coastal waters : dynamics, speciation and bioavailability under various environmental conditions". Thesis, Lille 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIL1R013.
Pełny tekst źródłaEstuarine and coastal ecosystems provide multiple ecological, social and economic services. They are a source of food, income and are at the heart of marine trade, merchant shipping and sea transport. They therefore play a key role in our modern world and their conservation from an environmental point of view is today critical. Despite all the efforts done in environmental management, pollution associated with the rapid coastal development and intensive industrialization was inevitable and still remains one of the main threats towards marine ecosystems today. Specifically, trace metal contamination is of specific concern as coastal areas are generally prone to accumulate them. Most trace metals exhibit a dual role in marine waters: they act as nutrients in low concentrations, yet rapidly have toxic effects in higher concentration ranges. Continuous monitoring of their concentrations in estuarine and coastal ecosystems is therefore needed to better understand their biogeochemical behavior in such marine environments. However, limited knowledge exists on their bioavailability towards marine organisms: especially as the toxicity of these metals is not only related to their concentration but also strongly linked with their speciation which shows both seasonal and spatial variations. Thus, the main objective of this PhD research was to investigate the biogeochemical cycles of various trace metals and unravel their speciation and bioavailability in various aquatic systems: from very dynamic mixing zones of the Scheldt estuary to coastal harbors and shallow seawaters of the North Sea, and even to deeper and anoxic regions of the Baltic Sea. Trace metal concentrations and speciation were explored seasonally and spatially along horizontal and vertical gradients, and a comparison of classic active samplings of dissolved trace metals with a passive sampling technique (Diffusive Gradients in Thin-films; DGT) was carried out. The DGT technique was successfully used for the in-situ measurement of labile metals and eventually constitutes a good surrogate to the biomonitoring of trace elements (e.g. use of mussels, algae, etc.). This method offsets the lack of knowledge in terms of water quality monitoring and the results challenge the classic criteria which are used by international regulatory requirements (e.g. WFD, MSFD) and local commitments (e.g. OSPAR, HELCOM). Indeed, new criteria based on labile metal species instead of total dissolved species should be considered in the future. Such approach of trace metal speciation and assessment in aquatic systems could surely lead to a more integrated environmental management and improve our knowledge on anthropogenic impacts and pollutant fluxes. Moreover, it is eventually the main key to explain and predict bioavailability and potential toxicity of trace metals to the marine fauna and flora. This work therefore invites you to dive into a journey along our coasts, from urbanized areas to wild open seas, from their surface to their deepest waters
Nguyen, Thanh Binh. "Valorisation des sédiments de dragage traités par le procédé NOVOSOL(R) dans des matériaux d'assises de chaussée : comportement mécanique et environnemental". Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/704/.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe management of dredged sediments is a challenge for our society because of their huge volume. The contamination of heavy metals and organic micro pollutants make that the majority of dredged sediments are regarded as dangerous waste and are put in discharge. This isn't in the same point of view of the durable development policy: the French law supports the valorization so that only ultimate waste is put in discharge. In this context, Solvay Company has developed the process NOVOSOL(r) for the treatment of the dredged sediments polluted. The process comprises two stages: an immobilization of heavy metals by formation of apatite under a phosphatising reaction with acid phosphoric and a destruction of the organic matter by a calcination. The goal of this thesis is to use river sediments treated by the process NOVOSOL(r) in road base materials. Experimental studies in laboratory comprise two aspects: mechanical performance and leaching behaviour. The treated sediments by NOVOSOL(r) are introduced into road base mixes treated with cementitious binders as substitute for regular sand. The preparation of materials according to the normalized methodology in laboratory does not present any difficulty. As the treated sediments content increases, the water demand increases and the materials are less compact than reference material. This is due to the characteristics of treated sediments: important ratio of fines, friability and the porosity of granular. These characteristics have as a consequence to weaken the granular skeleton, which results in a reduction in the stiffness module of materials. On the other side, the reactivity of treated sediments NOVOSOL(r) in the matrix of cimentitious binder and a better homogeneity of materials lead to an improvement of the tensile strength. Mechanical performance of all the materials with of treated sediments NOVOSOL(r) evaluated by index of elastic quality is better than that of the reference material. .
Mertz, Samuel. "Devenir de contaminants métalliques (Pb, Zn) depuis un dépôt minier ancien : développement d'un modèle de transport réactif". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Orléans, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021ORLE3152.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis thesis is part of the management of old mining sites contaminated by metals and their effect on the environment. The objective of this thesis is to determine and prioritize the processes regulating the transfer of metals within old mine tailings, via the development of a reactive transport model (RTM). Firstly, a biogeochemical model was constructed to define the processes controlling the mobility of Pb/Zn from mine tailings. This model was developed via experimental microcosm leaching data acquired from a previous study, involving several treatments: (1) tailings alone, (2) addition of mine slurry, (3) addition of mine slurry and manure. The results showed that the dissolution processes of the carrier phases controlled the release of Pb/Zn. The addition of mining slurry promotes metal immobilization through the addition of iron oxides on which Pb/Zn adsorb. The addition of manure, by amplifying microbial respiration and CO2 production, promotes the lowering of pH and desorption of Pb/Zn. Secondly, a RTM was developed including: (1) a mechanistic description of biogeochemical processes and (2) solute flow and transport in a 1D medium with variable saturation conditions. It is based on data from leaching experiments on an instrumented metric column, with and without amendment. The results showed a similarity of the processes controlling the mobility of Pb/Zn between the microcosms and the metric column. The long-term fate of the tailings could be evaluated, without amendment the release of Pb/Zn will not be completed for 100 years. Nevertheless, the amended tailings immobilize Pb/Zn on a long-term basis
Chaâbene, Zayneb. "Identification et mesures de biomarqueurs infra-individuels chez le palmier dattier (Phoenix dactylifera) lors d’une contamination métallique : prédiction des voies métaboliques et description des mécanismes de détoxication des métaux impliqués". Thesis, Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL10123/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe phosphate processing industries for the production of phosphate fertilizers, which are present in the southern coastal zone of the Grand Sfax in Tunisia, caused atmospheric emissions and waste discharges i.e., phosphogypsum loaded with metal contaminants. The resulting contamination of soils is a persistent contamination. In order to better understand the effects of metal contamination caused by this industrial activity and ultimately to propose measures for the rehabilitation and/or ecological restoration of the sites but also because of its economic importance, particular attention has been paid on the palm date (Phoenix dactylifera). The aim of this work was to study seed germination and growth of the Deglet Nour variety in various metal contamination contexts by means of plant biotechnology techniques involving in silico research and in vitro culture of vitroplant. Two approaches have been performed. An individual integrative approach that used numerous measurements of morphological and biochemical biomarkers in date palm exposed to various metal stresses. A second approach, more molecular and mechanistic, was performed to identify genes that respond when plants are exposed to Cd, Cu, or Cr which help for the prediction of the metabolic pathways that are affected by contaminants or involved in detoxification processes. This second approach, based on the exploitation of a cDNA library of the Deglet Nour variety, allowed the identification of genes coding for metal chelators and transporters. Monitoring of the levels of expression of these genes made it possible to better understand the detoxification mechanisms of metals in the palm date
Layglon, Nicolas. "Comportement des éléments traces métalliques lors de la remise en suspension de sédiments contaminés en zone côtière". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOUL0009.
Pełny tekst źródłaTrace metal elements entering marine environment accumulate in the sediments. In harbor areas, sediment can be resuspended in the water column following natural (swells, storms ...) and/or anthropic events (maritime traffic, dredging activity). In particular, the Mediterranean Sea represents a significant maritime trade route, generating frequent resuspension events of anthropic origin, while being slightly subjected to the influence of natural tidal phenomena. In this context, the objectives of this thesis consisted in evaluating the potential of trace elements during re-suspension events in order to provide knowledge that would help to better predict and thus better manage the associated risk. The kinetics of trace metal elements, studied in laboratory experiments, were specified in light of the variability of harbor contexts. During the first 5 days of suspension, trace elements transfers appeared mainly determined by abiotic processes. The understanding of these processes partially explained the field observations performed during an impact study of a dredging operation
Dairain, Annabelle. "Sensibilité de l’espèce bioturbatrice Upogebia cf. pusilla dans un environnement littoral soumis à différents stress : infestations parasitaires et contamination métallique". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0331/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaBioturbation is a typical example of ecosystem engineering. Bioturbating species are mainly epi- or endobenthic organisms, which profoundly affect the physical structure and biogeochemical properties of sediments. In marine soft-bottom environments, thalassinidean mud shrimp are considered as one of the most prominent bioturbating organisms. Among these species is the mud shrimp Upogebia cf. pusilla, which is recognized as an important sediment reworker, also significantly contributing to the bioirrigation of sediments. In fine, this species greatly modulates organic matter mineralization and biogeochemical fluxes at the sediment-water interface. The influence of U. cf. pusilla in ecosystem functioning depends on the intensity of its bioturbation and thus on its fitness. Several factors can affect the physiological status of organisms, potentially resulting in behavioural changes and causing modifications of their activities. Amongst potential stressors, we evaluated the influence of parasitism and trace metal contamination on the mud shrimp U. cf. pusilla in Arcachon Bay, France. Field surveys and laboratory experiments were undertaken in order to evaluate (1) the parasite infestation levels in the mud shrimp at the local scale, (2) the metal contamination background and potential relationship between the metal accumulation and the parasitic status of organisms in the field and (3) estimate the distinct and interactive impacts of parasitism and metal contamination on two scales of organisation, by targeting a molecular (gene expression) and a behavioural (sediment reworking) endpoint.A large spatial and temporal survey conducted in Arcachon Bay showed that at least two parasites species occur in mud shrimp: a bopyrid isopod (Gyge branchialis), living in one of the gill chambers of its host, and a trematode parasite (Maritrema sp.), infecting the whole body of mud shrimp. These two parasite species are negatively associated within their host, in which the bopyrid likely interferes with trematodes establishment. Additionally, a one year seasonal sampling demonstrated that mud shrimp displayed very low levels of metals in Arcachon Bay. The bopyrid parasite could interfere with the process of metal accumulation in mud shrimp, while such correlation was not found for the trematode parasite. Finally, complementary laboratory experiments highlighted that, at the molecular level, the bopyrid parasite did not affect the expression of the genes targeted in this study in mud shrimp. Similarly, at the behavioural level, and conversely to a previous study, the effects of the bopyrid parasite were minor, i.e. only associated to small modifications of the bioturbation activity of its host. Indeed, the intensity of the sediment reworking of mud shrimp was slightly reduced when organisms were infested with this parasite. Regarding trace metal contamination, we noticed that mud shrimp largely accumulated cadmium. This accumulation was associated to an important modulation of gene expression, especially of genes encoding proteins involved in detoxification processes, highlighting, at this organisation level, the capability of mud shrimp to deal with the deleterious effect of cadmium. At the behavioural scale, cadmium contamination positively affected the sediment reworking activity of mud shrimp. Finally, double-stress experiments evidenced an antagonistic effect of both stressors on the two targeted endpoints. This study highlights the complexity of the interactions between multiple stressors and that the response of organisms cannot be predicted from “single-stress” experiments. [...]
El, Houssainy Amonda. "Apports de géochimie sédimentaire des éléments traces métalliques dans deux zones côtières méditerranéennes urbanisées : Beyrouth (Liban) et Toulon (France)". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOUL0011.
Pełny tekst źródłaMediterranean Sea (MS) is a semi-enclosed sea divided into two basins: the Occidental and the Oriental basins. The two studied Mediterranean sites in this thesis are located respectively at N-W of MS and S-E of France for Toulon Bay and at E of MS, Lebanon for St-Georges Bay. They both host high population density especially along the coast and therefore exposed to numerous anthropogenic activities (e.g. tourism, marine transport, aquaculture, wastewater discharge, and industrial activities) contaminating the surrounding environment (water column, sediment, biota …) with different contaminants such as trace metals (TM). In addition, each site is characterized by the presence of an urbanized river: le Las (France) and Beirut River (Lebanon). Sediments are considered as a secondary source of contamination due to biogeochemical processes influencing TM mobility in the sediments. In this context, the objectives of this thesis are (1) to investigate TM contamination along the rivers and in bays; (2) to elucidate the influence of early diagenesis on TM mobility; and (3) to characterize organic matter at both sites. For all the above, superficial sediments, sediment cores, superficial waters and pore waters were collected along the two rivers and at both sites during the period 2016-2018. Sediments and waters samples were analyzed for main physical parameters, nutrients, organic carbon (dissolved and particulate) and major/ trace elements. Results showed that early diagenesis processes strongly control TM mobility in the sediments. In addition, the results confirmed that Toulon bay is strongly contaminated due to the 2nd World War and the present bay activities. The Las River inputs do not contribute and affect significantly the sediments of Toulon Bay. As for St-Georges Bay, we found that it has been impacted by several activities (industrial effluents discharged without treatment, runoff from agricultural zone) transported by Beirut River and/or by direct inputs (coastal landfill)
Soobadar, Aneeza. "Impacts agronomiques et environnementaux de l'épandage de vinasse et de cendre de charbon/bagasse sur les terres agricoles de l'Île Maurice". Phd thesis, Université d'Avignon, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00464233.
Pełny tekst źródłaLaera, Andreina. "Fate of trace elements during and after anaerobic digestion : a sequential extraction method and DGT technique to assess bio-accessible trace elements in digestate". Thesis, Paris Est, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PESC2011.
Pełny tekst źródłaDifferent chemical interactions between trace elements and organic/inorganic compounds originating from the substrate and generated during the anaerobic digestion process will determine the speciation of trace elements in anaerobic digesters. After anaerobic digestion, digestates are exposed to oxidizing conditions which may favor a change of trace elements’ speciation and consequently bio-accessibility for soil microorganisms and plants when digestates are spread on lands as organic amendment. Several techniques were used to assess the mobility, accessibility, and potential bio-availability of trace elements in digestates for environmental risk assessments of digestate utilization as a soil fertilizer. The aim of this thesis is to evaluate a sequential extraction procedure and the diffusive gradients in thin films technique (DGT) to assess bio-accessible trace elements in digestate samples. Samples were taken from full-scale anaerobic digestion plants treating a mixture of industrial and municipal solid wastes or sewage sludge. The elements investigated include Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Zn and W. A sequential extraction procedure, originally conceived for organic matter fractionation, was implemented to simultaneously extract organic matter and trace elements in a substrate and digestate sample. It was observed that more than 50% of total As, Cd, Co, Fe, Mn, Ni and Zn were extracted along with the operationally defined organic matter fractions in both samples. Whereas, a lower recovery was observed for Al, Cr, Cu, Mo and Pb. These elements were mainly found in the dissolved organic matter fraction where soluble trace elements are likely bio-accessible for microbial up-take. Moreover, a high portion of elements was found in the mineral fraction, which was considered poorly bio-accessible. However, the feasibility of using the aforementioned method was questioned following the low efficiency of extraction of certain trace elements during the extraction procedure. Moreover, it was acknowledged that chemical reagents employed during the extraction procedure could have promoted a dissolution/precipitation of trace elements and therefore a change in their fractionation. Therefore, DGT technique was tested to fractionate trace elements and it was observed that this technique increased the sensitivity of trace elements monitoring compared to conventional dissolved elements measurements in digested sewage sludge. However, it was observed that the DGT samplers’ deployment time in digested sewage sludge should be carefully evaluated. Additionally, the digestate matrix lowered the accumulation of some trace elements in the DGT samplers. Therefore, DGT labile trace elements (i.e. most bio-accessible species) can be correctly estimated provided a careful adaptation of the deployment time as well as an evaluation of the matrix effect is performed in digestate samples. Unless this, general trend of labile trace elements over time could be estimated such as the distribution of labile trace elements over time in digestate exposed to air. Therefore, the effect of atmospheric air on the mobility and bio-accessibility of trace elements, including labile and soluble fractions, in digested sewage sludge was investigated. The exposure of digestate to air promoted dissolution of Al, As, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo and Pb, suggesting that a possible increase in their mobility may likely occur during digestate storage in open tanks or handling before land spreading. Labile elements’ fraction increased only during an increase of aeration (except for Fe and Mn), suggesting that their short-term bio-accessibility can increase only after significant aeration as the one assumed to occur when digestate land spreading takes place
Caland, Fabrice. "Décomposition tensorielle de signaux luminescents émis par des biosenseurs bactériens pour l'identification de Systèmes Métaux-Bactéries". Phd thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00934507.
Pełny tekst źródłaMeillère, Alizée. "Influence de l’environnement urbain sur les passereaux : une approche éco-physiologique et éco-toxicologique". Electronic Thesis or Diss., La Rochelle, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LAROS015.
Pełny tekst źródłaConsistent expanding urbanization is certainly among the most important human-induced environmental changes facing our planet today, and thus raises important questions regarding the consequences of such environmental disturbance on biodiversity. Urban life is often characterized by constraining environmental conditions (e.g., fragmentation, degradation and loss of habitats, increased noise, light, and chemical pollutions) that can have detrimental effects on wild vertebrates. However, the mechanisms through which urbanization affects wildlife are still poorly understood. In this context, the main objective of this doctoral research is to improve our understanding of the influence of urbanization on vertebrate species that are able to live in urban environments. To this end, we explored both the global influence of urbanization and the impact of specific factors associated with urban life (heavy metals and noise pollutions) on passerine birds, using a mechanistic approach including eco-physiological and eco-toxicological studies. We demonstrated that urban passerines are not energetically constrained by their environment during their adult life, but conversely, that the altered environmental conditions of urban environments could constrain individuals during their development. Furthermore, we showed that urbanization is indeed associated with an increased heavy metal contamination, and most importantly, that higher levels of these contaminants are related to higher corticosterone levels (i.e., elevated stress levels). Finally, using an experimental approach to study the impact of noise pollution on several parameters that have often been overlooked (development, physiology, anti-predator behaviour), we showed that anthropogenic noise can have particularly complex effects on vertebrate’s development, with possible life-long consequences for developing birds. Overall, our results emphasize the importance of investigating the impact of human-induced environmental changes on the phenotypic development of individuals to better understand the influence of urban environments on vertebrate populations
Mbodji, Mor. "Etude des impacts environnementaux et sanitaires des déchets d’équipements électriques et électroniques (DEEE) au Sénégal : cas de la ville de Dakar". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LYSE1290.
Pełny tekst źródłaWaste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) is particularly problematic around the world. The aim of this thesis was to assess the potentially harmful effects of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) on the dispersion of metals in the environment and their fate to human health in Dakar, Senegal. Studies first focused on the determination of metals in the soils of four WEEE recycling sites in Dakar (Mbeubeuss, Mermoz Pikine and Reubeuss) by LIBS and portable X-ray fluorescence techniques. The results of this work showed that all the sites studied were contaminated by elements such as Pb, Cr, Fe, Mn and Zn in comparison with a control site. The distribution of metals is highly dependent on the site and therefore on the recycling activity. The potential contamination of the population through the food chain was assessed by analyzing vegetables produced near the largest WEEE waste dump (Mbeubeuss). Speciation by sequential extraction of the elements Sb, Pb, Sr, Cr, Cu Mn and Zn in market garden soils showed that the elements were mainly present in the residual fraction. This approach has shown that the metals are not mobile and not very bioavailable to plants. The contamination of metallic elements in two batches of vegetables produced from two distinct market gardening areas near Mbeubeuss and the evaluation of the potential health risk associated with the consumption of these products were studied. The results obtained from the first batch showed the contents of Cu, Cr, Mn, Zn and Fe led to risk indices. For the 2nd batch of vegetables (closer to Mbeubeuss) the concentrations of Cr, Zn and Pb are higher with a risk linked to the presence of Cr. The results of this work led to the conclusion that there is a potential health hazard for consumers of vegetables linked to the Cr element, only if it is present as CrVI