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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Metal flames”

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Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021

Data aktualizacji: 20 lutego 2023

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1

Hagauer, Josef, Ulrich Matlschweiger, Christian Tippelreither, Markus Lutz, Thomas Hribernig i Maximilian Lackner. "Controlling Metal Fires through Cellulose Flake Blanketing Followed by Water Spray Cooling". Fire 5, nr 3 (17.06.2022): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire5030083.

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The traditional methods of fighting metal fires are not always safe for firefighters. The sand and salts that are thrown onto the fire to suffocate the flames can lead to splashes of molten metal, putting the firefighters and the surroundings at risk. A novel process is described where magnesium fires are brought under control using a simple two-step process. First, coated cellulose flakes, which contain approx. 30% inorganic salts, are blown onto the fire from a distance of several meters. Due to its low bulk density, the material settles smoothly on the fire and immediately covers the flames for several seconds. Before the hot metal can break through this cover, a fine water spray is applied to the fire. The water spray wets the top layer of the cellulose flakes, which will begin to char from the bottom. The water evaporates from within the cellulose flake layer and withdraws heat. It was observed that no hydrogen is formed and that this technique can safely control fires. It is judged that 90 kg of flakes could safely bring a pile of 75 kg of burning Mg flakes under control. By using a pneumatic conveying unit for the flakes, firefighters can effectively and efficiently cover the flames from a safe distance. This novel method could be recommended to firefighters in industrial magnesium processing plants, as well as local firefighters in the vicinity of such plants.

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2

Xu, Wu, i Yong Jiang. "Combustion Inhibition of Aluminum–Methane–Air Flames by Fine NaCl Particles". Energies 11, nr 11 (14.11.2018): 3147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11113147.

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The effect of NaCl as an extinguishing agent on metal dust fires require further exploration. This paper reports the results of an experimental study on the performance of micron-sized NaCl powders on hybrid aluminum–methane–air flames. NaCl particles with sub-10 μm sizes were newly fabricated via a simple solution/anti-solvent method. The combustion characteristics of aluminum combustion in a methane-air flame were investigated prior to the particle inhibition study to verify the critical aluminum concentration that enables conical aluminum-powder flame formation. To study the inhibition effectiveness, the laminar burning velocity was measured for the established aluminum–methane–air flames with the added NaCl using a modified nozzle burner over a range of dust concentrations. The results were also compared to flames with quartz sand and SiC particles. It is shown that the inhibition performance of NaCl considerably outperformed the sand and SiC particles by more rapidly decreasing the burning velocity. The improved performance can be attributed to contributions from both dilution and thermal effects. In addition, the dynamic behavior of the NaCl particles in the laminar aluminum–methane–air flame was investigated based on experimental observations. The experimental data provided quantified the capabilities of NaCl for metal fire suppression on a fundamental level.

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3

Peng, Dian Hua, i Jian Xing Wu. "Flameless Venting Devices for Dust Explosions and Experimental Confirmation of their Efficiency". Advanced Materials Research 774-776 (wrzesień 2013): 340–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.774-776.340.

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In a closed pulverized coal preparation system, a special device must be installed to vent flames and pressure during unexpected dust explosions. A vent flame arrestor is a key element in this device, which helps prevent a dangerous second explosion by venting flames. Traditional vent flame arrestors are designed with mounting metal fiber or rock fiber on both the sides and the top of the arrestor to cool dust flames and arrest burning dust during an explosion. This type of arrestor is widely used, but their application is still problematic, even for St1 dust at low reduced pressure (Pred). To solve these problems, we designed two types of flameless venting devices. The first is intended for St1 dust explosion venting at Pred 0.07 MPa, and was modified from an original device by adopting a labyrinth-like structure in the interior space to successively reduce the strength of the dust flame. The second is intended for St1 dust explosion venting at 0.07 < Pred 0.18 MPa, and was modified from the first type by adding a special suppressant in the interior space to make the dust flames cooler than the ignition point of the dust. Our experiments confirmed that our designs yield improved efficiency of flameless venting devices, leading to safer vent flame arrestors.

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4

Wimberly, Bobby J., James O. Hornkohl i Christian G. Parigger. "Measurement of Strontium Monoxide in Methane–Air Flames". Applied Spectroscopy 71, nr 2 (1.10.2016): 267–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003702816653132.

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The spectroscopy of alkaline earth metal compounds is stimulated by the use of these compounds in practical areas ranging from technology to medicine. Applications in the field of pyrotechnics were the motivation for a series of flame emission spectroscopy experiments with strontium-containing compounds. Specifically, strontium monoxide (SrO) was studied as a candidate radiator for the diagnosis of methane–air flames. Strontium monoxide emissions have been observed in flames with temperatures in the range 1200 K to 1600 K for two compounds: strontium hydroxide and strontium chloride. Comparisons are made of the measured SrO spectra to simulated spectra in the near-infrared region of 700 nm to 900 nm.

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5

Velavan, A., C. G. Saravanan i M. Vikneswaran. "The Impact of Formation of Oxide Layer on the Piston Crown Using Micro - Arc Oxidation on the Characteristics of the Spark Ignition Engine". Key Engineering Materials 813 (lipiec 2019): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.813.31.

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In the present study, experiments were conducted to compare the effect of oxide layer formation on the piston crown coated using Micro-Arc Oxidation (MAO) with uncoated piston on the combustion and emission characteristics of the port injected Spark Ignition engine fueled by gasoline. The micro-arc oxidation (MAO) coating technique is the modern process to form a ceramic oxide layer on the reactive metal substrate (base metal) by electrochemical and electro-thermal oxidation in an alkaline electrolytic solution. Using MAO technique, an oxide layer of thickness 72 μm was formed on the piston crown. This oxide layer acts as a thermal barrier to reduce the in-cylinder heat rejection and increase the durability of the piston by withstanding high temperature and pressure produced during combustion. Combustion flames have been captured using the AVL combustion analyzer to analyze the development and propagation of flames within the engine cylinder. From the flame images, it was observed that propagation of flame was faster in MAO coated piston compared to uncoated piston. This is because of higher local temperature inside the combustion chamber that was resulted due to low thermal conductivity of MAO layer. It was also found that carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions were reduced as a result of efficient fuel combustion, while NOx emissions increased because of increased combustion temperatures for MAO coated pistons. Keywords: Electro-thermal oxidation, Flame propagation, Micro-arc oxidation, Piston crown, Thermal barrie

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6

Tran, Quang, Nicholas S. Karellas i John M. Goodings. "Ion chemistry of transition metals in hydrocarbon flames. I. Cations of Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn". Canadian Journal of Chemistry 66, nr 9 (1.09.1988): 2210–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v88-352.

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A fuel-rich, premixed, conical, methane–oxygen flame at 2200 K and atmospheric pressure is doped with approximately 1 ppm of the transition metals Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn. Metallic ions of these metals and their compounds formed by chemical ionization reactions with H3O+ are observed by sampling the flame through a nozzle into a quadrupole mass spectrometer. Concentration profiles of individual and total cations are measured as a function of distance along the flame axis, and also mass spectra at a fixed point in the burnt gas. For a given metal A, the mass spectra are dominated by the atomic ion A+ with smaller amounts of the molecular ions AH+, AOH+, A(OH)H+, A(OH)2H+, and ACO+ and their hydrates. The spectra for Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu are very similar, but no ions are observed for Zn. The ion chemistry is dominated by proton transfer reactions from H3O+ to A and to the metallic compounds AO, AOH, and A(OH)2 which exist in the flame. In addition, A+ can be formed from the reaction of H3O+ with A by a charge transfer process. Also, some ions are formed by three-body association and free radical stripping reactions. The chemistry is discussed in detail to explain the relative magnitudes of the ion signals observed. In particular, when the atomic A+ ion is dominant, its concentration can reach a superequilibrium level early in the burnt-gas region before it slowly decays downstream; the phenomenon is similar to the free radical overshoot which occurs in hydrogen flames.

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7

Linteris, Gregory T., Marc D. Rumminger i Valeri I. Babushok. "Catalytic inhibition of laminar flames by transition metal compounds". Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 34, nr 3 (czerwiec 2008): 288–329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2007.08.002.

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8

Long, Gary L., William J. Newman, Greg L. Klunder i Jim Mahaney. "The Phosphine Depression in Flame Atomic Spectrometry". Applied Spectroscopy 41, nr 2 (luty 1987): 255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/000370287774986697.

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The presence of PH3 in C2H2 can cause serious depressions of analyte atomic signals in air/C2H2 and N2O/C2H2 flames. In elements other than those in group 1a and 1b, a refractory metal-phosphorus-oxygen compound is formed during analyte desolvation and appears to slow the vaporization process. Data is presented describing the magnitude of the PH3 depression for elements routinely determined in these flames. The effects of the PH3 depression for these elements are compared to H3PO4 depressions, and the success of using chelating agents (EDTA) to reduce the depression is explored. Deviations from mathematical models describing the PH3 effect are discussed, and the possibility of incomplete PH, combustion occurring in the flames is explored.

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9

Bartkowiak, Grażyna, Anna Dąbrowska i Agnieszka Greszta. "Development of Smart Textile Materials with Shape Memory Alloys for Application in Protective Clothing". Materials 13, nr 3 (4.02.2020): 689. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13030689.

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The latest directions of research on the design of protective clothing concern the implementation of smart materials, in order to increase its protective performance. This paper presents results on the resistance to thermal factors such as flames, radiant heat, and molten metals, which were obtained for the developed smart textile material with shape memory alloys (SMAs). The laboratory tests performed indicated that the application of the designed SMA elements in the selected textile material system caused more than a twofold increase in the resistance to radiant heat (RHTI24 = 224 s) with an increase of thickness of 13 mm (sample located vertically with a load), while in the case of tests on the resistance to flames, it was equal to 41 mm (sample located vertically without a load) and in the case of tests on the resistance to molten metal, it was 17 mm (sample located horizontally).

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10

Lee, Minhyeok, Yong Fan i Yuji Suzuki. "Wall Chemical Effect of Metal Surfaces on Steady Cool Flames". Proceedings of the Thermal Engineering Conference 2018 (2018): 0130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeted.2018.0130.

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11

KADODE, Noriaki, i Hideki HAGI. "Analysis of Metal Flames of Eye Glasses Made in China". Proceedings of Conference of Hokuriku-Shinetsu Branch 2017.54 (2017): G042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmehs.2017.54.g042.

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12

Poletaev, N. I. "Formation of condensed combustion products in metal dust flames: Nucleation stage". Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves 51, nr 3 (maj 2015): 299–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s001050821503003x.

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13

Shoshin, Y., i E. Dreizin. "Particle combustion rates in premixed flames of polydisperse metal—air aerosols". Combustion and Flame 133, nr 3 (maj 2003): 275–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0010-2180(02)00571-0.

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14

Zoccali, M., V. Hill, A. Lecureur, B. Barbuy, A. Renzini, D. Minniti, A. Gómez i S. Ortolani. "The metal content of bulge field stars from FLAMES-GIRAFFE spectra". Astronomy & Astrophysics 486, nr 1 (15.05.2008): 177–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:200809394.

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15

Emelianov, A., A. Eremin, H. Jander i H. Gg Wagner. "Formation of Condensed Particles in Premixed Flames Catalyzed by Metal Carbonyls". Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie 224, nr 05 (maj 2010): 715–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1524/zpch.2010.5397.

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16

Goodings, John M., Quang Tran i Nicholas S. Karellas. "Ion chemistry of transition metals in hydrocarbon flames. II. Cations of Sc, Ti, V, Cr, and Mn". Canadian Journal of Chemistry 66, nr 9 (1.09.1988): 2219–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v88-353.

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The same fuel-rich, premixed, conical, methane–oxygen flame at 2200 K and atmospheric pressure used for studies of Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn in Part I (1) is doped with the same concentration (~1 ppm) of Sc, Ti, V, Cr, and Mn to complete the first row of ten transition metals. Metallic ions of these metals and their compounds formed by chemical ionization reactions with H3O+ are observed by sampling the flame through a nozzle into a quadrupole mass spectrometer. Concentration profiles of individual and total cations are measured as a function of distance along the flame axis, and also mass spectra at a fixed point in the burnt gas. If A is the metal atom, the observed ions can be represented by four hydrate series including (a) A+•nH2O, (b) AOH+•nH2O, (c) AO+•nH2O, and (d) AO2H+•nH2O with n = 0–3 or 4, giving a maximum of four ligands around the metal atom. However, alternative isomeric structures are possible for each of the four basic series (e.g. AO+•2H2O ~ A(OH)2+•H2O ~ A(OH)3H+). The ions observed with Cr and Mn, in common with those of Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu, strongly favour series (a). On the other hand, Sc is completely different; the ions of series (c) are dominant. All four series are observed with each of Ti and V. Series (b) dominates for Ti and series (c) for V; ions from series (d) were observed for the first time. The ion chemistry of these metals is discussed in detail with emphasis on the probable chemical ionization reactions responsible for metallic ion formation. The pre-eminent role of proton transfer processes is apparent.

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17

Ageyev, N. D., S. Kyro i Yu Kostishin. "TWO-PHASE FLAMES A POTENTIAL METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING SUBMICRON METAL OXIDE POWDERS". International Journal of Energetic Materials and Chemical Propulsion 4, nr 1-6 (1997): 486–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/intjenergeticmaterialschemprop.v4.i1-6.480.

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18

Bonczyk, P. A. "Suppression of Soot in Flames by Alkaline-Earth and Other Metal Additives". Combustion Science and Technology 59, nr 1-3 (maj 1988): 143–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00102208808947093.

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19

Sun, Jin-Hua, Ritsu Dobashi i Toshisuke Hirano. "Structure of flames propagating through metal particle clouds and behavior of particles". Symposium (International) on Combustion 27, nr 2 (styczeń 1998): 2405–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0082-0784(98)80092-1.

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20

Wu, Jianpeng, Kaiheng Liang, Chaoqiang Yang, Jie Zhu i Dong Liu. "Synthesis of carbon nanotubes on metal mesh in inverse diffusion biofuel flames". Fullerenes, Nanotubes and Carbon Nanostructures 27, nr 1 (2.01.2019): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1536383x.2018.1523149.

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21

Xu, Fusheng, Hong Zhao i Stephen D. Tse. "Carbon nanotube synthesis on catalytic metal alloys in methane/air counterflow diffusion flames". Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 31, nr 2 (styczeń 2007): 1839–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2006.08.062.

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22

Korzhavin, A. A., I. G. Namyatov, V. A. Bunev i V. S. Babkin. "Interaction of Two Diffusion Flames Spreading Along a Metal Substrate Wetted with Different Fuels". Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves 39, nr 6 (listopad 2003): 635–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:cesw.0000007675.59169.ee.

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23

de Koter, Alex. "The Metallicity Dependence of the Mass Loss of Early-Type Massive Stars". Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 3, S250 (grudzień 2007): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921308020322.

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AbstractWe report on a comprehensive study of the wind properties of 115 O- and early B-type stars in the Galaxy and the Large Magellanic Clouds. This work is part of the VLT/FLAMES Survey of Massive Stars. The data is used to construct the empirical dependence of the mass-loss in stellar winds on the metal content of their atmospheres. The metal content of early-type stars in the Magellanic Clouds is discussed. Assuming a power-law dependence of mass loss on metal content, Ṁ ∝ Zm, we find m = 0.83 ± 0.16 from an analysis of the wind momentum luminosity relation (Mokiem et al. 2007b). This result is in good agreement with the prediction m = 0.69 ± 0.10 by Vink et al. (2001). Though the scaling agrees, the absolute empirical value of mass loss is found to be a factor of two higher than predictions. This may be explained by a modest amount of clumping in the outflows of the objects studied.

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24

Grigoryev, E. V., V. N. Savenko, D. V. Sheglov, A. V. Matveev, V. A. Cherepanov, A. V. Zolkin i B. A. Kolesov. "Synthesis of diamond crystals from oxygen-acetylene flames on a metal substrate at low temperature". Carbon 36, nr 5-6 (1998): 581–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0008-6223(98)00021-9.

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25

Gollahalli, S. R., i D. Pardiwalla. "Comparison of the Flame Characteristics of Turbulent Circular and Elliptic Jets in a Crossflow". Journal of Energy Resources Technology 124, nr 3 (6.08.2002): 197–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1488170.

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This study was directed to understand the coupling effects of the noncircular geometry of the burner and a crossflow on the combustion of gas jets. This paper compares the characteristics of turbulent propane jet flames from circular (diameter=0.45 cm) and elliptic (major axis/minor axis=3) burners of equivalent exit area in a crossflow. The elliptic burner was oriented with its major axis or minor axis aligned with the crossflow. Experiments were conducted in a wind tunnel provided with optical and probe access and capable of wind speeds up to 12.5 m/s. The burners were fabricated with metal tubes. Instrumentation included a Pt-Pt/13% Rh thermocouple, a quartz-probe gas sampling system, chemiluminescent and nondispersive infrared analyzers, a video-recorder, and a computer data acquisition system. The measurements consisted of the upper and lower limits of jet velocity for a stable flame, flame configuration, and visible length. Flame structure data including temperature profiles and concentration profiles of CO2,O2, CO, and NO were obtained in a two-zone flame configuration (at jet to crossflow momentum flux ratio=0.11), where a planar recirculation exists in the wake of the burner tube followed by an axisymmetric tail. The relative emission indicators of CO and NO were estimated from the composition data. Results show that the upper and lower limits of the fuel jet velocity increase with the crossflow velocity for all burners, and the rate of increase is highest for the elliptic burner with its minor axis aligned with the crossflow. That burner configuration also produces the longest flame. The relative emission indicators show that the CO production is lower and NO production is higher with elliptic burners than with circular burners in crossflow.

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26

Nörthemann, K., J. E. Bienge, J. Müller i W. Moritz. "Early forest fire detection using low-energy hydrogen sensors". Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems 2, nr 2 (1.11.2013): 171–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/jsss-2-171-2013.

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Abstract. Most huge forest fires start in partial combustion. In the beginning of a smouldering fire, emission of hydrogen in low concentration occurs. Therefore, hydrogen can be used to detect forest fires before open flames are visible and high temperatures are generated. We have developed a hydrogen sensor comprising of a metal/solid electrolyte/insulator/semiconductor (MEIS) structure which allows an economical production. Due to the low energy consumption, an autarkic working unit in the forest was established. In this contribution, first experiments are shown demonstrating the possibility to detect forest fires at a very early stage using the hydrogen sensor.

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27

Mucciarelli, Alessio. "The chemical signatures of the Large Magellanic Cloud globular clusters". Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 4, S256 (lipiec 2008): 299–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921308028615.

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AbstractWe present the first results of a long-term project based on the analysis of high-resolution optical spectra for a sample of Large Magellanic Cloud globular clusters. The final aim is to build a new, reliable metallicity scale for this cluster system and shed some light on the role played by the different chemical contributors (AGB, SN II and SN Ia), in order to understand the chemical enrichment history of the Large Magellanic Cloud. The analysis of 6 young and intermediate-age clusters and 11 field stars, observed with the UVES@FLAMES spectrograph, provides crucial information about the chemical composition of the dominant stellar population of the LMC. All these stars are metal-rich ([Fe/H]~ −0.4 dex), with solar-scaled [α/Fe] ratios, that point toward an enrichment from SN Ia. Moreover, we observed a general depletion for the [Al/Fe] ratio (indication of a chemical enrichment by metal-poor SN II) and a strong enhancement of the [Ba/Y] ratio (likely due to the enrichment by metal-poor AGB stars).

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28

Markstein, G. H., i J. De Ris. "Wall-fire radiant emission—Part 2: Radiation and heat transfer from porous-metal wall burner flames". Symposium (International) on Combustion 24, nr 1 (styczeń 1992): 1747–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0082-0784(06)80204-3.

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Xu, Fusheng, Xiaofei Liu i Stephen D. Tse. "Synthesis of carbon nanotubes on metal alloy substrates with voltage bias in methane inverse diffusion flames". Carbon 44, nr 3 (marzec 2006): 570–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2005.07.043.

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Liu, Jianghong, i Beihua Cong. "Experimental evaluation of water mist with metal chloride additives for suppressing CH4/air cup-burner flames". Journal of Thermal Science 22, nr 3 (4.05.2013): 269–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11630-013-0623-0.

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Chow, Christine C. Y., i John M. Goodings. "Ion chemistry of second-row transition metals in hydrocarbon flames: cations and anions of Y, Zr, Nb, and Mo". Canadian Journal of Chemistry 73, nr 12 (1.12.1995): 2263–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v95-280.

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A pair of laminar, premixed, CH4–O2 flames above 2000 K at atmospheric pressure, one fuel-rich (FR) and the other fuel-lean (FL), were doped with ~10−6 mol fraction of the second-row transition metals Y, Zr, Nb, and Mo. Since these hydrocarbon flames contain natural ionization, metallic ions were produced in the flames by the chemical ionization (CI) of metallic neutral species, primarily by H3O+ and OH− as CI sources. Both positive and negative ions of the metals were observed as profiles of ion concentration versus distance along the flame axis by sampling the flames through a nozzle into a mass spectrometer. For yttrium, the observed ions include the YO+•nH2O (n = 0–3) series, and Y(OH)4−. With zirconium, they include the ZrO(OH)+•nH2O (n = 0–2) series, and ZrO(OH)3−. Those observed with niobium were the cations Nb(OH)3+ and Nb(OH)4+, and the single anion NbO2(OH)2−. For molybdenum, they include the cations MoO(OH)2+ and MoO(OH)3+, and the anions MoO3− and MoO3(OH)−. Not every ion was observed in each flame; the FL flame tended to favour the ions in higher oxidation states. Also, flame ions in higher oxidation states were emphasized for these second-row transition metals compared with their first-row counterparts. Some ions written as members of hydrate series may have structures different from those of simple hydrates; e.g., YO+•H2O = Y(OH)2+ and ZrO(OH)+•H2O = Zr(OH)3+, etc. The ion chemistry for the production of these ions by CI in flames is discussed in detail. Keywords: transition metals, ions, flame, gas phase, negative ions.

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32

Solonenko, V. V., E. V. Protopopov, S. V. Feiler, M. V. Temlyantsev i N. F. Yakushevich. "Oxidation of molten impurities in converters by means of combustion flames: Thermodynamic principles. 2. Interaction of flame with metal and slag in converter bath". Steel in Translation 47, nr 10 (październik 2017): 650–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0967091217100084.

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Axford, Stephen D. T., i Allan N. Hayhurst. "Ionisation in premixed fuel-lean flames of H2, O2and N2. Part 2.—Ions from alkali-metal additives". J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 91, nr 5 (1995): 835–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/ft9959100835.

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Umbare, R. B., M. E. Bansude, S. M. Kadavkar i C. R. Dode. "A prospective study of medicolegal autopsies to establish profile of burn deaths". IP International Journal of Forensic Medicine and Toxicological Sciences 6, nr 3 (15.09.2021): 95–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijfmts.2021.021.

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Burns injuries have been a one of the major cause of concern since prehistoric time to the present era of modern medicine. Burn is considered to be the commonest cause of unnatural death in India.Burns are injuries produced by application of dry heat such as flame, radiant heat or some heated solid substance like metal or glass to the body. Dry heat, application of hot bodies, licking by flames resulting in simple burns causes local injury to the body. Moist heat leading to scalds, corrosive poisons resulting in corrosive burns. Electric spark, discharges, flashes and lightning leads to electric burns.Present study aim to know the magnitude of burn deaths in the region of southern marathwada region. Two years prospective study was conducted at Government Medical College Latur. Study of medico legal autopsies to establish the profile of burn deaths was carried out. In the present study, it is found that burns are commonly found in female (72.04%) than in females. Housewives (43.52%) were common victims followed by works (9.80%). Most of the incidences took place in morning hours (45.53%). Most common place of incidence was house (83%). Kerosene (57.63%) was the most common accelerant used to cause burn. If percentage of burn increases, the survival period decreases and vice versa. Most common alleged manner of death was accident (53, 6%).

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Soflaei, H., i S. E. Vahdat. "Microstructure Study of Diffusion Bonding of Centrifuged Structural Steel-Bronze". Archives of Foundry Engineering 16, nr 2 (1.06.2016): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/afe-2016-0034.

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Abstract One of the methods to prevent unsuitable lubrication of moving components of devices and machinery is using bi-metal and three-metal bearings. Centrifugal casting process is one of the manufacturing methods that is used for such bearings. In this study, the purpose is microstructure evaluation of the bonding location and length determination of diffusion bond in structural steel-bronze. A mold made of structural steel with inner diameter of 240mm, length of 300mm and thickness of 10mm was coated by a 6mm film of bronze under centrifugal casting process. At first, a bronze ingot with dimension of 5mm×10mm×20mm is located inside of the hollow cylindrical mold and then the two ends of it will be sealed. During mold rotation with the rate of 800 rpm, two high power flames are used for heating the mold under Ar gas atmosphere to melt the bronze ingot at 1000°C. After 15minutes, the system is cooled rapidly. Results showed that the diffusion bonding of bronze in structural steel to depth of 1.2μm from the bonding line was obtained. In this bonding, copper element was diffused to 50% of its initial concentration.

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Lackmann, Tim, Andreas Nygren, Anders Karlsson i Michael Oevermann. "Investigation of turbulence–chemistry interactions in a heavy-duty diesel engine with a representative interactive linear eddy model". International Journal of Engine Research 21, nr 8 (5.12.2018): 1469–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087418812319.

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Simulations of a heavy-duty diesel engine operated at high-load and low-load conditions were compared to each other, and experimental data in order to evaluate the influence of turbulence–chemistry interactions on heat release, pressure development, flame structure, and temperature development are quantified. A recently developed new combustion model for turbulent diffusion flames called representative interactive linear eddy model which features turbulence–chemistry interaction was compared to a well-stirred reactor model which neglects the influence of turbulent fluctuations on the mean reaction rate. All other aspects regarding the spray combustion simulation like spray break-up, chemical mechanism, and boundary conditions within the combustion chamber were kept the same in both simulations. In this article, representative interactive linear eddy model is extended with a progress variable, which enables the model to account for a flame lift-off and split injection, when it is used for diffusion combustion. In addition, the extended version of representative interactive linear eddy model offers the potential to treat partially premixed and premixed combustion as well. The well-stirred reactor model was tuned to match the experimental results, thus computed pressure and apparent heat release are in close agreement with the experimental data. Representative interactive linear eddy model was not tuned specifically for the case and thus the computed results for pressure and heat release are in reasonable agreement with experimental data. The computational results show that the interaction of the turbulent flow field and the chemistry reduce the peak temperatures and broaden up the turbulent flame structure. Since this is the first study of a real combustion engine (metal engine) with the newly developed model, representative interactive linear eddy model appears as a promising candidate for predictions of spray combustion in engines, especially in combustion regimes where turbulence–chemistry interaction plays an even more important role like, example given, in low-temperature combustion or combustion with local extinction and re-ignition.

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Hill, Vanessa. "Abundance patterns and the chemical enrichment of nearby dwarf galaxies". Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 5, S265 (sierpień 2009): 219–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921310000608.

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AbstractAs the least massive galaxies we know, dwarf spheroidal galaxies (dSph) allow to probe chemical enrichement on the smallest scales, and perhaps in its simplest expression. Particularly interesting are the issues concerning the efficency with which metals are retained or lost in these shallow potential wells (supernovae feedback), and the effect of this on star formation itself. Another fundamental issue concerns the earliest epochs of star formation: are first stars formed in similar ways and proportions in all halos ? Finally, as the smallest galaxies know, dSph have been suggested to be the surviving cousins of galaxy building blocs that (in λ-CDM) assemble to make larger galaxies. This parenthood would not necessarily hold at all late times, when survivors have lived their own differentiated life, but is expected at least at the earliest epochs.I review here the chemical abundances of individual stars in the nearest dwarf spheroidal galaxies, that have become available in increasing numbers (sample size and galaxies probed) in the last decade. Special emphasis is given to: a) recent results obtain with FLAMES on VLT, highlighting the power of detailed chemical abundance patterns of large samples of stars to unravel the various evolutionnary paths followed by dSph; b) the oldest and most metal-poor populations in dSph.

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Ju, Xiaoyu, Tsuneyoshi Matsuoka, Takuya Yamazaki i Yuji Nakamura. "Effect of single-layer metal wire mesh insertion on the burning behavior of laminar coflow propane/air diffusion flames". Combustion and Flame 234 (grudzień 2021): 111612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2021.111612.

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Liu, Guannan, i Dong Liu. "Treatment of efficiency for temperature and concentration profiles reconstruction of soot and metal-oxide nanoparticles in nanofluid fuel flames". International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 133 (kwiecień 2019): 494–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2018.12.135.

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Bonifacio, P., L. Monaco, L. Sbordone, S. Villanova i E. Pancino. "Lithium in a metal-poor external galaxy: ω Centauri". Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 5, S268 (listopad 2009): 269–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921310004230.

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Abstractω Centauri is a massive stellar system which is currently going through the Galactic Halo. Its compact aspect and spheroidal shape have for a long time led to it being classified as a Globular Cluster. However the fact that its stars cover a wide metallicity range (−0.6 < [Fe/H] < −2.1), points to this object as an external galaxy, satellite of the Milky Way. Lithium among warm metal-poor stars shows a roughly constant abundance, the “Spite Plateau”. This has been interpreted as evidence for a primordial origin of the lithium nucleus, at the time of nucleosynthesis. After the physical conditions under which nucleosynthesis occurred, have been constrained by the observations of the fluctuations of the Cosmic Microwave Background, we are facing a “cosmological lithium problem”, namely the primordial lithium was a factor of three to four higher than what observed in the Spite plateau. Several avenues may be taken to solve this conundrum, either relying on fundamental physics or on stellar physics, however the realm of possibilities may be considerably narrowed by observing stellar populations in different galaxies, which have experienced different evolutionary histories. Some of the proposed “solutions” may be clearly ruled out, depending on the observation of lithium in the metal-poor populations of external galaxies. ω Centauri is the only external galaxy amenable to such an investigation in the era of 8m telescopes. We have pushed to its limits FLAMES at the ESO 8.2m telescope to obtain high resolution spectra of the Li i doublet in 91 Turn-Off and Sub-Giant stars at V ~ 18 in ω Centauri. We present our preliminary results on this data which suggest that the Li content in ω Centauri warm stars is comparable to that observed in Galactic Halo field stars of similar metallicities and temperatures. This may effectively rule out a whole class of models which invoke a severe Li depletion through processing of material in an early generation of massive stars.

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Fritz, T. K., R. Carrera, G. Battaglia i S. Taibi. "Gaia DR 2 and VLT/FLAMES search for new satellites of the LMC". Astronomy & Astrophysics 623 (marzec 2019): A129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201833458.

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A wealth of tiny galactic systems populates the surroundings of the Milky Way. However, some of these objects might have originated as former satellites of the Magellanic Clouds, in particular of the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC). Examples of the importance of understanding how many systems are genuine satellites of the Milky Way or the LMC are the implications that the number and luminosity-mass function of satellites around hosts of different mass have for dark matter theories and the treatment of baryonic physics in simulations of structure formation. Here we aim at deriving the bulk motions and estimates of the internal velocity dispersion and metallicity properties in four recently discovered distant southern dwarf galaxy candidates, Columba I, Reticulum III, Phoenix II, and Horologium II. We combined Gaia DR2 astrometric measurements, photometry, and new FLAMES/GIRAFFE intermediate-resolution spectroscopic data in the region of the near-IR Ca II triplet lines; this combination is essential for finding potential member stars in these low-luminosity systems. We find very likely member stars in all four satellites and are able to determine (or place limits on) the bulk motions and average internal properties of the systems. The systems are found to be very metal poor, in agreement with dwarf galaxies and dwarf galaxy candidates of similar luminosity. Of these four objects, we can only firmly place Phoenix II in the category of dwarf galaxies because of its resolved high velocity dispersion (9.5 −4.4+6.8 km s−1) and intrinsic metallicity spread (0.33 dex). For Columba I we also measure a clear metallicity spread. The orbital pole of Phoenix II is well constrained and close to that of the LMC, suggesting a prior association. The uncertainty on the orbital poles of the other systems is currently very large, so that an association cannot be excluded, except for Columba I. Using the numbers of potential former satellites of the LMC identified here and in the literature, we obtain for the LMC a dark matter mass of M200 = 1.9 −0.9+1.3 × 1011 M⊙.

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Prisyajnyuk, V., S. Semychayevsky, V. Svirsky i O. Kornienko. "CONCERNING THE DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN TEST EQUIPMENT FOR THE EVALUATION OF QUALITY INDICATORS OF FIRE-FIGHTING LAYFLAT DELIVERY HOSES FOR FIRE AND RESCUE VEHICLES". Municipal economy of cities 4, nr 164 (1.10.2021): 171–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.33042/2522-1809-2021-4-164-171-177.

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Pressure fire hoses are one of the main types of fire-fighting equipment, on the serviceable condition of which depends the operational activities of fire and rescue units and successful firefighting. At present, Ukraine has entered into force with (01.08.2021) the national standard, which contains modern European requirements for assessing the quality of flat-hose fire hoses for fire and rescue vehicles. This standard was developed by the Institute of Public Administration and Research in Civil Defense in the framework of research work "Fire hoses – test methods" and adopted by order of SE "UkrNDNC" from 23.03.2021 № 107. In order to assist in solving this problem, the Institute of Public Administration and Research in Civil Defense put into operation, tested and verified the installation for testing fire pressure hoses, which will check the quality of pressure flat hose for fire and rescue vehicles in accordance with modern European requirements. The installation is intended for tests of pressure fire hoses carried out on the following quality indicators: working, test and burst pressure; abrasion resistance; resistance to hot objects; resistance to open flame. The unit is operated at air temperature from 10 ° С to 25 ° С and relative humidity from 15% to 90%. The installation is a metal table, which consists of two levels (upper and lower). The main part of the tests is to be performed at the upper level with the help of three removable modules. The lower level provides one stationary module on which tests for working, test and burst pressure are carried out. The upper level of the installation is designed to test pressure fire hoses for the following quality indicators: resistance to surface abrasion, resistance to point abrasion, resistance to hot objects and resistance to open flames. For versatility and convenience of work on installation on the top level of a table the possibility of change of modules depending on their need is provided. The lower level of the installation is intended for carrying out tests of pressure fire hoses on quality indicators – working and test pressure, bursting pressure. At the lower level of the metal table is a rectangular metal box, which has a closing lid. During the tests, the sample of the test sleeve is automatically filled with water, which drains after the test. To fix the samples of fire hoses of different diameters (25, 32, 38, 51, 66, 77, 100, 125 and 150) mm, the installation includes special cones and plates.

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Deriase, S. F., S. A. Ghoneim, A. S. Zakhary i A. K. Aboul-Gheit. "Numerical Evaluation of CO Emissions for Catalytic Combustion over Noble Metal Disc Burners of Turbulent Gaseous Fuel Jet Diffusion Flames". Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects 35, nr 9 (maj 2013): 868–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2010.516316.

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Zhang, Yiyang, Shuiqing Li, Yihua Ren, Qiang Yao i Stephen D. Tse. "A new diagnostic for volume fraction measurement of metal-oxide nanoparticles in flames using phase-selective laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy". Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 35, nr 3 (2015): 3681–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2014.06.018.

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Zakhary, Amal S., Ahmed K. Aboul-Gheit i Salwa A. Ghoneim. "Fuel rich and fuel lean catalytic combustion of the stabilized confined turbulent gaseous diffusion flames over noble metal disc burners". Egyptian Journal of Petroleum 23, nr 1 (marzec 2014): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2014.02.011.

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Liu, Guannan, i Dong Liu. "Noncontact direct temperature and concentration profiles measurement of soot and metal-oxide nanoparticles in optically thin/thick nanofluid fuel flames". International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 134 (maj 2019): 237–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2019.01.035.

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Barbuy, B., M. Zoccali, S. Ortolani, V. Hill, D. Minniti, E. Bica, A. Renzini i A. Gómez. "VLT-FLAMES analysis of 8 giants in the bulge metal-poor globular cluster NGC 6522: oldest cluster in the Galaxy?" Astronomy & Astrophysics 507, nr 1 (3.09.2009): 405–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/200912748.

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Saeed, Elaf, Khalid Abdulhassan i Osama Khudair. "Series And Parallel Arc Fault Detection Based on Discrete Wavelet VS. FFT Techniques". Iraqi Journal for Electrical and Electronic Engineering 18, nr 1 (7.12.2021): 38–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.37917/ijeee.18.1.5.

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Arc problems are most commonly caused by electrical difficulties such as worn cables and improper connections. Electrical fires are caused by arc faults, which generate tremendous temperatures and discharge molten metal. Every year, flames of this nature inflict a great lot of devastation and loss. A novel approach for identifying residential series and parallel arc faults is presented in this study. To begin, arc faults in series and parallel are simulated using a suitable simulation arc model. The fault characteristics are then recovered using a signal processing technique based on the fault detection technique called Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT), which is built in MATLAB/Simulink. Then came db2, and one level was discovered for obtaining arc-fault features. The suitable mother and level of wavelet transform should be used, and try to compare results with conventional methods (FFT-Fast Fourier Transform). MATLAB was used to build and simulate arc-fault models with these techniques.

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Liu, Guannan, i Dong Liu. "Simultaneous reconstruction of temperature and concentration profiles of soot and metal-oxide nanoparticles in asymmetric nanofluid fuel flames by inverse analysis". Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer 219 (listopad 2018): 174–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jqsrt.2018.08.010.

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Чугуев, Анатолий Петрович, Валерий Петрович Некрасов, Александр Николаевич Сычев i Алексей Алексеевич Шаршунский. "DIFFUSIVE COMBUSTION OF LIQUID HYDROGEN IN OPEN ATMOSPHERE". Pozharnaia bezopasnost`, nr 2(107) (19.06.2022): 92–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.37657/vniipo.pb.2022.107.2.010.

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Настоящая работа посвящена изучению параметров диффузионного пламени жидкого водорода, возникающего в результате нештатной ситуации с проливом жидкости из технологического оборудования на различные поверхности. Параметры пламени жидкого водорода необходимы для оценки влияния его теплового излучения на окружающие объекты и выбора способа ликвидации последствий аварийной ситуации. Полученные экспериментальные данные по горению жидкого водорода позволили предложить в целях практического применения аналитические зависимости для оценки параметров диффузионного пламени водорода, обычно возникающего после аварийного пролива жидкости на различные поверхности. Эти зависимости удовлетворительно обобщают экспериментальные данные через критерий Фруда и могут иметь практическое применение при решении вопросов по обеспечению пожарной безопасности технологического объекта. This research work is devoted to the study of the parameters of the diffusion flame of liquid hydrogen which potentially arises as a result of a possible emergency situation with the spillage of liquid from technological equipment. The parameters of the liquid hydrogen flame are necessary to assess the effect of its thermal emission on the surrounding objects and also to choose a way to eliminate the accident and its consequences. The combustion of liquid hydrogen spilled in amount 1-100 liters occurred from various surfaces (metal baking sheets, gravel, water surface, liquid nitrogen surface) and various areas (1-7 m). Special Dewar vessels with volumes from 3 to 120 liters were used for experiments. The amount of spilled hydrogen, the burning time, and the size of the flame were measured during the experiments (based on the results of filming). The ignition of vapors of evaporating hydrogen were performed by an electric spark at a height of 0.5-1.0 m from the surface of the spillage. The obtained experimental results were processed depending on the Froude numbers according to the expression Fr = u / gd, where u - rate of vapor outflow, м · s; u = m/r, m - evaporation rate, kg/(m · s); r - vapor density, kg/m; g - acceleration of gravity, m · s; d - diameter of the “pool” of liquid hydrogen ( evaporation ares), m. The dependence of the dimensionless flame height from the Froude number is obtained in the form L/d = 32(Fr) for Fr = 10 - 10. The dependence of the maximum flame diameter of the number of Fr is obtained in the form D/d = 11(Fr) for Fr = 10 - 10. This paper presents analytical expressions for determining the size of diffusion flames of liquid hydrogen usually occur after an emergency spill. The use of liquid nitrogen in the process of an emergency hydrogen spill can noticeably (by 2 times) reduce the size of hydrogen diffusion flame and reduce the impact of thermal radiation on surrounding objects since the extinguishing of such fires is not regulated by both foreign and domestic regulatory documents.

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