Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Metal working fluid”

A survey was undertaken to determine the relative incidence of fungal biodeteriogens in contaminated in—service samples of synthetic and oil emulsion metal working fluids, and a list of isolates is submitted. A technique for assessing the concentration of surface—active components of both synthetic and oil emulsion metal working fluids is described. Results obtained using this technique provided evidence of surfactant depletion in oil emulsion fluids as a result of growth of a mixed fungal inoculum, but this effect was not recorded when these isolates were grown in synthetic fluids. Synthetic metal working fluds of known composition were formulated and the ability of selected fungal isolates to utilise both these fluids and the individual components thereof as sole sources of carbon and nitrogen was assessed. The metal working fluid components triethanolamine and diethanolamine borate were found to be readily available nutrient sources for growth of the isolates, the extent of growth being limited by the availability of carbon rather than nitrogen. Varying the initial pH of the medium was found to have no significant effect upon the extent of growth recorded at initial pH values of 7.0, 8.0 and 9.0. The use of respirometric techniques provided evidence to suggest that some of the enzymes involved in the fungal degradation of synthetic metal working fluid components might be inducible. The effect of fungal growth upon the composition of the complete synthetic metal working fluids was determined using the techniques of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and gas—liquid chromatography linked mass spectrometry. Results obtained using these techniques also provided evidence of the depletion of the triethanolamine and diethanolamine borate components of the complete fluids as a result of fungal growth.

The largest UK outbreak of respiratory disease in metalworking fluid (MWF) exposed workers (Powertrain) led to a heightened awareness of the health hazards associated with MWF. A literature review identified 29 outbreaks of ill health associated with MWF exposure with a peak incidence between 1996 and 2000. Microbial contamination was suspected but no unifying causative agent could be found. Six different case definitions for extrinsic allergic alveolitis (EAA) were indentified, only one of which was validated. The process of developing an evidence based case definition for MWF-EAA required the identification of a group of patients with unequivocal MWF associated EAA. The Powertrain database (created at the time of the outbreak and subsequent follow up appointments) was utilised and an Expert Panel of five occupational lung disease consultants concluded that there was sufficient clinical evidence to diagnose 14 workers as definite cases of EAA. By calculating the positive predictive value of the data points relevant to a diagnosis of EAA combined with knowledge and experience of previous EAA diagnostic criteria, it was possible to develop a new evidence-based EAA diagnostic score (the MWF EAA Score). The MWF EAA Score was applied to the Powertrain data demonstrating agreement with the Expert Panel opinion in over 80% of the cases with a greater number of workers correctly classified than with other published diagnostic criteria1. The score was also applied to previously published case series of workers diagnosed with MWF EAA, in order to externally validate the new EAA rating system. The MWF EAA Score appeared to perform well and there was sufficient data provided in almost half of these published cases indicating that the MWF EAA Score would have shown agreement. This scoring system is a simple and reproducible tool and provides an evidence-based case definition suitable for use in future UK outbreaks.

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A presente tese propõe dar uma contribuição para o estudo de aplicação de fluido de corte no processo de retificação centerless de passagem, comparando os efeitos causados em termos de integridade da peça retificada entre a técnica convencional e a técnica aprimorada desenvolvida para o uso racional dos fluidos de corte. As condições testadas foram as seguintes: retificação centerless de passagem utilizando rebolo de corte convencional (C120TB24), três condições de lubrirefrigeração, bocal convencional (BC), bocal multitubular utilizando emulsão (BME) e bocal multitubular utilizando simultaneamente emulsão e ar comprimido (BMEA). Vazão do ar comprimido 170 L/min, vazões da emulsão: 10 L/min, 20 L/min, 30 L/min e 40 L/min e remoção de material de 0,03 mm e 0,10 mm. As variáveis de saída estudadas foram a rugosidade da superfície retificada, o desvio de circularidade e a tensão residual. Além disso, foram realizadas análise metalográfica, análise por partículas magnéticas e ataque químico com ácido nítrico da superfície retificada a fim de identificar a ocorrência de danos térmicos. Em relação às três técnicas de aplicação de fluido de corte utilizados (BC, BME e BMEA) no processo de retificação centerless passagem, em geral, observou-se um melhor desempenho com a utilização do novo conceito de bocal multitubular desenvolvido. As melhores condições de retificação foram observadas utilizando o BMEA para as vazões de 30 L/min e 40 L/min e com o BME para vazão de 30 L/min, removendo 0,03 mm de material. Para essas condições o processo foi capaz de garantir a integridade das peças, pois não apresentam danos térmicos às superfícies retificadas e mantiveram-se os valores dos desvios de circularidade e rugosidade superficial recomendados para o processo de retificação. O método convencional (BC)...
This work aims to contribute to the study and application of cutting fluid in the process of through-feed centerless grinding, comparing the effects in terms of workpiece integrity between the conventional technique and the improved technique developed for the rational use of cutting fluids. The test conditions were as follows: through-feed centerless grinding using silicon carbide resinoid grinding wheel (C120 TB24), three conditions of lubri-refrigeration, conventional nozzle (BC), multi-tube nozzle with emulsion (BME) and multitube nozzle with emulsion and compressed air simultaneously (BMEA). Compressed air flow rate 170 L/min, emulsion flow rate: 10 L/min, 20 L/min, 30 L/min, 40 L / min and material removal from 0,03 mm to 0,10mm. The output variables studied were the roughness of the ground surface, roundness deviation and residual stress. Additionally, metallographic analysis were performed as well as chemical attack with nitric acid on the ground surface in oder to identify the occurrence of thermal damage. Regarding the three techniques of cutting fluid application (BC, BME and BMEA0 in the process of through-feed centerless grinding, in general we observed a better performance when using the new concept of developed multi-tube nozzle. The best grinding conditions were observed using BMEA for the flow ratesn of 30 L/min and 40 L/min and with BME for the rate of 30 L / min, removing 0,03 mm of material. Fo these conditions the process was able to ensure workpiece integrity, since there were not thermal damage to the surface that were ground and the deviation values of roundness and surface roughness recommended for the grinding process were kept. The conventional method (BC) showed thermal damage in the layer that was ground for all conditions tested and the residual stress values of the ground... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Eduardo Carlos Bianchi
Banca: Sandro Donnini Mancini
Banca: Rosemar Batista da Silva
Banca: Amauri Hassui
Banca: Manoel Cleber de Sampaio Alves
O Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia de Materiais, PostMat, tem caráter institucional e integra as atividades de pesquisa em materiais de diversos campi
Resumo: A presente tese propõe dar uma contribuição para o estudo de aplicação de fluido de corte no processo de retificação centerless de passagem, comparando os efeitos causados em termos de integridade da peça retificada entre a técnica convencional e a técnica aprimorada desenvolvida para o uso racional dos fluidos de corte. As condições testadas foram as seguintes: retificação centerless de passagem utilizando rebolo de corte convencional (C120TB24), três condições de lubrirefrigeração, bocal convencional (BC), bocal multitubular utilizando emulsão (BME) e bocal multitubular utilizando simultaneamente emulsão e ar comprimido (BMEA). Vazão do ar comprimido 170 L/min, vazões da emulsão: 10 L/min, 20 L/min, 30 L/min e 40 L/min e remoção de material de 0,03 mm e 0,10 mm. As variáveis de saída estudadas foram a rugosidade da superfície retificada, o desvio de circularidade e a tensão residual. Além disso, foram realizadas análise metalográfica, análise por partículas magnéticas e ataque químico com ácido nítrico da superfície retificada a fim de identificar a ocorrência de danos térmicos. Em relação às três técnicas de aplicação de fluido de corte utilizados (BC, BME e BMEA) no processo de retificação centerless passagem, em geral, observou-se um melhor desempenho com a utilização do novo conceito de bocal multitubular desenvolvido. As melhores condições de retificação foram observadas utilizando o BMEA para as vazões de 30 L/min e 40 L/min e com o BME para vazão de 30 L/min, removendo 0,03 mm de material. Para essas condições o processo foi capaz de garantir a integridade das peças, pois não apresentam danos térmicos às superfícies retificadas e mantiveram-se os valores dos desvios de circularidade e rugosidade superficial recomendados para o processo de retificação. O método convencional (BC)... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: This work aims to contribute to the study and application of cutting fluid in the process of through-feed centerless grinding, comparing the effects in terms of workpiece integrity between the conventional technique and the improved technique developed for the rational use of cutting fluids. The test conditions were as follows: through-feed centerless grinding using silicon carbide resinoid grinding wheel (C120 TB24), three conditions of lubri-refrigeration, conventional nozzle (BC), multi-tube nozzle with emulsion (BME) and multitube nozzle with emulsion and compressed air simultaneously (BMEA). Compressed air flow rate 170 L/min, emulsion flow rate: 10 L/min, 20 L/min, 30 L/min, 40 L / min and material removal from 0,03 mm to 0,10mm. The output variables studied were the roughness of the ground surface, roundness deviation and residual stress. Additionally, metallographic analysis were performed as well as chemical attack with nitric acid on the ground surface in oder to identify the occurrence of thermal damage. Regarding the three techniques of cutting fluid application (BC, BME and BMEA0 in the process of through-feed centerless grinding, in general we observed a better performance when using the new concept of developed multi-tube nozzle. The best grinding conditions were observed using BMEA for the flow ratesn of 30 L/min and 40 L/min and with BME for the rate of 30 L / min, removing 0,03 mm of material. Fo these conditions the process was able to ensure workpiece integrity, since there were not thermal damage to the surface that were ground and the deviation values of roundness and surface roughness recommended for the grinding process were kept. The conventional method (BC) showed thermal damage in the layer that was ground for all conditions tested and the residual stress values of the ground... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor

Fundação Araucária
Fluidos de corte são utilizados para auxiliar no processo de usinagem, tendo por finalidade a refrigeração. Além disso, promove a lubrificação, a diminuição do atrito em relação à peça usinada e a ferramenta de corte, aumentando assim a eficiência do trabalho das fábricas. No sistema de usinagem, pode ocorrer o crescimento de microrganismos, uma vez que estes utilizam o fluido de corte como fonte de alimento, reduzindo assim a vida útil dos fluidos, proporcionando perdas econômicas e causando danos à saúde do operador da máquina. Para minimizar a presença de microrganismos, são utilizados produtos químicos denominados biocidas, que em altas concentrações pode causar danos à saúde. Dentro desse panorama, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a eficiência dos óleos essenciais de Ocimum gratissimum (alfavacão), Cymbopogon winterianus (citronela) Syzygium aromaticum (cravo) e Carapa guianensis (andiroba) como agentes de controle do crescimento de bactérias em substituição ao biocida no sistema de usinagem. Inicialmente, foram realizadas coletas de fluido de corte em uma indústria automobilística para quantificar, isolar e caracterizar as bactérias (heterotróficas e potencialmente patogênicas) presentes no fluido de corte. Na sequência, as bactérias isoladas foram testadas quanto a susceptibilidade às diferentes concentrações dos óleos essenciais. O estudo procurou definir a concentração mínima inibitória (CMI) e antibiograma para avaliar a resistência a antibióticos das bactérias isoladas. Realizou-se, então, o teste de tempo de contato dos óleos essenciais e de encapsulamento do óleo essencial de citronela por meio da técnica de gelificação iônica, que consistiu em simular a situação do reservatório (i) com óleo encapsulado, (ii) com óleo misturado diretamente ao fluido de corte (iii) com fluido de corte contaminado, com o objetivo de avaliar a melhor forma de aplicação dos óleos no sistema de usinagem. Dentre os resultados, obteve-se 1,63x107 e 2,2x107 UFC/mL de bactérias heterotróficas e 3,5x105 e 2x106 UFC/mL de bactérias potencialmente patogênicas, na primeira e segunda coleta de fluidos, respectivamente. Foram isolados seis grupos de bactérias correspondentes às seguintes espécies: Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Proteus mirabilis e Acinetobacter spp. A bactéria que apresentou maior resistência aos antibióticos testados foi a Acinetobacter spp As que apresentaram maior sensibilidade foram a Enterobacter cloacae (A2), Escherichia coli (A3) e Proteus mirabilis (A6). O óleo de Syzygium aromaticum teve o maior halo formado na menor concentração testada (0,25%) - 11,07 mm, seguido por Ocimum gratissimum, com halo de 11,0 mm, e Cymbopogon winterianus ,10,7 mm. No teste de tempo de contato, o menor tempo de redução de crescimento ocorreu em 1 minuto para Ocimum gratissimum; 5 minutos para Syzygium aromaticum e 10 minutos para Cymbopogon nardus. O teste de encapsulamento foi realizado com o óleo de Cymbopogon nardus, obtendo-se redução significativa nas duas formas de aplicação do óleo essencial.
Cutting fluids are used to aid in the machining process, with the purpose of cooling, besides promoting lubrication, reducing friction in relation to the machined part and the cutting tool, thus increasing the efficiency of the work of the factories.In the machining system, the growth of microorganisms can occur, since they use the cutting fluid as food source, thus reducing the useful life of the fluids and providing economic losses and causing damages to the health of the worker.To minimize the presence of microorganisms is used a chemical called biocide, which in high concentrations can cause health damage.The objective of this research was to evaluate the efficiency of the essential oils of Ocimum gratissimum (Alfavaca), Cymbopogon nardus (Citronella) Syzygium aromaticum (Clove) and Carapa guianensis (andiroba) as a control agent for the growth of bacteria in replacement of the biocide in the machining system.Initially, cutting fluid samples were collected in an automobile industry to quantify, isolate and characterize the bacteria (heterotrophic and potentially pathogenic) present in the cutting fluid.Following the isolated bacteria were tested for susceptibility to the different concentrations of the oils to define the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and antibiogram to evaluate the resistance of the bacteria isolated to antibiotics.The contact time test of the essential oils and encapsulation of the essential oil of Citronella was carried out by means of the ionic gelation technique, which consisted of the simulation of reservoirs containing cut fluid contaminated with encapsulated oil, with oil mixed directly with the oil. Cutting fluid and reservoir containing only contaminated cutting fluid, in order to evaluate the best way of applying the oils in the machining system.Among the results obtained were 1.63x107 and 2.2x107 CFU / mL heterotrophic bacteria and 3.5x105 and 2x106 CFU / mL of potentially pathogenic bacteria in the first and second fluids collection, respectively. Six groups of bacteria were isolated, corresponding to the following species: Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Proteus mirabilis and Acinetobacter spp.The bacterium that presented the highest resistance to the antibiotics tested was Acinetobacter spp and the ones with the highest sensitivity were Enterobacter cloacae (A2), Escherichia coli (A3) and Proteus mirabilis (A6). The oil of Syzygium aromaticum had the largest halo formed by the lowest concentration tested (0.25%) -11.07 mm, followed by Ocimum gratissimum with halo of 11 mm and Cymbopogon nardus 10.7 mm. In the test of contact time the shortest time reduction occurred in 1 minute for Ocimum gratissimum, 5 minutes for Syzygium aromaticum and 10 minutes Cymbopogon nardus for 4 of 6 bacterial isolates. The encapsulation test was performed with the Cymbopogon nardus oil, obtaining a significant reduction in the two forms of essential oil application.

L'utilisation de pompes à chaleur fonctionnant à très hautes températures permettrait de pallier au déficit de chaleur à haut niveau (500°C) très souvent constaté sur les grandes installations industrielles qui, par contre, présentent généralement un excédent de chaleur à bas niveau (200°C). Les travaux présentés dans ce mémoire s'inscrivent dans le cadre d'une étude des pompes à chaleur à absorption susceptibles d'être utilisées dans le domaine des températures comprises entre 200°C et 1 200°C ; ceci au moyen de fluides de travail constitués d'un mélange de métaux liquides ou de sels fondus et, plus particulièrement, des mélanges mercure-sodium et trichlorure d'aluminium-chlorure de sodium. Pour chaque système, les propriétés physico-chimiques ont été estimées et l'équilibre liquide-vapeur a été décrit à l'aide de modèles thermodynamiques. Dans le cas du système mercure-sodium, ce modèle a été validé à l'aide des mesures de pression de vapeur réalisées sur une installation pilote. Associés aux bilans de matière et d'énergie établis dans le cas d'une pompe à chaleur idéale, ces modèles ont permis de déterminer, en fonction des conditions de fonctionnement (température, pression,. . . ) Les coefficients de performance de tels thermotransformateurs. La désorption du mercure, par ébullition nucléée d'amalgames de sodium, a été étudiée au moyen d'expériences spécifiques et, dans l'optique du dimensionnement de prototypes, les coefficients de transfert de chaleur ont été déterminés. Plusieurs projets de pompes à chaleur, à caractère expérimental ou industriel, sont proposés. Ces derniers utilisent le système mercure-sodium et leurs coefficients de performance théoriques sont compris entre 1,5 et 1,9.

O fluido de corte é largamente utilizado no processo de usinagem de metais, porém é vulnerável à contaminação microbiológica que contribuem para sua perda de qualidade fazendo com que diminua o seu tempo de vida útil. Tendo em vista que diversos trabalhos estudam a contaminação microbiológica do fluido, mas poucos relacionam com as alterações químicas do óleo constituinte do fluido, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi monitorar o crescimento de microrganismos em duas bases de fluidos de corte cada um contendo um tipo de óleo (mineral e vegetal) sob duas condições de funcionamento de máquina ferramenta: processo normal e processo utilizando um catalisador eletrofísico que direcionava fluxo de ozônio no fluido de corte, avaliar as mudanças químicas do óleo extraído do fluido e a capacidade dos microrganismos isolados de degradar o fluido de corte e o óleo extraído. Foram realizados contagem e isolamento de bactérias e fungos no fluido de corte utilizado na máquina ferramenta ao longo de 166 horas de utilização da máquina. Para a análise da qualidade do óleo, este foi extraído do fluido de corte e posteriormente medidos o índice de acidez (óleo mineral e vegetal), iodo e saponificação do óleo vegetal. Para o teste de degradação de hidrocarbonetos foi utilizado o 2,6 diclorofenol-indofenol como indicador de degradação, sendo as fontes de carbono: fluido de corte e os óleos extraído do fluido de corte em diferentes tempos de uso da máquina. Os resultados demonstraram que no fluido de corte mineral operado na máquina por 126 horas a quantidade de bactérias e fungos foi na ordem de 105 e 102 UFC/mL, respectivamente, com a utilização do catalisador (em 40 horas de operação da máquina) foi para 106 e 101 UFC/mL. No fluido de corte vegetal os valores foram de 102 UFC/mL para bactérias e fungos e após a aplicação do catalisador as quantidades foram para 105 e 103 UFC/mL, respectivamente. Dos microrganismos isolados do fluido de corte mineral que foram avaliados quanto a degradação de hidrocarbonetos, verificou-se que 42% das bactérias e 84% dos fungos foram capazes de degradar o fluido de corte ou o óleo em 5 dias de análise. Enquanto 54% das bactérias e 74% dos fungos do fluido de corte vegetal foram capazes de degradar o fluido de corte ou o óleo. Pode-se concluir que houve alterações químicas no óleo utilizado no fluido de corte e que os microrganismos podem ter influenciado diretamente na degradação do óleo, pois o aumento da quantidade de microrganismos acompanhou a degradação do óleo.
The cutting fluid is widely used in metal machining process, but it is vulnerable to microbiological contamination contributing to loss in quality causing the decrease of its useful lifetime. Considering that many papers study the microbiological contamination of the fluid, but few associated to chemical changes of the oil constituent of the fluid, the objective of this study was to monitor the growth of microorganisms in two cutting fluids bases each containing a type of oil (mineral and vegetable) under two operating conditions of the machine tool: normal process and process using a electrophysical catalyst which directs the flow of ozone to the cutting fluid, to evaluate the chemical changes of the fluid oil extracted and the capability of microorganisms to degrade the cutting fluid and the oil extracted. Counting and isolation of bacteria and fungi were performed on cutting fluids used in machine tool throughout 166 hours of operation of the machine. For analysis of oil quality, it was extracted oil of the cutting fluid and posteriorly it was measured the acidity index (mineral and vegetable oils), iodine and saponification of vegetable oil. For the hydrocarbon degradation test it was used 2,6-dichlorophenol-indophenol as degradation indicator, being carbon sources: cutting fluid and oil extracted from the cutting fluid at different times of use of the machine. The results demonstrated that the amount of bacteria and fungi present in the mineral cutting fluid operated on the machine for 126 hours was in the order of 105 to 102 CFU/ml, respectively, and using the catalyst (40 hours of machine operation) it was 106 and 101 CFU/mL, respectively. The amount of bacteria and fungi from vegetable cutting fluid were 102 CFU/ml and after the application of the catalyst they were 105 and 103 CFU/ml, respectively. In the degradation tests of hydrocarbon, it was found that 42% of bacteria and 84% of the fungi were able to degrade the mineral cutting fluid or extracted oil on 5 days of analysis. 54% of bacteria and 74% of the fungi found on vegetable cutting fluid were able to degrade the cutting fluid or extracted oil. It can be concluded that there were chemical changes in the oils used to prepare cutting fluid and that microorganisms can be directly influenced in oil degradation, since the increased amount of microorganisms followed the oil degradation.