Artykuły w czasopismach: „Mating”

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Di, Xueyuan, Jianfeng Liu, Chengxu Wu, Bin Yan, Xiaofei Yu i Maofa Yang. "Delayed Mating with Multiple Partners Decreases Indexes of Mating in Female and Male Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)". Environmental Entomology 49, nr 4 (9.06.2020): 789–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvaa069.

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Abstract Delayed mating is an effective strategy that can decrease the fecundity of a pest by reducing the time that females have to mate. This disruption does not completely inhibit mating and may lead to multiple matings. The effects of delayed mating with multiple partners on different indexes of mating in female and male Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) were determined in this study. The delay in mating significantly decreased the number of matings and the mating success of both sexes and the male contribution to reproduction. Compared with the effect on female fecundity, the delayed mating with multiple partners had a greater effect on the male mate contribution to fecundity. The longevity of females and males increased significantly with a 72 h delay in mating. Linear regression analysis showed negative relationships between delayed mating and fecundity and number of matings in both sexes. Thus, delayed mating with multiple partners can disrupt the mating and reproductive potential of S. litura.

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Walter, Michael V., L. Arlene Porteous, Valerie P. Fieland, Ramon J. Seidler i John L. Armstrong. "Formation of transconjugants on plating media following in situ conjugation experiments". Canadian Journal of Microbiology 37, nr 9 (1.09.1991): 703–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m91-119.

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Conjugation on agar plates following mating trials can cause transconjugant numbers to be overestimated. Numbers of transconjugants detected after incubating donors and recipients together were compared with those observed when donors and recipients were incubated separately and then mixed immediately prior to plating on selective agar. Mating comparisons were conducted using broth, a soil slurry, and nonsterile soil. Nalidixic acid was added to selective agar plates to investigate its use as an inhibitor of plate mating. The number of transconjugants from broth matings did not significantly differ from the number of transconjugants produced by plate mating on selective media lacking nalidixic acid. Addition of nalidixic acid to selective media reduced the number of transconjugants from broth matings by 10-fold and the number of transconjugants from plate mating after incubation in broth by 100-fold. The number of transconjugants detected from mating experiments in soil slurries was significantly greater than the corresponding plate matings (p = 0.0073). Furthermore, the addition of nalidixic acid to selective agar eliminated all plate matings. In nonsterile soil matings, transconjugants were detected immediately after the inoculation of donors and recipients into soil only when nalidixic acid was absent from the medium. Key words: transconjugants, in situ conjugation, gene exchange in soil, plate matings.

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Lv, Lei, Zhengwang Zhang, Frank Groenewoud, Sjouke A. Kingma, Jianqiang Li, Marco van der Velde i Jan Komdeur. "Extra-pair mating opportunities mediate parenting and mating effort trade-offs in a songbird". Behavioral Ecology 31, nr 2 (12.12.2019): 421–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arz204.

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Abstract In socially monogamous species with bi-parental care, males may face a trade-off between providing parental care and pursuing extra-pair matings. The “parenting-mating trade-off” hypothesis predicts that high-quality males—who have greater potential to gain extra-pair matings, for example, larger males usually win the competition for extra-pair mating—should reduce parental care and spend more time looking for extra-pair matings. However, the trade-off between parenting and mating efforts may be complicated by variation in the availability of extra-pair mating opportunities. By using field data of hair-crested drongos (Dicrurus hottentottus), a species exhibiting bi-parental incubation behavior, collected in central China from 2010 to 2017, we tested whether the potential negative relationship between male quality and paternal care was dependent on the number of nearby fertile females. We found that male drongos mainly seek extra-pair matings during the incubation period and high-quality individuals (males with longer tarsi) are more likely to sire extra-pair offspring. In agreement with the “parenting-mating trade-off” hypothesis, high-quality males incubated less by recessing longer between incubation bouts. However, this was only the case when sufficient fertile females nearby for extra-pair mating opportunities. Females compensated for reduced male care, but this was independent of male quality. This suggests that the reduction in care by high-quality males might be a direct response to extra-pair mating opportunities rather than facilitated by differential allocation of females. Our results indicate that individual quality and available mating opportunities may shape the optimal trade-off between parental care and seeking additional matings for males.

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Puurtinen, Mikael, i Lutz Fromhage. "Evolution of male and female choice in polyandrous systems". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, nr 1851 (22.03.2017): 20162174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.2174.

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We study the evolution of male and female mating strategies and mate choice for female fecundity and male fertilization ability in a system where both sexes can mate with multiple partners, and where there is variation in individual quality (i.e. in the availability of resources individuals can allocate to matings, mate choice and production of gametes). We find that when the cost of mating differs between sexes, the sex with higher cost of mating is reluctant to accept matings and is often also choosy, while the other sex accepts all matings. With equal mating costs, the evolution of mating strategies depends on the strength of female sperm limitation, so that when sperm limitation is strong, males are often reluctant and choosy, whereas females tend to accept available matings. Male reluctance evolves because a male's benefit per mating diminishes rapidly as he mates too often, hence losing out in the process of sperm competition as he spends much of his resources on mating costs rather than ejaculate production. When sperm limitation is weaker, females become more reluctant and males are more eager to mate. The model thus suggests that reversed sex roles are plausible outcomes of polyandry and limited sperm production. Implications for empirical studies of mate choice are discussed.

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Ovidio, Michaël, Jean-Claude Philippart, Billy Nzau Matondo i Pascal Poncin. "Hybridization behaviour between two common European cyprinid fish species – silver bream, Blicca bjoerkna and common bream, Abramis brama – in a controlled environment". Animal Biology 59, nr 1 (2009): 97–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157075609x417125.

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AbstractThe egg release–mating comparison, heterospecific matings and mating success under two hybridization conditions – (i) mixing one sex per species and (ii) mixing both sexes from each species – were investigated to determine whether silver bream Blicca bjoerkna and common bream Abramis brama can hybridize in nature.The results revealed that non-matings in hybridization experiments of silver bream females × common bream males can be explained by territorial and aggressiveness activities observed in common bream. In common bream females × silver bream males, heterospecific matings were observed but their numbers were significantly lower than the spawning numbers, and in this experiment, a female mated with one to four heterospecific males. In mixing both sexes from both species, similar spawning – mating numbers were observed but heterospecific matings accounted for only 27% of the total matings, with 24% accounting for heterospecific matings between common bream females and silver bream males, directly or by opportunism. Mating success was characterized by the occurrence of fertilized eggs after matings.Natural hybridization occurred preferentially between common bream females and silver bream males.

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Reinhardt, Klaus. "Sperm numbers vary between inter- and intra-population matings of the grasshopper Chorthippus parallelus". Biology Letters 2, nr 2 (22.02.2006): 239–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2006.0446.

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Comparing the reproductive output of intra- and inter-population matings is the most common way to assess whether post-mating reproductive isolation is caused by genetic incompatibilities. Such genetic incompatibility can however, only assume that the quantity of the post-mating signals involved does not differ between intra- and inter-population matings. This assumption may not be true because sexual selection predicts reduced mating effort towards low-quality mates and in many circumstances, allopatric partners are low-quality mates. Post-mating efforts may, therefore, be reduced in inter- compared to intra-population matings. Here, I test this crucial assumption by studying variation in one post-mating trait, sperm number, in crosses of two parapatric grasshopper populations. In both populations, males transferred fewer sperm to allopatric than sympatric females. If such plasticity with respect to population is common in other post-mating traits, differences between inter- and intra-population crosses may be more frequently caused by differences in sperm number rather than gamete incompatibility. Additionally, I found that sperm numbers declined less rapidly in the female storage organ of allopatric than sympatric females but its rate differed markedly between populations. This is discussed with respect to female adaptations to male traits.

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Balloux, François, i Laurent Lehmann. "Random Mating With a Finite Number of Matings". Genetics 165, nr 4 (1.12.2003): 2313–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/165.4.2313.

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Abstract Random mating is the null model central to population genetics. One assumption behind random mating is that individuals mate an infinite number of times. This is obviously unrealistic. Here we show that when each female mates a finite number of times, the effective size of the population is substantially decreased.

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Caballero, A., E. Santiago i M. A. Toro. "Systems of mating to reduce inbreeding in selected populations". Animal Science 62, nr 3 (czerwiec 1996): 431–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800014971.

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AbstractStochastic simulation is used to compare different systems of mating to reduce rates of inbreeding in selection programmes with phenotypic or animal model best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) evaluation. Compensatory mating (the mating between individuals from the largest selected families to individuals from the smallest) turns out to be proportionately about 0-30 more effective than minimum coancestry matings for situations with low rates of inbreeding, such as phenotypic selection or high population size, although the advantage is less apparent if common environmental effects are important. A modification of this system of mating is proposed which can be applied for overlapping generations, and this is shown to reduce rates of inbreeding proportionately by about 0-50 more than for discrete generations. Under high inbreeding, however, such as for BLUP selection and small population size, minimum coancestry matings, or even avoidance of sib matings are more effective. A procedure combining compensatory and minimum coancestry matings is also simulated and gives the largest reductions in the rate of inbreeding. The effects of these and other systems of mating on the rate of inbreeding are shown to occur through a reduction in the cumulative effect of selection and a deviation from Hardy-Weinberg proportions.

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Pintureau, Bernard, M. Del Pilar Iglesias Calvin i Simon Grenier. "EFFECTIVENESS OF THE SECOND MATING IN A BISEXUAL TRICHOGRAMMA SPECIES AND THE FIRST MATING IN A THELYTOKOUS TRICHOGRAMMA SPECIES (HYMENOPTERA: TRICHOGRAMMATIDAE)". Canadian Entomologist 129, nr 1 (luty 1997): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent12935-1.

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AbstractA chromatic mutation, dark body (mutants with a darker body than wild individuals), allowed us to test the effectiveness of the second mating in the bisexual species Trichogramma turkestanica Meyer, and of the first mating in the thelytokous species T. cordubensis Vargas and Cabello. Second mating in T. turkestanica was mostly efficient (i.e. followed by fertilization). Nevertheless, the latency before the second mating was longer as the time between second and first matings increased. The utilization of the spermatozoa from the second mating increased as the stock of spermatozoa from the first mating decreased. A long time in the presence of a male was necessary to obtain mating of the thelytokous females of T. cordubensis. Such fertilized females produced a low percentage (28%) of daughters from bisexual reproduction.

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10

Ayvazian, Suzanne G. "Observations of asymmetric reproduction along a morphocline of the blackspotted stickleback, Gasterosteus wheatlandi". Canadian Journal of Zoology 71, nr 7 (1.07.1993): 1477–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z93-208.

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Assortative mating has been documented within the Gasterosteus aculeatus complex. The outcome of laboratory mating trials between individuals from allopatric populations of the blackspotted stickleback, Gasterosteus wheatlandi, is reported. A total of 70 intra- and inter-population mating trials between individuals from Massachusetts and Connecticut were conducted between 1984 and 1987. The results showed differences in the proportion of successful matings, measured as nests constructed, eggs deposited, and young produced. Although intrapopulation mating trials yielded the greatest proportion of nests, eggs, and young, mating did not proceed beyond nest construction between males from Massachusetts population and females from Connecticut population. These results suggest asymmetric reproductive isolation between this mating combination, as all other mating types produced offspring. Further research is necessary to resolve questions concerning differences in motivational states and reproductive behavioral cues.

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Wang, Shih-Ming, Ren-Qi Tu i Hariyanto Gunawan. "In-Process Error-Matching Measurement and Compensation Method for Complex Mating". Sensors 21, nr 22 (18.11.2021): 7660. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21227660.

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This study proposed an error-matching measurement and compensation method for curve mating and complex mating. With use of polynomial curve fitting and least squares methods for error analysis, an algorithm for error identification and error compensation were proposed. Furthermore, based on the proposed method, an online error-matching compensation system with an autorevising function module for autogenerating an error-compensated NC program for machining was built. Experimental verification results showed that the proposed method can effectively improve the accuracy of assembly matching. In a curve-type mating experiment, the matching error without compensation was 0.116 mm, and it decreased to 0.048 mm after compensation. The assembly accuracy was improved by 28%. In a complex-type mating experiment, the verification results showed that the error reductions after compensation for three mating shapes (straight line, triangle, and curve shape) were 81%, 87%, and 79%, respectively. It showed that the proposed method can improve the assembly accuracy for complex mating shapes, which would also be improved without losing production efficiency.

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Gagnon, Marie-Claude, Pierre Duchesne i Julie Turgeon. "Sexual conflict inGerris gillettei(Insecta: Hemiptera): influence of effective mating rate and morphology on reproductive success". Canadian Journal of Zoology 90, nr 11 (listopad 2012): 1297–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z2012-098.

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In water striders, the interests of both sexes diverge over the decision to mate, leading to precopulatory sexual conflict. The influence of mating rate and key persistence and resistance traits on reproductive success has seldom been investigated in the context of multiple matings. We used amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) based genetic parentage analyses to estimate mating and reproductive success in Gerris gillettei Lethierry and Severin, 1896, while allowing for free multiple matings. We tested the hypotheses that males should display stronger opportunity for sexual selection and steeper Bateman gradients. In each sex, persistence and resistance traits should also impact mating and reproductive success. Surprisingly, males and females had similarly high and variable effective mating rates (i.e., number of genetic partners), and both sexes produce more offspring when mating with more partners. As predicted, exaggerated persistence traits allowed males to mate with more partners and sire more offspring. However, we found no evidence for an impact of resistance traits for females. The mating environment may have favoured low resistance in females, but high promiscuity can be beneficial for females. This first description of the genetic mating system for a water strider species suggests that the determinants of fitness can be further deciphered using the sexual selection framework.

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Kazancıoğlu, Erem, i Suzanne H. Alonzo. "The evolution of optimal female mating rate changes the coevolutionary dynamics of female resistance and male persistence". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 367, nr 1600 (19.08.2012): 2339–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0219.

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Mating decisions usually involve conflict of interests between sexes. Accordingly, males benefit from increased number of matings, whereas costs of mating favour a lower mating rate for females. The resulting sexual conflict underlies the coevolution of male traits that affect male mating success (‘persistence’) and female traits that affect female mating patterns (‘resistance’). Theoretical studies on the coevolutionary dynamics of male persistence and female resistance assumed that costs of mating and, consequently, the optimal female mating rate are evolutionarily constant. Costs of mating, however, are often caused by male ‘persistence’ traits that determine mating success. Here, we present a model where the magnitude of costs of mating depend on, and evolve with, male persistence. We find that allowing costs of mating to depend on male persistence results in qualitatively different coevolutionary dynamics. Specifically, we find that male traits such as penis spikes that harm females are not predicted to exhibit runaway selection with female resistance, in contrast to previous theory that predicts indefinite escalation. We argue that it is essential to determine when and to what extent costs of mating are caused by male persistence in order to understand and accurately predict coevolutionary dynamics of traits involved in mating decisions.

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Gunn, R. G., T. J. Maxwell, W. F. Smith, R. D. M. Agnew, C. D. Kerr i D. A. Sim. "A note on the effect of post-mating stocking rate on reproductive performance of Greyface ewes". Animal Science 52, nr 3 (czerwiec 1991): 548–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100013131.

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Continuously grazed rye grassl clover swards with surface heights of 8 to 10 cm at 5 weeks before a synchronized mating and 7·5 cm at mating were grazed by 151 Greyface ewes stocked at 12 per ha until mating. The effects of two stocking rates (eight and 16 ewes per ha) for 6 weeks over the mating and post-mating period were then studied on live weight, body condition and reproductive peformance. Sward height fell more rapidly post mating when stocked at 16 ewes per ha than at eight ewes per ha, but remained above 3·5 cm until 4 weeks after first mating under both rates. Ewes stocked at 16 per ha became significantly lighter and leaner than ewes stocked at eight per ha. There was no significant effect of post-mating stocking rate on reproductive performance in terms of conception rate and lambing rate to first mating or lambing rate to all matings. Reproductive performance of Greyface ewes is therefore unlikely to be adversely affected by post-mating stocking rate on swards of 7 to 8 cm which do not fall below 3·5 to 4·0 cm until 3 to 4 weeks after mating.

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Netherwood, Trudy, R. Bowden, P. Harrison, A. G. O’Donnell, D. S. Parker i H. J. Gilbert. "Gene Transfer in the Gastrointestinal Tract". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65, nr 11 (1.11.1999): 5139–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.65.11.5139-5141.1999.

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ABSTRACT The maximum in vivo transfer rate of plasmid pAMβ1 in the gut was 0.03 transconjugant per recipient cell, and this rate could be simulated in vitro only by forced filter mating. Transfer was not detected in liquid culture matings. Our findings demonstrate that in vitro methods, such as forced filter mating and liquid mating, underestimate the in vivo rates of gene transfer.

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Kolozova, Katerina, i Rodna Ruskovska. "Mating". Identities: Journal for Politics, Gender and Culture 1, nr 2 (1.01.2002): 161–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.51151/identities.v1i2.47.

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Author(s): Katerina Kolozova | Катерина Колозова Title (English): Mating Title (Macedonian): Парење Translated by (English to Macedonian): Rodna Ruskovska | Родна Русковска Journal Reference: Identities: Journal for Politics, Gender and Culture, Vol. 1, No. 2 (Winter 2002) Publisher: Research Center in Gender Studies - Skopje and Euro-Balkan Institute Page Range: 161-166 Page Count: 6 Citation (English): Katerina Kolozova, “Mating,” Identities: Journal for Politics, Gender and Culture, Vol. 1, No. 2 (Winter 2002): 161-166. Citation (Macedonian): Катерина Колозова, „Парење“, превод од англиски Родна Русковска, Идентитети: списание за политика, род и култура, т. 1, бр. 2 (зима 2001): 161-166.

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Metzenberg, Robert L., i N. Louise Glass. "Mating type and mating strategies inNeurospora". BioEssays 12, nr 2 (luty 1990): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bies.950120202.

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Dyson, Miranda L., i Patricia R. Y. Backwell. "Alternative mating tactics and male mating success in two species of fiddler crab". Behaviour 153, nr 12 (2016): 1403–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003386.

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The use of alternative male mating tactics can determine the strength of sexual selection on male traits and have implications for sexual dimorphism. We examined size-based mating success in two species of fiddler crabs where males use each of two alternative tactics to obtain matings. InUca annulipes, larger males were more successful when using the primary mating tactic (burrow mating) but the full size range of males mated when using the secondary tactic (surface mating). InUca urvillei, both burrow and surface mating males were larger than the average sized male in the population. Standardised directional selection gradients indicated that selection on male size was stronger inU. urvilleithanU. annulipes, reflecting the differences between species in male mating success. Our results also showed that sexual size dimorphism was greater in the species with stronger sexual selection on male size than in the species with weaker sexual selection.

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Molleman, Freerk, Sridhar Halali i Ullasa Kodandaramaiah. "Brief Mating Behavior at Dawn and Dusk and Long Nocturnal Matings in the Butterfly Melanitis leda". Journal of Insect Behavior 33, nr 2-4 (lipiec 2020): 138–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10905-020-09753-x.

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Abstract Information on the mating system of an insect species is necessary to gain insight into sexual selection and population structure. Male territoriality of the common evening brown butterfly Melanitis leda has been studied in the wild, but other aspects of its mating system remain largely unknown. For a population of M. leda in South India, we observed male-male and male-female interactions in captivity, measured mating duration and spermatophore mass, and also determined the degree of polyandry in the wild. We found that mating behavior takes place for short periods of time around dawn and dusk. Our observations corroborate that males compete in aerial combats (twirling) and interfere with mating pairs. In the morning, they may use shivering to warm up. Females can twirl with males and refuse mating by pointing their abdomens upwards or by flying away. Males court females by fluttering their wings while perched behind females, and then initiate copulation by curling their abdomens ca. 180 degrees sideways to make genital contact. While in the morning, matings lasted on average one hour and twenty-three minutes and never exceeded three hours, in the evening, matings could be of similar duration, but 42% of butterflies only separated when dawn was approaching. However, such long nocturnal matings did not result in heavier spermatophores. The first spermatophore of a male tended to be larger than subsequent spermatophores. Together with previous studies on this species, our findings suggest that males compete mainly through territorial defense (as reported before), courtship performance, and interference, and to a lesser extent by providing spermatophores, while females exert some control over the mating system by the timing of their receptivity and mate choice.

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Schneider, J. C. "Effects of light intensity on mating of the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens, Diptera: Stratiomyidae)". Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 6, nr 2 (8.04.2020): 111–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jiff2019.0003.

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The irradiance (W/m2) of light to which groups of black soldier fly adults were exposed in screen cages was manipulated by varying the distance between the cages and a 100 W, white light-emitting diode (LED) chip on a 14L:10D photoperiod. After combining the sexes at the beginning of a light period (photophase), the mating status of all individuals was noted every 10 min for two consecutive photophases. Of all matings, 92% occurred during the first photophase. Mating pairs were nearly motionless and the duration of 93% of couplings was ≥20 min, so essentially all matings were observed. Cumulative probability of mating increased from an estimated 23% at an irradiance of 0.92 W/m2 to 70% at 431 W/m2. Over the same range of irradiances, average time of mating initiation decreased from an estimated 6.4 h to 3.4 h post photophase initiation so that the percentage of matings initiated 15:00 or later decreased from 50 to 0%. Consequently, the occurrence of matings more than 7 hours after photophase initiation was associated with reduced lifetime probability of mating. Peaks in the flux spectrum of the LED at 440 (indigo/blue) and 540 nm (green) coincided with published measurements of the wavelengths at which two of the classes of photoreceptors in the retina of the black soldier fly are maximally sensitive. This study suggests that mating success of reared black soldier fly can be dramatically increased by exposing the adults to light that is particularly rich in wavelengths near 440 and/or 540 nm and has an irradiance that is an appreciable fraction of the intensity of full sunlight.

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Kang, David S., Joanne M. Cunningham, Diane D. Lovin, Dave D. Chadee i David W. Severson. "Mating Competitiveness of Transgenic Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) Males Against Wild-Type Males Reared Under Simulated Field Conditions". Journal of Medical Entomology 57, nr 6 (19.06.2020): 1775–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjaa111.

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Abstract Efforts directed at genetic modification of mosquitoes for population control or replacement are highly dependent on the initial mating success of transgenic male mosquitoes following their release into natural populations. Adult mosquito phenotypes are influenced by the environmental conditions experienced as larvae. Semifield studies conducted to date have not taken that under consideration when testing male mating fitness, and have compared mating success of males reared under identical environmental conditions. We performed pairwise mating challenges between males from a genetically modified laboratory strain (BF2) versus males from a recent Trinidad field isolate of Aedes aegypti (L.), a major vector of multiple arboviruses. We utilized larval density and nutrition to simulate environmental stress experienced by the Trinidad males and females. Our results indicated that environmental stress during larval development negatively influenced the competitiveness and reproductive success of males from the Trinidad population when paired with optimum reared BF2 males. Small (0.027 m3) and large (0.216 m3) trials were conducted wherein stressed or optimum Trinidad males competed with optimum BF2 males for mating with stressed Trinidad females. When competing with stress reared Trinidad males, optimum reared BF2 males were predominant in matings with stress reared Trinidad females, and large proportions of these females mated with males of both strains. When competing with optimum reared Trinidad males, no difference in mating success was observed between them and BF2 males, and frequencies of multiple matings were low. Our results indicate that future mating competition studies should incorporate appropriate environmental conditions when designing mating fitness trials of genetically modified males.

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Wang, N., i T. M. Ozsoy. "Automatic Generation of Tolerance Chains from Mating Relations Represented in Assembly Models". Journal of Mechanical Design 115, nr 4 (1.12.1993): 757–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2919265.

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This paper presents an algorithm for generating tolerance chains from the mating relations between components of assemblies. The algorithm is developed upon a feature-based assembly modeling strategy that represents each component in close relation to its mating features, dimensions, and tolerances. The mating relations within an assembly are described by a mating graph. Tolerance chains together with their dimensions and tolerances are generated automatically by searching through a mating graph for matching mating features. A prototype program package based on the presented algorithm has been developed, and several examples of various complexity have been tested with success.

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Schmidt, H. D., C. Glavce i J. Hartog. "Influences on assortative mating". Anthropologischer Anzeiger 45, nr 3 (2.09.1987): 261–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/anthranz/45/1987/261.

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Vrech, D. E., M. A. Oviedo-Diego, P. A. Olivero i A. V. Peretti. "Successive matings produce opposite patterns on ejaculate volume and spermatozoa number in an ancient arthropod model with indirect sperm transfer". Canadian Journal of Zoology 97, nr 7 (lipiec 2019): 579–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2018-0179.

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The production of spermatophore and ejaculate is energetically expensive for males. High mating rates may accelerate sperm depletion and progressively decrease the size of the ejaculates. Sperm competition can shape spermatozoon numbers according to different signals and cues such as number of potential rivals or female mating status. Factors influencing patterns of sperm allocation have been neglected in terrestrial arthropods that transfer sperm indirectly using a complex sclerotized spermatophore deposited on the soil. We used the Neotropical scorpion Bothriurus bonariensis (C.L. Koch, 1842) to examine ejaculate volume, spermatozoon number, and spermatophore’s trunk length along three successive matings and their relationship with body size of males. Males mated and deposited a pre-insemination spermatophore every 10 days. Ejaculate volume and trunk length decreased, whereas spermatozoon number increased over matings. Male body size positively influenced ejaculate volume and trunk length interacted with mating event. High mating rates may decrease ejaculate volume. Sperm competition may produce increased spermatozoon number. Ejaculates are more energetically expensive than spermatozoa and larger males may better face the energetic requirements. Larger spermatophore trunks contain bigger ejaculate volume in the first two mating events, but this relationship disappears at the third mating event. Our discussion focuses on the factors responsible for the observed patterns.

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Kindle, Tashika K., Kristen M. Johnson, Tracie M. Ivy, Carie B. Weddle i Scott K. Sakaluk. "Female mating frequency increases with temperature in two cricket species, Gryllodes sigillatus and Acheta domesticus (Orthoptera: Gryllidae)". Canadian Journal of Zoology 84, nr 9 (wrzesień 2006): 1345–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z06-127.

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Although the effect of temperature on calling song of male crickets has been widely studied, its influence on female mating behaviour remains largely unexplored. We examined the effect of varying temperature on female mating frequency in two cricket species ( Gryllodes sigillatus (F. Walker, 1869) (= Gryllodes supplicans (F. Walker, 1859)) and Acheta domesticus L., 1758) by providing females with multiple mating partners and recording the number of matings over 72 h intervals using time-lapse video recording. Female mating frequency increased with temperature in both species, but increased more steeply in A. domesticus than in G. sigillatus. Temperature accounted for approximately 50% of the variation in female mating frequency. These results suggest that the threshold for mating in females is temperature dependent, such that at lower temperatures only certain males are able to elicit the female mounting response required for successful mating. If temperature affects female selectivity, then male mating success in different seasons may vary, with a wider range of males gaining the opportunity to copulate at warmer times of the year. Consequently, the intensity of sexual selection may vary seasonally.

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Jung, Chanju, Yong-Hyuk Kim, Yourim Yoon i Byung-Ro Moon. "A New Adaptive Hungarian Mating Scheme in Genetic Algorithms". Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2016 (2016): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3512546.

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In genetic algorithms, selection or mating scheme is one of the important operations. In this paper, we suggest an adaptive mating scheme using previously suggested Hungarian mating schemes. Hungarian mating schemes consist of maximizing the sum of mating distances, minimizing the sum, and random matching. We propose an algorithm to elect one of these Hungarian mating schemes. Every mated pair of solutions has to vote for the next generation mating scheme. The distance between parents and the distance between parent and offspring are considered when they vote. Well-known combinatorial optimization problems, the traveling salesperson problem, and the graph bisection problem are used for the test bed of our method. Our adaptive strategy showed better results than not only pure and previous hybrid schemes but also existing distance-based mating schemes.

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JOSHI, AMITABH, MICHAEL H. DO i LAURENCE D. MUELLER. "Poisson distribution of male mating success in laboratory populations of Drosophila melanogaster". Genetical Research 73, nr 3 (czerwiec 1999): 239–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016672399003730.

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Variation among males and females in reproductive success is a major determinant of effective population size. Most studies of male mating success in Drosophila, however, have been done under conditions very different from those in typical cultures. We determined the distribution of male mating success in five laboratory populations of D. melanogaster maintained on a 14 d, discrete generation cycle fairly representative of standard Drosophila cultures. Mating success was measured as the number of matings a male could achieve under conditions closely approximating a regular culture vial of these populations. Preliminary studies determined that most mating in these populations occurred within 14 h of the flies attaining sexual maturity. Consequently, individual virgin males were marked with white paint on their thorax, put into vials with varying numbers of unmarked virgin flies of both sexes, and monitored continuously for matings over a period of up to 14 h. At various times during the assay, virgin males and females were added to these vials in proportions simulating the pattern of eclosion in culture vials. The observed variation in the number of matings per male in the five populations was, by and large, consistent with a Poisson distribution, suggesting that male mating success in short-generation-time, discrete-generation laboratory cultures of D. melanogaster may fulfil a fundamental assumption of the Wright–Fisher model of genetic drift in finite populations.

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Johnson, Kristine, i Nancy Tyler Burley. "Mating Tactics and Mating Systems of Birds". Ornithological Monographs, nr 49 (styczeń 1998): 21–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40166717.

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Johnson, J., Tracie Ivy, Anne-Katrin Eggert i Scott Sakaluk. "Post-Copulatory Female Choice in Sagebrush Crickets". UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 20 (1.01.1996): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.1996.3283.

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Male sagebrush crickets (Cyphoderris strepitans) permit females to engage in an unusual form of sexual cannibalism during copulation: females feed on males' fleshy hind wings and ingest haemolymph oozing from the wounds they inflict. These wounds are not fatal, and normally only a portion of the hind wings are eaten at any one mating, so that mated males are not precluded from mating again. However, non-virgin males have fewer resources to offer females than do virgin males, such that females should be selected to preferentially mate with virgin males. Because previous work has indicated a lack of pre-copulatory female choice, we tested the hypothesis that females accept matings with non-virgin males, but discriminate against them afterwards by re-mating sooner than they otherwise would after matings with virgin males. If the last male to copulate with a female prior to egg laying does in fact sire the majority of her offspring, then such post-copulatory behavior would constitute a form of female choice. To test this, we experimentally manipulated both female diet (high protein vs. low protein), and the female's ability to feed on males' wings during mating. We predicted that females prevented from wing feeding and held on a low protein diet would remate sooner than females allowed to wing feed and held on a high protein diet. We measured the amount of time males spent calling in mating trials, and the time to first and second mountings and matings for each female. Our results reveal an effect of wing treatment on the time to first mating. Low protein females mated with winged males significantly more readily than they did with deÂwinged males. Female diet also had a significant effect on the time to first mounting. Females fed only lettuce (low protein) mounted males sooner than females provisioned with apple and a bee pollen supplement (high protein), indicating that a female's overall nutrient intake may determine her propensity to mate regardless of the mating status of the male she is paired with. No effect of diet or wing treatment was found for time to second mounting or mating.

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Beckerman, Stephen. "Mating and marriage, husbands and lovers". Behavioral and Brain Sciences 23, nr 4 (sierpień 2000): 590–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00263371.

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Human mating strategies are contingent on individual prospects. Gangestad & Simpson provide a useful framework to explore these differing prospects, but do not take sufficient account of what is known ethnographically about mating decisions. Women often do not select their own long term mates. Men often have two or more long term mates, and can invest in the offspring of short term matings also.

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Gress, Brian E., Ryan J. Waltzer, Stefan Lüpold, Elizabeth M. Droge-Young, Mollie K. Manier i Scott Pitnick. "Alternative mating tactics in the yellow dung fly: resolving mechanisms of small-male advantage off pasture". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, nr 1774 (7.01.2014): 20132164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.2164.

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Recent work suggests that the yellow dung fly mating system may include alternative patroller–competitor mating tactics in which large males compete for gravid females on dung, whereas small, non-competitive males search for females at foraging sites. Small males obtain most matings off pasture, yet the behavioural mechanism(s) giving rise to this pattern are unknown. We investigated the male and female behaviours that determine mating success in this environment by conducting field mating experiments and found small males to benefit from several attributes specific to the off-pasture mating environment. First, small males from foraging sites exhibited higher mating propensity, indicating that large males away from dung may be depleted of energy and/or sperm. Second, small males were more discriminating, being significantly less likely to attempt with non-gravid females, which are absent on dung but common off pasture. Third, non-gravid females were generally more likely to actively struggle and reject mating attempts; however, such behaviours occurred disproportionately more often with large males. Female Scathophaga stercoraria thus appear to preferentially mate with small males when off pasture. These findings challenge assumptions about male–female interactions in systems with alternative mating tactics and reveal hidden processes that may influence selection patterns in the field.

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Singh, Priya, Geetanjali Mishra i Omkar. "Impact of female mating status and female familiarity with remating interval on the reproductive success of Propylea dissecta (Mulsant) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)". Animal Biology 70, nr 3 (22.06.2020): 271–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15707563-bja10002.

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Abstract Remating rate is a fundamental parameter that acts on disease transmission, sexual dimorphism, and the rate of evolution of species. Recent studies have indicated that sperm production can be costly. It is thus likely that males may tailor their sperm expenditure according to female mating status and the remating interval between successive matings. In this study, we investigated the effects of male remating interval, female mating status and familiarity of females in the ladybird beetle Propylea dissecta (Mulsant). Ten-day-old adults were allowed to mate and, post disengagement, these adults were exposed to second mating opportunities, either immediately after the first mating, or 6, 18 or 24 h later. To assess the effect of female mating status, the males were subjected to mating with virgin and mated females. Similarly, for assessing the effects of female familiarity, males were subjected to mating with either familiar or unfamiliar females. With increasing remating interval individuals mated for longer, resulting in higher fecundity. Percent egg viability increased with increased remating interval and was highest at 24 h. Mated and unfamiliar females were found to be more fecund than virgin females. Mated females produced a higher number of viable eggs than virgins, suggesting that multiple mating and promiscuity are essential for maximizing the reproductive success of both sexes.

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Greenwood, Jeremy, Nezih Guner, Georgi Kocharkov i Cezar Santos. "Marry Your Like: Assortative Mating and Income Inequality". American Economic Review 104, nr 5 (1.05.2014): 348–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.104.5.348.

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Has there been an increase in positive assortative mating? Does assortative mating contribute to household income inequality? Data from the United States Census Bureau suggests there has been a rise in assortative mating. Additionally, assortative mating affects household income inequality. In particular, if matching in 2005 between husbands and wives had been random, instead of the pattern observed in the data, then the Gini coefficient would have fallen from the observed 0.43 to 0.34, so that income inequality would be smaller. Thus, assortative mating is important for income inequality. The high level of married female labor-force participation in 2005 is important for this result.

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Koenig, Walter D. "Levels of Female Choice in the White-Tailed Skimmer Plathemis Lydia (Odonata: Libellulidae)". Behaviour 119, nr 3-4 (1991): 193–224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853991x00445.

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AbstractMale Plathemis lydia defend mating territories along the perimeter of ponds. Females come to ponds for brief periods of time every few days to oviposit. During these visits, females actively discriminate among males, rejecting up to 48.9 % of mating attempts. Males varied significantly in the proportion of attempts successfully leading to copulation. However, males that obtained more matings also experienced more rejections. Extensive analyses based on absolute male size, relative male size, and male size relative to female size yielded only marginally significant evidence of female mate preference based on body mass, wing length, wing loading index, or age; to the extent that any of these characters appeared to influence mating success, they similarly influenced refusal rates. The overall weakness of female mate choice is further suggested by the frequency of females ovipositing without prior matings and by the low frequency with which females remate with the same males. On a population basis, females strongly prefer to oviposit in the middle of the day and at particular parts of the study pond. Thus, females exhibit strong choice at several levels. However, despite the high incidence of active female rejection and high variance in male mating success, mate choice is apparently of minor importance in this population. Female discrimination of males, combined with variance in male mating success, are necessary but not sufficient for the action of sexual selection via mate choice. These findings support the prediction that male-male competition is of primary importance in resource control mating systems in which males are able to control female access to most or all favored oviposition sites. However, it is not clear why females generally fail to discriminate among males, given that they have the opportunity to do so. In general, females appear to have low motivation to mate with males, presumably because multiple mating does not significantly increase their fertility or fecundity. Selection for rapid mating may be significant, both because of predation on females during mating and oviposition and because of the risks for males of losing their territories during mating bouts. This time constraint may be the most important factor limiting female discrimination among males on the basis of consistent characteristics.

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35

Böll, S., i K. E. Linsenmair. "Size-dependent male reproductive success and size-assortative mating in the midwife toad Alytes obstetricans". Amphibia-Reptilia 19, nr 1 (1998): 75–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853898x00340.

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AbstractIn a field population of the midwife toad, Alytes obstetricans, a temperate zone species with extensive paternal care, size-assortative mating was observed. During the more favourable mating season of 1987, larger males carried bigger single clutches, as expected from assortative matings. Furthermore, larger males experienced higher mating success over the whole season as well as during single egg carrying intervals. However, during the extraordinarily dry breeding period of 1988, no size-related male mating success was found. Males were in both years highly successful caretakers as far as hatching success of the tadpoles was concerned. Brood care was associated with conditional costs for egg-carrying males in 1988, but not in 1987. Neither hatching success nor hatching size of the tadpoles were correlated with male size. Possible causes, leading to the observed mating advantage of larger-sized males in some years, but not in others, are discussed.

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Burke, Nathan W., i Gregory I. Holwell. "Increased male mating success in the presence of prey and rivals in a sexually cannibalistic mantis". Behavioral Ecology 32, nr 4 (3.04.2021): 574–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arab022.

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Abstract Precopulatory sexual cannibalism—or cannibalism without mating—is expected to promote the evolution of male strategies that enhance mating success and reduce the risk of cannibalism, such as preferentially approaching feeding females. Sexual selection on male competitiveness has the potential to alter male mating decisions in the face of cannibalism risk, but such effects are poorly understood. We investigated the effect of prey availability and male–male competition on mating incidence in the highly cannibalistic Springbok mantis, Miomantis caffra. We found that matings were initiated more rapidly and more often in the presence of prey, suggesting that females distracted with foraging may be less of a threat. Competition between males also hastened the onset of copulation and led to higher mating success, with very large effects occurring in the presence of both prey and competitors, indicating that intrasexual competition may intensify attraction to foraging females. Taken together, our results suggest that precopulatory cannibalism has selected for male preference for foraging females and that males adjust their mating strategy to both the risk of competition and the threat of cannibalism.

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Rueppell, Olav, Nels Johnson i Jan Rychtář. "Variance-based selection may explain general mating patterns in social insects". Biology Letters 4, nr 3 (25.03.2008): 270–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2008.0065.

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Female mating frequency is one of the key parameters of social insect evolution. Several hypotheses have been suggested to explain multiple mating and considerable empirical research has led to conflicting results. Building on several earlier analyses, we present a simple general model that links the number of queen matings to variance in colony performance and this variance to average colony fitness. The model predicts selection for multiple mating if the average colony succeeds in a focal task, and selection for single mating if the average colony fails, irrespective of the proximate mechanism that links genetic diversity to colony fitness. Empirical support comes from interspecific comparisons, e.g. between the bee genera Apis and Bombus, and from data on several ant species, but more comprehensive empirical tests are needed.

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Lundmark, Cathy. "Mating Success". BioScience 57, nr 3 (1.03.2007): 304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1641/b570323.

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Kjoss, Victoria. "Mating Slugs". Blue Jay 69, nr 4 (25.12.2011): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/bluejay333.

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Zakour, John. "Modern mating". Nature 448, nr 7151 (lipiec 2007): 386. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/448386a.

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Mack, E. "Mating Dance". Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment 16, nr 4 (1.10.2009): 817–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isle/isp099.

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Whalley, Katherine. "Mating decisions". Nature Reviews Neuroscience 15, nr 8 (18.07.2014): 496. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3796.

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Klopper, Abigail. "Multifractal mating". Nature Physics 10, nr 3 (28.02.2014): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphys2915.

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Nazareth, Peter, i Lewis Nkosi. "Mating Birds". World Literature Today 61, nr 4 (1987): 672. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40143963.

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Nicholson, Craig. "Mating games". Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9, nr 2 (luty 2008): 80–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn2316.

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Weitzman, Jonathan B. "Moth mating". Genome Biology 3 (2002): spotlight—20021028–02. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/gb-spotlight-20021028-02.

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Seeman, Mary V. "Assortative Mating". Psychiatric Services 63, nr 2 (luty 2012): 174–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201100164.

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Li, Gege. "Mating moves". New Scientist 247, nr 3297 (sierpień 2020): 28–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(20)31500-1.

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GARDNER, RUSSELL. "Mating calls". Nature 344, nr 6266 (kwiecień 1990): 495. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/344495b0.

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POMIANKOWSKI, ANDREW, i TIM GUILFORD. "Mating calls". Nature 344, nr 6266 (kwiecień 1990): 495–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/344495c0.

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