Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Metal-workers”

The largest UK outbreak of respiratory disease in metalworking fluid (MWF) exposed workers (Powertrain) led to a heightened awareness of the health hazards associated with MWF. A literature review identified 29 outbreaks of ill health associated with MWF exposure with a peak incidence between 1996 and 2000. Microbial contamination was suspected but no unifying causative agent could be found. Six different case definitions for extrinsic allergic alveolitis (EAA) were indentified, only one of which was validated. The process of developing an evidence based case definition for MWF-EAA required the identification of a group of patients with unequivocal MWF associated EAA. The Powertrain database (created at the time of the outbreak and subsequent follow up appointments) was utilised and an Expert Panel of five occupational lung disease consultants concluded that there was sufficient clinical evidence to diagnose 14 workers as definite cases of EAA. By calculating the positive predictive value of the data points relevant to a diagnosis of EAA combined with knowledge and experience of previous EAA diagnostic criteria, it was possible to develop a new evidence-based EAA diagnostic score (the MWF EAA Score). The MWF EAA Score was applied to the Powertrain data demonstrating agreement with the Expert Panel opinion in over 80% of the cases with a greater number of workers correctly classified than with other published diagnostic criteria1. The score was also applied to previously published case series of workers diagnosed with MWF EAA, in order to externally validate the new EAA rating system. The MWF EAA Score appeared to perform well and there was sufficient data provided in almost half of these published cases indicating that the MWF EAA Score would have shown agreement. This scoring system is a simple and reproducible tool and provides an evidence-based case definition suitable for use in future UK outbreaks.

This thesis will consider the economic and social lives of women who were engaged in Sheffield's metal trades. The timeframe for this research - c.1742-1867 - is significant as 1742 saw the introduction of the crucible method of producing steel and the invention of Old Sheffield Plate. The introduction of the Bessemer converter and large-scale production of steel took place in the 1860s. Sheffield's metal trades constituted a distinctive working context due to the continuation of the workshop-based production, subdivision of labour and the organisation of the industry through the Cutlers' Company. Women's contribution to the labour force during the Industrial Revolution has been the focus of studies since Ivy Pinchbeck's book Women Workers and the Industrial Revolution 1750-1850 was published in 1930, yet still, historians acknowledge the unresolved issues of the scale and nature of women's participation. This study contributes to these debates by considering an industry in which women were a minority in the workforce, and will include analysis of businesswomen and of women employed in the metal trades. These women faced restrictions through a lack of training, discourse against them, and a lack of organisational change by the Cutlers' Company. Despite these restrictions, the metal trades offered some women relatively high wages compared with other industries, although not always a stable form of employment. Women worked in a variety of roles often, but not exclusively, associated with the finishing processes of metal goods. Family was important in this working context, and could bring opportunities to women's working lives. This working environment could enable women's domestic and working roles to be combined. Although women were a minority within the metal trades, their experiences reflected diversity within this group.

Objectives: The objectives of this study were to establish the extent of dermal and respiratory exposure at selected locations at a South African platinum mine. The study included exposure to lead oxide fumes in an assay laboratory, nickel sulfate powder at a nickel sulfate crystallizer circuit and packing site and metallic copper dust whilst executing copper stripping. Methods: In an availability study, the dermal metal exposures were measured before, during and at the end of shifts. Dermal exposure samples were taken with GhostwipesTM from the dominant hand, wrist and forehead. Wipes were analyzed using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES). Wipe samples were taken from surfaces in the workplace and analyzed according to NIOSH 9102, using ICP-AES. Personal and static inhalable dust samples were taken and the dust samples were analyzed according to NIOSH 7300, using ICP-AES. A validated questionnaire was used to evaluate self reported dermatological complaints of the workers at the fire assay laboratory and base metal recovery plant. Results: 100% of the nickel respiratory exposures and 36.8% of the lead respiratory exposures were above the occupational exposure limits (OEL). Copper respiratory exposure was present but less significant with a geometric mean of 0.071 mg m-3. All of the dermal lead measurements and the majority of the nickel and copper dermal measurements were below the limit of detection. Nickel surface contamination was the most significant and ranged between 8.430 μg cm-2 and 387.488 μg cm-2. Only 30% of the copper surface sample results were below the detection limit with a maximum surface sample of 14.41 μg cm-2. Lead surface contamination was low with 90% of the samples below the limit of detection. All of the workers at the nickel crystallizer circuit and packing site had a Dalgard score above 1.3 and therefore are at a higher risk of developing a skin disease. None of the workers at the copper stripping site had a significant Dalgard score and only one worker at the fire assay laboratory had a score above 1.3 and therefore is at a higher risk of developing a skin disease. Conclusions: Recommendations were made to lower the exposure to inhalable lead and nickel. The low lead dermal measurements may be due to adequate personal protective equipment usage and hygiene practices. Although the ethnicity of the workers may be the reason for the low incidence of dermatological complaints, the Dalgard score indicated that five workers are at risk of developing skin diseases.
Thesis (M.Sc. (Occupational Hygiene))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011

A metalsmith�s ability to turn stone into metal and mould metal into useable objects, is one of the most valuable production industries of any society. The conception of this metallurgical knowledge has been the major catalyst in the development of increasing socio-political complexity since the beginning of the Bronze Age (Childe, 1930). However, when considering the prehistory of Southeast Asia, especially Thailand, it is noted that the introduction of metallurgical activity, namely copper and bronze technology, did not engender the increase in social complexity witnessed in other regions. It is suggested that the region is anomalous in that terms and concepts developed to describe and define Bronze Ages by scholars working in other regions, lack strict analogues within Southeast Asia. Muhly (1988) has famously noted the non-compliance of Southeast Asia to previous models, "In all other corners of the Bronze Age world-China, Mesopotamia, Anatolia, the Aegean and central Europe-we find the introduction of bronze technology associated with a complex of social, political and economic developments that mark the rise of the state. Only in Southeast Asia, especially in Thailand and Vietnam, do these developments seem to be missing" (Muhly, 1988:16). This "rise of the state" is associated with the development of hierarchy, inequality, and status differentiation, evidence for which, it is argued, is most explicitly articulated in mortuary contexts (Bacus, 2006). Evidence would include an intra-site restriction in access to resources, including prestige goods, and ranking, a vertical differentiation, often related to interment wealth. Thus the introduction of metallurgical technology saw copper and other prestige goods, used to entrench authority and advertise status (Coles and Harding; 1979). Such evidence has so far been absent in Bronze Age, Southeast Asian contexts. Accordingly, the usefulness of the term "Bronze Age" for describing and defining Southeast Asian assemblages has been questioned (White, 2002). However, the Ban Non Wat discovery of wealthy Bronze Age interments, with bronze grave goods restricted to the wealthiest, has furrowed the brow of many working in the region, providing evidence to at least reconsider this stance. Despite its obvious importance in shaping Bronze Age societies around the globe, and now, significance in Northeast Thailand, very little is known of the acceptance, development, and spread of tin-bronze metallurgical techniques during the prehistory of Southeast Asia. Only a handful of investigations of archaeological sites in the region have investigated the use of metals beyond macroscopic cataloguing. Utilising an agential framework, the Ban Non Wat bronze metallurgical evidence has been investigated as an entire assemblage, from the perspective of the individual metalsmith, in order to greater understand the industry and its impact upon the society incorporating the new technology. Furthermore, mortuary data is investigated by means of wealth assessment, as an insight into social form throughout the corresponding period of adoption, development and spread of metallurgy. The bivalent study of society and technology has shed light on the development of socio-political, and economic complexity during Bronze Age Southeast Asia, and in doing so, outlined the direct impact the metalsmiths themselves had on the supply, spread and functioning of their important industry. Variabilities in grave �wealth,� have been identified at Ban Non Wat. A further situation not previously encountered in Bronze Age Southeast Asia, is the restriction of bronze goods, in death, to differentiated, wealthy individuals. The existence of such individuals suggests that society during this period was rather more complex than regional precedents would suggest. I contend that it is the introduction of metallurgy, and in particular, the nature in which it was conducted that engendered these developments. Therefore, when considering the traditional course of developing social-political complexity during the Bronze Age, it now seems that Thailand at least, is potentially, not that anomalous.

Various hazardous chemical substances are used daily in the platinum refineries. This study was conducted in order to determine whether platinum refinery workers’ exposure to HCl and Cl2, two of the hazardous chemical substances, could damage the skin barrier function (i.e. skin hydration, trans–epidermal water loss and skin surface pH) of these workers. The participants of this study were fourteen workers that were exposed to HCl and Cl2, constituting the exposed group, and a control group that was made up of ten workers located in another building detached from the plant. Due to the fact that some of the workers in the exposed group used barrier creams, the exposed group was further divided into two groups, namely the barrier cream (BC) and non–barrier cream (nBC) groups. Workers’ skin barrier function was measured on six distinct anatomical skin areas, including indirectly exposed skin (i.e. palm, wrist and back of the hand that was covered with protective gloves) and directly exposed skin (i.e. neck, cheek and forehead). These skin measurements were conducted before, during and at the end of shifts, while airborne personal and area HCl and Cl2 exposure were concurrently assessed. The results of this study indicated that indirectly exposed skin of the exposed group was dehydrated, and only Cl2 exposure contributed to a disrupted skin barrier function on the back of the hand. Due to limited correlations with skin hydration, it remained unclear whether HCl and Cl2 exposure had an influence on skin hydration. The palm of the exposed group had abnormally high TEWL levels, but only HCl contributed to the palm’s damaged skin barrier function. Skin surface pH for indirectly and directly exposed skin was found to be within the normal range, but both HCl and Cl2 exposure contributed towards a decrease in skin surface pH for the directly exposed skin of the exposed group. It also remained unclear whether barrier creams enhanced the exposed group’s skin barrier. This lack of certainty can most likely be ascribed to the small participant group. Additional factors such as the use of latex gloves, continuous washing and scrubbing of hands, and contact with contaminated personal protective equipment and workplace surfaces could also have contributed to an impaired skin barrier. Workers in the platinum refinery industry are potentially exposed to chlorinated platinum salts, and an impaired skin barrier may result in skin permeation thereof, which could lead to sensitisation and allergy. It is, however, recommended that washing facilities need to be improved; personal hygiene procedures and skin aftercare need to be emphasised during training sessions; and neoprene gloves need to be used to reduce the allergy risk of latex gloves.
Thesis (M.Sc. (Occupational Hygiene))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

Orientador: Ricardo Luiz Coltro Antunes
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas
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Resumo: No Brasil do século XX, ao longo do período de 1954 a 1964, o cenário nacional foi palco de pelo menos três crises - política, social e econômica - marcadas pelo suicídio de Getúlio Vargas em 1954, pela renúncia de Jânio Quadros em 1961 e pelo golpe militar de 1964. No decorrer destes anos, num processo que se inaugurou em contextos anteriores, é possível observar a formação de uma classe operária no Brasil, em virtude da ampliação do parque industrial nacional. No sudeste brasileiro, sobretudo, na região metropolitana de São Paulo, inúmeras indústrias multinacionais da cadeia produtiva do automóvel se instalaram nas cidades do ABC paulista, atraídas por um mercado consumidor com demanda reprimida, por amplos incentivos alfandegários e creditícios dados pelo governo brasileiro, bem como, por uma volumosa oferta de mão-de-obra nas cidades abastecida pelo êxodo rural. Esse contexto histórico foi terreno fértil à gênese do discurso ideológico nacional desenvolvimentista, segundo o qual, numa perspectiva evolucionista, o Brasil superaria a condição de subdesenvolvimento através da participação do Estado, dos capitais privados nacionais e dos capitais estrangeiros. Ideologicamente, o tripé - ordem, progresso e soberania - daria sustentação ao pacto social que se pretendia construir entre as classes sociais. No processo de urbanização e industrialização, nos moldes fordistas/tayloristas, inseridos no contexto de modernização da nação, os sindicatos operários e os Partidos disputaram os rumos da classe trabalhadora no Brasil, a qual se formou como um novo mosaico étnicolregional, composto, sobretudo, por migrantes nacionais vindos das zonas rurais do país. Por meio da história oral e da memória, este estudo buscou analisar as experiências e as estratégias de resistência de quatorze ex-metalúrgicos, ao longo do processo de re-enraizamento vivenciado com a migração para as cidades de São Paulo e ABC paulista, no interior do mundo do trabalho de 1954 a 1964. A análise das memórias dos sujeitos desta história permitiu perceber que esse processo de ressocialização vivido pelo migrante rural, esteve marcado tanto pela sujeição aos valores dominantes da sociedade de destino, bem como pelas pequenas recusas à modemidade brasileira. Fincando raizes em terra nova, esses migrantes-operários depararam-se com as engrenagens da fábrica fordistaltaylorista instalatla no Brasil, na vivência de um medo difícil de definir e de um tempo que se tomou produto raro. No interior dessas relações sociais marcadas pelo trabalho estranhado/alienado, os depoentes deste estudo, concebidos como sujeitos ativos 'sob as condições objetivas dadas, criaram práticas sociais de resistência às formas de opressão vivenciadas no chão de fábrica, e fora dele. Levando-se em consideração não só o cenário macroestrutural, mas, principalmente, a dinâmica subjetiva e simbólica do trabalho, a análise das memórias de ex-operários, que se empregaram em diferentes indústrias metalúrgicas da cadeia produtiva de automóveis, lançaram luzes sobre as relações conflitivas da vida cotidiana no mundo moderno, evidenciando uma contínua tentativa destes sujeitos de transpor a condição de máquinas de trabalho
Abstract: In Brazil, during the twentieth century, from 1954 to 1964, the country went through at least three crisis: political, social, and economical. These were marked by Getúlio Vargas' suicide in 1954, by Jânio Quadros' resignation in 1961, and by the military coup in 1964. In the course ofthese years, in a process that started in previous contexts, it is possible to observe the formation of a working class in Brazil, due to the enlargement of the national industrial park. In the southeast of Brazil, above ali, in the metropolitan region of São Paulo, a countless number of multinacional industries from the automobile productive chain have settled in the ABC Paulista cities, attracted by a consumer market with a repressed demand, by broad custom incentives and credit given by the Brazilian govemment, as well as, by a sizeable labour offer in the cities supplied by the rural exodus . This historical context was a fertile terrain for the genesis of the national-<1evelopmental ideologicaldiscourse, according to which, in an evolutionary perspective, Brazil would overcome the underdeveloped condition through the participation of the state, of the national private capital, and of the foreign capital. Ideologically, the tripod-order, progresso and sovereignty-would give support to the social pact that was intended to be built among the social classes. In the process of urbanization and industrialization, in the FordITaylor pattem, inserted in the modemization context of the nation, the unions and the political parties disputed the course of the working class in Brazil, which was formed as a new ethnical-regional mosaic, made up of, above ali, national migrants coming from the rural areas of the country. Through the oral history" and the memory, this study tried to analyse the experiences and the strategies of resistence of fourteen ex-metalworkers, through the adaption process experienced with the migration to the cities of São Paulo and ABC Paulista, inside the labour world from 1954 to 1964. The analysis of the memories from the subjects of this history allowed me to notice that this resocialization process experienced by the rural migrant, was marked as much by the subjection to the dominant values from the society as by the insignificant refusals to the Brazilian modemity. Establishing roots in the new land, these migrant workers carne across the mechanisms of the Fordffaylor factory installed in Brazil, living with a fear difficult to define, and time which became arare product. In the core of these social relations marked by the strange/alienated work, the witnesses from this study, conceived as active subjects under the oDjective conditions given, created social practices of resistence to the forms of oppression experienced in and out of the factories. T aking into consi~eration, not only the macro-structural scenery, but, mainly, the subjective and symbolic dynamics of work, the analysis of the memories from ex-workers, who worked for different metallurgical industries from the automobile productive chain, throwed lights on the conflicting relations of the everyday life in the modem world, showing a continuous attempt from these subjects to overcome the condition of working machines
Mestrado
Mestre em Sociologia

Orientador: Angela Maria Carneiro Araujo
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas
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Resumo: O propósito desta dissertação de mestrado é realizar um estudo sobre o que se convencionou denominar, nos anos 90 e início dos anos 2000, a ¿esquerda da CUT¿, a partir de três dos mais importantes representantes dessa fração do movimento sindical brasileiro: os sindicatos dos metalúrgicos de Campinas, Limeira e São José dos Campos. O objetivo específico é analisar a prática concreta dessas entidades e seus resultados na defesa dos trabalhadores de suas bases. O objetivo geral da dissertação é, por sua vez, oferecer, ao debate sobre o sindicalismo brasileiro nos anos 90 e 2000, elementos empíricos e uma discussão teórica sobre a prática sindical ¿não propositiva¿, estes relativamente ausentes na produção nacional sobre a questão sindical. Os resultados da pesquisa apontam para a positividade das táticas e da estratégia das entidades estudadas, cujo norte foi a resistência à qualquer redução de direitos, a manutenção de um discurso classista e da crítica sistemática ao neoliberalismo, além da ênfase na organização e na formação política dos trabalhadores. Os resultados positivos foram verificados empiricamente a partir da análise dos acordos coletivos e da observação da manutenção de índices significativos de sindicalização. A esses, soma-se a negação da premissa segundo a qual ¿não há alternativa¿ à acomodação e moderação do sindicalismo brasileiro imposta pela conjuntura desfavorável aos trabalhadores, que suporte a pressão e o poder ¿dos mercados¿. Por outro lado, os resultados apontam também para as dificuldades colocadas aos sindicatos estudados, que decorreram, em grande medida, do processo de aprofundamento da exploração capitalista e do aumento do desemprego e da precarização do trabalho com a implementação de novas técnicas de gestão e do avanço das políticas neoliberais, cujos resultados mais visíveis foram: a dificuldade de realizar mobilizações significativas e de incorporar novos militantes, em especial os mais jovens, a falta de rotatividade da diretoria e a impossibilidade de refrear a tendência à burocratização das entidades. Enfim, a limitação da ação sindical ao campo da resistência
Abstract: The purpose of this dissertation is to exam the ¿CUT leftwing¿, through the analysis of the tree most important representatives of this section of Brazilian unionism: the Metal Trade Union of Campinas, of Limeira and of São José dos Campos. The main purpose is to analyze the concrete practices of these unions and its results in the defense of workers. The general objective is, on turn, to offer, to the academic debate about Brazilian unionism, some empirical aspects and a theorical analysis about the ¿non propositive¿ union practice, relatively absent in the national literature on unionism. The research¿s results point out the benefits of the strategy and tactics of the studied unions whose objectives were the resistance to any right's reduction, the maintenance of class perspective, a strong anti-neoliberal perspective and the emphasis on worker's organization and political training. Those gains were empirically verified, specially, through the analysis of collective bargaining agreements and the maintenance of a significant union density. In addition, there is the refusal of the idea that ¿there is no alternative¿ to the unions¿ adjustment and moderation caused by the unfavorable worker's situation. Besides the research results also point out the difficulties posed to the leftist union¿s leaders by the deepening of capitalist exploitation processes and the increasing unemployment and work degradation fostered by new management techniques and the advance of neoliberal politics. These difficulties are related to organizing significant mobilizations and to have new militants, specially younger workers joining in, the lack of union¿s leaders regular rotation and the impossibility to avoid union¿s burocratization tendencies. In short, the limitation of union¿s action to the field of resistance
Mestrado
Relações de Trabalho e Organização de Interesses
Mestre em Ciência Política

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Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
The present paper studies how two newspapers reported the strikes of 1978, 1979 and 1980, the two newspapers we chose for this were ABCD Jornaland Folha de S. Paulo, the choice of these strikes is due to its repercussion in the media and its unfolding by its leaders in the creations of a political party and a workers, Folha de S. Pauloand ABCD Jornalnewspapers were our sources of research. The Folhathat defended the military civilian regime at its birth will be an opponent of the created legislations and seeks to break with the imposed regime, but always maintaining a legalistic stance, the ABCD Jornalwill have a distinct path some of its idealizers started their fight against the dictatorship imposed on the Brazil with clandestine actions and formation of guerrilla groups, after their arrests this group began a rapprochement of the trade union movement, denouncing the ills suffered by the works through the newspaper that constructed the ABCD Jornal, this will have like the leaf a legalistic stance, each interpreting to the strike movement from his point of view
O presente trabalho tem por intuito o estudo de como dois jornais noticiaram as greves de 1978, 1979 e 1980. Os dois jornais escolhidos como fonte de pesquisa foram o ABCD Jornale Folha de S. Paulo.A escolha destas greves como foco do estudo se deu devido a sua repercussão na mídia e seus desdobramentos por parte de seus lideres na criação de um partido político e uma Central dos Trabalhadores. O jornal A Folha,que defendeuo regime civil militar em seu nascimento, será um opositor das legislações criadas e busca romper com o regime imposto, porém, sempre mantendo uma postura legalista. O ABCD Jornalterá um caminho distinto, pois alguns de seus idealizadores iniciaram sua luta contra a ditadura imposta no Brasil com ações clandestinas e com a formação de grupo guerrilheiro. Após suas prisões este grupo iniciou uma reaproximação do movimento sindical, denunciando as mazelas sofridas pelos trabalhadores através do jornal que construíram o ABCD Jornal. O ABCD Jornal teve, assim como a Folha, uma postura legalista, cada um interpretando a lei sob seu ponto e vista

Orientador: Ricardo Luiz Coltro Antunes
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas
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Resumo: A década de 90 trouxe grandes mudanças nas relações entre o Estado, as empresas e os trabalhadores no Brasil. Na indústria automotiva, a abertura comercial permitiu às montadoras aplicar estratégias globais no suprimento de autopeças, configurando uma cadeia de fornecimento hierarquizada, onde, nos primeiros níveis, estão as fabricantes de sistemas completos dos veículos (sistemistas), as quais também reproduzem estas relações com suas fornecedoras. Acompanhando este processo, mudanças na gestão do trabalho têm reformulado as estruturas de cargos nas plantas, exigindo novas competências aos assalariados e alterando o relacionamento que mantêm entre si nas esferas gerenciais e operacionais, fatos que se refletiram na própria organização do movimento sindical. Focando tais transformações no setor de autopeças da região de Campinas, os objetivos desta tese são compreender: (1) os principais aspectos das relações estabelecidas entre plantas filiais de grupos transnacionais com suas matrizes, bem como com suas clientes e fornecedoras, nos processos de hierarquização e redução da cadeia automotiva, cujo deslanchar no Brasil ocorreu em meio à desnacionalização deste setor; (2) como estes aspectos se relacionam com a implantação da gestão flexível do trabalho nestas plantas filiais, inclusive no tocante à conjugação de métodos dos sistemas taylorista/fordista e toyotista; (3) como tais mudanças têm afetado os trabalhadores, seja quanto aos perfis profissionais e educacionais exigidos e o montante de empregos ofertados, seja quanto às formas de mobilização e negociação sindicais construídas neste contexto. Para a consecução destes objetivos, revisamos a literatura sobre a reestruturação produtiva e sua difusão no Brasil após os anos 90, e realizamos um estudo de caso empírico numa empresa transnacional, situada na região de Campinas e fornecedora tanto de grandes sistemistas de autopeças quanto de montadoras. O Sindicato dos Metalúrgicos de Campinas também foi pesquisado, mediante entrevistas junto à sua direção e presidência, nas quais se abordaram as ações desta entidade em face da reestruturação produtiva nas empresas e das políticas neoliberais, suas concepções acerca das conseqüências destes processos sobre os trabalhadores, bem como o relacionamento que o sindicato vem tendo com a CUT. Os resultados mostram que a desnacionalização do setor de autopeças brasileiro teve profunda relação com as estratégias globais dos grupos transnacionais desta indústria, refletindo um embate entre corporações dos EUA e da Europa frente ao avanço da concorrência nipônica, liderada pela Toyota, embate no qual têm contado com a atuação dos Estados e das classes trabalhadoras. A implantação da gestão flexível nas plantas filiais de países periféricos, por sua vez, não apenas é parte desta luta mundial pela acumulação de capital, como a reproduz no próprio relacionamento cotidiano entre os assalariados, das gerências ao chão de fábrica, onde a hibridez do taylorismo/fordismo com o toyotismo tem configurado perfis de qualificação que fragmentam social, econômica e politicamente os trabalhadores. Por fim, a terceirização e o desemprego que emergiram destes processos têm imposto obstáculos à ação sindical, levando tensões e rupturas entre instâncias locais, estaduais e federais nos setores mais combativos, como ilustra o rompimento do Sindicato dos Metalúrgicos de Campinas com a CUT
Abstract: The Nineties brought significant changes to the relations among the state, the companies and the working class in Brazil. In the automotive industry, the commercial opening allowed car assembly companies to utilize global strategies on its parts supply, forming a hierarchized supply chain where, in the first levels are the manufacturers of complete vehicle systems (systemists), which also reproduce these relations with their suppliers. Following this process, changes in work management have remodeled the position structures in plants, demanding new competences to working class and altering the relationship that is maintained among them on the operational and managerial aspects, facts that reflected in the own union movement organization. Focusing on such transformations in the automotive components sector in the region of Campinas, this study is aimed at: (1) the main aspects of the relations established among branch plants belonging to transnational groups towards their headquarters, clients and suppliers, in the hierarquization and reduction of automotive chain whose boom occurred during this sector¿s denationalization; (2) how these aspects are related to the implantation of flexible work management in these branch plants, including when it comes to the taylorist/fordist and toyotist systems; (3) how these changes have affected working class, whether to their required personal and educational skills, whether to their union mobilization and negotiations build in this context. In order to achieve these goals, we went over the literature about productive restructuration and its spread across Brazil after the nineties, and we carried out an empirical study case in a transnational company, located in the region of Campinas and both supplier of big automotive components and assembly companies. The Sindicato dos Metalúrgicos de Campinas was also surveyed, through interviews along with its management running, in which actions of this institution were approached in the face of companies productive restructuration and neo-liberal policies, their conceptions about the consequences of these processes to the working class, as well as the good relationship the union has had with CUT. Results have shown that the automotive components sector denationalization had a deep relation with the global strategies of transnational groups of this industry, reflecting a struggle between American¿s and European¿s corporations against the Nipponese competition, led by Toyota, struggle which has counted on States and the working class. The flexible management implantation in the branch plants of peripheral countries, on the other hand, is not only part of this world struggle for capital accumulation, as well as the reproduction on the daily relations among in shop floor managers, where the taylorism/fordism hybridity along with toyotism systems have formed profiles of qualification that fragment socially, economically and politically the working class. Lastly, outsourcing and unemployment which rose from these processes have build big roadblocks to union actions, conducting strains and ruptures among local, state and federal institutions in the most combative sectors, as it has shown the disruption between Sindicato dos Metalúrgicos de Campinas and CUT
Doutorado
Sociologia
Doutor em Sociologia

Orientador: Andréia Galvão
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas
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Resumo: O presente trabalho se propõe, a partir de uma análise comparativa entre o Sindicato dos Metalúrgicos de São Paulo (SMSP), o Sindicato dos Metalúrgicos de São Bernardo do Campo e Diadema (SMABC) e o Sindicato dos Metalúrgicos de São José dos Campos (SMSJC), a analisar as transformações ocorridas no movimento sindical brasileiro durante os dois governos Lula (2003-2010). Partimos do pressuposto de que existe uma relação estreita entre os sindicatos analisados e as centrais sindicais às quais estão filiados, e entre os sindicatos e a estrutura sindical estabelecida pelo Estado. Temos por objetivo estudar o posicionamento político-ideológico dos sindicatos e relacioná-lo às convenções coletivas com fins de testar duas hipóteses. Uma primária: se existe uma relação de influência entre as centrais sindicais e os sindicatos aqui analisados, bem como entre os sindicatos e o posicionamento das centrais, ou seja, se há uma co-relação de influência que proporciona um direcionamento da política sindical tanto para os sindicatos como para as centrais. Uma hipótese secundária, que a pesquisa pretende ajudar a esclarecer: se a política governamental influi diretamente na organização das centrais sindicais brasileiras e no perfil político-ideológico que estas assumem
Abstract: This thesis aims to analyze the changes in the brazilian labor movement during Luis Inácio Lula da Silva's two administrations by comparing three metalsmith unions: Sindicato dos Metalúrgicos de São Paulo (SMSP - São Paulo State's Metalsmiths Union), Sindicato dos Metalúrgicos de São Bernardo do Campo e Diadema (SMABC - São Bernardo do Campo and Diadema Metalsmiths Union) and Sindicato dos Metalúrgicos de São José dos Campos (SMSJC - São José dos Campos Metalsmiths Union). It is assumed that there is a close relation linking these unions and the central unions to which they are affiliated, and also between unions and the syndical structure dictated by the State. Our purpose is to study the union's political stances and link them to the collective negotiations. This way, we will try two hypotheses. First, whether the union centrals and the unions discussed here influence each other, and also whether the unions' and the unions central's political stances are related, to say, whether there is a co-relation of influence which directs syndical policy not only in the unions but also in the union centrals. And second, whether governmental politics affects Brazilian union central's organization and their political profile in a straightforward manner
Mestrado
Ciencia Politica
Mestre em Ciência Política

Orientador: Maria Ines Monteiro
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas
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Resumo: A expansão do capitalismo em escala global está criando novos cenários econômicos e sociais ocasionando repercussões no mundo do trabalho. A metalurgia no agronegócio do Brasil é um setor que tem apresentado grande dinamismo e obtido resultados financeiros positivos nos últimos anos. Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo avaliar o índice de capacidade para o trabalho, traçar o perfil sociodemográfico e de estilo de vida entre trabalhadores de uma empresa metalúrgica do ramo de agronegócio, no interior paulista. Foram utilizados dois questionários: o índice de Capacidade para o Trabalho - ICT (Tuomi et ai, 1997); e outro, com dados sociodemográficos, trabalho e estilo de vida (Monteiro-Cocco, 1996). Estes estudos foram complementados através da Análise Ergonômica do Trabalho (Rhomert & Landau, 1983). É um estudo de caráter epidemiológico transversal com população de 200 trabalhadores e amostra composta por 142, com idade entre 18 e 66 anos; sendo a maioria (87,3%) do sexo masculino. A capacidade para o trabalho foi ótima para 66,9% dos indivíduos, boa para 29,6% e, moderada, para 3,5%. Foi encontrada associação estatisticamente significativa para as variáveis etilismo, movimento repetitivo, tabagismo e escolaridade. Os resultados demonstraram que pessoas que não fumavam tinham 2,3 vezes maior chance de ter um ICT melhor do que as que fumavam; as com maior escolaridade tinham chance 2,3 vezes maior de ter um ICT melhor do que as com menor escolaridade. Os principais resultados obtidos foram divulgados para os trabalhadores e diretores da empresa, visando a implementação de ações para a promoção à saúde no trabalho
Abstract: The capitalism expansion in global scale is creating new economic and social scenarios with effects on the working conditions. The metallurgy in the Brazilian agribusiness has showed great dynamism and positive financial results for the country in the last years. The aim of this study is to evaluate the working capacity, the socio-demographic profile, and the lifestyle of workers in a metallurgical industry in the agribusiness sector, located in inland São Paulo state. Two health survey questionnaires were used: the Work Ability Index - WAI (TUOMI et ai, 1977), and a questionnaire with socio-demographic, work and life style data elaborated by Monteiro-Cocco (1996). These surveys were complemented through the Ergonomic Work Analyses (RHOMERT ANO LANOAU, 1983). l1's a crosssectional epidemiological study with a sample of 142 workers out of a total population of 200 workers, with an average age of 34,04 years, most of them (87,3%) males. The work ability was considered excellent for 66,9% of the workers in the sample, good for 29,6% and moderate for 3,5%. Significant statistical association was found for the variables alcoholism, repetitive movement, tobacco addiction, and schooling. Results showed that non-smoking persons had 2,3 times more chances to have a betterWAI than the smoking ones, while those with higher number of school years attendance had a 2,3 higher chance of having a better WAI than those with less school years. The main results of the research were communicated to the workers and directors, aiming the implementation of actions to improve healthy working conditions
Mestrado
Enfermagem e Trabalho
Mestre em Enfermagem

Orientador: Ricardo Luiz Coltro Antunes
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas
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Resumo: Nas últimas décadas, o modo de produção capitalista vem passando por intensas transformações em sua forma de acumulação, reestruturando seus processos produtivos e relações de trabalho. No Brasil, esse processo de mudança se inicia em meados dos anos de 1980, mas se intensifica somente durante a década de 90, a partir da abertura comercial e internacionalização da economia, exigindo das empresas inovações tecnológicas, novas formas de organização da produção e novos métodos de gestão da força de trabalho. Focalizando essas transformações num estudo de caso acerca da Zanini S/A Equipamentos Pesados de Sertãozinho-SP, objetivou-se nesta dissertação compreender: 1) como se desenvolveu o processo de reestruturação produtiva nessa empresa nos anos de 1990 e a reorganização industrial que ela gerou sobre o setor metalúrgico da cidade; 2) quais os impactos produzidos por esse processo sobre os trabalhadores, e se ele influenciou na postura do Sindicato dos Metalúrgicos na década de 90 com relação à postura que essa entidade mantinha nos anos de 1980. Por meio de ampla pesquisa concreta, que contou com levantamento bibliográfico concernente ao tema, captação de dados, pesquisa documental e principalmente entrevistas com trabalhadores, sindicalistas e empresários, constituímos um quadro analítico que busca perceber e revelar os fenômenos e processos sociais desencadeados pela reestruturação produtiva da Zanini sobre os trabalhadores da empresa e o Sindicato dos Metalúrgicos. Os resultados a que chegamos demonstram que a reestruturação produtiva operada na Zanini gerou desemprego em massa e precarização das condições de trabalho no interior da empresa durante o período de crise, fusão e incorporação pela Dedini. Paralelamente a isso, observa-se o processo de reorganização industrial na empresa a partir da introdução de novos processos produtivos e novas formas de gestão e organização da força de trabalho, com a tentativa de cooptar e fragmentar econômica, social e politicamente os trabalhadores metalúrgicos. Verificou-se, ainda, que o Sindicato dos Metalúrgicos ¿ diante de tais transformações do capital para ampliar seu controle sobre o trabalho ¿, encontrou dificuldades para se mobilizar. Assim, percebe-se uma alteração em sua forma de organização e atuação, pois ao se filiar à Força Sindical, sua orientação política se modifica, deixando de ser um Sindicato combativo, como era nos anos 1980, para se constituir num Sindicato de participação e colaboração com o capital na década de 90
Abstract: In the last few decades, the way of capitalist production is passing by an intense transformations in its form of accumulation, reorganizing its productive processes and work relations. In Brazil, this process of change initiates in the middle 80s, but it is intensified only during the decade of the 90s, from the commercial opening and the internationalization of the economy, demanding, from the companies, technological innovations, new forms of organization for the production and new methods of management of the work force. Focusing these transformations in a study concerning Zanini S/A Heavy Equipment, in Sertãozinho-SP, the objective in this dissertation was to understand: 1) how the development of the productive reorganization process happened in this company in the 90s and the industrial reorganization that it generated on the metallurgic sector of the city; 2) which were the impacts produced by this process on the workers, and if it influenced in the position of the Union of Metallurgist in the 90s, regarding the position that this entity kept in the 80s. By means of a wide concrete research, that counted on bibliographical survey about the subject, data survey, documentary research and mainly interviews with workers, syndicalists and entrepreneurs, an analytical picture was constituted trying to perceive and to disclose the phenomena and the social processes which happened because of the productive reorganization of Zanini on its workers and on the Union of Metallurgist. The results demonstrates that the productive reorganization operated at Zanini, generated mass unemployment and bad work conditions in the company during the period of crisis, fusing and incorporation for Dedini. In the meanwhile, the process of industrial reorganization in the company from the introduction of new productive processes isobserved and also, new forms of management and organization of the work force, with the attempt of economically, socially and politically co-opting and breaking up the metallurgic workers. It was also verified, that the Union of Metallurgist - ahead of such transformations of the capital to extend its control on the work-, found difficulties in mobilizing itself. Thus, one perceives an alteration in its form of organization and performance, because to be filiated to the Syndical Force, its political orientation gets modified; stopping being a militant Union, as it was in the 80s, to consist a Union of participation and contribution with the capital in the 90s
Mestrado
Mestre em Sociologia

Mining in the state of Western Australia (WA) formally commenced in the 1840s, and over the ensuing 180 years has evolved to be the epicentre of the Australian mining industry and a significant contributor to the national economy. The lithology of WA is replete with mineralisation that hosts uranium and “critical minerals” required for the global renewable energy sector. The state’s first uranium mine is under development, and high levels of activity are occurring in the state’s nascent critical minerals sector, with 168 WA-based companies pursuing rare earths-bearing minerals, 51 of which are actively drilling on their tenements. WA’s mineral deposits typically contain levels of the naturally occurring radionuclides (NORs) thorium-232 and uranium-238 that are elevated above the global crustal average. Workers are exposed to NORs during the mining and mineral extraction processes, and radiation doses that exceed applicable exposure standards may eventuate. The central issue addressed by this research is “what is the potential for radiation exposures from NORs to the significantly increased workforce, and is the regulatory framework fit-for-purpose to ensure radiation doses are kept as low as reasonably achievable?” The research traces the history of worker radiation doses from 1977 to 2020, finding the maximum dose was 163.4mSv, more than eight times the current derived annual dose limit. Whilst 93.5% of all workers received doses of less than 5.0mSv per year, the potential for elevated doses is ever-present as witnessed by 10.3mSv reported in 2009-10. The increase in activity coincides with a revision of the dose coefficients (DCs) associated with the intake of radionuclides. The research evaluates the revised DCs and forecasts doses from inhalation of radioactive dusts will nearly double, and lead to workers receiving doses exceeding 5mSv for the first time since 2009-10. The research raises issues with the evaluation of worker doses and recommends personal dust sampling be prioritised. The revised DCs reinforce the need for effective long-term management of NOR-contaminated wastes arising from mineral processing activities. The research investigated a technique for the removal and capture of NOR-contaminated scale from a piece of disused mining equipment, reporting capture efficiencies of greater than 90%. The technique has the potential to significantly reduce the environmental footprint of NOR-contaminated wastes and to minimise doses to workers involved in the removal process. The research finds that the current regulatory framework is fit-for-purpose. However, inter-agency relationships require strengthening, and the capacity of the regulator to effectively regulate the current and future number of mining operations is questioned. The mining industry is similarly vulnerable to capability and capacity constraints – but has failed to respond to issues in relation to competent radiation safety officers first raised by the Winn Inquiry in 1984. Disconcertingly, monitoring of worker exposures to NORs reached a nadir in the final years covered by this Thesis, raising questions as to the veracity of worker doses reported to the regulatory agency. Academic papers for publication have been developed and are drawn upon in each Chapter. Six papers have been published in peer-reviewed journals, and a seventh is undergoing the editorial process.

Orientador: Heleno Rodrigues Corrêa Filho
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas
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Resumo: O presente trabalho partiu do questionamento sobre a tendência temporal e ecológica das morbidades mentais entre metalúrgicos e trabalhadores da educação. Investigamos o possível relacionamento dessas tendências com as mudanças que intensificaram o processo de trabalho em dois setores de atividade econômica muito diferentes. Esta tese combinou método de estudo de caso do setor metalúrgico com estudo ecológico nacional sobre trabalhadores da metalurgia e da educação. Realizamos o estudo de caso com observação direta e entrevistas no ambiente de trabalho sucedida por estudo documental histórico sobre empresa metalúrgica transnacional utilizando fontes públicas oficiais: _ Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego ¿ MTe, Ministério Público do Estado de São Paulo ¿ MP e o Ministério Público do Trabalho ¿ MPT. Numa segunda etapa os trabalhadores da educação foram comparados com metalúrgicos em estudo ecológico que usou bases nacionais brasileiras de dados sobre benefícios do Instituto Nacional de Seguridade Social ¿ INSS. Os desfechos epidemiológicos foram diagnósticos concedidos no Brasil aos trabalhadores para Licenças do Trabalho para tratamento de Saúde ¿ LTS e as exposições estudadas foram as categorias econômicas classificadas na Classificação Nacional de Atividades Econômicas ¿ CNAE, versão 2.0, para período de doze anos entre 2000-2011. O primeiro artigo abordou riscos psicossociais decorrentes da introdução de um novo modelo de gestão, o Lean Production, em uma indústria metalúrgica. O Lean passou a ser objeto de observação do trabalho de campo realizado no ano de 1996, quando a empresa passava por processo de fusão e internacionalização. Foram feitas entrevistas chave de trabalhadores e gerentes, complementadas posteriormente com análise documental. Anos depois, entre 2004 e 2009 voltamos a estudar a empresa, refazendo entrevistas a sindicatos e analisando processo judicial no MPT que lhe atribuía más condições trabalhistas, riscos à saúde e ao xx ambiente do trabalho. Essa metodologia criou oportunidade inédita de confrontar observação direta com resultantes posteriores sobre o trabalho e a saúde dos trabalhadores. O questionamento fundamental foi sobre relações entre o modelo de gestão - lean-production - e sua possível associação com riscos psicossociais à saúde dos trabalhadores. Constatamos nos processos judiciais que aquela multinacional de autopeças foi questionada pelo uso de jornadas excessivas com horas extras de trabalho, trabalho sem descanso semanal e jornadas com duração acima de dez horas. Essas condições de trabalho foram consideradas pelo MTe, MP e MPT como fontes de riscos psicossociais associados com afastamentos relacionados a adoecimento pelo trabalho. Os artigos Dois e Três analisamos adoecimentos de trabalhadores no setor da metalurgia no Brasil no período de 2000 a 2011. Nestes artigos descrevemos as doenças às quais foram atribuídas as LTS analisando fontes brasileiras de dados para todo o mercado formal de trabalho (celetista) no país. Os numeradores foram extraídos dos diagnósticos que motivaram as LTS classificados pela Classificação Internacional de Doenças (CID10) no Sistema Único de Benefícios (SUB) do INSS. Os denominadores foram retirados da GFIP ¿ Guia de Recolhimento do Fundo de Garantia por tempo de Serviço (FGTS) e de Informações à Previdência Social cobrindo doze anos no período 2000 a 2011. Estes artigos apresentam estudo ecológico descritivo sobre uma coorte nacional dinâmica não concorrente dos trabalhadores de cada setor da economia formal e traçaram as tendências das doenças mais prevalentes (artigo 2), detalhando posteriormente a comparação entre as incidências de LTS por doenças mentais e cardiovasculares entre os trabalhadores das duas categorias de atividades econômicas (artigo 3). O artigo 2 descreve as causas principais de LTS. As lesões externas foram a principal causa de afastamentos entre trabalhadores da metalurgia ¿ variando de 125,4 a 221,6 por 10.000 trabalhadores com vínculo celetista. A segunda causa foram os distúrbios musculoesqueléticos com 85,5 a 207.1 benefícios por 10.000 xxi trabalhadores. Seguiram-se os transtornos mentais com 19,8 a 58,8 / 10.000 na metalurgia e 11,5 a 38,9 / 10.000 entre os trabalhadores da educação. O câncer apareceu como a única categoria de doenças com incidência mais alta de LTS entre os trabalhadores da educação comparados aos da metalurgia. Os transtornos mentais atingiram mais os metalúrgicos que aos trabalhadores do ensino. Esse foi o achado mais importante e reforçou a hipótese de que o `Lean Production¿ trouxe estressores aos ambientes de trabalho e contribuiu para aumentar os adoecimentos e trazer os metalúrgicos a um nível de adoecimento psíquico mais elevado que o dos trabalhadores da educação. Estudamos no artigo 3 os adoecimentos mentais e cardiovasculares entre trabalhadores da educação e metalúrgicos. A força de trabalho média anual da metalurgia variou entre 268.759 e 468.613 no período de 2000 a 2011. Um total de 19.722 trabalhadores sofreram afastamento por transtornos mentais e 10.787 tiraram LTS por doenças do aparelho circulatório. Entre os transtornos mentais predominaram os transtornos do humor com curvas de afastamento superiores para os trabalhadores da metalurgia com pico de 29,2 comparados a 25,7 / 10.000 entre trabalhadores da educação em 2006. Os transtornos mentais por abuso de substâncias psicoativas apresentam tendência de elevação mais importante entre os trabalhadores da metalurgia (15,9 v.g. 2,4 / 10.000 em 2011). Também os transtornos neuróticos relacionados com o stress predominam entre os metalúrgicos até 2008 (11,0 v.g. 9,2 / 10.000). Entre as doenças do aparelho circulatório predominaram as doenças das veias e linfáticos principalmente entre trabalhadores da metalurgia (19,1 v.g. 8,7 / 10.000). As doenças hipertensivas predominaram entre trabalhadores do ensino com picos de 6,5 / 10.000 em 2002 e 2004 comparados a 4,5 / 10.000 entre metalúrgicos em 2005 com tendência decrescente até 1,4 e 1,0 respectivamente em 2011. As doenças isquêmicas do coração flutuam entre valores próximos de 2,5 e 4,1 por 10.000 trabalhadores, sendo que a curva em geral é mais elevada para os trabalhadores da metalurgia e ambas categorias apresentaram tendências de queda a partir de 2008
Abstract: The present research departed from questioning the time trends and the ecology of mental morbidities amongst workers in metallurgy and education. We investigated the possible relationships of those trends with the increased work process intensity, which changed these two sectors of the economy with so different settings. This thesis combined the method of a case study in the metallurgy sector with a national ecologic study on workers of metallurgy and education. We conducted the case study with direct observation and interviews at the work environment followed by a historic and documental study on a transnational metallurgical company using official public records from the: _ National Department of Labor and Employment ¿ MTe, São Paulo State Department of Public Attorneys ¿ MP and the Federal Department of Labor Public Attorneys ¿ MPT. In a second step, we compared education workers with metallurgists in an ecologic design that used Brazilian national databases of workers¿ compensations from the National Institute of Social Security ¿ INSS. The epidemiologic outcome was the diagnosed morbidity recorded in Brazil when workers claimed sick leaves ¿ LTS and the exposure studied was presumed to working in the economic sectors classified according the National Classification of Economic Activities ¿ CNAE, version 2.0, for the twelve years period of 2000-2011. The first article addressed psychosocial risks arising from the introduction of the de Lean Production method in a metallurgic industry. This method combined a field observation conducted in the year 1996 with key interviews of workers and managers. It was complementary added to a historical documental analysis long afterwards the moment of the field observation when the company was undergoing the merging and internationalization process. Years later, from 2000 through 2009, we analyzed the litigation process put by the MPT that attributed to the company the responsibility for bad working conditions, with risks to workers¿ health and work xxvi environment. This methodology created the unprecedented opportunity of confronting results from direct observation with late results on workers¿ health and work environment inspection. Our fundamental question was on the relationships between the managing model of - lean-production and its possible association with psychosocial risks at work. We found that the multinational auto parts company was sued after using excessive journeys with long extra working hours, the lack of weekly days of resting, and work journeys longer than then hours a day. The MTe, MP and the MPT considered these working conditions as a source of psychosocial risks associated with sick leaves and working related morbidity. Articles 2 and 3 described the diseases to which sick leaves (LTS) were attributed after analyzing the Brazilian database sources for the total of the national formal labor market in the country. Numerators were taken from the diagnosed morbidity classified according to the International Classification of Diseases - (ICD10 /CID10) that were considered the reasons for the LTS at the National Unified Compensations¿ System (SUB) of the INSS. Denominators came from the GFIP ¿ a database that combined the Tax Report Form of the Worker¿s Savings Fund of Working Time (FGTS) together with the Labor Force Reports to the Department of National Social Security that covered a twelve years period from 2000 to 2011. These two articles reported a descriptive ecologic study on a national dynamic and non-concurrent cohort of workers in each sector of the formal economy. They traced the twelve years trend of the most prevalent diseases (article 2), detailing at last the comparison between the LTS incidences due to mental and cardiovascular diseases among workers of the two categories of economic activity (article 3). Article 2 describes main causes for LTS. External causes were the most incident reasons for sick leaves among metalworkers ¿ varying from 125.4 to 221.6 by 10,000 formally registered jobs. The second group were musculoskeletal disorders with 85.5 to 207.1 LTS for 10,000 workers. Mental disorders followed in both sectors with 19.8 to 58.8 / 10,000 in metallurgy and 11.5 to 38.9 / 10,000 among xxvii education workers. Cancer appeared as the only disease group¿s category with high LTS incidence among educators compared to metalworkers. Mental disorders affected more metalworkers than those in education. This was the most important finding that reinforced the hypothesis that the `Lean Production¿ method brought more stressors to the work environment and contributed to increase morbidity of metalworkers to levels of mental disorders above those in the educational economic sector. Article 3 studied the LTS due to mental and cardiovascular diseases comparing educational and metalworkers. The yearly mean employed work force in metallurgy varied from 268,759 to 468,613 job places in the period 2000 through 2011. About 19,722 metalworkers took LTS due to mental disorders and 10,787 were affected by circulatory disorders. Mental disorders were mostly specified as affective and mood disorders with sick leaves¿ trends of metallurgy well above with peaks of 29.2 compared to 25.7 / 10,000 among education workers in 2006. Mental disorders due to psychoactive drugs¿ abuse (F10- F19) showed an increasing trend more important among metalworkers (15.9 vs. 2.4 / 10,000 in 2011). Stress related neurotic disorders were also predominant among metalworkers until 2008 (11.0 vs. 9.2 / 10,000). Diseases of lymphatic vessels and veins were the main causes of LTS in the cardiovascular diseases¿ group especially among metalworkers (19.1 vs. 8.7 / 10,000). Hypertensive diseases predominate among education workers with peaks of 6.5 / 10,000 in 2002 and 2004 compared to 4.5 / 10,000 among metalworkers in 2005 both with a decreasing trend until 1.4 and 1.0 respectively in 2011. Ischemic heart diseases drifted among figures close to 2.5 and 4.1 / 10,000 workers with the metalworkers running always above despite both economic sectors showed a noticeable decrease from 2008 on. Our conclusions were discrepant from the preliminary hypothesis that supposed to find greater psychic risks among education workers once metalworkers would expose themselves mostly to physical workloads with a consequence of higher xxviii incidence of musculoskeletal diseases in LTS. The analysis of both ecologic studies turned this forecast down. The main finding of this research was that metalworkers showed increasing trends of LTS incidence by prevalent morbidity above those found among education workers of the education economic sector due to affective and mood disorders, as well as mental disorders due to psychoactive drugs¿ abuse, the somatoform and stress related neurotic disorders. The twelve years period under analysis showed a trend of increasing the incidence of LTS in both groups of economic activity with the exception of cardiovascular diseases. Keywords: Government Regulation; Work Schedule Tolerance; Working Conditions; Psychosocial Impact; Working Environment - analysis ¿ adverse effects - policies
Doutorado
Política, Planejamento e Gestão em Saúde
Doutora em Saúde Coletiva

The thesis concentrates on Hofors and a local trade union environment between 1917 and 1946, where important parts of the trade union’s power were held by parties to the left of the social democrats. The overall aim is to problemize and discuss the issue of what characterised and made possible this deviation from the usual picture of a trade union movement dominated by social democracy. What characterised the conditions in such a local trade union environment and to what extent can local norms and political culture be linked to the conditions and the development in the trade union movement in Hofors?

The factors behind the radicalism in Hofors can be found in the local union and political context. The investigation points out the following main reasons: the left-wing local council of the Social Democratic Party and its successors’ organisational lead, the local labour council’s working method being close to what has been considered “social democratic”, their representatives being highly trusted in the local community, and the growth of a local radical tradition.

The political culture and the norms that gradually developed were based on a left-wing social democratic tradition. The local council of the Social Democratic Party that left the party in 1917 to join the left-wing social democratic faction was the same local council, despite their names and change of parties in the 1920s and 1930s. It became the local labour movement’s bearer of traditions and represented the continuity in the local trade union environment, which contributed to the leftwing socialist project being long-lived in Hofors. The central aspects were the trade union work and the practical-concrete tradition that developed.

Primarily through successful trade union work, the local labour council and its trade union representatives gained strong and long-term support from a large proportion of the local trade union movement’s members and the population of Hofors.

Against this background it may be stated that, even though it was often impossible for the parties to the left of social democracy to maintain a local trade union and political power position that was stronger than that of the social democrats for a lengthy period of time, it was not entirely impossible. It may also be stated that for the trade union member as such, a communist or socialist party affiliation was not a real obstacle in the election of shop stewards. Their focus was primarily put on the would-be representatives’ personal qualities and ability to live up to the demands and expectations placed on them by the members, and not so much on their ideological persuasion.

碩士
高雄醫學大學
公共衛生學系公共衛生學碩士班
103
Shipbuilding workers are involved in steel plate blasting and cutting, metal smelting and welding. These tasks either produce metal particulates or metal fumes, which may cause significant health effects. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate metal exposure of shipbuilding workers in terms of workplace air measurements and biomarker monitoring. Ten workers each from the cutting sector, the bulk material welding sector, and the fine welding sector were recruited. Personal air samples were sampled by MCE filters held in cassettes at a flow rate of 2 L/min. Spot urines were collected before and after work for five consecutive days. In addition to personal samples, area samples were taken from these woroplaces. Both air and urine samples were analyzed by ICP-MS. Of these three sectors, workers in the fine welding sector had the highest concentrations since the workplace of this sector is more likely a confined space and has limited ventilation. High correlations between metals were found in air samples. This indicated metals were likely from the same sources. Further, factor analysis was used to extract sources. Accordingly, two factors were extracted and they were probably steel plate and welding material. No correlation was found between air and urine samples . The long half lives of metals in human metabolism blurred the effect of cuurent exposure. Although all concentrations measured in this study were below the permissible exposure limits, the effect of multiple metal exposure is not clear. This need futher study.

碩士
長榮大學
職業安全與衛生研究所
97
In this study exposure assessment of welding fume for the workers in welding processes of a transformer manufacturing factory was conducted. A total of 10 workers was recruited and classified into 5 similar exposure groups (SEGs) according to the work areas and tasks the workers performed. The exposure measurements of welding fume included: (1) to use an IOM and nylon cyclone for inhalable and respirable dust sampling respectively; (2) to use a Marple personal cascade impactor for measuring particle size distribution; and (3) to use a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) for measuring environmental particle size distribution. All collected samples were analyzed for iron, chromium, nickel and lead by atomic absorption spectrometry (Varian AAS 220FS, Astralia) with a flame or graphite tube atomizer. The characteristics of welding processes, worker operation and workplace were observed and recorded for the difference exploration of exposure assessment during the period of exposure sampling. The results of exposure data analyses showed that the proportions of iron, chromium, nickel and lead in the respirable dust to those in the inhalable dust were 50%, 88%, 88% and 77%, respectively. This indicated the welding fume exposure of the workers could not be ignored. From the exposure comparison of the SEGs, individual workers could have high exposure to a specific metal due to the performance of some specific tasks, for example, the workers in the SEG involving the welding of nickel content parts received nickel exposure exceeding the NIOSH recommended expoure limit 15 µg/m3 as well as the workers in the SEG involving the welding of lead pipe were exposed to lead greater than the occupational exposure limit 50 µg/m3 suggected by ACGIH. Because significant differences of metal exposure were observed in the workers of the same SEG, it was difficult to maintain the exposure similarity of the SEGs constructed for the exposure sampling. More studies are necessary for the construction of stable SEGs for the purpose of exposure assessment. Based on the results of personal measurements of particle size distribution, it demonstarted that the majority of the workers were exposed to the particles in diameter less than 1 µm and the mass proportion of the respirable particles was 30~50% of the whole collected particles. The particle size scanning obtained from the SMPS also showed a large amount of particles in diameter less than 1 µm. The exposure control measures of weldin fume for the workers should concern the removal of respirable and even finer particles.

In 'n streekopname in 'n gebied rondom Loolekop wat die sentrale karbonatietpyp van die Palaborwa Stollingskompleks vorm, is sowat vyftig histories bekende terreine opgespoor wat in drie groepe verdeel is op grond van die metaalbewerkings- en woonterreinoorblyfsels van die terreine. Steekproefopgrawings is op elf terreine uitgevoer ten einde meer van die aard en omvang van metaalbewerking in die navorsingsgebied, nl. die Loole-terreinkompleks vas te stel, terwyl die argeologiese oorblyfsels ook met behulp van etnohistoriese inligting aangaande vroeë baPhalaborwa-gemeenskappe geskakel is. Opgrawings toon dat yster en koper in die navorsingsgebied bewerk is met behulp van verskillende prosesse en in verskillende tipes oonde. Die bewerking van die metale toon sekere voorkomsgebiede - hoewel dit beïnvloed kon word deur die vernietigingswerk van moderne mynbedrywighede. Mondelinge oorlewering verbind die metaalbewerkers met verskillende vroeë baPhalaborwa-gemeenskappe, terwyl die groepe terreine in 'n relatiewe chronologie georden word met behulp van radiokoolstofdaterings, historiese inligting en die kenmerke van terreine. ENGLISH : In a regional survey in an area around Loolekop which represents the central carbonatite pipe of the Palaborwa Igneous Complex, about fifty historical known sites were identified and divided into three groups according to the metalworking and occupational remains on these sites. Test excavations were conducted on eleven of the sites in order to gain information on the nature and extent of metalworking in the research area, viz. the Loole site complex, while the archaeological remains were also coupled with ethnohistorical evidence regarding early baPbalaborwa communities. The excavations indicated that iron and copper had been worked in different processes and with different furnaces. The working of the metals indicate certain areas of preference - although this may have been influenced by the destruction of archaeological sites due to modern mining activities. Oral tradition couples the metalworkers with different early baPhalaborwa communities, while the different groups of sites were arranged in a relative chronology aided by radiocarbon dating, historical information and the characteristics of sites.
Thesis (DPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2013.
Anthropology and Archaeology
unrestricted

碩士
弘光科技大學
職業安全與防災研究所
94
Secondary copper smelters and the zinc recovery plant, which primarily utilize the waste materials that contain organic impurities or handles mostly fly ash and slag from the iron and steel industry, are major emission sources of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in Taiwan. This study evaluated the levels of 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG), DNA strand breakage and plasma malondialdehyde (MDA), erythrocyte glutathione (GSH), erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD), and intakes of Vitamin C and E in workers in secondary metal recovery workers. Furthermore, the study also investigated the effects of occupational exposure on oxidative damage after adjustment for age, smoking, drinking and the antioxidants intake in secondary metal recovery workers. Thirty-two workers were recruited from a secondary copper smelting plant and 41 from a zinc recovery plant in Taiwan. Though the PCDD/F levels were higher in workers of zinc recovery plant than those of secondary copper smelting plant, no significant difference was found for serum PCDD/F levels between the two kinds of plants. We observed a significant difference in plasma MDA levels between workers at the zinc recovery plant (2.8 uM) and those at the copper smelting plant (1.8 uM) (p=0.004). No differences in oxidative damage, antioxidants and lipid peroxide were found in different age groups. A significant negative relationship was found between erythrocyte GSH and the number of cigarettes smoking (r=-0.285, p=0.026). This study also indicated that alcohol consumption might affect lipid peroxidation in secondary metal recovery workers. The multivariate regression analysis showed a significant negative relationship between DNA strand breakage and the number of cigarettes smoked in the preceding 24 hr, (b=-0.026, p=0.036). In addition, significantly higher DNA strand breakage was found for the workers using regular cigarettes than using light cigarettes (p=0.004). For MDA analysis, a significant negative association was found between the MDA levels and alcohol consumption (b=-0.206, p=0.011). A significant higher MDA level was found for the production workers than for those of managerial workers (p=0.040). Furthermore, the intake of antioxidant was found to have no effect on oxidative DNA damage and lipid peroxidation. Occupational exposure and smoking habit were significant contributors to lipid peroxidation and DNA strand breakage in heavy metal recovery workers, and no significant benefit was found for antioxidants on oxidative damage in this study. The data also showed that the workers and employers need to pay more attention to occupational health issues, and the occupational hygiene should be taken more seriously in this kind of workplace.

碩士
長榮大學
職業安全與衛生學系碩士班
106
Welding operations in the work environments of public transportation industries produce a large amount of metal fume particles. The sizes of the metal fume particles are in the range of nanoparticles. Their particle sizes are approximately between 0.02 and 0.81 μm. The metal fume particles can cause health probloms when they are inhaled into human bodies. In this study, seven companies of public transportation industries were recruited for taking samples of metal fume particles when workers were performing welding work for the maintenance of the vehicle bodies, parts, devices and equipment. Area samples were taken by using 37 mm closed-face cassettes with a mixed cellulose ester filter. The flow rates of sampling pumps were set at 2 L/min. All the collected samples were analyzed by using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for quantifying the metal oxides of Al, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Sn, Ba and Pb. The concentrations of Al, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Sn, Ba and Pb in the work environments were estimated. A total of 135 samples were obtained. The analyses of the measurement data showed the means (standard deviations) of metal fume concentrations for Al, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Sn, Ba and Pb in the seven companies were 0.649(±1.971), 0.131(±0.356), 1.855(±7.846), 0.005(±0.020), 0.083(±0.273), 0.060(±0.194), 0.773(±2.278), 0.005(±0.019), 0.012(±0.035), 0.054(±0.165) and 0.069(±0.211) μg/m3, repectively. All of the measured metal concentrations were less than 1/10 of the permissible exposure limits (PELs) or relevant recommended occupational exposure limits (OELs) of the metals. In conclusion, the metal concentrations of the metal fume particles from the welding operations in the work environments of public transportation industries were much lower than the corresponding PELs or OELs. The workers in the work environments could not have unacceptable potential risks of adverse heath effects.

碩士
長榮大學
職業安全與衛生學系碩士班
98
Welding is a common industrial process. Metal fume from welding operations contains potentially toxic metal compositions including chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), etc. Because of the difficulties of attributing health hazards caused by metal fume exposure to single agent, it is important to characterize the toxic metal compositions of metal fume exposure for welding workers. The objectives of this study were to characterize exposure profiles of metal components and to evaluate the correlations of metal components between urine and air samples for welding workers with metal fume exposure. Seven welding workers with average age 33 years old and 10 work years were recruited in the study. Two groups of people without welding fume exposure were selected as the control groups of this study. The metal fume exposure of the workers was measured in one workday of each month in one year. Also, campaign sampling was conducted in five consecutive workdays in the last month. Fixed-pointed air sampling at the work environment and personal breathing-zone sampling for the welding workers were conducted. Both urine samples of pre- and post-work shifts were collected from the workers on each exposure sampling day. Urine samples were collected for the control groups. A questionnaire was administered to record the work activities of the workers while the exposure sampling was performed. The masses of Mn, Ni, Cr, and Pb in the collected air and urine samples collected were measured by an atomic absorption spectrometer equipped with a graphite furnace (Varian AAS 220FS, Australia). A total of 33 fixed-pointed samples, 39 personal breathing-zone samples, and 86 urine samples, 23 administration zone air samples of the welding factory were obtained. The average exposure concentrations of Mn, Ni, Cr, and Pb for the air samples taken at the welding area A of the factory were 0.1865, 0.0031, 0.007 and 0.0022 mg/m3；at the welding area B 0.9293, 0.0016, 0.0038 and 0.0024 mg/m3, respectively. The personal 8-hour time-weighted average exposure concentrations of Mn, Ni, Cr and Pb for the welding area A were 0.0752, 0.0032, 0.0085 and 0.0032 mg/m3；for the welding area B 0.0687, 0.0065, 0.0100 and 0.0047 mg/m3, respectively. The metal concentrations of the air samples taken at the welding areas were significantly higher than those of the air samples taken at administration work areas. The average concentrations of Mn, Ni, Cr, and Pb for the pre-work shift urine samples were 56.78, 13.49, 40.94 and 372.92 g/L; and for the post-work shift urine samples 42.29, 12.44, 26.03 and 146.66 g/L, respectively. The metal concentrations of the pre-work shift urine samples were higher than those of the post-work shift urine samples. The metal concentrations of the urine samples of the welding workers were higher than those of both control groups. The concentrations of Pb in the pre-work shift urine samples were significantly correlated with those of Pb and Ni in the personal air exposure samples (p-value < 0.05). For the urine samples of both pre- and post-work shifts, the concentration of Pb had a significantly positive correlation with those of Mn, Ni and Cr (p-value < 0.05). The concentrations of Mn and Ni in the post-work shift urine samples were significantly positively correlated (p-value < 0.05). The concentrations of Mn, Ni, Cr and Pb measured from the urine samples taken in five consecutive work days were quite stable in the short-term period. In comparison with the concentrations of Mn, Ni, Cr and Pb measured from the urine samples collected in one year, significant variation was observed in the long-term period. Because the half-lives of the metals measured in the urine samples were still not ascertained, more studies on the half-lives of the metals will be necessary. The confirmed half-lives will provide useful information of using biological monitoring methods for the characterization of the exposure profile of the metal fume for the welding workers.

碩士
國立陽明大學
環境與職業衛生研究所
105
Introduction: Shipyard workers are exposed to various hazardous materials during their work, especially heavy metals and particulate matters (PMs) derived from welding and grinding processes. Previous studies have shown that both acute and chronic exposure to PMs were associated with increased respiratory and cardiovascular mortality. We conducted a cross-sectional study to evaluate the relation between exposure to PMs and heavy metals and selected indices of cardiovascular toxicity among the workers. Materials and methods: 19 maintenance workers and 20 office workers in a naval shipyard in Taiwan were enrolled in this study. A SKC XR5000 air sampling pump with a MSP PM2.5 personal environmental monitor was used to collect air samples during the workers’ day shift. Desktop mobile heart rate monitor was also used to record electrocardiography and heart rate variability of all workers during their day shift. Pre- and post-shift urine samples from the same working day was collected as well. Fasting blood samples were drawan on the next morning and tested for serum biochemsitry, homocysteine, high-sensitivity C reactive protein (hs-CRP) and D-dimer. The relation between PM2.5 and heavy metals and indices of cardiovacular toxicity was then analyzed. Results: Maintenance workers’ PM2.5 exposure was significantly higher than that of the office workers (p < 0.001). Moreover, higher PM2.5 exposure was associated with increase hs-CRP(p=0.017). Uirnary cadmium and selenium concentration were positively correlated with the vascular elasticity; Blood arsenic, lead, cadmium and selenium were positively correlated with the selected indices of cardiovacular toxicity. Conclusions: Maintenance workers were exposed to higher PM2.5 concetration than office workers. Moreover, the concentration of some urinary and blood metals were associated with selected indices of cardiovacular toxicity, the relation of which deserves further study in the future.

碩士
嘉南藥理大學
職業安全衛生系
108
In recent years, due to the continuous development of PM2.5 in the environment, metal fume is the main hazard in welding operation. So this study is sampling for the welding operation environment metal fume. And study labor body caused heavy metal deposition whether the labor work with metal fume due to the length of exposure. This study will conduct a sample of the working environment, using the recommended sampling method for collecting metal fume with a three-tube shock bottle (10 mL 2% nitric acid), using filter paper and sampling according to different welding methods. Compare the capture efficiency of different sampling methods. And collect labor's urine test to analyze whether the exposure of the age relationship caused heavy metal deposits in the body. Finally use SPSS statistical software for correlation analysis. The result shows that there is no significant difference between the concentration and composition of metal fume produced in different welding methods. In the sampling method, use of filter paper with impact bottle sampling, we learn that absorption liquid has many filter paper did not collect metal fume. It can be said that the simple use of filter paper to collect metal fume not enough. Through the result of the analysis in the bio-test shows, there is no significant difference in age and metal concentration in the body. But the concentration deposits in the body of shorter-yearly workers (less than 5 years) mostly less than five years of labor. So it is also affected by prolonged exposure. This result can be illustrated by a more complete number in future experiments. The concentration of metal fume in the study site is under the permissible concentration. But many metals in the metal fume are carcinogenic. Therefore it is recommended that employers need to give better ventilation equipment to give workers better protection.

碩士
長榮大學
職業安全與衛生學系碩士班
107
This study conducted exposure sampling of hazardous agents for workers in powder coating industries. The dispersion of powders used in powder coating operations, the exposure levels of dust, and the metal components of powder samples were investigated and analyzed. The personal air samples of respirable dust for the workers and the area samples of total dust, Marple cascade impactor and particulate matter (PM2.5) from the powder coating work environments were taken. The collected dust samples were weighed with a six-digit microbalance and the metal components of the samples were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). A total of 164 dust samples were collected from 9 powder coating factories. The results of measurement data indicated the 8-hour time-weighted average concentration (8-hr TWA) (± standard deviation, SD) of total dust based on the area samples was 2.907(±7.162) mg/m3, less than 1/2 of the permissible exposure limit (PEL) of total dust(10 mg/m3). When dividing the measurement data according to the work areas where the sample were taken, the 8-hr TWAs concentration (±SD) of total dust were 1.798(±5.402), 3.299(±6.277), 4.496(±7.869) and 9.001(±15.132) mg/m3 for the four areas of pre-treatment, outside of the inlet of powder coating booth, inside of powder coating booth, and outside of the outlet of powder coating booth, respectively. Few measurements of the total dust samples were greater than 10 mg/m3 in some factories. Especially, the maximum concentration (47.91 mg/m3) was measured at the outside of the outlet of powder coating booth. This demonstrated the air flow introduced by the movement of hanging objects on the transporting track could drive the dispersion of powders. Effective control measures were required for the work areas in these factories. The ICP-MS analysis of metal components found the highest mass of metal elements in the dust sample in each factory was barium (Ba). The content of Ba in the measured metal of coating powder was up to 99.73%. The 8-hr TWA (±SD) of Ba concentrations measured from the area samples of total dust was 72.080(±231.224) g/m3. The 8-hr TWAs (±SD) of Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Ag, Cd, In and Pb concentrations measured from the area samples of total dust were 0.267(±0.156), 0.428(±2.658), 0.006(±0.010), 0.160(±0.382), 0.174(±0.230), 0.002(±0.002), 0.008(±0.023), 0.005(±0.010) and 0.078(±0.226) g/m3. In general, the total dust exposure of the workers in powder coating operations was less than the PEL of nuisance dust of our regulations and the exposure concentrations of metal components were also less than the corresponding PELs. However, few measurements of total dust exposure in several work areas could exceed the PEL of total dust. More attention should be paid to the total dust exposure of the workers in the specific work areas.

碩士
國防醫學院
公共衛生學研究所
107
Background： Welding metal fumes are a complex mixture contains particulate and metals that workers could expose through inhalation and ingestion routes. Welding fume particulate matter and its components drive endogenous formation Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) has not been explored. Objectives： Urinary and toenail metals are measured as short-term and long-term exposure biomarkers, while blood AGEs and skin AGEs are measured as short-term and long-term biological effect markers. Specific aims include: 1. To explore the relation between short-term (urinary metals) or long-term (toenail metals) biomarker of exposure and plasma Advanced Glycation End Products concentrations. 2. To explore the relation between short-term (urinary metals) or long-term (toenail metals) biomarker of exposure and skin Advanced Glycation End Products indicator. Methods： We conducted a cross-sectional study. Study participants consisted of 73 welders and 27 office workers. Exposure assessment was based on eight-hour measurement with a personal PM2.5 sampler of exposure to metal fume fine particle matter on Monday. On Tuesday morning, participants were instructed to fast for at least 10 hours prior to blood collection, urine collection, and collect toenail collection, Skin autofluorescence (SAF). Skin autofluorescence (SAF) was measured by a AGEs reader. Plasma AGEs was analyzed by ELISA kits. Urinary metal concentration was analyzed by ICP- MS. SPSS 22.0 was used to perform statistical analysis. Result： PM2.5 concentrations were significantly higher in exposed group (555.64±472.08 μg/m3) compared to that of control group (258.02±279.21 μg/m3)(p=0.001). Concentrations of urinary chromium, urinary manganese, urinary iron, urinary copper and urinary lead were higher in exposed group compared to control group. In addition, concentration of toenail manganese and toenail iron were higher in exposed group than that of control group. There were a positive association between urinary manganese (β=0.279, p=0.006), urinary iron (β=0.273, p=0.007) and urinary lead (β=0.290, p=0.005) with plasma AGEs after adjusted creatinine and smoking status, respectively. Furthermore, urinary vanadium (β=-0.203, p=0.049), and urinary selenium (β=-0.207, p=0.041) were statistically significant negative associated with skin AGEs indicator after adjusted creatinine and smoking status. toenail zinc (β=-0.209, p=0.022) was negatively associated with plasma AGEs after adjusted smoking status and work type. Toenail copper (β=0.243, p=0.017), and toenail mercury (β=0.298, p=0.003) were positive associated with skin AGEs indicator after adjusted confounders, respectively. of Exposure group and control group have significant differences of urinary cadmium and toenail selenium. But toenail cobalt (β=-0.244, p=0.018) was negative associated with skin AGEs indicator after adjusted confounders. Conclusion： 1. Concentration of urinary manganese, urinary iron and urinary lead are associated with increased AGEs concentration. 2. Concentration of urinary vanadium and urinary selenium are associated with decreased skin AGEs indicator. 3. Toenail zinc is associated with decreased plasma AGEs level. 4. Toenail copper and toenail mercury are associated with increased skin AGEs indicator. 5. Toenail cobalt is associated with decreased skin AGEs indicator.

Student Number : 0376246 - PhD thesis - School of Humanities - Faculty of Arts
This thesis examines the building of power and how workers’ control and union independence augmented or detracted from this process in the National Union of Metalworkers and its predecessors from the 1980s to the mid 1990s. These unions aimed to accrue power to improve both their members’ working conditions and to effect political and economic transformation. In this process the building of non-racial national industrial unions that cut across the ethnically constituted state, the promotion of workers’ control, and political independence from formal political organisations were central. This thesis demonstrates how Numsa and its predecessors overcame obstacles to the accrual of power and scrutinizes reasons for failures in achieving pivotal ideological goals. In the early 1980s Numsa’s predecessors constructed greater degrees of democratic organizational and bureaucratic power. The formation of Numsa in 1987 allowed for the further construction of an efficient bureaucracy to support organizational and bargaining activities. It successfully forged national bargaining forums and built hegemony across the industry. In 1993 Numsa adopted a programme through which it hoped to restructure its industries in the transitional period leading up to a new democracy. It failed however to successfully implement the programme in its entirety. Tensions emerged in union goals as membership remained focused on increased wages whilst leadership was attempting to restructure industry, enhance worker skills and augment workers’ control in the workplace. In the political sphere Numsa was largely unable to effect a deeper infusion of its socialist leanings. Though Numsa and other Cosatu unions made an important contribution to the birth of a non-racial democracy, the capitalist state succeeded in demobilizing the trade unions in their pursuit of more fundamental systemic change. By the time Numsa produced the concept of a Reconstruction Accord, later developed into the Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP), the space to popularise a socialist perspective had been considerably reduced. Although Numsa forewent its early `party autonomous` position when Cosatu entered the ANC/SACP alliance, this was clearly far from a `state ancillary` stance. Though labour had won the right to be consulted in Nedlac and the right to strike, the possibility of dissent being diverted into bureaucratic chambers existed with a consequent loss of militant, strategic and ideological focus. Key words: trade union power, workers control, trade union independence, National Union of Metalworkers of South Africa (NUMSA), National Automobile & Allied Workers Union (Naawu), Metal & Allied Workers Union (Mawu), Motor Industry Combined Workers Union (Micwu), post 1980 metal unions, metal union politics, metal union bargaining, metal union organisation, trade union alliances, trade unions and violence

碩士
長榮大學
職業安全與衛生學系碩士班
99
In this study welding workers’ exposure to four metals including manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr) and iron (Fe) from metal fume were measured. Two groups (exposed and non-exposed groups) of study subjects were recruited for this study. The exposed group included welding workers from the welding processes of a high-tech plants manufacturing factory and the non-exposed group consisted of administrators in the same factory. Personal air exposure samples and environmental air samples and were collected on 3~5 workdays of a week in each month in a half year. Personal biological monitoring samples (urine) were also collected at different time spots during the air-sampling period. The air samples were taken by using an IOM sampler with a MCE filter. All the samples were digested in a microwave oven system. The content of the metals in the samples were quantified by using an atomic absorption spectrometry equipped with a graphite furnace. During the exposure sampling period, work activities of the workers were observed and recorded and a self-administered questionnaire was used to collect the demographic information and work history of the workers. In the study, 26 personal air exposure samples and 30 area air samples were obtained. The numbers of urine samples collected from the exposed and non-exposed groups were 109 and 30, respectively. The concentrations of Mn, Ni, Cr and Fe in the air of the work environment of two welding areas (A and B) were 0.00323, 0.00102, 0.00111 and 0.00567 mg/m3 for Area A and 0.00971、0.00092、0.00099 and 0.03144 mg/m3 for Area B. The concentrations of Mn, Ni and Fe in the pre-shift urine samples collected from the exposed group in each month of the half year (long-term measurement) were higher than those in the post-shift urine samples, but the concentration of Cr in the post-shift urine samples was higher then that in the pre-shift urine samples. The concentrations of these four metals in the pre-shift urine samples collected from the exposed group in each work day of a month (short-term measurement) were higher than those in the post-shift urine samples. Based on the results of paired-t tests, the metal concentrations of both long-term and short-term urine measurements showed statistically significant differences between the pre-shift and the post-shift urine samples. The Mn, Ni and Cr concentrations of the pre-shift urine samples of the non-exposed group were higher than those in the long-term measurements of the exposed group. But, the Mn and Fe concentrations of the post-shift urine samples of the non-exposed group were only a little bit higher than those in the long-term measurements of the exposed group. In comparison with the metal concentrations of the short-term measurements of the exposed-group, the metal concentrations of the pre- or post-shift urine samples of the non-exposed groups were lower than those of the exposed-group. The metal concentrations of the pre-shift urine samples with creatinine adjustment were lower than those of the post-shift urine samples. This indicated that the welding workers were exposed to welding metal fume. However, the metal fume exposure level of the workers was lower than the permissible occupational limits.

碩士
長榮大學
職業安全與衛生學系碩士班
98
In this study the workers involving in the operations of welding with shielding gases CO2 and N2 in two high-tech parts manufacturing plants of Taiwan and Shanghai will be recruited for exposure measurements and assessment of metal fume. The exposure measurements mainly include the metal components of the metal fume include manganese, nickel (Ni), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), zinc (Zn). The welding workers are designed as the exposure group. Institute of Occupational (Taiwan) Medicine (IOM) samplers with 25 mm mixed cellulose ester (MCE) filters will be used to take fixed-point samples of environmental air and personal breathing zone samples of exposure workers. The urine samples of the exposure workers will be also collected. The administration workers of the plant will be also recruited as the non-exposure group. The urine samples of the non-exposure workers will be also collected. All the collected samples after sample pre-treatment will be analyzed for Mn, Ni, Cr, and Pb by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) equipped with a graphite or flame tube atomizer. The creatinine in the urine samples will be measured to detect the abnormality of the samples. At the same time of the exposure sampling, the exposure modification factors including the practices of the workers, the effectiveness of the ventilation equipment, the usage of personal protection equipment, etc. will be observed and recorded. The basic information of the demographic characteristics of the workers including age, work years, life habits, health status, etc., will be collected as the reference of exposure assessment. In this study, a total of 7 and 8 welding workers (exposed group) were recruited from Taiwan and Shanghai plants, respectively; 36 and 41 administration workers from Taiwan and Shanghai plants participated in the study as the non-exposed group, respectively. The numbers of urine samples collected from the welding workers were 69 and 46 for Taiwan and Shanghai plants, respectively; the numbers of urine samples collected from the non-exposed group were 36 and 41 for Taiwan and Shanghai plants, respectively. The results of the urine measurements found that: (1) the concentrations of the Mn, Ni, Cr, and Pb for the workers of the exposed groups were 42.49, 12.44, 26.03 and 146.66 g/L for the Taiwan plant as well as 66.67, 13.64, 31.71 and 177.86 g/L for the Shanghai plant; (2) the concentrations of the Mn, Ni, Cr, and Pb for the workers of the non-exposed groups were 34.79, 9.65, 13.11 and 106.63 g/L for the Taiwan plant as well as 58.24, 8.28, 27.13 and 102.69 g/L for the Shanghai plant. The concentrations of Mn and Cr in the urine samples of the Taiwan’s non-exposure workers were lower than those of the China’s non-exposure workers, but the concentrations of Ni and Pb in the urine samples of the non-exposure workers for both Taiwan and China were quite similar. The metal concentrations of the welding workers of both Taiwan and China were significantly higher than those of the non-exposed workers. The metal concentrations of the Taiwan’s welding workers were lower than those of the China’s welding workers. The factors associated with the differences of the metal concentrations were related to the differences in the work tasks, welding methods, work frequency, etc. between Taiwan and Shanghai plants.

碩士
臺灣大學
職業醫學與工業衛生研究所
96
Objectives：(1) to measure airborne particulate metal concentrations in the major steel manufacturing departments, (2) to explore the relationship between work environmental metal exposure and blood metal levels of workers, (3) to explore the effects of blood lead level and occupational noise on hearing loss. Method：Study subjects included 412 employees from a steel plant. Environmental monitoring consisted of total and respirable airborne particulate metal levels, average and maximum noise levels. Information collected for study subjects includes blood metal levels, hearing loss, demographic data, and work history. Airborne particulate samples and blood samples of workers were analyzed for Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Pb with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry . Results：Results of total airborne particulate sample analyses showed that electric arc furnace area had the highest levels of Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, and Pb. Results of respirable airborne particulate sample analyses showed that material-supplying area had the highest levels of Cr, Mn, Fe, and Cu, and electric arc furnace area had the highest levels of Ni, Zn, Cd, and Pb. Total and respirable airborne particulate lead levels were shown highly correlated with the blood lead levels with correlation coefficients of 0.475 and 0.383（p<0.0001）, respectively. All subjects were categorized into high lead level group and low lead level group at the cut point of 7 μg/dL, and classified into high and low noise exposure groups at the environmental noise level of 85 dB. Hearing loss was defined as both ears with average hearing loss greater than 25 dB. After adjusting the effect of age, the odds ratio for hearing loss for the high blood lead level group were 4.8 (95% CI：1.6~14.4) at 3K Hz and 2.7 (95% CI：1.2~5.7) at 4K Hz. Conclusion：Blood lead levels of workers were highly correlated with the work environmental lead particulate exposure. Relatively low blood lead level was founded correlated with hearing loss, and, however, the mechanism still need to be further explored. Key words：electric arc furnace, lead dust, blood lead, hearing loss.

This study explored the state of gender transformation and the role of trade unions in the workplace in post-apartheid South Africa. This study tried to uncover how the women and the men are using gender structures to transform the gender dynamics that are assumed to exist within masculinised spaces and more specially masculinised trade unions utilising a feminist theoretical framework. By exploring how the gender structures work within NUMSA, as the focus of the study, this research tries to argue that in union organising, race is still principle and the main unifier between female and male trade unionists and as a result women fail to organise amongst themselves as they see gender issues as secondary to the issues that affect everyone else, such as employment protection, wage issues and racial discrimination in the workplace. There is a significant amount of literature that has already been conducted on this research topic that emanates from the European perspective were race issues are not primary, as the majority of union members within European countries are white. However, I hope to add to this growing scholarship by providing a look at the black South African unions and how they are changing to accommodate a growing female workforce that is entering industries unionised by NUMSA. Participants in the study consisted of ordinary twelve ordinary female members, two female shop stewards, one female union official and five shop male stewards. This study employed a qualitative research method to acquire the narratives of the informants through in-depth interviews. Ranging in ages from twenty five to fifty six and having between two to nineteen experience as NUMSA members.

碩士
國立中正大學
勞工關係學系碩士在職專班
105
Each year in China's labor insurance occupational disease to pay the cause of the cause of occupational diseases to the back of the neck and shoulder disease for the calendar year topped the maximum number of times, musculoskeletal injury accounted for occupational diseases paid nearly half of the most common occupational diseases. In this study, the incidence of musculoskeletal discomfort in the employees of metalworking plants was analyzed by the upper body of the manual questionnaire (KIM MHO) of the Nordic Musculoskeletal Symptom Questionnaire (NMQ) questionnaire and the key indicators. In the questionnaire survey, 186 questionnaires were sent to the field workers of the three metal products processing plants in the south, 186 were collected and 186 were valid questionnaires. The results of the study found that the metal processing plant workers conscious body musculoskeletal discomfort to the right shoulder 27.4% for the highest, followed by the next back 23.7%, neck 23.1%, right hand / wrist 18.3%, self-described body parts of musculoskeletal disorders The proportion of "soreness" was 84.55%. The reason for the discomfort was related to the work. The proportion of "all-cause work / part of the work-related" was 76.96%, and the chi-square test was performed. The complex logistic regression analysis And complex regression analysis, analysis of musculoskeletal discomfort of the site. At the same time, this study carried out on-the-spot action analysis of KIM MHO with key indicators. The risk of the three cases was significantly decreased, the risk value decreased from 96~48、24~8, and 4~3、2~1, the use of low-cost or simple approach can also reduce human harm, effectively reduce muscle damage.

Individual and environmental risk factors in hand eczema have been investigated in a prospective cohort study of 2452 newly employed hospital workers with a follow-up time of 20 months. Current hand eczema was analyzed in 142 wet hospital workers from this cohort with respect to the etiologic importance of irritants, allergens and contact urticants. The density of the microflora and the effect on the microflora of topical treatment with a potent corticosteroid were studied in 20 patients with hand eczema. ’Wet’ hospital work was found to increase the odds of developing hand eczema only twice compared to 'dry' office work. Nursing children under four years old and the lack of a dish-washing machine significantly increased the risk of contracting hand eczema. Unfavourable combinations of these domestic factors increased the risk as much as wet work. A history of atopic dermatitis approximately tripled the odds both in wet as well as in dry work. Histories of earlier hand eczema (HHE), metal dermatitis (HMD) and of atopy were analyzed as risk factors for hand eczema in 1857 women in wet work. HHE increased the odds by a factor of 12.9 and created a subdivision of the population into high risk individuals and normal risk individuals. HHE was found in half of the subjects with atopic dermatitis, in one quarter of the subjects with atopic mucosal symptoms and in one fifth of the non-atopics. A HMD increased the odds by a factor of 1.8. This increase was seen as a high risk level in subjects with HHE and as a normal risk level in subjects with no HHE. A history of atopic disease as a complement to information about HHE and HMD increased the odds by another 1.3 times. The predicted probability of developing hand eczema ranged from 91 % in subjects with a combination of HHE, HMD and atopy to 24% in subjects with none of these risk factors. Subjects with AD were found to suffer a more severe form of hand eczema with significantly higher figures for medical consultation, sick- leave, termination due to hand eczema, early debut, permanent symtoms and vesicular lesions. Amongst the patients investigated for current hand eczema high risk individuals were overrepresented. It was claimed in 92.3% of the cases that trivial irritant factors had elicited the current episodes of hand eczema. In 35% of the cases the exposure to the irritant took place largely at home. Although contact sensitivity and contact urticaria were fairly common, they mostly seemed to be of minor importance in the etiology of the current hand eczema. Staphylococcus aureus colonized eczematous lesions of the hands in 18/20 patients. The density exceeded 105 colony forming units/cm2 in 15/20 patients. Only three of these patients showed signs of clinical infection. Successful topical treatment with a potent corticosteroid significantly reduced the colonization of S. aureus.

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碩士
高雄醫學大學
職業安全衛生研究所
96
Part I:Effect on Gap Junction Intercellular Communication by Tributyltin Chloride (TBTC) and Triphenyltin Chloride (TPTC) in WB-F344 Rat Liver Epithelial Cells. Point out GJIC block into first indicator to regard as cell cancer among past research. Organic tin compound prove harmful to organism, so, this study probe into the effect on gap junction intercellular communication by Tributyltin Chloride (TBT) and Triphenyltin Chloride (TPTC) in Normal rat liver epitherial cell line (WB-F344). Observe the change of the cell functionality by GJIC, observe the behavior of RNA by Real-time PCR and observe the behavior of protein by Western Blot. The result of this study, TPTC and TBT effects of poisoning on cells are all quite strong. Exposure concentration and increase of time have relation of Time & Dose dependent, and toxicity of TBT more an order than TPTC. TPTC, and TBT though all organic tin compound, but the effect of WB-F344 cell was different. When the concentration of TPTC until 3.9 μM an hour, the GJIC will blocked. But even the concentration of TBT has been already high will change the cell appearance after exposing, still there is no apparent influence as to GJIC. Though TPTC and TBT are all the organic tin compound, but the toxicological function on WB-F344 cells was different, maybe the chemical structure not the same,and there are different results. The result of this study, the effect on RNA and protein in WB-F344 cell, the behavior of Cx43 is inhibited as the concentration increases in TPTC, but the state stimulated in TBT of different concentration. RNA and protein value of E-Cadherin behave and is inhibited gradually with increase of thickness of TPTC and TBT. In part of β-Catenin, was inhibited as the concentration increases in TPTC as RNA, but disagree with TBT. For Occuldin, the result of protein as same as RNA is inhibited as the concentration increases in TPTC and TBT. Finally, the behavior of Cx32 is stimulated as the concentration increases in TPTC and inhibited in TBT, but compared with result of RNA, find that the totally opposite result appears. ----- Part II:Determination of Metal in Blood and Urine of Alloy Casting Factory Workers by Graphite-Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (GF-AAS) and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). There are many element of metal in the environment that the laborer worked in alloy casting factory, such as arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, nickel, copper, zinc, iron and beryllium, etc. This study according the factory characteristic of sampling source, plan to analysis copper, zinc, iron, lead and beryllium in urine and blood. The analytical method of copper, zinc, iron, lead have already generally used, but the method of beryllium in urine and blood has been not set up. Thus, this research wants to set up the analysis method of beryllium in urine and blood. The condition set up of analytical that determination of beryllium in urine and blood by graphic-furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GF-AAS). GF-AAS needs to set up the condition: temperature of drying, ashing and atomization, and the time of atomization. Using matrix matching to imitate the effect of matrix, samples dilute 2x for urine and 5x for whole blood, and addition matrix modifier (0.7% magnesium nitrate hexahydrate). The condition of beryllium in urine and blood by experimental tests (the condition of drying temperature @ 110℃, ashing temperature @ 1400℃, atomization temperature @ 2400℃ and time for 3 second in blood; drying temperature @ 110℃, ashing temperature @ 1500℃, atomization temperature @ 2400℃ and time for 3 second in urine.). The method detection limit was 0.2 ppb in urine and 0.4 ppb im blood. The concentration of addition in urine between 0.2~2.0 ppb, the recovery between 93.33~105.5%, coefficient of variation under than 15%; For blood, the concentration of addition between 0.4~2.0 ppb, recovery between 83.81~96.33%, coefficient of variation under than 10%. The result was undesirable of GF-AAS compare with ICP-MS (R2 values in blood was 0.2481 in copper, 0.1332 in zinc, 0.0229 in iron, 0.2029 in lead and 0.0034 in beryllium; 0.4529 in beryllium of urine). For this study, there are 127 samples from laborers of blood and urine whose worked at three alloy casting factories in Taiwan. The result of beryllium in urine and blood was low under the method detection limit. In addition to beryllium, the value of copper and zinc in plasma were normal, there are 2.36% of copper in plasma upper than the consultation normal range with adults’ (140 μg/dL); 24.41% of zinc upper than 140 μg/dL in the consultation normal range with adults’, there are 2.36% higher than 200 μg/dL; there are more persons who goes beyond the normal range of iron, the person who higher than general normal adults'' consultation value upper limit 200 μg/dL accounts for 68.50%, even 3.15% are up to more than of 700 μg/dL; And the person who higher than lead standard of high blood lead 40 μg/dL accounts for 0.79% and 1.57% are between 30~40 μg/dL.