Artykuły w czasopismach: „Metal Phosphate Porous Materials”

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Podgorbunsky, Anatoly B., O. O. Shichalin i S. V. Gnedenkov. "Composite Materials Based on Magnesium and Calcium Phosphate Compounds". Materials Science Forum 992 (maj 2020): 796–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.992.796.

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This paper presents the process and results of the formation of multifunctional materials based on magnesium for the needs of implant surgery. An integrated approach has been developed, including: (i) the synthesis of porous magnesium preforms by means of a powder metallurgical process; (ii) formation of composites based on synthesized nanoscale hydroxyapatite powder and magnesium metal powder by spark plasma sintering technology.

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Shablovski, Vladimir, Alla Tuchkoskaya, Vladimir Rukhlya, Olga Pap i Kateryna Kudelko. "THE STUDY OF THE SORPTION PROPERTIES OF FILTERING MATERIALS BASED ON TITANIUM PHOSPHATE - POROUS TITANIUM COMPOSITION". WATER AND WATER PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGIES. SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL NEWS 31, nr 3 (22.12.2021): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/2218-930032021244507.

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Inorganic sorbents are more selective in comparison with commercial ion exchange resins towards of metal ions. However, inorganic sorbents characterized not high kinetic properties. One of the way to increase the kinetic rate of inorganic sorbents is to reduce the particle size of these materials, other way is synthesizing inorganic sorbents as porous products from powder materials. A sample of such inorganic sorbents is titanium phosphate of various compositions. Studying the properties of microfilters based on composition titanium phosphate - porous titanium has been developed. The sorbents based on acidic titanium phosphate Ti(HPO4)2∙H2O were used for filtering solution with Fe(II) content. It is found that the number of impregnations with inorganic sorbent modificator is important and influence filtration process. The obtained results demonstrated that after the first impregnation of porous material with a smaller pore size, it is possible to obtain such sorbent as a mass content of powder material. By varying the ionic form of titanium phosphate, the porosity of titanium, the amount of impregnation, it could be possible effect on the sorption Fe(II). The sorption properties of titanium-titanium phosphate microfilters were studied by potentiometric titration in the NaCl-NaOH system, as well as the sorption of Fe2+ ions. The degree of purification for Fe(II) from solution with a concentration of 10 mg/l is 64 %. Application an electric potential to the microfilter of porous titanium - phosphate titanium increases the degree of purification of Fe(II) to 88 %.

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Han, Ruo Bing, Chun Lei Wan, Hui Wu i Wei Pan. "An Original Process of Nanoporous Materials via Templating Nickel Phosphate Colloidal Particles". Key Engineering Materials 368-372 (luty 2008): 1706–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.368-372.1706.

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A novel templating method for preparing nanoporous materials has been developed. Spherical nickel phosphate particles synthesized through a homogeneous precipitation method were used as templates after annealing to fabricate porous metals. Effort of annealing temperature on the morphology of the spherical particles and the structure of outcome materials were studied. Hierarchical nanoporous metal with a high surface area was obtained using a template annealed at 200 oC.

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Rokosz, Krzysztof, Tadeusz Hryniewicz, Steinar Raaen, Sofia Gaiaschi, Patrick Chapon, Dalibor Matýsek, Kornel Pietrzak, Monika Szymańska i Łukasz Dudek. "Metal Ions Supported Porous Coatings by Using AC Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation Processing". Materials 13, nr 17 (31.08.2020): 3838. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13173838.

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Coatings enriched with zinc and copper as well as calcium or magnesium, fabricated on titanium substrate by Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation (PEO) under AC conditions (two cathodic voltages, i.e., −35 or −135 V, and anodic voltage of +400 V), were investigated. In all experiments, the electrolytes were based on concentrated orthophosphoric acid (85 wt%) and zinc, copper, calcium and/or magnesium nitrates. It was found that the introduced calcium and magnesium were in the ranges 5.0–5.4 at% and 5.6–6.5 at%, respectively, while the zinc and copper amounts were in the range of 0.3–0.6 at%. Additionally, it was noted that the metals of the block S (Ca and Mg) could be incorporated into the structure about 13 times more than metals of the transition group (Zn and Cu). The incorporated metals (from the electrolyte) into the top-layer of PEO phosphate coatings were on their first (Cu+) or second (Cu2+, Ca2+ and Mg2+) oxidation states. The crystalline phases (TiO and Ti3O) were detected only in coatings fabricated at cathodic voltage of −135 V. It has also been pointed that fabricated porous calcium–phosphate coatings enriched with biocompatible magnesium as well as with antibacterial zinc and copper are dedicated mainly to medical applications. However, their use for other applications (e.g., catalysis and photocatalysis) after additional functionalizations is not excluded.

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Nandi, Mahasweta, Asim Bhaumik i Nawal K. Mal. "From Porous Metal Phosphates to Oxophenylphosphates: A Review". Recent Patents on Materials Science 3, nr 2 (23.04.2010): 151–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874465611003020151.

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Liao, Chwen-Haw, Kun Fan, Song-Song Bao, Hao Fan, Xi-Zhang Wang, Zheng Hu, Mohamedally Kurmoo i Li-Min Zheng. "From a layered iridium(iii)–cobalt(ii) organophosphonate to an efficient oxygen-evolution-reaction electrocatalyst". Chemical Communications 55, nr 92 (2019): 13920–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cc06164a.

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Porous layered iridium–cobalt MOF Co^II₂[Ir^III(ppy-COOH)₂(ppy-COO)]₂(HOCH₂PO₃)·12H₂O·2.5DMF, calcined under oxygen provides homogeneously distributed metal oxides and phosphate showing efficient catalytic properties for the OER.

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Cutrone, Li, Casas-Solvas, Menendez-Miranda, Qiu, Benkovics, Constantin i in. "Design of Engineered Cyclodextrin Derivatives for Spontaneous Coating of Highly Porous Metal-Organic Framework Nanoparticles in Aqueous Media". Nanomaterials 9, nr 8 (1.08.2019): 1103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9081103.

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Nanosized metal-organic frameworks (nanoMOFs) MIL-100(Fe) are highly porous and biodegradable materials that have emerged as promising drug nanocarriers. A challenging issue concerns their surface functionalization in order to evade the immune system and to provide molecular recognition ability, so that they can be used for specific targeting. A convenient method for their coating with tetraethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and mannose residues is reported herein. The method consists of the organic solvent-free self-assembly on the nanoMOFs of building blocks based on β-cyclodextrin facially derivatized with the referred functional moieties, and multiple phosphate groups to anchor to the nanoparticles’ surface. The coating of nanoMOFs with cyclodextrin phosphate without further functional groups led to a significant decrease of macrophage uptake, slightly improved by polyethylene glycol or mannose-containing cyclodextrin phosphate coating. More notably, nanoMOFs modified with tetraethylene glycol-containing cyclodextrin phosphate displayed the most efficient “stealth” effect. Mannose-coated nanoMOFs displayed a remarkably enhanced binding affinity towards a specific mannose receptor, such as Concanavalin A, due to the multivalent display of the monosaccharide, as well as reduced macrophage internalization. Coating with tetraethylente glycol of nanoMOFs after loading with doxorubicin is also described. Therefore, phosphorylated cyclodextrins offer a versatile platform to coat nanoMOFs in an organic solvent-free, one step manner, providing them with new biorecognition and/or “stealth” properties.

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Lee, Sanghan, i Jaephil Cho. "Stacked porous tin phosphate nanodisk anodes". Chemical Communications 46, nr 14 (2010): 2444. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b924381j.

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Spriano, Silvia, Anna Dmitruk, Krzysztof Naplocha i Sara Ferraris. "Tannic Acid Coatings to Control the Degradation of AZ91 Mg Alloy Porous Structures". Metals 13, nr 2 (19.01.2023): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met13020200.

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Porous structures of magnesium alloys are promising bioimplants due to their biocompatibility and biodegradability. However, their degradation is too rapid compared to tissue regeneration and does not allow a progressive metal substitution with the new biological tissue. Moreover, rapid degradation is connected to an accelerated ion release, hydrogen development, and pH increase, which are often causes of tissue inflammation. In the present research, a natural organic coating based on tannic acid was obtained on Mg AZ91 porous structures without toxic reagents. Mg AZ91 porous structures have been prepared by the innovative combination of 3D printing and investment casting, allowing fully customized objects to be produced. Bare and coated samples were characterized using scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), fluorescence microscopy, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), tape adhesion test, Folin–Ciocalteu, and degradation tests. Different parameters (solvent, dipping time) were compared to optimize the coating process. The optimized coating was uniform on the outer and inner surfaces of the porous structures and significantly reduced the material degradation rate and pH increase in physiological conditions (phosphate-buffered saline—PBS).

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Medvecky, Lubomir, Radoslava Stulajterova, Maria Giretova, Tibor Sopcak, Maria Faberova, Miroslav Hnatko i Tatana Fenclova. "Calcium Phosphate Cement Modified with Silicon Nitride/Tricalcium Phosphate Microgranules". Powder Metallurgy Progress 20, nr 1 (1.06.2020): 56–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pmp-2020-0006.

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Abstract Tetracalcium phosphate/monetite biocement was modified with 10 and 30 wt. % addition of highly porous silicon nitride/α-tricalcium phosphate (αTCP) microgranules with various content of αTCP. A composite cement powder mixture was prepared using mechanical homogenization of basic components. The accelerated release of dexamethasone from composite cement was revealed, which indicates their possible utilization for controlled drug release. The wet compressive strength of cements (<17 MPa) was significantly reduced (more than 30%) in comparison with the unmodified cement and both compressive strength and setting time were influenced by the content of αTCP in microgranules. The addition of microgranules caused a 20% decrease in final cement density. Microgranules with a higher fraction of αTCP showed good in vitro SBF bioactivity with precipitation of hydroxyapatite particles. Microstructure analysis of fractured cements demonstrated excellent interconnection between microgranules and cement calcium phosphate matrix, but also showed lower mechanical strength of microgranule cores.

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Christodoulou, Ioanna, Tom Bourguignon, Xue Li, Gilles Patriarche, Christian Serre, Christian Marlière i Ruxandra Gref. "Degradation Mechanism of Porous Metal-Organic Frameworks by In Situ Atomic Force Microscopy". Nanomaterials 11, nr 3 (13.03.2021): 722. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11030722.

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In recent years, Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) have attracted a growing interest for biomedical applications. The design of MOFs should take into consideration the subtle balance between stability and biodegradability. However, only few studies have focused on the MOFs’ stability in physiological media and their degradation mechanism. Here, we investigate the degradation of mesoporous iron (III) carboxylate MOFs, which are among the most employed MOFs for drug delivery, by a set of complementary methods. In situ AFM allowed monitoring with nanoscale resolution the morphological, dimensional, and mechanical properties of a series of MOFs in phosphate buffer saline and in real time. Depending on the synthetic route, the external surface presented either well-defined crystalline planes or initial defects, which influenced the degradation mechanism of the particles. Moreover, MOF stability was investigated under different pH conditions, from acidic to neutral. Interestingly, despite pronounced erosion, especially at neutral pH, the dimensions of the crystals were unchanged. It was revealed that the external surfaces of MOF crystals rapidly respond to in situ changes of the composition of the media they are in contact with. These observations are of a crucial importance for the design of nanosized MOFs for drug delivery applications.

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Dai, Honglian, Xinyu Wang, Yinchao Han, Xin Jiang i Shipu Li. "Preparation and Characterization of Porous Calcium Phosphate Bioceramics". Journal of Materials Science & Technology 27, nr 5 (styczeń 2011): 431–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1005-0302(11)60087-x.

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Aswin Kumar, Ilango, Antonysamy Jeyaseelan, Natrayasamy Viswanathan, Mu Naushad i Artur J. M. Valente. "Fabrication of lanthanum linked trimesic acid as porous metal organic frameworks for effective nitrate and phosphate adsorption". Journal of Solid State Chemistry 302 (październik 2021): 122446. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jssc.2021.122446.

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Zhu, Jianhua, Jiacai Shu, Xiaojun Yue i Yiping Su. "Hollow and porous octacalcium phosphate superstructures mediated by the polyelectrolyte PSS: a superior removal capacity for heavy metal and antibiotics". Journal of Materials Science 55, nr 17 (10.03.2020): 7502–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-020-04539-0.

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Cheng, Hao, Siyang Gao, Deli Duan, Shuai Yang, Weihai Xue, Bi Wu i Zhenguo Zhu. "Study on the Tribological Behavior and the Interaction between Friction and Oxidation of Graphite Reinforced by Impregnated Phosphate at High Temperatures". Materials 16, nr 9 (4.05.2023): 3517. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16093517.

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The stability of the graphite seal device is a key factor for the normal operation of aero engines. However, conventional graphite exhibits poor comprehensive performance due to its porous structure, which limits its application at high temperatures. Therefore, in this paper, phosphate was used to impregnated graphite pores, and the interaction between the friction, wear, and oxidation of phosphate-impregnated graphite against superalloy at high temperatures was studied through pin-on-disk friction tests. The results revealed that the coefficient of friction (COF) of matrix graphite fluctuated greatly, from 0.07 to 0.17, in the range of 100 °C to 500 °C, while the COF of impregnated graphite was stable, at around 0.13, from 100 °C to 500 °C. The wear rates of the two types of graphite were close from 20 °C to 300 °C, while the wear rate of the impregnated graphite was significantly lower than that of the matrix graphite at higher temperatures, from 400 °C and 500 °C. The reason was that the impregnated phosphate reacted with graphite at a high temperature, forming the inert site which helped to inhibit the oxidation and maintain the mechanical properties of the impregnated graphite at high temperatures. In addition, the impregnated graphite could maintain better integrity of the contact surface and reduce the inclusion of large hard metal oxides, thus effectively reducing the abrasive wear of the disk. Therefore, the wear depth of the superalloy disk samples with impregnated graphite was significantly lower than that of the matrix graphite. The results promote the application of phosphate-impregnated graphite under the high temperature conditions of aero engines.

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Fielding, Gary A., Naboneeta Sarkar, Sahar Vahabzadeh i Susmita Bose. "Regulation of Osteogenic Markers at Late Stage of Osteoblast Differentiation in Silicon and Zinc Doped Porous TCP". Journal of Functional Biomaterials 10, nr 4 (5.11.2019): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfb10040048.

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Calcium phosphates (CaPs) are one of the most widely used synthetic materials for bone grafting applications in the orthopedic industry. Recent trends in synthetic bone graft applications have shifted towards the incorporation of metal trace elements that extend the performance of CaPs to have osteoinductive properties. The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of silicon (Si) and zinc (Zn) dopants in highly porous tricalcium phosphate (TCP) scaffolds on late-stage osteoblast cell differentiation markers. In this study, an oil emulsion method is utilized to fabricate highly porous SiO2 doped β-TCP (Si-TCP) and ZnO doped β-TCP (Zn-TCP) scaffolds through the incorporation of 0.5 wt.% SiO2 and 0.25 wt.% ZnO, respectively, to the β-TCP scaffold. Reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is utilized to analyze the mRNA expression of osteoprotegerin (OPG), receptor activator of nuclear kappa beta ligand (RANKL), bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2), and runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) at the later stage of osteoblast differentiation, day 21 and day 28. Results show that the addition of Si and Zn to the β-TCP structure inhibited the β to α-TCP phase transformation and enhance the density without affecting the dissolution properties. Normal BMP-2 and Runx2 transcriptions are observed in both Si-TCP and Zn-TCP scaffolds at the initial time point, as demonstrated by RT-qPCR. Moreover, the addition of both Si and Zn positively regulate the osteoprotegerin: receptor activator of nuclear factor k-β ligand (OPG:RANKL) ratio at 21-days for Si-TCP and Zn-TCP scaffolds. These results demonstrate the effects of Si and Zn doped porous β-TCP scaffolds on the upregulation of osteoblast marker gene expression including OPG, RANKL, BMP-2, and Runx2, indicating the role of trace elements on the effective regulation of late-stage osteoblast cell differentiation markers.

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Nejneru, Carmen, Diana-Petronela Burduhos-Nergis, Mihai Axinte, Manuela Cristina Perju i Costica Bejinariu. "Analysis of the Physical-Mechanical Properties of the Zinc Phosphate Layer Deposited on a Nodular Cast Iron Substrate". Coatings 12, nr 10 (22.09.2022): 1384. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12101384.

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The rotors of submersible wastewater pumps, generally made of nodular graphite cast iron, are subjected to complex processes of corrosive erosion during operation. To improve the characteristics of erosion resistance by impact with solid particles in the corrosive environment of wastewater, cast iron was subjected to a chemical phosphating treatment. In the paper, the scratch test behaviour of nodular cast iron and phosphate nodular cast iron is analysed comparatively, studying the behaviour of the deposited layer and its adhesion to the substrate. The nanoindentation characteristics of nodular cast iron and phosphate nodular cast iron were also studied. It was observed that the deposited layer is not compact, but when pressed, it does not crack and does not detach from the substrate; it is impregnated in the substrate in the metal matrix, but not on the area with carbon nodules. The SEM micrographs show that the deposited phosphate layer is relatively porous and can change the behaviour of the liquid flow moving on the surface of the rotor due to its hydrophilic behaviour; this also allows the formation of a boundary layer that adheres to the surface of the rotor and protects it from the impacts of microparticles driven by the liquid stream.

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Ducheyne, Paul, Paul D. Bianco i Cheolsang Kim. "Bone tissue growth enhancement by calcium phosphate coatings on porous titanium alloys: The effect of shielding metal dissolution product". Biomaterials 13, nr 9 (styczeń 1992): 617–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0142-9612(92)90030-r.

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Pligovka, Andrei, Andrei Lazavenka, Ulyana Turavets, Alexander Hoha i Marco Salerno. "Two-Level 3D Column-like Nanofilms with Hexagonally–Packed Tantalum Fabricated via Anodizing of Al/Nb and Al/Ta Layers—A Potential Nano-Optical Biosensor". Materials 16, nr 3 (21.01.2023): 993. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16030993.

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Reanodizing metal underlayers through porous anodic alumina has already been used extensively to fabricate ordered columns of different metal oxides. Here, we present similar 3D multilayered nanostructures with unprecedented complexity. Two-level 3D column-like nanofilms have been synthesized by anodizing an Al/Nb metal layer in aqueous oxalic acid for forming the first level, and an Al/Ta layer in aqueous tartaric acid for forming the second level of the structure. Both levels were then reanodized in aqueous boric acid. The Ta layer deposited on partially dissolved porous anodic alumina of the first level, with protruding tops of niobia columns, acquired a unique hexagonally-packed structure. The morphology of the first and second levels was determined using scanning electron microscopy. Prolonged etching for 24 h in a 50%wt aqueous phosphoric acid was used to remove the porous anodic alumina. The formation mechanism of aluminum phosphates on the second-level columns in the process of long-time cold etching is considered. The model for the growth of columns on a Ta hexagonally-packed structure of the second level is proposed and described. The described approach can be applied to create 3D two- or three-level column-like systems from various valve metals (Ta, Nb, W, Hf, V), their combinations and alloys, with adjustable column sizes and scaling. The results of optical simulation show a high sensitivity of two-level column-like 3D nanofilms to biomedical objects and liquids. Among potential applications of these two-level column-like 3D nanofilms are photonic crystals for full-color displays, chemical sensors and biosensor, solar cells and thermoresponsive shape memory polymers.

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Paul, Jose, Md Moniruzzaman i Jongsung Kim. "Framing of Poly(arylene-ethynylene) around Carbon Nanotubes and Iodine Doping for the Electrochemical Detection of Dopamine". Biosensors 13, nr 3 (22.02.2023): 308. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios13030308.

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Dopamine (DA), an organic biomolecule that acts as both a hormone and a neurotransmitter, is essential in regulating emotions and metabolism in living organisms. The accurate determination of DA is important because it indicates early signs of serious neurological disorders. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) and metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have received considerable attention in recent years as promising porous materials with an unrivaled degree of tunability for electrochemical biosensing applications. This study adopted a solvothermal strategy for the synthesis of a conjugated microporous poly(arylene ethynylene)-4 (CMP-4) network using the Sonagashira–Hagihara cross-coupling reaction. To increase the crystallinity and electrical conductivity of the material, CMP-4 was enveloped around carbon nanotubes (CNTs), followed by iodine doping. When used as an electrochemical probe, the as-synthesized material (I2-CMP-CNT-4) exhibited excellent selectivity and sensitivity to dopamine in the phosphate-buffered solution. The detection limits of the electrochemical sensor were 1 and 1.7 μM based on cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV).

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Duraisamy, Ramesh, Kannan Pownsamy i Ghebray Asgedom. "Chemical Degradation of Epoxy-Polyamide Primer by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy". ISRN Corrosion 2012 (9.07.2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/819719.

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The degradation of organic-inorganic hybrid materials based on epoxy resin was characterized electrochemically in aggressive chemical electrolyte. In the present study, the hybrid material as primer was prepared from epoxy resin pigmented by zinc phosphate cured with polyamide (EPZ). The hybrid material was coated on mild steel substrate, and the corrosion behavior was studied by electrode-potential time measurements and mainly by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in 5% NaCl solution. The impedance parameters, namely, coating capacitance (), pore resistance (), charge transfer resistance (), double layer capacitance (), and break point frequency (), corresponding to 45° phase angle as a function of time of exposure were estimated. The observed impedance behavior were compared with the established equivalent electrical circuit represents the coated metal/electrolyte interface. Changes in the values of the circuit components given the information on the stages of degradation and physical phenomenon occurring throughout the degradation of primer coating were also been predicted. In addition, information related to the porous nature of the primer, limited passivation effect, and delamination of coating with longer exposure that resulted in the diffusion controlled corrosion of metal are also recognized. Thus, results indicate that the EPZ coating had good corrosion resistance. This could be a nonpolluting alternative to the traditional chromate like environmentally harmful coatings.

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Li, Chun, Xin Wang, Zi Jiao, Yu Zhang, Xiang Yin, Xue Cui i Yue Wei. "Functionalized Porous Silica-Based Nano/Micro Particles for Environmental Remediation of Hazard Ions". Nanomaterials 9, nr 2 (12.02.2019): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9020247.

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The adsorption and separation of hazard metal ions, radioactive nuclides, or minor actinides from wastewater and high-level radioactive waste liquids using functional silica-based nano/micro-particles modified with various inorganic materials or organic groups, has attracted significant attention since the discovery of ordered mesoporous silica-based substrates. Focusing on inorganic and organic modified materials, the synthesis methods and sorption performances for specific ions in aqueous solutions are summarized in this review. Three modification methods for silica-based particles, the direct synthesis method, wetness impregnation method, and layer-by-layer (LBL) deposition, are usually adopted to load inorganic material onto silica-based particles, while the wetness impregnation method is currently used for the preparation of functional silica-based particles modified with organic groups. Generally, the specific synthesis method is employed based on the properties of the loading materials and the silicon-based substrate. Adsorption of specific toxic ions onto modified silica-based particles depends on the properties of the loaded material. The silicon matrix only changes the thermodynamic and mechanical properties of the material, such as the abrasive resistance, dispersibility, and radiation resistance. In this paper, inorganic loads, such as metal phosphates, molybdophosphate, titanate-based materials, and hydrotalcite, in addition to organic loads, such as 1,3-[(2,4-diethylheptylethoxy)oxy]-2,4-crown-6-Calix{4}arene (Calix {4}) arene-R14 and functional 2,6-bis-(5,6-dialkyl-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)-pyridines(BTP) are reviewed. More specifically, we emphasize on the synthesis methods of such materials, their structures in relation to their capacities, their selectivities for trapping specific ions from either single or multi-component aqueous solutions, and the possible retention mechanisms. Potential candidates for remediation uses are selected based on their sorption capacities and distribution coefficients for target cations and the pH window for an optimum cation capture.

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Obradovic, Nina, Suzana Filipovic, Jelena Rusmirovic, Georgeta Postole, Aleksandar Marinkovic, Danka Radic, Vesna Rakic, Vladimir Pavlovic i Aline Auroux. "Formation of porous wollastonite-based ceramics after sintering with yeast as the pore-forming agent". Science of Sintering 49, nr 3 (2017): 235–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sos1703235o.

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In this paper, synthesis of porous wollastonite-based ceramics was reported. Ceramic precursor, methylhydrocyclosiloxane, together with micro-sized CaCO3, was used as starting material. After 20 min of ultrasound treatment, and calcination at 250 oC for 30 min, yeast as a pore-forming agent was added to the as-obtained powders. Sintering regime was set up based on the results obtained by differential thermal analysis. Prepared mixture was pressed into pallets and sintered at 900 oC for 1 h. After the sintering regime, porous wollastonite-based ceramics was obtained. The phase composition of the sintered samples as well as microstructures was analyzed by X-ray diffraction method and SEM. In a batch test, the influence of pH, contact time and initial ion concentration on adsorption efficiency of As+5, Cr+6, and phosphate ions on synthesized wollastonite-based ceramics were studied. Time-dependent adsorption was best described by pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Weber-Morris model that predicted intra-particle diffusion as a rate-controlling step of overall process. High adsorption capacities 39.97, 21.87, and 15.29 mgg-1 were obtained for As+5, Cr+6, and phosphate ions, respectively.

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Li, Yang, Lu Chen, Liu Hong, Kun Ran, Yonghong Zhan i Qi Chen. "Fabrication of porous silicon carbide ceramics at low temperature using aluminum dihydrogen phosphate as binder". Journal of Alloys and Compounds 785 (maj 2019): 838–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.01.114.

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Dairaghi, Jacob, Dan Rogozea, Rachel Cadle, Joseph Bustamante, Leni Moldovan, Horia I. Petrache i Nicanor I. Moldovan. "3D Printing of Human Ossicle Models for the Biofabrication of Personalized Middle Ear Prostheses". Applied Sciences 12, nr 21 (31.10.2022): 11015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122111015.

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The middle ear bones (‘ossicles’) may become severely damaged due to accidents or to diseases. In these situations, the most common current treatments include replacing them with cadaver-derived ossicles, using a metal (usually titanium) prosthesis, or introducing bridges made of biocompatible ceramics. Neither of these solutions is ideal, due to the difficulty in finding or producing shape-matching replacements. However, the advent of additive manufacturing applications to biomedical problems has created the possibility of 3D-printing anatomically correct, shape- and size-personalized ossicle prostheses. To demonstrate this concept, we generated and printed several models of ossicles, as solid, porous, or soft material structures. These models were first printed with a plottable calcium phosphate/hydroxyapatite paste by extrusion on a solid support or embedded in a Carbopol hydrogel bath, followed by temperature-induced hardening. We then also printed an ossicle model with this ceramic in a porous format, followed by loading and crosslinking an alginate hydrogel within the pores, which was validated by microCT imaging. Finally, ossicle models were printed using alginate as well as a cell-containing nanocellulose-based bioink, within the supporting hydrogel bath. In selected cases, the devised workflow and the printouts were tested for repeatability. In conclusion, we demonstrate that moving beyond simplistic geometric bridges to anatomically realistic constructs is possible by 3D printing with various biocompatible materials and hydrogels, thus opening the way towards the in vitro generation of personalized middle ear prostheses for implantation.

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Jakubowicz, J., G. Adamek i L. Smardz. "Porous Surface State Analysis of Anodized Titanium for Biomedical Applications". Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 53, nr 1 (8.11.2021): 86–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-021-06492-2.

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AbstractIn this work, pure Ti was anodically oxidized using 1M H3PO4 + 2–10 pct HF electrolytes at 10 V vs open circuit potential (OCP). The structure of the anodized samples’ surfaces was investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show the presence of titanium dioxide (TiO2) and titanium hydrogen phosphate (Ti(HPO4)2) in the surface layer. Due to the chemical composition and properties that the materials have, they do not pose a threat and support the osseointegration process. The rough and porous anodic oxide morphology shown by the AFM is useful for tissue growth, as well as for improving corrosion resistance. The XPS confirms that the short anodization results in thin anatase-type TiO2, which is a candidate for hard tissue implant applications. The corrosion is improved after oxidation in 1M H3PO4 + 2 pct HF electrolyte for 15 minutes. The wetting analysis shows hydrophilic properties and suggests good bioadhesion of the anodically oxidized surface. The surface supports osteoblast cell proliferation, indicating that the material has a surface state appropriate for hard tissue implant applications.

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Zaniolo, Karina M., Sonia R. Biaggio, Joni A. Cirelli, Mariana A. Cominotte, Nerilso Bocchi i Romeu C. Rocha-Filho. "Physical characterization and biological tests of bioactive titanium surfaces prepared by short-time micro-arc oxidation in green electrolyte". Materials Research Express 9, nr 2 (1.02.2022): 025401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ac4d53.

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Abstract Titanium (Ti) and its alloys are the most used biomaterials in dental and orthopedic implant applications. However, despite the good performance of these materials, implants may fail; therefore, several surface modification methodologies have been developed to increase the bioactivity of the metal surface, accelerating the osseointegration process while promoting improved corrosion performance. In this work, the production of a TiO2 coating on titanium through a short-time micro-arc oxidation (MAO) in a green electrolyte (obtained by a mixed solution of K3PO4 and Ca(CH3COO)2.H2O) is proposed, aiming at obtaining a porous oxide layer with Ca and P incorporation through an environmentally friendly experimental condition. The morphology, chemical composition, crystalline structure, wettability, hardness and bioactivity of the modified Ti surfaces were characterized. The MAO process at 250 V for 1 min in the green electrolyte solution allowed the production of a highly porous oxide surface in the anatase crystalline phase, with effective Ca and P incorporation. Pre-osteoblastic cells were used in in-vitro assays to analyze viability, adhesion, proliferation and ability to perform extracellular matrix mineralization on the Ti surfaces (polished and MAO-treated Ti). The MAO-treated Ti surface exhibited better results in the bioactivity tests, presenting more calcium phosphate precipitates. This surface also presented higher hardness, lower hydrophilicity and better performance in biological tests than the polished surface. The here-reported MAO-treated Ti surface is promising for dental implants, especially in patients having poor bone quality that requires greater stimulation for osteogenesis.

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Muto, Akinori, Osamu Uehara, Thallada Bhaskar, Yusaku Sakata i Takayuki Hirai. "Decomposition of Methylene Blue in Water by a Composite of Titanium Phosphate-porous Carbon". Journal of the Japan Society of Powder and Powder Metallurgy 55, nr 1 (2008): 51–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2497/jjspm.55.51.

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Duarte, Thiago, Yuri A. Meyer i Wislei R. Osório. "The Holes of Zn Phosphate and Hot Dip Galvanizing on Electrochemical Behaviors of Multi-Coatings on Steel Substrates". Metals 12, nr 5 (18.05.2022): 863. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12050863.

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The aim of this investigation is focused on the evaluation of distinctive coatings commonly applied in the automotive industry. The resulting corrosion behavior is analyzed by using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), equivalent circuit (EC) and potentiodynamic polarization curves. The novelty concerns a comparison between tricationic phosphate (TCP), cataphoretic electrodeposition (CED) of an epoxy layer, TCP + CED and HDG (hot-dip galvanized) + TCP + CED multi-coatings. Both the naturally deposited and defect-induced damage (incision) coatings are examined. The experimental impedance parameters and corrosion current densities indicate that multi-coating system (HDG + TCP + CED layers) provides better protection. Both planar and porous electrode behaviors are responsible to predict the corrosion mechanism of the majority of samples examined. Although induced-damage samples reveal that corrosion resistances decreased up to 10×, when compared with no damaged samples, the same trend of the corrosion protection is maintained, i.e., TCP < CED < TCP + CED < HDG + TCP + CED. It is also found that the same trend verified by using electrochemical parameters is also observed when samples are subjected under salt spray condition (500 h). It is also found that porous electrode behavior is not a deleterious aspect to corrosion resistance. It is more intimately associated with initial thickness coating, while corrosion resistance is associated with adhesion of the CED layer on TCP coating. The results of relative cost-to-efficiency to relative coating density ratios are associated with fact that a CED coating is necessary to top and clear coating applications and the TCP + CED and the HDG/TCP + CED coating systems exhibit the best results.

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30

Zhang, Hanyuan, Shu Yang i Kuang Sheng. "The Leakage Mechanism of the Package of the AlGaN/GaN Liquid Sensor". Materials 13, nr 8 (17.04.2020): 1903. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13081903.

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Wide bandgap gallium nitride (GaN)-based devices have attracted a lot of attention in optoelectronics, power electronics, and sensing applications. AlGaN/GaN based sensors, featuring high-density and high-mobility two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG), have been demonstrated to be effective chemical sensors and biosensors in the liquid environment. One of the key factors limiting the wide adoption of the AlGaN/GaN liquid sensor is the package reliability issue. In this paper, the reliability of three types of sensor packaging materials (SiO2/Si3N4, PI, and SiO2/Si3N4/PI) on top of 5-μm metal are tested in Phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solution. By analyzing the I-V characteristics, it is found that the leakage currents within different regimes follow distinct leakage models, whereby the key factors limiting the leakage current are identified. Moreover, the physical mechanisms of the package failure are illustrated. The failure of the SiO2/Si3N4 package is due to its porous structure such that ions in the solution can penetrate into the packaging material and reduce its resistivity. The failure of the PI package at a relatively low voltage (<3 V) is mainly due to the poor adhesion of PI to the AlGaN surface such that the solution can reach the electrode by the “lateral drilling” effect. The SiO2/Si3N4/PI package achieves less than 10 μA leakage current at 5 V voltage stress because it combines the advantages of the SiO2/Si3N4 and the PI packages. The analysis in this work can provide guidelines for the design and failure mechanism analysis of packaging materials.

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31

Lim, Yau-Yan, Dugald J. MacLachlan, Thomas D. Smith, Jim Jamis, John R. Pilbrow i Ruitian Song. "A Study of the Active Sites of the Mesoporous Molecular Sieve MCM-41 and Related Zeolitic Materials by Using Fourier-Transform I.R., Continuous-Wave E.S.R. and Pulsed E.S.R. Spectroscopic Probes". Australian Journal of Chemistry 50, nr 1 (1997): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/c96093.

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Infrared spectroscopic measurements have been made on hydrocarbons and hydrogen cyanide adsorbed, separately and competitively, on mesoporous molecular sieves MCM-41 of all-silica composition and with various aluminium(III) , titanium(IV) or vanadium(V) contents. Similar i.r. spectroscopic measurements were made on the porous aluminium phosphates AlPO4-5 and VPI. Characterization of the cationic binding sites of MCM-41 has been achieved by comparison of the e.s.r. spectra of the cationic copper(II) chelate acetylacetonatocopper(II) tetramethylethylenediamine, adsorbed by MCM-41, and by the sodium ion forms of zeolite-Y, mordenite, ultrastable and chromatographic grade silica. Both sets of results show that for mesoporous MCM-41 Brønsted acidity and possibly cation-exchange sites arise from ill-defined structural defects and from the silanol groups which are not greatly influenced by the presence of metal cations within the thick-walled honeycomb structure.

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Kamitakahara, Masanobu, Chikara Ohtsuki, Makoto Oishi, Shin-ichi Ogata, Masao Tanihara i Toshiki Miyazaki. "Control of the Microstructure of Porous Tricalcium Phosphate: Effects of addition of Mg, Zn and Fe". Journal of the Japan Society of Powder and Powder Metallurgy 52, nr 5 (2005): 356–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2497/jjspm.52.356.

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Cassagneau, Thierry, Gary B. Hix, Deborah J. Jones, Pedro Maireles-Torres, Mohammed Rhomari i Jacques Rozière. "Nano/nanocomposite systems: in situ growth of particles and clusters of semiconductor metal sulfides in porous silica-pillared layered phosphates". J. Mater. Chem. 4, nr 2 (1994): 189–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/jm9940400189.

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Amera, A., A. M. A. Abudalazez, Rashid Ismail, Abd Razak, Malik Masudi, Rizal Kasim i Arifin Ahmad. "Synthesis and characterization of porous biphasic calcium phosphate scaffold from different porogens for possible bone tissue engineering applications". Science of Sintering 43, nr 2 (2011): 183–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sos1102183a.

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By using the wet precipitation method, Biphasic calcium phosphate granules were synthesized with Ca/P ratio1.52 and controlled porosity, pore size distribution, and granule size. Microporosity was then obtained by adjusting sintering temperature while macroporosity was prepared by adding 1:3 wt% ratio of two normally used porogens (naphthalene and sugar) and 2 newly introduced porogens (sago and lentil). Samples from each ratio were pressed into pellets and were fired at 500?C for 2 hours with 0.5?C/minute heating rate (for removal of porogens) and further sintered at 850?C for 2 hours with 5?C/minute before cooling down to room temperature. The granules were prepared by crushing and sieving BCP sintered pellets to get granules of sizes ranging from 250-500?m. X-rays diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), particle size and porosity analyses were employed in order to characterize the granules. A round to oval shape pores with 200-400 ?m size were obtained and identical to the prepared porogens? particle size. This approach gives the desirable properties near to normal bone leading to a perfect osteogenesis for the purpose tissue engineering.

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35

Hanif, Qonita Awliya, Reva Edra Nugraha i Witri Wahyu Lestari. "Kajian Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFS) sebagai Material Baru Pengantar Obat". ALCHEMY Jurnal Penelitian Kimia 14, nr 1 (15.02.2018): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/alchemy.14.1.8218.16-36.

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Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs) merupakan material berpori baru yang berpotensi sebagai pengantar dan pelepas lambat obat. Strukturnya yang fleksibel, ukuran pori kristalin yang teratur, dan sisi koordinasi yang beragam merupakan beberapa kelebihan dari MOFs yang mendukung dalam enkapsulasi berbagai obat. Metode yang dapat digunakan untuk sintesis MOFs diantaranya nanopresipitasi, solvothermal, reverse microemulsion, dan reaksi solvothermal dengan template surfaktan. Karakterisasi material hasil sintesis maupun profil setelah enkapsulasi (loading) dapat dilakukan menggunakan Scanning Electron Micrscope (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), Differential Scanning Calorymetry (DSC), Fourier Transform Infra Red Spectroscopy (FTIR), dan Powder X-Ray Diffraction (PXRD). Metode loading obat terdiri dari dua kategori, yakni penggabungan agen biomedis secara langsung dan loading secara post synthesis. Sebelum MOFs diaplikasikan, perlu dilakukan aktivasi dan penempelan material obat. Pengujian lepas lambat dapat dijalankan pada beberapa kondisi seperti dalam Simulated Body Fluid (SBF), Phosphate Buffer Saline (PBS), Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) maupun simulasi menggunakan Grand Canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC). Pengujian secara in vivo dan in vitro juga dapat dilakukan untuk mengetahui dampaknya pada tubuh makhluk hidup dan aktivitasnya terhadap sel patogen. Kombinasi organik linker dan ion logam pusat yang berbeda akan menghasilkan ukuran pori, fleksibilitas, kapasitas loading, profil pelepasan obat, toksisitas, dan kemampuan menginhibisi yang berbeda pula. Pada review kali ini akan dibahas tentang kajian singkat terkait struktur dan desain MOFs, bio-MOFs, nano bio MOFs, strategi sintesis, dan strategi loading dan pelepasan obat untuk aplikasi dalam biomedis. Selanjutnya akan diberikan beberapa contoh aplikasi yang sudah dilakukan sejauh ini misalnya beberapa jenis MOFs yang sudah dienkapsulasi dengan beberapa material obat, seperti 5-fluoracil, ibuprofen, doxorubicin, dan dikaji waktu pelepasannya dan interaksinya dengan permodelan komputasi.Study of Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs) as a Novel Material for Drug Delivery. Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs) are a novel class of porous material that has wide potential applications including in drug delivery and slow release. Its flexible structure, regular crystalline pore size, and various coordination sites are some of the advantages of supporting MOFs properties in the encapsulation of various drugs. Various methods can be used for the MOFs synthesis include nanoprecipitation, solvothermal, reverse micro emulsion, and surfactant-templated solvothermal. Both characterization for synthesized materials and profile after encapsulation can be done using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Powder X-Ray Diffraction (PXRD). The drug loading method consists of two categories, namely the direct incorporation of biomedical agents and post-synthesis method. Before MOFs are applied in biomedical application, activation and attachment of medicinal materials should be performed. Meanwhile, for slow release testing can be run on several conditions such as in Simulated Body Fluid (SBF), Phosphate Buffer Saline (PBS), Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) and simulation using Grand Canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC). In vivo and in vitro testing can also be done to determine the impact on the body of living creatures and their activity on pathogen cells. Different organic linker and metal center combinations will result in pore size, flexibility, loading capacity, drug release profiles, toxicity, and different inhibiting ability. Herein, we will discuss a brief review of the structure and design of MOFs, bio-MOFs, nano-bio MOFs, synthesis, drug loading and release strategies for applications in biomedicine. Furthermore, there will be some examples of applications that have been done so far, e.g. some types of MOFs that have been encapsulated with some medicinal materials, such as 5-fluorouracil, ibuprofen, doxorubicin, and reviewed its release time and interaction with computational modeling.

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36

Chen, Haiwen, Wenxue Dou, Qingfeng Zhu, Danyu Jiang, Jinfeng Xia, Xingang Wang, Weizhong Tang i Shaohai Wang. "The extraction and characterization of porous HA/β-TCP biphasic calcium phosphate from sole fish bones at different temperatures". Materials Research Express 6, nr 12 (4.12.2019): 125412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab5a8f.

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Singh, Rajeev, Avadesh K. Sharma i Ajay K. Sharma. "Enhancement of mechanical and bioactive characteristics of NiTiMD composite reinforced with waste marble dust". International Journal of Materials Research 113, nr 1 (1.01.2022): 44–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijmr-2021-8258.

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Abstract Several bioceramics are used to enhance the bioactivity of NiTi, but the porous structure of these bioceramics simultaneously degrades the mechanical characteristics of implants. Therefore, NiTiMD composites were successfully synthesised with 0–10 wt.% reinforcement of waste marble dust (MD). Further, the effects of marble dust reinforcement on the physical, mechanical, and bioactive properties of NiTiMD composites were analysed. Field emission scanning electron microscopy images and X-ray diffraction patterns revealed the development of the primary NiTi and few secondary (e.g., NiTi2, Ni4Ti3, and Ni3Ti) phases. The porosity of NiTiMD composites increased from 8.74 to 20.83 % with the increase of marble dust reinforcement. Mechanical characterisation exhibited a two times increment in micro-hardness and bone-like Young’s modulus (3.10–6.93 GPa) and compressive strength (77.57–94.36 MPa). It was observed that the marble dust reinforcement enhanced the bioactivity of NiTiMD composites, and a uniform calcium phosphate (Ca-P) layer was formed on the NiTiMD6 and NiTiMD10 composites. Hence, the NiTiMD6 composite with balanced mechanical characteristics and enhanced bioactivity can be used as a novel material for orthopaedic implants.

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38

Gallaway, Joshua W. "(Invited) Operando Measurement of Heterogeneities in All-Solid-State Li Battery Electrodes". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, nr 38 (7.07.2022): 1663. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01381663mtgabs.

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All-solid-state Li batteries are under intense research and development due to their potential to (a) replace flammable organic liquid electrolytes with solid materials, and (b) increase energy density by allowing Li metal anodes and resulting in a more compact battery.[1]Several types of Li+-conducting solid electrolytes are being studied, e.g. sulfides, oxides, phosphates, polymers, and various composites of these.[2] While polymers are very processable, they have low conductivities, generally <10-4 S/cm. Sulfides have high conductivities, >10-2 S/cm, but are unstable materials and require cells to be under high compression to get good cycling results.[3] Oxides and phosphates have good conductivity, but are hard and brittle, forming poor interfaces with electrode active materials. The ideal combination of solid electrolyte and active material remains elusive, but work continues. An additional challenge looms for the design of all-solid-state electrodes, as reaction distributions in battery electrodes are often heterogeneous, resulting in uneven utilization of active materials.[4] Uneven reaction distributions are generally the result of an imbalance between electronic and ionic transport in the cell, but can also be caused by other resistances such as those introduced by insulating layers surrounding active materials. In this talk I will report our experimental results measuring heterogeneous phenomena in all-solid-state batteries. We have employed electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) as well as energy dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDXRD). EDXRD is a high-energy synchrotron technique that allows the interiors of batteries to be profiled in a tomographic way during battery operation. We use this to directly observe heterogeneous lithiation gradients across the thickness of cathodes in all-solid-state batteries. We will focus on cells with sulfide electrolytes, such as Li6PS5Cl and Li6.6Ge0.6Sb0.4S5I. Heterogeneous structural stability of the electrolyte itself will also be discussed.[5] Acknowledgments We acknowledge financial support from the National Science Foundation under Award Number CBET-ES-1924534. References [1] J. Janek and W. G. Zeier, "A solid future for battery development," Nat Energy, vol. 1, no. 9, pp. 1-4, 2016. [2] J. C. Bachman et al., "Inorganic solid-state electrolytes for lithium batteries: mechanisms and properties governing ion conduction," Chem Rev, vol. 116, no. 1, pp. 140-162, 2016. [3] Y. Kato et al., "High-power all-solid-state batteries using sulfide superionic conductors," (in English), Nat Energy, vol. 1, Mar 21 2016. [4] J. S. Newman and C. W. Tobias, "Theoretical Analysis of Current Distribution in Porous Electrodes," J Electrochem Soc, vol. 109, no. 8, pp. C193-C193, 1962. [5] X. Sun et al., "Operando EDXRD Study of All‐Solid‐State Lithium Batteries Coupling Thioantimonate Superionic Conductors with Metal Sulfide," Advanced Energy Materials, vol. 11, no. 3, p. 2002861, 2021.

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39

Naberezhnykh, G., A. Sergeev i O. Novikova. "QUANTUM DOTS OF CADMIUM SULFIDE PRODUCED WITH THE USE OF PROTEINS-PORINS, CARRAGEANANS, CHITOSANS AND LIPOPOLOSACCHARIDES". Russian Journal of Biological Physics and Chemisrty 7, nr 3 (28.09.2022): 428–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/rusjbpc.2022.0539.

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Quantum dots (QDs) are a new generation of fluorochromes with significant advantages over traditional organic dyes. QDs based on CdS are promising materials for optics, optoelectronics, biology, and medicine. QDs in the form of colloidal solutions are of great scientific and practical interest. CdS quantum dots were synthesized by chemical condensation in an aqueous solution using Yersinia pseudotuberculosis porin proteins, positively (chitosan) and negatively (carrageenan, lipopolysaccharide) charged polysaccharides. The maxima of the emission spectra for all samples were 450 nm, which indicates the same QD size; is determined by the size of the "cells" of the grid matrix, which limit the size of the QD. It was shown that the fluorescence intensity of QDs synthesized in LPS solutions was two times higher than that of other samples. The fluorescence of the samples and the maxima of the emission spectra (450 nm) are preserved during intensive dialysis against buffers, which indicates the stability of QDs and the possibility of using the obtained labeled preparations. Keeping samples at pH 3 leads to a significant decrease in fluorescence, especially for acidic polysaccharides. Anionic oxygen of phosphate, hydroxyl groups of sugar, nitrogen atoms can interact with metal ions, which are precursors (precursors) for CdS nanocrystals. It was found that the interaction with porin-specific IgG leads to a significant change in the luminescence intensity of QD-porin samples. This is of interest from the point of view of chemical sensing and opens the prospect of using QD-labeled porin-based nanostructures as biosensors.

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40

Barrère, Florence, Chantal M. van der Valk, Remco A. J. Dalmeijer, Gert Meijer, Clemens A. van Blitterswijk, Klaas de Groot i Pierre Layrolle. "Osteogenecity of octacalcium phosphate coatings applied on porous metal implants". Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A 66A, nr 4 (7.08.2003): 779–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.10454.

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Delaney, Paul, Colm McManamon, John P. Hanrahan, Mark P. Copley, Justin D. Holmes i Michael A. Morris. "Development of chemically engineered porous metal oxides for phosphate removal". Journal of Hazardous Materials 185, nr 1 (styczeń 2011): 382–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.08.128.

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42

Ioku, Koji, Masanobu Kamitakahara, Noriaki Watanabe, Osamu Kawaguchi, Setsuaki Murakami i Tohru Ikeda. "Calcium Phosphate Porous Materials with Unique Microstructures". Key Engineering Materials 396-398 (październik 2008): 645–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.396-398.645.

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Three types of calcium phosphate porous materials were prepared by the applied hydrothermal method. One of them was non-stoichiometric hydroxyapatite (HA) with calcium deficient composition and the others were β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) and HA/β-TCP bi-phase material. Granules with several millimeter in size of calcium deficient HA, β-TCP and HA/β-TCP could be prepared. These granules with porosity over 70 % were composed of rod-shaped particles with aspect ratio about 10. Rod-shaped particles were locked together to make sub-micro-sized pores of about 0.1 to 0.5 µm in size. These materials must be suitable for the bone graft materials and as the scaffolds of cultured bone.

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43

Rodríguez-Lorenzo, Luis M., i Kārlis A. Gross. "Calcium Phosphate Porous Scaffolds from Natural Materials". Key Engineering Materials 254-256 (grudzień 2003): 957–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.254-256.957.

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Maireles-Torres, P., P. Olivera-Pastor, E. Rodríguez-Castellón, A. Jiménez-López i A. A. G. Tomlinson. "Porous chromia-pillared α-tin phosphate materials". Journal of Solid State Chemistry 94, nr 2 (październik 1991): 368–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-4596(91)90203-t.

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ESCHENROEDER, H. C., R. E. MCLAUGHLIN i S. I. REGER. "Enhanced Stabilization of Porous-coated Metal Implants with Tricalcium Phosphate Granules". Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research &NA;, nr 216 (marzec 1987): 234???246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003086-198703000-00037.

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MARTINEZLARA, M., E. FARFANTORRES, J. SANTAMARIAGONZALEZ i A. JIMENEZLOPEZ. "Porous silica pillared α-ZrTi phosphate-phosphonates materials". Solid State Ionics 73, nr 3-4 (listopad 1994): 189–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-2738(94)90034-5.

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Rambo, C. R., L. Ghussn, F. F. Sene i J. R. Martinelli. "Manufacturing of porous niobium phosphate glasses". Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 352, nr 32-35 (wrzesień 2006): 3739–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2006.03.104.

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Yang, Weishen, i Guoxing Xiong. "Novel porous metal/ceramic membrane materials". Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science 4, nr 1 (luty 1999): 103–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-0286(99)80018-7.

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Doi, Kazuya, Yasuhiko Abe, Reiko Kobatake, Yohei Okazaki, Yoshifumi Oki, Yoshihito Naito, Widyasri Prananingrum i Kazuhiro Tsuga. "Novel Development of Phosphate Treated Porous Hydroxyapatite". Materials 10, nr 12 (8.12.2017): 1405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma10121405.

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Fang, Yu Cheng, H. Wang, Yong Zhou i Chun Jiang Kuang. "Development of Some New Porous Metal Materials". Materials Science Forum 534-536 (styczeń 2007): 949–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.534-536.949.

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Porous metal materials have been widely used in various industrial fields in the world. This paper describes the recent research achievements of CISRI in the development of porous metal materials. High performance porous metal materials, such as large dimensional and structure complicated porous metal aeration cones and tube, sub-micron asymmetric composite porous metal, metallic membrane, metallic catalytic filter elements, lotus-type porous materials, etc, have been developed.

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