Rozprawy doktorskie: „Membranaceus”

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Wang, Meili Shannon Dennis Alan. "Cultivation practices for Astragalus membranaceus in the southeastern United States." Auburn, Ala, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10415/1640.

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Watson, Robert James. "Isolation and characterisation of the potential immunomodulatory principles from Astragalus membranaceus." University of Southern Queensland, Faculty of Sciences, 2006. http://eprints.usq.edu.au/archive/00004786/.

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[Abstract]: This thesis describes an in-vivo evaluation of ethanolic extracts of Astragalus membranaceus and fractions derived from this extract administered either orally by gavage or by intraperitoneal injection to Balb/c mice. Total antibody titre was used as an indicator of humoral immune response. Cell mediated immune response was determined using Interferon-γ and Interleukin-12 as indicators. Additionally, mice were vaccinated with a killed Salmonella typhimurium vaccine, previously demonstrated to induce humoral response but not cell mediated immunity, to determine whether the acquired immune response was enhanced or suppressed. Serum was analysed for total antibody titre using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Serum and splenocyte culture supernatants were analysed for levels of interferon-γ and interleukin-12. No statistically significant differences were observed between groups either orally gavaged or intraperitoneally injected with extracts of Astragalus membranaceus, or orally gavaged with fractions derived from this extract when compared with the control groups.

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Liu, Jing. "Comparative study on the chemical constituents and bioactivity between radix astragali and radix hedysari." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2011. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/1401.

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Bayor, M. T., J. S. K. Ayim, G. Marston, Roger M. Phillips, Steven D. Shnyder, Richard T. Wheelhouse, and Colin W. Wright. "A cytotoxic diterpenoid from Croton membranaceus, the major constituent of anticancer herbal formulations in Ghana." Natural Product Communications Inc, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/4543.

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no Croton membranaceus is used by herbalists and traditional healers in Ghana for the management of various cancers, especially prostate cancers. A methanolic extract of the roots showed cytotoxic activities against two cancer cell lines, and bioassay-guided fractionation of this extract revealed that the cytotoxic activity resided mostly in the ethyl acetate fraction. Six compounds were isolated from this fraction, including a new furano-clerodane diterpenoid (1), for which the trivial name crotomembranafuran is suggested. This compound exhibited an IC50 value of 4.1 microgram/mL (10.6 microM) against human prostate (PC-3) cells, providing some support for the traditional use of C. membranaceus in the treatment of cancers

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Tin, Man Ying. "Study of the anticarcinogenic mechanisms of astragalus membranaceus in colon cancer cells and tumor xenograft." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2006. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/777.

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Liu, Wing-yee, and 廖穎宜. "Effects of bioactive constituents of Astragalus membranaceus on the proliferation of colon cancer and endothelial cells." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/206745.

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Uncontrolled cell growth may lead to pathological conditions such as cancer. During the progression of cancer, cancer cells stimulate endothelial cells for angiogenesis to support their growth and migration. Previous studies suggest that Astragalus membranaceus, of which the dried root [Astragali Radix] is used as a traditional Chinese medicine, and its bioactive components, astragalus saponins (AST), astragaloside IV (AS IV) and isoflavonoid calycosin, inhibit cancer growth. The present study aimed to examine whether or not these components inhibit the growth and/or metastasis of colon cancer cells and/or angiogenesis of endothelial cells, and to determine the possible mechanisms involved. The growth of HCT 116 colon cancer cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) after 72 hours incubation with AST (1 to 25 μg/ml), AS IV (0.5 to 100 μM) or calycosin (10 to 200 μM) were detected with thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide assay. Wound healing migration and tube formation assays were used to examine the metastatic and angiogenic potential of HCT 116 cells and HUVEC. Moreover, the expressions of apoptotic [B-cell lymphoma 2 and procaspase-3] and metastasis/angiogenesis-related proteins [matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-9 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)] were measured with Western immunoblotting. To investigate the potential mechanism(s) through which astragalus components affect the proliferation and/or migration of HCT 116 cells and HUVEC, the activities of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases [extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), p38 MAP kinase (p38) and c-Jun amino-terminal kinases] were studied by measuring the expressions of their phosphorylated and total proteins with Western immunoblotting. Calycosin (200 μM) inhibited the growth of HCT 116 cells without affecting that of HUVEC. While it inhibited the migration of both cell types, it stimulated tube formation only in HUVEC. In HCT 116 cells, calycosin downregulated the expressions of procaspase-3, VEGF, MMP-2 and MMP-9 proteins, inhibited ERK1/2 but activated p38. These effects of calycosin were not observed in HUVEC. Neither AST nor AS IV had any significant effects on the parameters studied in HCT 116 cells. AST also showed no effect in HUVEC; AS IV, at 100 μM, appeared to increase the number of tube formation by HUVEC. In conclusion, the present findings suggest that AST has no significant effect on both cancer and endothelial cells while AS IV may promote angiogenesis without any direct action in colon cancer cells. In colon cancer cells, calycosin induces apoptosis, possibly through activation of caspase-3 and p38, and inhibits metastasis, possibly by downregulating MMP-2 and MMP-9, and inhibiting ERK1/2. However, in endothelial cells, the effect of calycosin is not conclusive as it promotes tube formation but inhibits migration. These findings provide the pharmacological basis for the use of Astragali Radix in the treatment of colon cancer, and the scientific evidence for a therapeutic potential of calycosin in the management of this disorder. Further studies are needed to verify the effect of calycosin on endothelial cells. In order to better mimic the clinical situation, the interaction between cancer and endothelial cells [for example, tumor-induced angiogenesis] needs to be taken into consideration. published_or_final_version Pharmacology and Pharmacy Master Master of Philosophy

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Deng, Ruixia, and 邓瑞霞. "Astragaloside IV promotes haematopoiesis and enhances cytokines release by mesenchymal stromal cells mediated immune regulation." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/198839.

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Although tremendous efforts have been made to search for other novel growth factors in promoting marrow recovery after irradiation or chemotherapy, there have not been any efficient and safe agents discovered so far. Danggui Buxue Tang (當歸補血湯) as a traditional Chinese herbal decoction, is commonly used for replenishing blood loss in menstruating women, or enhancing erythropoiesis and immune responses in various settings. Our previous study confirmed that Danggui Buxue Tang promotes haematopoiesis and thrombopoiesis both in vitro & in vivo. Recent studies also showed that parenteral Astragalus regulates haematopoiesis in myelosuppressed mice and has protection effect on UV irradiated human dermal fibroblasts. However, astragaloside IV, as the major component of Astragalus, the "Monarch" (君葯) in Danggui Buxue Tang, the bioactivity and its possible mechanism on haematopoiesis remains unclear. My studies showed that astragaloside IV had promoting effect on different lineages of haematopoietic CFUs forming including erythrocytes, granulocytes, monocytes and megakaryocytes both in normal and irradiated mice. In the K562 and CHRF apoptotic model, astragaloside IV exerted proliferation effect and induced K562 into megakaryocytic differentiation. Astragaloside IV up-regulated phosphorylation of ERK and it was abolished by PD98059. Meanwhile, astragaloside IV increased phosphorylated ERK migration into nuclei which enhanced cell survival and differentiation. EGFR inhibitor also attenuated the enhancing effect of astragaloside IV on ERK phosphorylation. It suggested that astragaloside IV is likely to function through EGFR with subsequent activation of ERK1/2 pathway. Furthermore, astragaloside IV also increased Bcl-2/Bax ratio by up-regulating Bcl-2 alone. Bone marrow derived mesenchymal stromal cells are the major supporting cells involved in the haematopoietic microenvironment. My studies demonstrated that astragaloside IV also indirectly enhanced haematopoiesis by stimulating cytokine release from MSCs, especially IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1 and GRO1. I also found that matured and activated population of neutrophils was increased after cultured with mesenchymal stromal cells conditional medium stimulated by astragaloside IV. This finding further supported why there was a significant increment of CFU-GM in vitro culture with murine bone marrow collected from mouse model after astragaloside IV treatment, where MSCs serve as the feeder layer in such system in mice. In conclusion, my studies explored the directly and indirectly dynamic and multiple targeted function of astragaloside IV on haematopoiesis. In addition to activating haematopoietic cells, astragaloside IV also stimulated mesenchymal stromal cells to secret cytokines that could modulate haematopoiesis and up-regulated neutrophil production and maturation. It provided a holistic view on how astragaloside IV induced synergistic effect on haematopoietic cells and mesenchymal stromal cells in the marrow microenvironment. published_or_final_version Chinese Medicine Doctoral Doctor of Philosophy

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Law, Pui Ching. "Study of the modulating effects of Astragalus saponins on tumor angiogenesis and invasiveness in colon cancer cells." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2010. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/1156.

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Wei, Lai, and 魏来. "Induction of LTB4 12-hydroxydehydrogenase (LTB4DH) by Radix Astragali and Radix Paeoniae Rubra: a study of theactive compounds and related biological functions." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2009. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B44683443.

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周穎茵. "黃芪多糖的化學組成及其對免疫系統調節作用的探討". HKBU Institutional Repository, 2017. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/453.

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背景黃芪是中醫藥中最常用的補益藥之一，現代研究發現其多糖類成分具有抗疲勞、抗氧他和免疫調節等作用，因此研究黃芪多糖的生理活性已成為研究黃芪藥理作用新的主流方向。由於多糖類物質分子量較大，單糖組成及組成方式多樣，所以對多糖的研究除生理活性外還需探討解析其他學特征。目的初步驗證黃芪多糖對免疫系統的生理活性及其自身他學組成，探討展望未來對黃芪多糖研究的新方向。方法本實驗採用水提醇沉法提取分離除黃芪粗多糖，經除蛋白及透析等操作純忙得到黃百多糖。採用高效凝膠色譜分離法及超高效液相色譜法分別求得黃芪多糖相對分子量大小及其單糖組成成分免疫活性探究使用RAW264.7 細胞系巨噬細胞，以脂多糖為陽性對照，採用MTT 法測試細胞毒性，計算加藥后一氧化氮及細胞因子IL-6 和TNF－α 生成量，評價黃芪多糖的免疫調節作用。結果黃芪多糖相對分子量為108.02kDa(±2.73kDa），由阿拉伯糖、葡萄糖、半乳糖、葡萄糖醛酸和半乳糖醛酸組成。MTT 實驗表明黃芪多糖對細胞無明顯毒性﹔ NO 及細胞因子IL-6 和TNF－α 生成量表明其具有免疫調節功能，且作用強度與黃芪多糖濃度在一定範圍內呈正相關。結論黃芪多糖具有免疫調節活性，但其組成成分較多，他學結構複雜，仍需要進行更多研究探討其作用機制及其他學結構與免疫調節機制的關係。【關鍵詞】黃芪多糖﹔化學組成﹔免疫活性

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Wong, Daniella Pui Kwan. "Investigation of the role of GRP78 and the potential therapeutic use of radix astragali in diabetic complications." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2013. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/1546.

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Zhang, Zhu. "Exploration of the anticancer mechanisms of novel chemotherapeutic adjuvants involving autophagy and immune system reprogramming in the treatment of pancreatic cancer." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2020. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/755.

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Pancreatic cancer is known to be one of the most life-threatening cancers characterized by aggressive local invasion and distant metastasis. The high basal level of autophagy in pancreatic cancer may be responsible for the low chemotherapeutic drug response rate and poor disease prognosis. However, the clinical application of autophagy inhibitors was unsatisfactory due to their toxicity and minimal single-agent anticancer efficacy. Hence, oncologists begin to consider the tumor microenvironment when exploring new drug targets. In the present study, the anti-tumorigenic mechanisms of two major phytochemicals derived from Chinese medicinal herbs had been investigated against pancreatic cancer development. Calycosin is a bioactive isoflavonoid of the medicinal plant Astragalus membranaceus. Our results have shown that calycosin inhibited the growth of various pancreatic cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Alternatively, calycosin also facilitated MIA PaCa-2 pancreatic cancer cell migration in vitro and increased the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) biomarkers in vivo. Further mechanistic study suggests that induction of the Raf/MEK/ERK pathway and facilitated polarization of M2 tumor-associated macrophage in the tumor microenvironment both contribute to the pro-metastatic potential of calycosin in pancreatic cancer. These events appear to be associated with calycosin-evoked activation of TGF-β signaling, which may explain the paradoxical drug actions due to the dual roles of TGF-β as both tumor suppressor and tumor promoter in pancreatic cancer development under different conditions. Isoliquiritigenin (ISL) is a chalcone obtained from the medicinal plant Glycyrrhiza glabra, which can be a precursor for chemical conversion to form calycosin. Results have shown that ISL decreased the growth and EMT of pancreatic cancer cells in vitro, probably due to modulation of autophagy. ISL-induced inhibition of autophagy subsequently promoted reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, leading to induction of apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells. Such phenomenon also contributed to the synergistic growth-inhibitory effect in combined treatment with the orthodox chemotherapeutic drug 5-fluorouracil. In addition, ISL-induced tumor growth inhibition in vivo was further demonstrated in a tumor xenograft mice model of pancreatic cancer. ISL promoted apoptosis and inhibited autophagy in the tumor tissues. Study on immune cells indicates that ISL could reduce the number of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) both in tumor tissue and in peripheral blood, while CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were increased correspondingly. In vitro test has revealed that ISL inhibited the polarization of M2 macrophage along with its inhibition of autophagy in M2 macrophage. These immunomodulating effects of ISL had reversed the pro-invasive role of M2 macrophage in pancreatic cancer.In conclusion, calycosin acts as a "double-edged sword" on the growth and metastasis of pancreatic cancer, which may be related to the dual roles of TGF-β and its influence on the tumor microenvironment. Alternatively, ISL consistently inhibited the growth and metastatic drive of pancreatic cancer through regulation of autophagy and reprogramming of the immune system. The differential modes of action of these compounds have provided new insights in the development of effective pancreatic cancer treatment adjuvants.

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Pinheiro, Fernandes Mariana. "Purificação, caracterização e aplicação biotecnológica da(s) lectina(s) presente(s) em Bauhinia membranacea Benth." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2006. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/2013.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T15:53:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo4869_1.pdf: 2399928 bytes, checksum: 366f462c64988d30658b5961f9457797 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 Lectinas são proteínas ou glicoproteínas de origem não-imune que se ligam bioespecificamente a carboidratos, com capacidade de aglutinar células de forma reversível. Folhas de plantas do gênero Bauhinia têm ampla utilização na medicina popular com propriedades ditas hipoglicemiantes e diuréticas. Diversos extratos de folhas de Bauhinia membranacea Benth demonstraram a presença de lectina, indicada pela atividade hemaglutinante (AH). O objetivo deste trabalho foi a purificação da lectina de folhas de B. membranacea (BmeLL) e sua imobilização em Sepharose CL-4B para isolar glicoproteínas. Um extrato escolhido (10 %, p/v) foi preparado em tampão citrato fosfato 10 mM, pH 6,5, contendo cloreto de sódio 0,15 M (tampão selecionado), por 16 h, a 4 oC. O extrato foi tratado com sulfato de amônio e a fração 0-80 % (F0-80%) foi selecionada para realização dos experimentos de purificação devido à maior AH específica (AHE). Cromatografia em coluna de gel de guar foi feita para purificar a lectina; a matriz foi equilibrada com cloreto de sódio 0,15 M. Eluição da proteína foi feita com hidróxido de sódio 0,02 M, pH 11. SDS-PAGE (8,5 %, p/v) revelou a pureza de BmeLL. A lectina aglutinou a títulos altos eritrócitos de coelho e humanos e não foi estimulada em presença de íons (Ca++, Mg++). BmeLL apresentou melhor AHE com tampão citrato fosfato 10 mM, pH 6.0, contendo cloreto de sódio 0,15 M. Teste de temperatura revelou que BmeLL é uma lectina termoestável. O perfil cromatográfico em gel filtração numa coluna de Sephacryl S- 300 mostrou um pico protéico principal. Caseína, fetuína, asocaseína, asialofetuína e tiroglobulina aboliram a atividade da lectina. BmeLL imobilizada em Sepharose CL-4B foi eficiente para ligar avidina e tiroglobulina como também, glicoproteínas da clara do ovo e tireóide de porco. Preparações contendo BmeLL serão utilizadas em ensaios biológicos que permitam avaliar seu papel como agente hipoglicemiante; BmeLL purificada será utilizada para caracterizar superfícies celulares

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Sahpaz, Sevser. "Etude chimique et biologique des acétogènines des graines d'"Annona senegalensis" et de "Rollinia membranacea" (Annonaceae)/ Sevser Sahpaz." Paris 11, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA114809.

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Joseph-Angélique, Josianny. "Contribution a la connaissance chimique et valorisation biologique de nectandra membranacea (swartz) grisebach de Guadeloupe." Thesis, Antilles, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ANTI0006/document.

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Nectandra membranacea (Lauraceae) est une plante très commune aux Petites Antilles. Aucune utilisation traditionnelle de cette plante n’est connue mais le genre Nectandra, qui représente le deuxième plus important de la famille des Lauraceae avec 114 espèces reconnues, présente des propriétés analgésiques, anti-inflammatoires et énergétiques (Le Quesne et al 1980). Nectandra a également démontré une activité antitumorale (Silva-Filho, 2004). Les nombreuses propriétés du genre et le peu de connaissance chimique sur cette espèce nous ont incités à réaliser une étude phytochimique et à évaluer le potentiel biologique des différentes parties de cette plante. L’analyse des lipides a été effectuée, et les principales classes de métabolites secondaires (terpènes, flavonoïdes, alcaloïdes) ont été recherchées dans les feuilles, les écorces et les fruits de Nectandra membranacea. Afin de suivre les variations de la composition chimique en fonction du cycle de vie du végétal, l’étude a été réalisée sur des échantillons (feuilles, écorces et fruits), récoltés à deux stades du cycle de la plante : la germination (stade A) et la fructification (stade B). N. membranacea, grâce à la présence de nombreuses familles chimiques, possède des activités biologiques intéressantes. Les huiles essentielles ont montré des activités anticancéreuses, anti-inflammatoires, antioxydantes et antiherpétiques. Les extraits polyphénoliques issus des différentes parties de la plante ont montré une très grande activité antioxydante (ORAC et DPPH) et in vitro (cellules saines) ainsi que des propriétés anti-inflammatoires notables. Les extraits d’alcaloïdes totaux issus des trois parties ont été évalués pour la maladie d’Alzheimer et ont révélé de très bons effets neuroprotecteurs, plus particulièrement pour les extraits de feuilles récoltées lors de la germination. Ce travail a permis d’élargir la connaissance des huiles essentielles de l’espèce (composition pour plusieurs parties et activité biologique). Des flavonoïdes ont été identifiés, mais la plante s’est révélée particulièrement riche en alcaloïdes (une quinzaine) de type isoquinoliques et indoliques. N. membranacea se révèle être une plante aux nombreuses propriétés, au regard de ses activités biologiques intéressantes. Des extraits pourraient être utilisés comme principes actifs dans des médicaments mais également en industrie cosmétique Nectandra membranacea (Lauraceae) is a very common plant in the French West Indies. No traditional use of this plant is known, but the genus Nectandra, which represents the second most important of Lauraceae family with 114 recognized species, has got analgesic, anti-inflammatory and energizing activities (Le Quesne et al 1980). Nectandra was also identified as a potential antitumor agent (Silva-Filho, 2004). Many properties of the genus, and some chemical knowledge of this species, have prompted us to perform phytochemical and biological study of different parts of the plant. Lipids and the main classes of secondary metabolites (terpenes, flavonoids, alkaloids) were investigated in leaves, bark and fruits of Nectandra membranacea. To determine the monitoring changes in the chemical composition, according to the life cycle of the plant, the study was carried out on samples (leaves, bark and fruits) harvested at two stages of the cycle plant : germination (stage A) and fruit stage (stage B). N. membranacea, thanks to the presence of many chemical families, has interesting biological activities. Essential oils have shown anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant activities. They revealed antiviral activity on the herpes virus. The polyphenolic extracts from different parts of the plant showed a high antioxidant activity (ORAC and DPPH tests) and in vitro (healthy cells) and significant anti-inflammatory properties. The total alkaloids extracted from the three parts were evaluated for Alzheimer’s disease and were found to have very good protective effects, especially the leaves’ extracts collected during germination. This work has expanded knowledge of the essential oil of the species (composition of several parts and biological activity). Flavonoids have been identified, but the plant was shown to be particularly rich in alkaloids (fifteen were identified) of indolic and isoquinolic type. N. membranacea presents many properties. In view of its interesting biological activities, it could be used for many drugs but also in cosmetic area

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Friedrich, Esther Maria [Verfasser]. "Charakterisierung und biologische Testung cyanobakterieller Exopolysaccharide von Arthrospira platensis, Gloeothece membranacea und Phormidium spec. / Esther Maria Friedrich." Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1043687238/34.

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Almourabit, Ali. "Isolement et étude structurale de nouveaux diterpènes de l'alcyonaire Xénia membranaceaSynthèse stéréosélective de dérives amino-2' imidazoliques." Paris 11, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA112033.

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L’exposé décrit dans sa première partie l’étude chimique d’un corail mou, Xénia membranacea, récolté en Nouvelle Calédonie. Vingt-sept nouveaux diterpènes du type xénicine ont été isolés et caractérisés ainsi que trois stérols connus. La configuration absolue du constituant majoritaire, la havannahine et de quatre de ses dérivés, a été déterminée par corrélation chimique et analyse par diffraction des R. X. Une étude approfondie par RMN1H et 13C à deux dimensions a permis de discuter et de déterminer la configuration relative des trois désoxy-11,19 havannahines. La deuxième partie soutenue à huis clos décrit des approches de synthèse stéréosélective de dérivés d’amino-2’imidazole isolés d’organismes marins.

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"Immunomodulatory and anti-tumour activities of Astragalus membranaceus." Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1991. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5886879.

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by Cho Chi Shing. Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1991. Includes bibliographical references. Acknowledgements --- p.I Table of Contents --- p.II Abbreviations --- p.VII Aim and Scope of This Dissertation --- p.X Abstract --- p.XII Chapter Chapter One --- General Introduction --- p.1 Chapter 1.1 --- An Overview of the Immune System --- p.1 Chapter 1.1.1 --- Humoral antibody immune responses --- p.2 Chapter 1.1.2 --- Cell-mediated immune responses --- p.3 Chapter 1.2 --- Immunomodulation --- p.4 Chapter 1.3 --- An Overview of the Anti-tumour Strategies --- p.6 Chapter 1.3.1 --- Immunological defense mechanisms against tumours --- p.8 Chapter 1.3.1.1 --- T and B lymphocytes --- p.9 Chapter 1.3.1.2 --- The monocytes/macrophages --- p.9 Chapter 1.3.1.3 --- Non-specific killer cells --- p.10 Chapter 1.3.2 --- Adoptive immunotherapy against tumours --- p.11 Chapter 1.3.3 --- Induction of tumour cell differentiation --- p.12 Chapter 1.4 --- Traditional Chinese Medicines as Potential Immunomodulators and Anti-tumour Agents --- p.13 Chapter 1.5 --- General Properties of Astragalus membranaceus --- p.16 Chapter Chapter Two --- Materials and Methods --- p.20 Chapter 2.1 --- Materials --- p.20 Chapter 2.1.1 --- Animals --- p.20 Chapter 2.1.2 --- Astragalus membranaceus --- p.20 Chapter 2.1.3 --- "Buffers, culture media and chemicals" --- p.20 Chapter 2.1.4 --- Cell lines --- p.25 Chapter 2.2 --- Methods --- p.28 Chapter 2.2.1 --- Extraction and fractionation of Astragalus membranaceus --- p.28 Chapter 2.2.2 --- Characterization of Astragalus membranaceus --- p.32 Chapter 2.2.3 --- In vivo drug treatment --- p.33 Chapter 2.2.4 --- Isolation and preparation of cells --- p.34 Chapter 2.2.5 --- Assays for the immunomodulatory activities of Astragalus membranaceus --- p.36 Chapter 2.2.6 --- Assays for the immunorestorative properties of Astragalus membranaceus --- p.42 Chapter 2.2.7 --- Assays for the anti-tumour activities of Astragalus membranaceus --- p.43 Chapter 2.2.8 --- Statistical analysis --- p.47 Chapter Chapter Three --- "Extraction, Fractionation and Characterization of Bioactive Components from Astragalus membranaceus" --- p.49 Introduction --- p.49 Results --- p.50 Chapter 3.1 --- Extraction and Fractionation of Astragalus membranaceus --- p.50 Chapter 3.2 --- Lack of Cytotoxicity of A.M. to Mouse Splenocytes --- p.51 Chapter 3.3 --- Mitogenic Effect of A.M. Fractions on Mouse Splenocytes --- p.51 Chapter 3.4 --- AP and AI Fractions Did Not Exhibit Lectin-like Activity --- p.52 Chapter 3.5 --- Heat Stability of AP and AI Fractions --- p.52 Chapter 3.6 --- Chemical Destruction of the Mitogenic Activity of AI by Sodium Periodate But Not by Acetic Acid Treatment --- p.53 Discussion --- p.54 Chapter Chapter Four --- The Immunomodulatory Activities of Astragalus membranaceus --- p.63 Introduction --- p.63 Results --- p.65 Chapter 4.1 --- Effect of Astragalus membranaceus on the Specific and Nonspecific Immunity --- p.65 Chapter 4.1.1 --- Mitogenic effect of AI on mouse splenocytes in vivo --- p.65 Chapter 4.1.2 --- Effect of AI on lymphocyte sub-populations --- p.66 Chapter 4.1.3 --- Co-mitogenic effect of AI on mouse splenocytes in vitro --- p.66 Chapter 4.1.4 --- Enhancement of the mitogen-induced lymphocyte transformation in vitro by oral administration of AI --- p.67 Chapter 4.1.5 --- Mitogenic and co-mitogenic effects of AI on human cord blood lymphocytes in vitro --- p.67 Chapter 4.1.6 --- Primary humoral immune response to SRBC in AI-treated mice --- p.68 Chapter 4.1.7 --- Effect of AI on interleukin-2 production --- p.68 Chapter 4.1.8 --- Effect of AI on interleukin-2 receptor expression on mouse splenocytes --- p.69 Chapter 4.1.9 --- Immunopotentiating effects of AI on macrophage functions --- p.70 Chapter 4.1.9.1 --- Effect of AI on the cytostatic activity of macrophages in vitro --- p.70 Chapter 4.1.9.2 --- In vivo migration and phagocytic activity of macrophages in AI-treated mice --- p.70 Chapter 4.1.9.3 --- Cytostatic activity of macrophages in AI-treated mice --- p.71 Chapter 4.1.9.4 --- Effect of AI on the Fc receptor expression on mouse resident peritoneal exudate cells --- p.71 Chapter 4.2 --- Immunorestorative Properties of Astragalus membranaceus --- p.72 Chapter 4.2.1 --- Effect of AI on lymphocyte blastogenesis in aging mice --- p.72 Chapter 4.2.2 --- Effect of AI on lymphocyte blastogenesis in tumour-bearing mice --- p.72 Chapter 4.2.3 --- Effect of AI on lymphocyte blastogenesis in cyclophosphamide- treated mice --- p.73 Discussion --- p.74 Chapter Chapter Five --- The Anti-tumour Activities of Astragalus membranaceus --- p.94 Introduction --- p.94 Results --- p.95 Chapter 5.1 --- Lack of Direct Cytotoxicity of AI to Murine and Human Tumour Cell Lines In Vitro --- p.95 Chapter 5.2 --- Cytostatic Effect of AI on Various Murine and Human Cell Lines In Vitro --- p.96 Chapter 5.3 --- Effect of AI on the Growth of Transplantable Tumour Cells In Vivo --- p.97 Chapter 5.4 --- Effect of AI on TNF Production in Tumour-bearing Mice --- p.97 Chapter 5.5 --- In Vitro Induction of Lymphokine-activated Killer Cell Activity by AI --- p.98 Chapter 5.6 --- Tumour Cell Differentiation-inducing Activity of AI --- p.99 Discussion --- p.100 Chapter Chapter Six --- General Discussion and Future Perspectives --- p.120 References --- p.130

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Chen, Ying-Chi, and 陳盈綺. "Fractionation and characterization of water-soluble polysaccharides from Astragalus membranaceus." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/35431400831293147855.

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碩士 國立臺灣大學 食品科技研究所 96 The dried root of Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge, also called Astragali radix, is an important traditional Chinese medicine. It has the functions of anti-virus, anti-tumor, and immuno-modulating activities. Polysaccharide is one of the active components of this herb. The focus of this study is to investigate the characteristics of water-soluble polysaccharides from A. membranaceus. The α-(1,4; 1,6)-D-glucans, the starch-like polysaccharides showing blue color under iodine-staining, in the hot-water extracted crude polysaccharides were digested and removed by α-amylase and amyloglucosidase digestion. The non-starch polysaccharides, the non-digestible portion, were fractionated by using selective precipitation with cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide, CTAB, into acidic and neutral polysaccharides fractions. The α-(1,4; 1,6)-D-glucans was found to be the most abundant component in the crude polysaccharides and its content was 87.9％. The non-starch polysaccharides contained 42.1% of uronic acids and the sugar compositions of the neutral portion were arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose and fucose in the molar ratio of 47.5: 33.6: 8.9: 8.3:1.7 %. The CTAB could react with the polysaccharides with high ratio of uronic acids to form precipitates and successfully separated non-starch polysaccharides into acidic and neutral polysaccharides fractions with ratio of 21.3% and 78.7%, respectively. The acidic polysaccharides fraction consisted of arabinose (29.8%), galactose (21.3%), galacturonic acid (37.7%), and glucuronic acid (2.7%). The weight-average molecular weight of acidic polysaccharides fraction was 130 kDa. The neutral polysaccharides fraction consisted of arabinose (54.4%), galactose (34.3%), mannose (9.7%) and glucose (1.5%). The weight-average molecular weight of neutral polysaccharides fraction was 189 kDa with wide range of distribution. This fraction can be further divided into three sub-fractions by anion- exchange chromatography. Both acidic and neutral polysaccharide fractions showed positive reaction with periodate-thiobarbituric acid and β-D-glucosyl Yariv antigen assays indicated the existing of KDO (2-keto-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid) and branched (1,3; 1,6)-arabinogalactans. These results indicated existing of hairy domains of pectic polysaccharides in the acidic polysaccharides and low-uronic acid containing polysaccharides in neutral polysaccharides fraction of A. membranaceus.

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Cheng, Wei Jen, and 鄭為仁. "The anti-inflammatory effects of Astragalus membranaceus water extract in human neutrophils." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/82e3x5.

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Lin, Yi-Shen, and 林奕伸. "Body weight regulation by Astragalus membranaceus root and Panax pseudoginseng root extracts." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/psc95n.

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碩士 中山醫學大學 健康餐飲暨產業管理學系碩士班 106 Obese population worldwide has increased sharply in recent decades leading obesity to become a major global health issue. Obesity increases the risk of metabolic syndrome, and maintaining ideal body weight has a protective effect on many diseases. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of Astragalus membranaceus root and Panax pseudoginseng root extracts (APE) on a group of obese subjects (27BMI35). The study is a double blind randomized crossover human trial lasting twenty-eight weeks with two twelve-week phases and a four-week washout period in between the two phases. Subjects took either five APE or Placebo capsules every day during the two twelve-week phases (two capsules before breakfast and three capsules before dinner). Anthropometric measurements and biochemical indicators were measured during the study. A total of twenty one subjects (nine males and twelve females) completed the study. The study showed that subjects who took APE capsules lost 0.34 kg in body weight and lowered their BMI by 0.14 kg/m2 and body fat by 0.12%. Subjects who took the Placebo capsules increased their body weight by 0.45 kg, BMI by 0.16 kg/m2, and body fat by 0.12%. Compared with the Placebo group, BMI was significantly lower (p<0.05) by 0.3 kg/m2 in the APE group. In addition, subjects who took APE have trend of insulin resistance index decrease and adiponectin level increase. Furthermore, after 12 weeks, the antioxidative activity of the APE group showed thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) was decreased trend, glutathione reductase (GSH Rd) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were increased trend. The total antioxidant capacity (TEAC), glutathione (GSH), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH Px) were siginificantly increased, but no different in the Placebo group. The biochemical levels and physiological functions of the subjects both in the APE and the Placebo groups were within the normal ranges and had no side effects. Based on the results, the study suggests that APE may be a part of an effective weight management product. APE also could to improve the antioxidative capacity.

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Lin, Yu Jin, and 林郁進. "Pharmcolognostical studies on Huangqi (Astragali Radix) and tissue-culture of Astragalus membranaceus." Thesis, 1995. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/45890367704549509316.

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Jui-shan, Lin, and 林睿珊. "The Study of the Hemodynamic Effects of Huang-qi（Astragalus membranaceus）in Portal Hypertensive Rats." Thesis, 2001. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/92868358721560164101.

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碩士 中國醫藥學院 中國醫學研究所 89 The purpose of this study was to investigate the hemodynamic effects of of Huang-qi in anesthetized portal hypertensive rats. Portal hypertension was induced by partial portal vein ligation in Sprague-Dawley rats. The portal hypertensive rats were randomly divided into four groups to receive normal saline, propranolol（10mg/kg）, low dose crew extract of Huang-qi（0.1 g/kg）, and high dose crew extract of Huang-qi（1 g/kg）, respectively. The changes of portal vein pressure（PVP）, mean arterial pressure（MAP）and heart rate（HR）were observed. Statistical comparison was performed using the multivariate analysis of variance, general linear model’s procedure, and Duncan’s multiple comparison. Infusion of low dose of Huang-qi increased HR, but showed no influence on PVP and MAP. Infusion of high dose of Huang-qi first induced elevation of PVP and MAP, and then followed by reduction slightly from baseline. HR was also increased in this group. The effects of Huang-qi are different from those of propranolol. Our results suggest that the patients with liver cirrhosis should be more careful when taking high dose of Huang-qi.

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Lai, Kuan-Ming, and 賴冠名. "Integrated analysis of Astragalus Membranaceus preparation Huangqi-Guizhi-Wuwu and its pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic interaction on cilostazol." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/26141742117176821254.

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碩士 國立陽明大學 傳統醫藥研究所 103 Traditional Chinese medicine has raised many important clinical issues, such as quality of herb, multicomponent analysis, insufficient clinical evidence base, and the potential herb-drug interactions. The study investigated chemical and physical analysis and the potential interaction on the Western medicine for a traditional Chinese prescription, Huangqi-Guizhi-Wuwu decoction (HGW). The first object of study is to develop a validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization to determine the biomarkers of astragaloside I, astragaloside IV, formononetin, cinnamic acid, paeoniflorin and gingerol in HGW. consistency and standardization for the quality of the herbal medicine are still controversial. Raw herbal powder and starch are also legal to add into the herbal pharmaceutical products to modify their content. It is important to inspect the content of Chinese herbal pharmaceutical products, as various additives may cause the quality of herbal pharmaceutical products to remain unknown. To evaluate the physical quality of HGW, a serious of methods such as scanning electron microscope, light microscopy photographs with Congo red and potassium iodine staining, crude fiber analysis were used to identify the additives in the commercial pharmaceutical products. The results demonstrate deviations in biomarker content and physical properties across different brands, suggesting the importance of the quality assessment for those commercial manufacturers. The second object of the study is evaluating a herb-drug interaction between HGW and cilostazol by pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic ways. Cilostazol has been used in clinical for the treatment of peripheral circular disease because of its antiplatelet and vasodilation which is similar to HGW. The liver enzymes of CYP3A4 and CYP2C19 are potentially the major metabolic pathway of cilostazol. Herbal medicine in HGW such as Zingiber officinale and Astragalus membranaceus have direct or indirect effect to those liver enzymes. There is concern about the potential herb-drug interaction if the traditional chinese medicine and western medicine has been co-administration. Therefore, the study evaluated the interaction between cilostazol and HGW by High Performance Liquid Chromatography- Photo Diode Array for pharmacokinetic. For pharmacodynamic, the limbs blood flow will be measured by laser doppler flowmeter. The results suggest that the cilostazol might not have significant interaction with HGW in Sprague-Dawley rats and the animal data can provide information for the clinical practice.

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Pyle, Amy Elizabeth. "Light dependant growth and nitrogen fixation rates in the Hemiaulus haukii and Hemiaulus membranaceus diatom-diazotroph associations." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2011-12-4629.

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Nitrogen-fixation is an essential biochemical reaction involving the reduction of inert, atmospheric dinitrogen (N2) into biochemically accessible ammonia (NH3). Organisms that are capable of this process are collectively called “diazotrophs” and are ubiquitous in marine and terrestrial environments. Despite the wide distribution, little is known about the biological nature of the diverse groups of diazotrophs. This study was designed to address the influence of light and nutrients on nitrogen fixation and growth in several marine diazotrophic symbioses collectively termed “Diatom-Diazotroph Associations (DDAs).” The organisms of interest included the diatoms Hemiaulus haukii Grunow and Hemiaulus membranaceus Cleve, and their diazotrophic endosymbiont Richelia intracellularis Schmidt. The study included acetylene reduction assays, growth rate, and nutrient analysis experiments on both associations in order to better understand the similarities and differences within and between the two DDAs. The results indicate distinct differences in nitrogen fixation rates within and between the species. In the nitrogen addition experiment, the “no added nitrogen” treatment had the highest N2-fixation rate (N2-fixmax = 7.43 x 10-5 nmols N2 heterocyst-1min-1), followed by the added nitrate treatment (N2-fixmax = 6.49 x 10-5 nmols N2 heterocyst-1min-1) and the added ammonium treatment (N2-fixmax = 3.79 x 10-5 nmols N2 heterocyst-1min-1). The maximum growth rate occurred in the “added ammonium” treatment (0.42 divisions day-1), which had a higher percentage of asymbiotic cells than the two other treatments. The maximum recorded rate of N2-fixation for H. haukii was 7.43 x 10-5 nmol N2 heterocyst-1min-1 and the maximum value of N2-fixation for H. membranaceus was 1.88 x 10-4 nmol N2 heterocyst-1min-1. The maximum growth rate for H. haukii was 0.99 divisions day-1, and 1.06 divisions day-1 for H. membranaceus. Growth followed light saturation kinetics in H. haukii with a compensation light intensity (IC) of 10 µmol quanta m-2sec-1 and saturation light intensity (IK) of 100 µmol quanta m-2sec-1. H. haukii and H.membranaceus expressed light saturation kinetics in N2-fixation. N2-fixation was generally limited to the light period, with no evidence of a morning or evening enhancement. The DDAs grew solely on N2-fixation and did not use nitrate. This study contributes to current knowledge of DDAs and their role in global marine nitrogen fixation. text

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CHAN, CHUN-KUEI, and 詹君逵. "Qualification of Quality Control Procedures for Astragalus Membranaceus - A Case Study of Chinese Herbal Medicine Pharmacy Y." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/jsh4mz.

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碩士 大葉大學 藥用植物與保健學系 106 The processing of traditional drugs in Chinese herbal medicine pharmacy is becoming less and less visible because of time-consuming, labor-intensive and not cost-effective. However, these processes affect the quality of medicinal herbs and have a solid foundation for deeper practice. General Chinese herbal medicine pharmacy do not record their processes, but the processes can assist in the field knowledge of the masters to provide many helps in the control of herbal medicines. At this stage, the structure of the practitioners of traditional Chinese herbal medicine pharmacy is gradually aging, which means that the experience passed down has gradually been lost. Therefore, there is an urgent need to retain the experience of the industry's predecessors. A Chinese herbal medicine pharmacy has hundreds of herbs, most of which come to consumers through harvesting, concocting production, wholesale and retail sales. During the entire process, the practitioners of the Chinese herbal medicine pharmacy had to identify the quality of the medicinal materials on site and carefully check and receive them. Afterwards, take appropriate methods for preservation. The treatment methods of different herbs is not the same and which method to use depends on long-term accumulated experience to judge. Therefore, this study uses management tools （work breakdown structure, Pert Chart, Critical Path Method, and Gantt chart） to record the Astragalus , which is commonly used herbs , of quality control process. Firstly, the process is well sorted out and be written into written texts, and in-depth interviews with experts are carried out at the details to compile the key points of quality control of medicinal herbs, Astragalus. Finally, the cross-interview method was used to prove the feasibility of the introduction of the tools. The purpose is to use practical examples of herbal medicines with management tools useing to sort out the quality control procedures of Chinese herbal medicine pharmacy.

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"Molecular characterization of Chinese medicinal materials." 2005. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5896535.

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Yip Pui Ying. Thesis submitted in: November 2004. Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 147-184). Abstracts in English and Chinese. Abstract --- p.i 摘要 --- p.iii Acknowledgment --- p.v Abbreviations --- p.vii Table of contents --- p.viii List of Figures --- p.xii List of Tables --- p.xvii Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 Chapter 1.1. --- The importance of characterization of Chinese medicinal materials and the development of Chinese medicine in Hong Kong --- p.1 Chapter 1.2. --- Methods for characterization of Chinese medicinal materials --- p.5 Chapter 1.3. --- Molecular characterization of Chinese medicinal materials --- p.8 Chapter 1.3.1. --- DNA sequencing --- p.9 Chapter 1.3.2. --- DNA fingerprinting --- p.14 Chapter 1.3.3. --- Nucleic acid hybridization --- p.19 Chapter 1.4. --- Objectives --- p.20 Chapter Chapter 2 --- Characterization of Plant and Fungal Materials by rDNA ITS Sequence Analysis --- p.22 Chapter 2.1. --- Introduction --- p.22 Chapter 2.2. --- Materials and Methods --- p.22 Chapter 2.2.1. --- Chinese medicinal materials used in this study --- p.22 Chapter 2.2.1.1. --- Plants and fungi for interspecific ITS study --- p.22 Chapter 2.2.1.2. --- Plant for intraspecific ITS study and locality study --- p.33 Chapter 2.2.2. --- Extraction of total DNA --- p.35 Chapter 2.2.3. --- PCR amplification of ITS1 and ITS2 regions of rRNA gene --- p.35 Chapter 2.2.4. --- Purification of PCR products --- p.38 Chapter 2.2.5. --- Cloning using pCR-Script´ёØ Amp SK(+) Cloning Kit --- p.38 Chapter 2.2.5.1. --- Polishing --- p.38 Chapter 2.2.5.2. --- Ligation of inserts into pCR-Script´ёØ Amp SK(+) cloning vector --- p.38 Chapter 2.2.5.3. --- Transformation --- p.40 Chapter 2.2.5.4. --- PCR screening of white colonies --- p.40 Chapter 2.2.5.5. --- Purification of PCR screening products --- p.41 Chapter 2.2.6. --- Sequencing of ITS regions --- p.41 Chapter 2.2.6.1. --- Cycle sequencing reaction --- p.41 Chapter 2.2.6.2. --- Purification of sequencing extension products --- p.41 Chapter 2.2.6.3. --- Electrophoresis by genetic analyzer --- p.42 Chapter 2.2.7. --- Sequence analysis and alignment --- p.42 Chapter 2.3. --- Results --- p.42 Chapter 2.3.1. --- Extraction of total DNA --- p.42 Chapter 2.3.2. --- PCR amplification of ITS1 and ITS2 regions of rRNA gene --- p.44 Chapter 2.3.2.1. --- Interspecific ITS study --- p.44 Chapter 2.3.2.2. --- Intraspecific ITS study --- p.46 Chapter 2.3.3. --- Sequence analysis and alignment --- p.47 Chapter 2.3.3.1. --- Interspecific ITS study --- p.47 Chapter 2.3.3.2. --- Intraspecific ITS study --- p.56 Chapter 2.4. --- Discussions --- p.60 Chapter 2.4.1. --- rDNA regions used for studying Chinese medicinal materials --- p.60 Chapter 2.4.2. --- The results agreed with previously published works --- p.60 Chapter 2.4.3. --- Explanation of interspecific results within the Ganoderma genus --- p.60 Chapter 2.4.4. --- Implications from interspecific comparisons --- p.60 Chapter 2.4.5. --- Implications from intraspecific comparisons --- p.61 Chapter Chapter 3 --- .Characterization of Astragalus membranaceus by DNA Fingerprinting Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.62 Chapter 3.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.62 Chapter 3.2.1 --- Extraction of total DNA --- p.62 Chapter 3.2.2 --- Generation and detection of DNA fingerprints by AP-PCR --- p.63 Chapter 3.2.3 --- Analysis of DNA fingerprints --- p.63 Chapter 3.3 --- Results --- p.63 Chapter 3.3.1 --- Generation of DNA fingerprints by AP-PCR --- p.63 Chapter 3.3.2 --- Fingerprint analysis --- p.69 Chapter 3.4 --- Discussion --- p.85 Chapter 3.4.1 --- RP-PCR has been used on Chinese medicinal materials --- p.85 Chapter 3.4.2 --- AP-PCR used instead of RAPD --- p.85 Chapter 3.4.3 --- Reproducibility and amount of bands --- p.86 Chapter 3.4.4 --- Alternatives of electrophoresis process --- p.88 Chapter 3.4.5 --- Explanation of results --- p.88 Chapter 3.4.6 --- Distinguishing Neimengu and Shanxi samples --- p.89 Chapter 3.4.7 --- Further studies --- p.90 Chapter Chapter 4 --- Characterization of Plant and Fungal Materials by DNA-DNA Hybridization on Microarrays --- p.91 Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.91 Chapter 4.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.92 Chapter 4.2.1 --- Samples for microarray study --- p.92 Chapter 4.2.2 --- Extraction of total DNA --- p.95 Chapter 4.2.3 --- Amplification and sequencing of ITS 1 region of rRNA gene --- p.95 Chapter 4.2.4 --- Preparation of labeled probe --- p.95 Chapter 4.2.5 --- Amplification of ITS1 fragments --- p.97 Chapter 4.2.6 --- Preparation of slides --- p.103 Chapter 4.2.7 --- Hybridization and washing --- p.104 Chapter 4.2.8 --- Scanning and data analysis --- p.105 Chapter 4.3 --- Results --- p.105 Chapter 4.3.1 --- DNA extraction --- p.105 Chapter 4.3.2 --- Amplification and sequencing of ITS1 region of rRNA gene --- p.107 Chapter 4.3.3 --- Preparation of labeled probe and amplification of ITS1 fragments… --- p.112 Chapter 4.3.4 --- Preparation of slides --- p.112 Chapter 4.3.5 --- Scanning and data analysis --- p.116 Chapter 4.4 --- Discussion --- p.134 Chapter 4.4.1 --- Implications --- p.134 Chapter 4.4.2 --- Applying the findings --- p.134 Chapter 4.4.3 --- Ways to maximize specificity --- p.137 Chapter 4.4.4 --- Optimisation --- p.138 Chapter 4.4.5 --- Microarray may be more advantageous over sequencing --- p.138 Chapter Chapter Five --- General Discussion and Summary --- p.140 Chapter 5.1. --- Objectives of this study --- p.140 Chapter 5.2. --- rDNA ITS sequencing --- p.140 Chapter 5.2.1. --- Description of the approach and summary of the results --- p.140 Chapter 5.2.2. --- Implications from the results --- p.140 Chapter 5.2.3. --- Advantages and limitations of DNA sequencing --- p.141 Chapter 5.3. --- AP-PCR fingerprinting --- p.141 Chapter 5.3.1. --- Description of the approach and summary of the results --- p.141 Chapter 5.3.2. --- Advantages and limitations of DNA fingerprinting --- p.142 Chapter 5.4. --- DNA-DNA hybridization on microarrays --- p.143 Chapter 5.4.1. --- Description of the approach and summary of the results --- p.143 Chapter 5.4.2. --- Implications from the results --- p.143 Chapter 5.4.3. --- Advantages and limitations of DNA hybridization on microarrays. --- p.144 Chapter 5.5. --- Overall summary --- p.144 Chapter 5.6. --- Future studies --- p.146 References --- p.147 Appendix --- p.185

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Yeh, Tzu-Shao, and 葉姿劭. "Studies on the Astragalus membranaceus Enhanced Myotube Hypertrophy in Skeletal Muscle and Improved Physiological Recovery after Exercise Injury in Human." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/fprubj.

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博士 臺北醫學大學 保健營養學研究所 102 Herbal supplements and food factors are important resources to investigate about muscle hypertrophy or protein synthesis. We investigated Astragalus membranaceus (AM) whether those herbal supplements induce hypertrophy in myotubes through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt (also termed PKB)/mammalian target of the rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. Then, we study the safety assessment and exercise ability of AM supplements which can promote skeletal muscle hypertrophy. The results revealed that AM can promote hypertrophy in myotubes through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Biochemical parameters and histopathological examination revealed no toxic effect of 6-week AM (0.615 and 3.075 g / kg B.W. / day) administration in training ICR mice. Furthermore, AM supplement (2.8 g / day, contain total astragalosides 1.455 mg / g ) can enhance serum insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) concentrations and increase the oxygen content of muscle tissue in human. According to our study, we suggest that AM may be used as a candidate nutritional supplement to promote athletic performance.

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Lee, Jia-Gua, and 李佳桂. "Effects of Angelica sinensis and Astragalus membranaceus polysaccharides on proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells from umbilical cord blood." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/35785955061735077155.

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碩士 國立臺灣大學 食品科技研究所 96 The aim of this research was to investigate the effects of Angelica sinensis (AS) and Astragalus membranaceus (AM) polysaccharides on proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells (CD34+ cells) from umbilical cord blood. This research was divided into three parts. In the first part, we confirmed that polysaccharides was the major hematopoietic component in the AS water extract. The Angelica sinensis polysaccharides (ASPS) were fractionated into four fractions by anion-exchange chromatography, and F 2 fraction had the highest hematopoietic activity among four fractions. The F2 fraction could stimulate secretion of hematopoietic growth factor (HGF), such as GM-CSF and IL-3, and promote colony-forming unit of granulocyte-macrophage (CFU-GM) formation. The molecular weight of F 2 fraction was between 51.28 kDa and 8.40 kDa, and composed of arabinose, galactose and galacturonic acid. In part II, we used the decoction - Danggui Buxue Tang (DBT), which is composed of AS and AM with weight ratio 1：5. We compared the hematopoietic activity of DBT, AS and AM, and found that the combination of AS and AM had synergizing on hematopoiesis, and AS and AM polysaccharides were the active component in DBT. DBT induced all HGF that we detected, including GM-CSF, IL-3 and M-CSF. Compared to F2 fraction, DBT could stimulate more kinds of HGF production, and this is the probably reason why DBT had higher hematopoietic effect than F2. DBT not only promoted the formation of CFU-GM but also promoted Burst-forming unit erythrocyte (BFU-E) colony formation. In part III, we compared the protective effect of F2 fraction and DBT against the damage caused by the chemotherapy drug Adriblastina. It was found that both the F 2 fraction and DBT rescued CD34+ cells viability and protected the colony formation ability of CD34+ cells. In this damage model, DBT was found to have better effects than F 2 fraction.

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Yang, Ya-Lan, and 楊雅嵐. "Effects of Black Bean, Astragalus membranaceus, Agaricus blazei and Fermentation Products of Agaricus blazei-leguminous Plants on Serum Lipids of Hamsters." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/62790292611431573583.

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碩士 國立臺灣大學 食品科技研究所 94 Cardiovascular disease is the main cause of death in the world and it is related to atherosclerosis. It was suggested that high blood lipid and oxidative stress would result in LDL oxidation leading to atherogenesis. Therefore, preventing or delaying the onset of atherosclerosis could start from lowering blood lipid and prolonging the lag phase of LDL oxidation. Recent studies were focused on improving blood lipid and replenishing exogenous antioxidants to delay the progression of atherosclerosis. Scientific literatures reported that Agaricus blazei, black bean and Astragalus membranaceus showed antioxidative or hypolipidemic effects. The health protective effect of A. blazei was different from black bean and A. membranaceus, but they could complement one another. To use black bean or A. membranaceus as a part of the fermentation medium for the liquid fermentation of A. blazei, the active antioxidative compounds might be transformed into the more bioavailable form with higher biological activity. Hamster was chosen as the animal model of this study to investigate the effects towards blood lipid and LDL oxidation of the fruiting body of A. blazei, black bean, A. membranaceus and the fermentation products of A. blazei-leguminous. Three animal experiments were conducted to examine the antiatherogenic effects. Animal study I was conducted for 4 weeks and 8 weeks, and the test materials were A. blazei fruiting bodies, black bean and A. membranaceus. Animal study II was conducted to correct the shortcomings of animal study I to proceed the experiment once again. Animal study III was conducted to examine the effects of the fermentation products of A. blazei-leguminous. The results of animal study I showed that after feeding hamsters 4 weeks with 10% black bean, the hamsters had lower HDL-C in serum, higher hepatic cholesterol and their liver weight and relative fat pad weight increased. Adding 10% A. membranaceus in the test diet could decrease LDL-C in serum of hamsters after 4 weeks. Hamsters fed 8 weeks with 10% black bean and A. membranaceus had higher hepatic cholesterol. Adding 10% black bean or 10% A. blazei in the test diet increased their relative liver weight. The results of animal study II showed that hamsters fed with 10% black bean or 10% A. membranaceus had higher serum HDL-C and hepatic cholesterol. A. membranaceus added at 10% level in the diet could also reduce thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in the liver. Hamsters fed with 10% A. blazei had lower triglyceride and VLDL-C in serum. Hamsters in Agaricus blazei fruiting bodies, black bean and A. membranaceus groups showed lower levels of serum MDA than high fat high cholesterol group. The results of animal study III showed that hamsters fed with 10% fermentation product of A. blazei (GF4), which used soybean as a part of fermentation medium, had lower levels of serum MDA, liver TBARS, hepatic cholesterol and triglyceride. Hamsters fed with 10% fermentation product of A. blazei (GF3), which used black bean as a part of fermentation medium, had lower levels of hepatic cholesterol and serum MDA. Both fermentation products of A. blazei could raise the content of α-tocopherol in serum. It is evident from this study that the fermentation products of A. blazei show in vivo antioxidative activity and have the potential antiatherogenic ability.

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Lin, Yu-Shen, and 林育審. "Effects of Dietary Supplementation of Astragalus membranaceus, Epimedium brevicornum, and Psoralea corylifolia on Egg Production and Immune Response in Laying Hens." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/81520883490350170838.

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碩士 國立臺灣大學 動物科學技術學研究所 97 The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) supplementation on production performance and immune function in commercial laying hens. One hundred 18-week-old White Leghorn layers were randomly allocated to 10 dietary treatments with 10 birds each. Hens were fed diets containing three levels (5, 15 and 30 g/kg) from three commercial CHM (Astragalus membranaceus, Ast; Epimedium brevicornum, Epi; Psoralea corylifolia, Pso), in comparison to basal diets without CHM as control group, from 18 to 80 wk of age. The whole experimental period was divided into developing period (18−20 wk of age) and laying period (21−80 wk of age), and the latter was subdivided into four phases as follows: I (21−32 wk of age), II (33−44 wk of age), III (45−60 wk of age) and IV (61−80 wk of age). Egg production, egg weight, feed intake, egg quality parameters (including eggshell breaking strength, yolk color score and Haugh unit) were measured, and egg mass and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were also calculated. Serum immunoglobulin (Ig) G, M and A level as well as antibody titers against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) were determined. Activity of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and content of uric acid (UA) were measured. The results showed that egg weight and feed intake were not significantly influenced by different type or level of CHM supplementation throughout the study (P > 0.05). However, addition of Ast at a level of 5 or 30 g/kg and Pso at 5, 15 or 30 g/kg increased egg production and egg mass, as well as reduced FCR compared to the control group during Phase IV. There was no significant difference between control group and other groups for egg quality parameters measured (P > 0.05). Neither type nor level of dietary CHM had significant effect on serum IgG, IgM and IgA levels, while antibody titers against NDV were significantly higher in hens fed diets containing 15 or 30 g/kg of Ast and 5 g/kg of Pso compared to the control group after NDV vaccination (on Day 21) during 75−80 wk of age. Serum ALT and AST activity and UA content were not significantly affected by different type or level of dietary CHM at the end of the trial (80 wk of age) (P > 0.05), which suggested that long-term feeding of three levels from three commercial CHM had no adverse effects on liver and kidney function in laying hens. To sum up, dietary supplementation of Ast at a level of 30 g/kg and Pso at 5 g/kg could not only exert beneficial effects on egg production, egg mass and FCR during Phase IV (61−80 wk of age) but also increase antibody response to NDV during 75−80 wk of age. Thus, these two formulae are expected to be added in diets for old layers aged more than 60 weeks so that the hens could produce more total egg mass and prolong the timing of elimination.

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Chen, Wei-Ting, and 陳威廷. "Development of LC/MS Methods for Identification of Marker Components in Panax ginseng, Panax quinquefolinm, Citrus aurantium, Astragalus membranaceus and Hedysarum polybotrys." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/4n4a3k.

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碩士 國立臺北科技大學 有機高分子研究所 93 Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry ( LC/MS ) methods were developed to identify six ginsenosides ( Ginsenosides Rb1, Ginsenosides Rg1, Ginsenosides Rc, Ginsenosides Rg3, Ginsenosides Re and Ginsenosides Rh2 ) in Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolinm , seven flavonoids ( Synephrine, Narirutin, Naringin, Hesperidin, Quercertin, Naringenin and Imperatorin ) in Citrus aurantium and seven flavonoids ( Calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside, Calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside -6-O-malonate, Ononin, Calycosin, Formononetin-7-O-β-D-glucoside-6-O-malonate, Astragaloside IV and Formononetin ) in Astragalus membranaceus and Hedysarum polybotrys. LC was carried out using a C18 column with linear gradient elution of acetate buffer- acetonitrile and detected at the ultraviolet (UV) wavelength of 210nm, 254nm and 280nm, separately. The tandem MS was used with positive-ion electrospray ionization, Quadrupole and Time of Flight (TOF) analyzers, and argon as a collision gas. Ginsenosides and flavonoids mentioned above were identified on both LC/UV and LC/MS spectra of these studied herbs compared with standards. These marker components in Panax ginseng, Panax quinquefolinm, Citrus aurantium, Astragalus membranaceus and Hedysarum polybotrys have been assembled as fingerprints in LC/UV or LC/MS spectra of identifying Chinese herbs.

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"In vitro and in vivo mechanistic studies of the wound-healing effects of Astragali Radix and phytochemical analysis of its active fractions/components isolated using bioassay-guided fractionation." 2013. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5884429.

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Lai, Kwok Kin. Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 229-251). Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. Abstract also in Chinese.

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Tseng, Ai-Lun, and 曾愛倫. "Traditional Chinese Medicine Astragalus membranaceus (Fischer) Bge. var. mongolicus (Bge.) Hsiao Exhibits Tumor Inhibitory Effect in HCT116 Colorectal Cancer Cells in vitro and in vivo." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/gypj5f.

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博士 國立中央大學 系統生物與生物資訊研究所 104 The fact that many chemotherapeutic drugs cause chemoresistance and side effects during the course of treating colorectal cancer necessitates development of novel cytotoxic agents aiming to attenuate new molecular targets. Here, we show that Astragalus membranaceus (Fischer) Bge. var. mongolicus (Bge.) Hsiao (AM), a traditional Chinese medicine, can inhibit tumor growth in vitro and in vivo thus the underlying molecular mechanisms are elucidated. The effects of AM on HCT116 cell viability and apoptotic events were studied over a dose range of 0-500 μg/ml. The viability assay showed that AM-treated cells were significantly lower than control. In the animal model, the mice were treated with either water or 500 mg/kg AM once per day, before being sacrificed for extraction of tumors and serum, which were then subjected to microarray expression profiling. The identified genes as differentially expressed between treated mice and controls revealed that administration of AM suppresses chromosome organization, histone modification, regulation of macromolecule metabolic process and others. A separate analysis focused on differentially expressed microRNAs revealed involvement of macromolecule metabolism, intracellular transport, etc. and implicated several cancer signaling pathways. For validation, inputting the identified genes to The Library of Integrated Network-based Cellular Signatures led to many chemopreventive agents of natural origin that produce similar gene expression profiles to that of AM. The mouse sera analysis revealed many immune system-related markers, suggesting the immunosuppressant effect of AM. Finally, a separate study on 5-fluorouracil resistant HCT116 subclones shows the cells possess polyploidy morphology and when the subclones were treated with both AM and 5-fluorouracil, the number of viable cells decreased significantly. The demonstrated effectiveness of AM suggests a potential therapeutic medicine for CRC.

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Brem, Tobias [Verfasser]. "Untersuchungen zur pharmazeutischen Qualität pflanzlicher Drogen aus der traditionellen chinesischen Medizin an den Beispielen von Astragalus membranaceus, Coptis spec., Forsythia suspensa und Leonurus japonicus / vorgelegt von Tobias Brem." 2009. http://d-nb.info/1001172671/34.

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"The in vivo and in vitro investigations of Astragali Radix and Rehmanniae Radix formula in diabetic wound healing and its mechanisms of actions." 2013. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5884517.

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Tam, Chor Wing Jacqueline. Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 322-359). Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. Abstract also in Chinese.

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"The mitogenic effect of radix ophiopogonis and radix astragali on neonatal primary rat cardiomyocytes and differentiated H9C2 cardiac cells." 2003. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5891630.

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Law Sui-Lin. Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 99-109). Abstracts in English and Chinese. CONTENTS --- p.i ABSTRACT --- p.v 撮要 --- p.vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.ix LIST OF FIGURES & TABLES --- p.xi ABBREVIATIONS --- p.xv Chapter Chapter 1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 Chapter 1.1 --- The Transition of Hyperplastic to Hypertrophic Growth During Heart Development --- p.1 Chapter 1.2 --- The Controversial Capability of Heart Regeneration --- p.3 Chapter 1.3 --- Challenges in Treating Heart Diseases --- p.5 Chapter 1.4 --- A New Insight Behind Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) for Treating Heart Diseases --- p.7 Chapter 1.5 --- The Potential Mitogenic TCMs on Cardiomyocytes --- p.10 Chapter 1.5.1 --- Radix Astragali --- p.11 Chapter 1.5.2 --- Radix Ophiopogonis --- p.12 Chapter Chapter 2 --- MATERIALS & METHODS --- p.14 Chapter 2.1 --- Materials --- p.14 Chapter 2.2 --- Cell Culture --- p.16 Chapter 2.2.1 --- Primary neonatal rat cardiomyocytes cell culture --- p.16 Chapter 2.2.1.1 --- Mayer's hemalum-eosin staining --- p.17 Chapter 2.2.2 --- Primary rat fibroblasts cell culture --- p.18 Chapter 2.2.3 --- H9C2 cardiac cell culture --- p.18 Chapter 2.3 --- TCMs Preparation and Treatment --- p.19 Chapter 2.3.1 --- Preparation of TCMs powder from aqueous extracts --- p.19 Chapter 2.3.2 --- Preparation of culture medium with TCMs powder --- p.19 Chapter 2.3.3 --- Pre-treatment of undifferentiated and differentiated H9C2 cardiac cells with TCMs --- p.20 Chapter 2.3.4 --- Post-treatment of differentiated H9C2 cardiac cells with TCMs --- p.20 Chapter 2.4 --- Assessment of DNA Synthesis and Proliferation --- p.21 Chapter 2.4.1 --- Tritiated thymidine incorporation assay --- p.21 Chapter 2.4.2 --- 5-Bromo-2'-deoxy-uridine (BrdU) assay --- p.22 Chapter 2.4.3 --- Cell counting --- p.23 Chapter 2.4.4 --- Statistical analysis --- p.23 Chapter 2.5 --- Screening of Differentially Expressed Genes in H9C2 Cells after TCM Treatment by cDNA Microarray --- p.25 Chapter 2.5.1 --- Total RNA extraction --- p.25 Chapter 2.5.2 --- RNA labeling --- p.26 Chapter 2.5.2.1 --- Synthesis of fluorescence labeled probe --- p.26 Chapter 2.5.2.2 --- Purification of fluorescence labeled probe --- p.27 Chapter 2.5.3 --- Microarray hybridization --- p.28 Chapter 2.5.3.1 --- Concentration of fluorescence labeled probe --- p.28 Chapter 2.5.3.2 --- Hybridization --- p.28 Chapter 2.5.3.3 --- Post-hybridization treatment --- p.29 Chapter 2.5.4 --- Data collection --- p.29 Chapter 2.5.4.1 --- Scanning of slide --- p.29 Chapter 2.5.4.2 --- Image processing: spots finding and quantification --- p.30 Chapter 2.5.5 --- Data normalization and analysis --- p.30 Chapter 2.6 --- Confirmation of Differentially Expressed Genes in H9C2 Cells after TCM Treatment by RT-PCR --- p.32 Chapter 2.6.1 --- DNase I digestion of total RNA sample --- p.32 Chapter 2.6.2 --- First-strand cDNA synthesis --- p.32 Chapter 2.6.3 --- RT-PCR of the candidate genes --- p.33 Chapter Chapter 3 --- RESULTS --- p.36 Chapter 3.1 --- Neonatal Primary Rat Cardiomyocytes --- p.36 Chapter 3.1.1 --- Preparation of high-purity neonatal primary rat cardiomyocytes --- p.36 Chapter 3.1.2 --- Neonatal primary rat cardiomyocytes ceased to undergo DNA replication after 6-day in vitro culturing --- p.38 Chapter 3.1.3 --- Both MD and HQ promoted the growth of day 1 primary rat cardiomyocytes in dose- and time-dependent manners --- p.40 Chapter 3.1.4 --- HQ is more potent than MD in promoting the growth of day 7 primary rat cardiomyocytes --- p.43 Chapter 3.2 --- H9C2 Cardiac cells --- p.45 Chapter 3.2.1 --- Proliferative effect of MD and HQ on undifferentiated H9C2 cardiac cells --- p.45 Chapter 3.2.2 --- Pre-treatment of HQ on H9C2 cardiac cells during differentiation --- p.50 Chapter 3.2.3 --- Pre-treatment of MD and HQ on differentiated H9C2 cardiac cells --- p.52 Chapter 3.2.4 --- Post-treatment of MD on differentiated H9C2 cardiac cells…… --- p.55 Chapter 3.3 --- Primary Rat Fibroblasts --- p.57 Chapter 3.3.1 --- Proliferative effect of MD and HQ on primary rat fibroblasts --- p.58 Chapter 3.4 --- Screening of Differentially Expressed Genes in H9C2 Cells after HQ Treatment by cDNA Microarray --- p.60 Chapter 3.4.1 --- Differentially expressed genes in undifferentiated H9C2 cardiac cells after HQ treatment --- p.60 Chapter 3.4.2 --- Differentially expressed genes in differentiated H9C2 cardiac cells after HQ treatment --- p.66 Chapter 3.4.3 --- Comparison of differentially expressed genes in both undifferentiated and differentiated H9C2 cardiac cells after HQ treatment --- p.72 Chapter 3.5 --- Confirmation of Differentially Expressed Genes in H9C2 Cells after HQ Treatment by RT-PCR --- p.73 Chapter 3.5.1 --- "Preferential up-regulation of N-G, N-G-dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase mRNA expression level in undifferentiated H9C2 cardiac cells after HQ treatment " --- p.74 Chapter 3.5.2 --- Preferential up-regulation of heme oxygenase-3 mRNA expression level in undifferentiated H9C2 cardiac cells after HQ treatment --- p.75 Chapter 3.5.3 --- Preferential up-regulation of cyclin B mRNA expression level in differentiated H9C2 cardiac cells after HQ treatment --- p.76 Chapter Chapter 4 --- DISCUSSION --- p.77 Chapter 4.1 --- HQ Being a More Effective Mitogenic TCM than MD on Cardiomyocytes Exerted its Effect in Dose- and Time Dependent --- p.79 Chapter 4.2 --- Mitogenic Effect of Both MD and HQ might Possibly Due to the Regulation of Intrinsic Factors --- p.82 Chapter 4.3 --- HQ Rather Than MD Showed a Higher Specificity in Promoting DNA Synthesis in Cardiomyocytes --- p.83 Chapter 4.4 --- The Differentially Expressed Genes were Supported by The Clinical Functions of HQ --- p.85 Chapter 4.5 --- Relating the Differentially Expressed Genes with Cardiac Growth and Development --- p.87 Chapter 4.6 --- The Hypothetic Mechanisms of Action that HQ Exerted on Cardiac Growth and Development --- p.92 Chapter 4.7 --- Future Prospect --- p.94 Chapter 4.7.1 --- In vivo study of HQ on the proliferation of rat cardiomyocytes from neonatal to postnatal development --- p.94 Chapter 4.7.2 --- The study of transgenic mice carrying the target gene regulated by HQ on cardiac growth and development --- p.96 Chapter 4.7.3 --- The determination of active component of HQ on cardiac growth and development --- p.97 REFERENCES --- p.99 APPENDIX --- p.110

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Chou, Chin-Yun, and 周沁澐. "Study on the micropropagation of Casearia membranacea Hance." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/77317034188099040059.

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碩士 國立臺灣大學 森林環境暨資源學研究所 105 The main objective of this study is to establish the micropropagation system of Casearia membranace Hance. The fruits are sterilized with 1g/L benomyl and 1g/L streptomycin for 1 hour, and treated with running tap water for 1 hour. The fruits were then shaken in 70% ethanol solution for 30 sec, and soaked in NaOCl with ultrasonic shaking for 10 min afterwards. Next, we washed them with double distilled water for 3-4 times in laminar air flow chamber. Then we took out the seeds or the embryos by aseptic manipulation. The result showed the contamination rate was less than 1%, and the germination rate is more than 60%. This process can successfully establish aseptic plantlets. In the aspect of organ formation: the aseptic shoot tips and nodals are the best explants for shoot induction. Those cultured in WPM medium with several different PGRs compositions all showed more than 90% induction rate. WPM+1mg/L BA and WPM+1mg/L BA+0.1mg/L NAA medium were the best among them, which showed 100.00% induction rate. In addition, WPM+0.5mg/L BA medium showed the maximum shoots, which was in average 2.69 shoots. Furthermore, cotyledons and hypocotyl segments can also induct shoots. The result of root induction test showed that the WPM+0.1mg/L NAA medium was the best one. In addition, other NAA added mediums were also accessible. Moreover, blank WPM medium and WPM with activated carbon mediums were suitable for root induction for Casearia membranacea at the same time. Through micropropagation process as above, these complete plantlets achieved 96% survival rate after 6-week acclimatization.

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Wang, Chih-Hsin, and 王智欣. "Chemical and Cytotoxic Constituents from the Formosan Casearia membranacea Hance." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/53295936805504975094.

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碩士 國立中山大學 海洋資源學系研究所 91 Casearia membranacea Hance (Flacourtiaceae) is a tree found in the northern region of Taiwan. Bioassay-directed fractionation of the MeOH-layer has resulted in the isolation of six new clerodane diterpenes, Caseamembrins A-F (1-6) along with a known compound, rel-(2S,5R,6R, 8S,9S,10R,18S,19R)-diacetoxy-18,19-epoxy-6-hydroxy-2-(2-methylbut- anoyloxy)cleroda-3,13(16),14-triene (7). The structures of compounds 1-6 were determined by the physical methods such as IR、mass、optical rotation, 1D、2D NMR spectral analysis, and the published reports about the data of related compounds . The spectral data of 1-6 are in conformity with the basic skeleton of clerodane diterpenes previously isolated from Casearia membranacea Hance.. The basic structures of 1-6 contain two 6-membred ring linked with six carbon diene side chain at C-9 and two ester carbonyl functional groups at C-2 and C-18 respetirely. Compound 1 had an ester carbonyl at C-2 position, with an acetoxyl and a hydroxyl group at C-19/6 position, the structure of 1 was assigned as rel-(2S,5R,6R,8S,9S,10R,18S,19R)-18-butanoyloxy-19-acetoxy-18,19 -epoxy-6-hydroxy-2-(2-methylbutanoyloxy)cleroda-3,13(16),14-triene (Caseamembrin A). Compound 2 had a methoxyl group at C-18 position, that 2 has the structure of rel-(2S,5R,6R,8S,9S,10R,18S,19R)-18-methoxy -19-acetoxy-18,19-epoxy-6-hydroxy-2-(2-methylbutanoyloxy)cleroda-3,13(16),14-triene (Caseambrin B). Compound 3 had an acetoxyl at C-19 position, and two hydroxyl group at C-6/7. Compound 3 was assigned the structure of rel-(2S,5R,6R,7R,8S,9S,10R,18S,19R)-18-butanoyloxy-19- acetoxy-18,19-epoxy-6,7-dihydroxy-2-(2-methylbutanoyloxy)cleroda-3, 13(16),14- triene (Caseamembrin C). Compound 4 had two acetoxyl at C-7/19 and hydroxyl group at C-6, the assignment of its structure as rel-(2S,5R,6S,7R,8S,9S,10R,18S,19R)-18-butanoyloxy-19-acetoxy -18,19-epoxy-6-hydroxy-7-acetoxy-2-(2-methylbutanoyloxy)cleroda-3,13(16),14- triene (Caseamembrin D). Compound 5 had two acetoxyl at C-18/19 position, and a hydroxyl group at C-6 position. 5 was established as rel-(2S,5R,6R,8S,9S,10R,18S,19R)-18,19-diacetoxy-18,19-epoxy-6- hydroxy-2-(2-methylbutanoyloxy)cleroda-3,13(16),14-triene (Caseamembrin E). Compound 6 had a hydroxyl group at C-6 position and it was deduced that the C-18/19 acetal ring was opened thus forming the two aldehydic units. The structure of 6 was established as rel-(2S,5R,6R,7R,8S,9S,10R,18S,19R)-6-hydroxy-2-(2-methylbutanoyloy) cleroda-3,13(16),14-triene-18,19-dicarboxyaldehyde (Caseamembrin F). It is worthy to mention that this is the first report of the isolation of 1-6 from a natural source. In a preliminary pharmacological aporach (cytotoxicity), compounds 1-6 exhibited moderate cytotoxicity against (NUGC-3) and (HONE-1) cancer cells with IC50 0~1﹪values at 20mg/ml.

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Chia, Chang Keng, and 張耿嘉. "Chemical and cytotoxic constituents from the stems of formosan casearia membranacea." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/39849666994530973560.

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碩士 高雄醫學大學 天然藥物研究所 90 Abstract The MeOH extract of stems of Formosan Casearia membranacea Hance showed cytotoxicity against A549 (ED50 = 9.87 μg/ml) and P-388 (ED50 = 6.78 μg/ml) cancer cell lines in vitro. The CHCl3-soluble layer showed cytoxicity against A549 (ED50 = 0.65 μg/ml) and HT-29 (ED50 = 0.74 μg/ml) cancer cell lines. Investigation of CHCl3-souble layers led to the isolation of 20 compounds, including one anthraquinone: anthraquinone (1), one butanolide: casealactone (2), two diterpenoids：casearimene A (3), casearimene B (4), six sterols: b-sitosterol (5), stigmast-5-en-3b,7a-diol (6), stigmast-5-en-3b,7b-diol (7), stigmastan-3b, 5a,6b-triol (8), b-sitostenone (9), b-sitosteryl-3-O-b-D-glucoside (10), two amides: N-trans-feruloyltyramine (11), N-cis-feruloyltyramine (12), two triterpenoids: squalene (13), friedelin (14), one lignan: (±)-syringaresinol (15), two benzenoids: syringaldehyde (16), vanillic acid (19), one benzoquinone: casearinone (20), one ester: methyl hexadecanoate (21), one chroman: caseamemin (22). On the purpose of chemotaxonomy, we performed the isolation of the n-BuOH-souble layers to obtain two benzenoids: syringic acid (17), (±)-3- (4-hydroxy- 3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1,2-propanediol (18). The structures of these compounds were determined by spectroscopic analysis. Among these isolates, 2, 3, 4, 20 and 22 are new compounds, 18 is a racemic compound of (－)-3-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1,2- propanediol (18a) which had no previously reported data. 2 showed cytoxicities against HT-29 and P-388, 11 and 12 exhibited cytotoxicity against P-388 cancer cell lines in vitro.

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Lin, Lee cheng, and 李政霖. "Studies on the Bioactive Clerodane Diterpenoids from the Formosan Casearia membranacea Hance." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/71599017124083933011.

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碩士 國立中山大學 海洋資源學系研究所 92 ABSTRACT The Genus Casearia is a rich source of cleordane - type diterpenes. To search for practical sources of potential cleordane - type diterpenes, and to study the structure and activity relationship of cleordane - type diterpenes, the twigs and leaves of Casearia membranacea Hance ( Flacourtiaceae ) was collected for phytochemical and anti-tumor investigation. Bioassay-directed fractionation of an ethyl acetate layer of Casearia membranacea has resulted in the isolation of six new clerodane-type diterpenes. The structures of these cleordane-type diterpenes were established and designated as Caseamembrins G∼L（1∼6）and their derivatives compounds 7 and 8. The structures of compounds 1∼8 were determined by application of NMR techniques included 1H NMR, 13C NMR, DEPT, COSY, HMQC, HMBC, NOESY and another physical methods which include MS, UV, IR and optical rotation, and the published reports about the data of related compounds. The spectral data of 1∼8 are in conformity with the basic skeleton of cleordane-type diterpenes previously isolated from Casearia membranacea Hance. The basic structures of 1∼8 contain two 6- menbered ring. The structures were identified as rel-(2S,5R,6R,8S,9S,10R, 18S,19R)-2-hydroxy-6-butanoyloxy-18,19-acetyloxy-18,19-epoxy-cleroda-3,13(16),14-triene (Caseamembrin G, 1）、rel-(2S,5R,6R,8S,9S,10R,18S, 19R)-2-hydroxy-6,18-dibutanoyloxy-19-acetyloxy-18,19-epoxy-cleroda -3,13(16),14-triene (Caseamembrin H, 2）、rel-(2S,5R,6R,8S,9S,10R,18S ,19R)-2-(2-methylbutanoyloxy)-6-hydroxy-18-methoxy-19-acetyloxy-18,19-epoxy-cleroda-3,13(16),14-triene（Caseamembrin I, 3）、rel-(2R,5R ,6R,8S,9S,10R)-2-(2-methylbutanoyloxy)-6-hydroxy-cleroda-3,13(16),14 -triene-18,19-dicarboxaldehyde ( Caseamembrin J, 4）、rel-(2S,5R,6R,7R, 8S,9S,10R)-2,7-diacetyloxy-6-hydroxy-cleroda-3,13(16),14-triene-18,19-dicarboxaldehyde（Caseamembrin K, 5）、rel-(2S,5R,6S,7R,8S,9S,10R, 18S,19R)-2-butanoyloxy-6,7-dihydroxy-18-butanoyloxy-19-acetyloxy-18,19-epoxy-cleroda-3,13(16),14-triene（Caseamembrin L, 6），及rel-(2S,5R ,6R,8S,9S,10R,18S,19R)-2-O-acetyl-6-butanoyloxy-18,19-acetyloxy-18,19-epoxy-cleroda-3,13(16),14-triene ( 7）、rel-(2S,5R,6R,8S,9S,10R,18S,19 R)-2-O-acetyl-6,18-dibutanoyloxy-19-acetyloxy-18,19-epoxy-cleroda-3,13(16),14-triene（8）. It is worthy to mention that this is the first report of the isolation of 1－6 from a natural source and their derivatives compounds 7 and 8. Compound 1 exhibited moderate cytotoxicity against（Hepa59T/VGH） ,（KB）and （Hela）cancer cells , but compound 3 and 4、5 show no activity against those cancer cell lines.

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Wohlfarth, Michael. "Die Aufklärung der Biogenese strukturell ungewöhnlicher Alkaloide aus Triphyophyllum (Dioncophyllaceae) und Antidesma (Euphorbiaceae) und Entwicklung und Einsatz der "Triade" zur phytochemischen Online-Analytik: HPLC-MS/MS, HPLC-NMR und HPLC-CD." Doctoral thesis, 2002. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-298.

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Tropische Pflanzen gelten als wertvolle Quellen biologisch aktiver Sekundärmetaboliten. Im Rahmen dieser Dissertation wurden mehrere tropische Arten unter verschiedenen naturstoffchemischen Gesichtspunkten bearbeitet. Einen Schwerpunkt bildeten die tropischen Lianenfamilien der Ancistrocladaceen und Dioncophyllaceen. Diese produzieren die Naphthylisochinolin-Alkaloide, Biarylnaturstoffe mit faszinierenden strukturellen und pharmakologischen Eigenschaften. In dieser Arbeit wurde die Biogenese der Naphthylisochinolinalkaloide am Beispiel von Dioncophyllin A aus Triphyophyllum peltatum mittels Verfütterung von [13C2]-Acetat untersucht. 13C-NMR-Experimente offenbarten einen Einbau von diskreten [13C2]-Einheiten im ganzen Kohlenstoffgerüst. Damit sind die Naphthylisochinolin-Alkaloide die ersten bekannten Tetrahydroisochinolin-Alkaloide mit einem polyketidischen Ursprung. Als weiteres Forschungsobjekt diente das strukturell und biogenetisch hochinteressante Pyridon-Alkaloid Antidesmon aus Antidesma membranaceum. Untersuchungen zur Biogenese führten zur Entdeckung eines neuen Biogeneseweges. Antidesmon wird ebenfalls aus einer Polyketid-Vorstufe gebildet. Überraschenderweise dient Glycin als Vorstufe für einen C2N-Baustein. Im analytischen Bereich standen der Einsatz und die methodische Verbesserung der online-"Triade" HPLC-MS/MS, HPLC-NMR und HPLC-CD im Vordergrund. Diese neuen Techniken dienten im Anschluß der phytochemischen Untersuchung verschiedener Pflanzenextrakte. Nach der erstmaligen online-Analyse von Ancistrocladus griffithii wurden drei neue Alkaloide, Ancistrogriffin A, B und C, detektiert und strukturell aufgeklärt. Weiterhin wurde das erste dimere Naphthylisochinolin-Alkaloid aus einer asiatischen Ancistrocladus-Spezies, Ancistrogriffithin A, detektiert und vor seiner Isolierung strukturell mit online-Methoden aufgeklärt Tropical plants are generally considered as valuable sources of biologically active secondary metabolites. Within this thesis, several tropical species were investigated from various phytochemical points of view. An emphasis was put on the tropical liana families of Ancistrocladaceae and Dioncophyllaceae. These produce naphthylisoquinoline alkaloids, biaryl natural products with fascinating structural and pharmacological features. In this work the biogenesis of the naphthylisoquinoline alkaloids, exemplified by dioncophylline A from Triphyophyllum peltatum, was investigated by feeding [13C2]-acetate. 13C NMR experiments revealed the incorporation of discrete [13C2]-units within the whole carbon skeleton. Therefore, the naphthylisoquinoline alkaloids are the first known tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids with a polyketidic origin. The structurally and biogenetically highly interesting pyridone alkaloid antidesmone from Antidesma membranaceum served as another research target. Investigations regarding the biogenesis of antidesmone led to the discovery of a new biogenetical pathway. Antidesmone is built up from a polyketide. Suprisingly, glycine serves as a precursor for a C2N building block. Regarding the analytical field, the main focus was put on the usage and methodical improvement of the "online-triad" HPLC-MS/MS, HPLC-NMR, and HPLC-CD. Subsequently, these novel techniques were used for the phytochemical investigation of different plant extracts. After the first online-analysis of Ancistrocladus griffithii, three new alkaloids, namely ancistrogriffine A, B, and C, were detected and structurally elucidated. Furthermore, the first dimeric naphthylisoquinoline from an Asian Ancistrocladus species, Ancistrogriffithine A, was detected and structurally elucidated by online-methods before its isolation

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Liu, Chung-Hsiang, and 劉崇祥. "Effects of Astragalus membranaceusin on patients with poststroke fatigue: A double-blind, randomized, controlled study." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/srt7vx.

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博士 中國醫藥大學 中西醫結合研究所博士班 106 Institution：Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taiwan, R.O.C. Background：Astragalus membranaceus (AM) is the first-choice herb for fatigue treatment in traditional Chinese medicine and the main herb used for stroke treatment in China and Taiwan.The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of AM on poststroke fatigue (PSF). Methods：This study was designed as a double-blind, randomized, controlled preliminary study. Sixty-four patients with PSF were assigned to treatment group (TG; 31 patients), which received oral administration of AM(2.8g three times per day) for 28 days,anda control group (CG; 33 patients), which received aplacebo.The primary outcome measureswere the changes in the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire(EORTC QLQ-C30) and Brief Fatigue Index (BFI) scores. Results：A total of 61 patients (29 patients in the TG and 32 patients in the CG) completedthe trial. The difference in BFI scores between Visit 2 and Visit 1 was –17.83 ± 17.70 in the TG, which was greater than that in the CG (–8.03 ± 9.95;p= 0.01); additionally, the difference in BFI scores between Visit 3 and Visit 1 was –16.48 ± 16.41 in the TG, which was also greater than that in the CG (–9.47 ± 13.39;p= 0.05). In the EORTC QLQ-C30, the difference in cognitive functioning scores between Visit 2 and Visit 1 was 14.37 ± 13.89 in the TG, which was greater than that in the CG (3.65 ± 19.74;p=0.02); additionally, the difference in these scores between Visit 3 and Visit 1 was 14.37 ± 16.50 in the TG, which again was greater than that in the CG (6.25 ± 19.74; p=0.04). The difference in social functioning scores between Visit 3 and Visit 1 was9.77 ± 15.12 in the TG, which was greater than that in theCG (–1.56 ± 20.46;p=0.01). The difference in global quality of life (QOL)scores between Visit 2 and Visit 1 was 14.08 ± 18.78 in the TG, which was also greater than that in the CG (1.56 ± 18.14;p=0.003); moreover, the difference in these scores between Visit 3 and Visit 1 was 10.92 ± 17.55 in the TG, and this was greater than that in the CG (1.82 ± 15.8; p=0.05). Conclusions：AM can improve BFI scores; cognitive functioning, social functioning,and global QOL scores inthe EORTC QLQ-C30.Our results suggest thatphysicians should pay close attention to the unmet medical needsof patients with PSF. AM is helpful for treating patients with PSF; however, additional studies with a larger sample and a longer period of investigation are required.

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Minnaar, Carrie-Anne. "The efficacy of astragalus membranaceous tincture at maintaining the circulating leucocyte and absolute neutrophil counts of breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapeutic treatment." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/3161.

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M. Tech. AIM: To determine the efficacy of Astragalus membranaceous tincture at maintaining the circulating white blood cell count (WBC) and absolute neutrophil count (ANC) of breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. METHODS: This is an open-label study with an active control group. Both the study and control group consisted of fifteen participants. The participants in the study group each received ten millilitres of Astragalus membranaceous 1:2 tincture daily for the duration of their course of chemotherapy. RESULTS: The overall decrease in the WBC and ANC in the control was 4.9 and 3.13 parts per billion per litre, respectively. The study group showed an overall decrease of 2.7 and 1.9 parts per billion per litre, respectively. The average overall reduction in chemotherapy dose was 4.79 percent in the study group and 20.21 percent in the control. In all of the analyses p > 0.05. The small sample size, poor patient compliance and skewed distribution of the variables hindered the reliability of the results. CONCLUSION: The positive effects observed in the study group cannot be extrapolated to the entire population, however further research is strongly motivated.

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Forney, Andra. "Patterns of harvest: investigating the social-ecological relationship between huckleberry pickers and black huckleberry (Vaccinium membranaceum Dougl. ex Torr.; Ericaceae) in southeastern British Columbia." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/7286.

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For centuries the wellbeing of rural communities has depended on the health and resilience of local food systems. Over the last century many factors have contributed to declines in the availability and use of important traditional foods. In this thesis I have used black huckleberry (Vaccinium membranaceum) as a case study through which I explore the varying roles humans play in influencing the health of a wild forest food. Black huckleberry is one of the most sought after wild berries in British Columbia (BC). Over the past few decades huckleberry pickers and forest managers have expressed concerns over the decreasing quality and availability of these berries. To understand the different roles humans play in the ecology of black huckleberry I interviewed 17 long-time huckleberry pickers and participated in berry picking trips – in the East Kootenay region of southeastern BC. I also reviewed the academic literature on huckleberry ecology. I found that huckleberry pickers have a deep knowledge of factors affecting the health of huckleberry patches. They identify both shifting social-economic and ecological conditions in their local forests as intrinsically linked with declining huckleberry availability and health. In contrast, the scientific literature primarily focuses on ecological conditions and forest management practices, ignoring or downplaying the relationship of berry pickers to huckleberry ecology and overall quality. There are significant cultural differences between the berry pickers’ and the scientists’ views of the factors impacting the health of the berry patch. I argue that an effective approach to addressing the problem of declining quality and availability must include the valuable insights berry pickers have on how social-ecological factors affect berry health. Graduate

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Lee, Amy. "Conservation of the cyanobacterial circadian clock : comparative studies in nostoc sp. strain PCC 9709, a cyanobacterium isolated from the lichen peltigera membranacea." Thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/14388.

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The Cyanobacteria are the only group of prokaryotic organisms known to possess a circadian program. Efforts to elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying the cyanobacterial circadian clock have focused almost exclusively on the kaiABC gene cluster of the unicellular model organism Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942. The considerable morphological and habitat diversity of cyanobacteria raises obvious questions: Do all members of the Cyanobacteria utilize circadian programs? How similar might other cyanobacterial clocks be to the S. elongatus model? To investigate whether clock molecular biology is conserved, I undertook a comparative study with Nostoc strain PCC 9709 as the subject. Nostoc PCC 9709 is a heterocyst-forming filamentous cyanobacterium originally isolated as a symbiont within the lichen Peltigera membranacea. Methods: The Nostoc PCC 9709 genome was screened for clock gene homologues using PCR-based methods and Southern blot hybridization. To support genetic identification with functional data, the temporal gene expression profiles of putative kai homologues were compared against the previously determined rhythmic abundances of kaiA and kaiBC transcripts of S. elongatus with the use of Northern blot hybridization and relative RT-PCR assays. Conclusions: The prokaryotic circadian clock gene cluster kaiABC is conserved in Nostoc PCC 9709. Deduced amino acid sequence homology (46 % identity for KaiA, 81 % for KaiB, 80 % for KaiC) is consistent with conservation of function in accordance with available structure-function data for the S. elongatus model. A relative RT-PCR assay method was validated on the S. elongatus model system. Time course studies on kai gene transcription demonstrated peak-and-trough patterns in cultured Nostoc and field specimens of P. membranacea that are consistent with circadian oscillation.

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Carvalho, Ana Rita Amaro de. "Urtica spp. Bioactividade e Cultivo." Master's thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/28167.

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Dissertação de mestrado em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia Vegetal, apresentada ao Departamento de Ciências da Vida da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra. As urtigas, apesar de comummente conhecidas pela sua picada dolorosa, são também utilizadas pelas suas propriedades terapêuticas. Desde as folhas à raiz, são tradicionalmente utilizadas para tratamento da diabetes, de patologias reumáticas, inflamatórias e hipertensão. De entre as muitas espécies existentes, a Urtica dioica L. (Urticaceae), espécie distribuída globalmente, é uma fonte de sais minerais, fibra e proteína, permitindo-lhe ser integrada na alimentação, sendo também reconhecida por utilizações que vão desde o uso da raiz para tratamento da Hiperplasia Benigna da próstata, ao uso das partes aéreas como anti-diurética, anti-reumática e antiinflamatória. Neste trabalho procedeu-se ao estudo de três espécies de urtigas: Urtica dioica, Urtica urens L. (Urticaceae), usada por vezes em substituição da Urtica dioica, e Urtica membranacea Poir. ex Savigny (Urticaceae), sobre a qual são praticamente inexistentes estudos científicos. O principal objectivo foi avaliar a bioactividade das três espécies; anti-oxidante, anti-inflamatória e anti-fúngica, e paralelamente, caracterizar constituintes fenólicos - metabolitos secundários vegetais com propriedades terapêuticas amplamente divulgadas - de modo a destacar, não só a espécie de maior interesse, mas também inferir sobre a natureza química dos compostos que podem contribuir maioritariamente para estas propriedades. Com recurso a técnicas cromatográficas, nomeadamente, HPLC acoplado a dois detectores: fotodíodos e espectrómetro de massa, foi possível identificar pela primeira vez, na Urtica dioica o ácido cafeoiltartárico e o p-cumaroilmalato. As outras duas espécies abordadas, Urtica urens e Urtica membranacea, apesar de menos bioactivas, revelaram também uma presença significativa de compostos fenólicos, tendo sido também identificados, pela primeira vez, na Urtica urens, os ácidos 3-O-cafeoilquínico, 4-O-cafeoilquínico, 5-O-cafeoilquínico e p-cumaroilcafeoilquínico, para além do flavonóide, diosmetina-O-rutinósido. Quanto à Urtica membranacea, espécie cuja distribuição é restrita à região Mediterrânica, demonstrou também algum potencial bioactivo, apesar de nunca antes ter sido objecto de estudos fitoquímicos. Foram identificados sete derivados de ácidos hidroxicinâmicos e dez flavonóides do tipo flavona e flavonol, C-, O,C- e C- glicosilados, assim como trêsderivados do 3-hidroxi-3-metilglutarilo, de distribuição muito pouco referenciada noutras plantas. A Urtica dioica demonstrou ter potencial como antioxidante, superior à das outras espécies testadas, bem como uma forte capacidade anti-inflamatória e alguma actividade anti-fúngica. Consequentemente, esta espécie foi selecionada para um estudo posterior, que permitiu avaliar o órgão aéreo da planta (flores, folhas e caules) que contribuía de modo maioritário para as propriedades bioactivas. As folhas demonstraram ser a parte com maior actividade anti-oxidante e antiinflamatória, bem como a maior concentração em ácidos hidroxicinâmicos, comparativamente à parte aérea total da planta florida. A espécie de maior bioactividade, Urtica dioica, foi também seleccionada para implementar um método de propagação desta espécie. Procedeu-se à optimização de um método de cultivo in vitro e procedeu-se a uma posterior aclimatização para solo, sendo que os resultados obtidos foram bastante promissores para o futuro cultivo in vitro da espécie. Nettles, although commonly known for their painful sting, are also used for its therapeutic properties. From the leaves to the root, they are traditionally used for the treatment of diabetes, rheumatic, inflammatory disorders, and hypertension. Among the many existing species, Urtica dioica L. (Urticaceae), globally distributed species, is a source of minerals, fiber and protein, allowing it to be integrated as food, and also recognized for uses ranging the use of the root to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia, the use of aerial parts as anti-diuretic, anti-rheumatic and anti-inflammatory. In this work we undertook an analysis of three species of nettles: Urtica dioica, Urtica urens L. (Urticaceae), sometimes used as a replacement of Urtica dioica and Urtica membranacea Poir. ex Savigny (Urticaceae), on which scientific studies are virtually nonexistent. The primary objective was to evaluate the bioactivity of the three species; anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-fungal, and in parallel, characterizing phenolic constituents - plant secondary metabolites with therapeutic properties widely disseminated - in order to highlight not only the species of greatest interest, but also to infer the chemical nature of compounds which can largely contribute to these properties. With the use of chromatographic techniques, including HPLC coupled to two detectors: photo diodes and the mass spectrometer, it was identified for the first time, in Urtica dioica, caffeoyltartaric and p-coumaroylmalate acids. The other two species addressed, Urtica urens and Urtica membranacea, although less bioactive also revealed a significant presence of phenolic compounds being also identified for the first time in Urtica urens, 3-O-caffeoylquinic, 4-O - caffeoylquinic, 5-O-caffeoylquinic and p-coumaroyl-caffeoylquinic acids, in addition to flavonoid diosmetin-O-rutinoside. Urtica membranacea, whose distribution is restricted to the Mediterranean region, also showed some bioactive potential, despite it has never been submitted to phytochemical nor bioactivity studies. There were seven derivatives of hydroxycinnamic acids and ten flavonoids, flavone and flavonol-type, C-, O, C- and C- glycosides identified, as well as three derivatives of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl, with distribution rarely referenced in other plants. Urtica dioica demonstrated an antioxidant potential superior than that of other species tested, as well as a strong anti-inflammatory ability and some anti-fungalactivity. Consequently, this species was selected for further study, which allowed us to assess the aerial plant organ (flowers, leaves and stems) with major contribution for bioactive properties. The leafs have proven to be the part with greater anti-oxidant and antiinflammatory activity, as well the higher concentration in hydroxycinnamic acids, compared to total aerial parts of the flowering plant. The species with highest bioactivity, Urtica dioica, has also been selected to implement a propagation method for the species. There was an optimization for in vitro cultivation method and we proceeded to acclimatization to soil, and the results were quite promising for the future growth of the species in vitro.

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Yorke, Alana F. "Interactions Between an Invasive Epiphytic Bryozoan and Species of Rocky Subtidal Habitats of Nova Scotia." 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10222/13111.

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In Nova Scotia subtidal habitats, the invasive bryozoan Membranipora membranacea interacts with native bryozoan Electra pilosa on kelps, which offer high space availability but are highly dynamic, and on non-kelp algae, which provide low space but high stability. Settlers and colony cover of M. membranacea at various stages critical to its population dynamics, as well as relative abundance and encounter outcomes of M. membranacea and E. pilosa, were quantified on these substrates. I also examined the effects of various factors on growth rates of E. pilosa. For M. membranacea populations, the roles of kelp and non-kelp substrates varied intra- and inter-annually, as well as spatially. Membranipora membranacea was relatively more abundant on kelps than on Fucus, likely due to large colony size, faster growth, and strong overgrowth abilities. While kelps provide spatial resources for seasonal peaks in abundance of M. membranacea, non-kelp refuges can preserve local populations in time.

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Straka, Jason Ryan. "Humming along or buzzing off?: the elusive consequences of plant-pollinator mismatches and factors limiting seed set in the Coast Range of British Columbia." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/4326.

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There is concern that climate change may cause mismatches between timing of flowering and activity of pollinators (phenology). However, concluding that mismatches will occur, and have serious consequences for pollination services, requires assumptions that have not yet been tested. I begin by discussing a set of these assumptions, bringing past research into the context of mismatch. Briefly, the assumptions are that 1) dates of first-flowering or emergence (DFFE) correctly describe phenology (and therefore mismatch); 2) differences in DFFE represent the magnitude of mismatch; 3) advancement of DFFE will be the primary phenological change; 4) shifts will be random and independent for each species; 5) populations of plants and pollinators are “bottom-up” regulated by their mutualistic interactions; 6) all interactions are of similar strength and importance; 7) dispersal, and the spatial context of phenological mismatches can be ignored; and ecological processes including 8) phenotypic plasticity and adaptive evolution of phenology, 9) competition and facilitation, and 10) emergence of novel interactions, will not affect mismatches. I then describe novel experiments, which could help to account for some of these assumptions, clarifying the existence and impacts of mismatches. Next, I present an original field experiment on factors affecting seed set in an alpine meadow in the Coast Range of British Columbia, Canada. I found evidence contradicting the assumption that seed set is primarily limited by pollination. My data highlight the roles of phenology, temperature (degree-days above 15°C, and frost hours), and interactions with pollinators (mutualists) and seed-predators (floral antagonists) in driving patterns of seed set. Seed set of early and late-flowering species responded differently to a 400m elevation gradient, which might be explained by phenology of bumble bees. My data suggest that the consequences of mismatch may be smallest for plants that are fly-pollinated and self-fertile. Non-selfing, bee-pollinated species might be more prone to reproductive limitation through mismatch (affected by snowmelt and cumulative degree-days). Plants that are limited by seed-predators might be negatively affected by warming temperatures with fewer frost hours, and extreme events such as late-season frosts and hail storms can prevent plants from setting seed entirely. Overall, my work emphasizes the importance of complementing theory, data-driven simulations, and meta-analyses with experiments carried out in the field. Graduate

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