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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Matières plastiques biodégradables – Environnement"
Deroiné, Morgan. "Étude du vieillissement de biopolymères en milieu marin". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lorient, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORIS354.
Pełny tekst źródłaPollution of nature by plastics is a major environmental problem and better management of the lifetime of polymers is a major challenge for the future. In recent years, bio-based and biodegradable polymers, such as polylactide (PLA), or polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) have appeared as an alternative solution in order to solve these problems. One of the limits remains the relative lack of knowledge of their lifetime and degradation behaviour in aqueous environments, and more specifically in the marine environment. In this study natural and accelerated ageing tests were performed under several conditions, distilled water, filtered and renewed seawater and natural seawater, at different temperatures, in order to decouple enzymatic and hydrolytic mechanisms. The aim of this study is to establish a baseline on degradation mechanisms and kinetics, in order to make lifetime predictions of biopolymer behaviour in seawater.Degradation phenomena have been identified. Biodegradation tests were also performed in a marine environment by following the release of CO2. Then, lifetime predictions of the properties of these biopolymers at seawater temperature were made using two different approaches
Deroiné, Morgan. "Étude du vieillissement de biopolymères en milieu marin". Thesis, Lorient, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORIS354/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaPollution of nature by plastics is a major environmental problem and better management of the lifetime of polymers is a major challenge for the future. In recent years, bio-based and biodegradable polymers, such as polylactide (PLA), or polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) have appeared as an alternative solution in order to solve these problems. One of the limits remains the relative lack of knowledge of their lifetime and degradation behaviour in aqueous environments, and more specifically in the marine environment. In this study natural and accelerated ageing tests were performed under several conditions, distilled water, filtered and renewed seawater and natural seawater, at different temperatures, in order to decouple enzymatic and hydrolytic mechanisms. The aim of this study is to establish a baseline on degradation mechanisms and kinetics, in order to make lifetime predictions of biopolymer behaviour in seawater.Degradation phenomena have been identified. Biodegradation tests were also performed in a marine environment by following the release of CO2. Then, lifetime predictions of the properties of these biopolymers at seawater temperature were made using two different approaches
Peyrat, Eric. "Nouveau composite biodégradable obtenu à partir de maïs plante entière : étude du procédé de transformation thermo-mécano-chimique en extrudeur bi-vis et de la mise en forme par injection-moulage". Toulouse, INPT, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000INPT100G.
Pełny tekst źródłaBidoret, Aurélie. "Protection par encapsulation de l’enzyme lors de l’incorporation dans des plastiques biodégradables". Nantes, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NANT079F.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe development of biodegradable plastics by incorporating of enzymes is one of the potential solutions to the growing problems of domestic and industrial wastes. The objective of this thesis is to develop four existing encapsulation methods providing protection for the enzymes used in biodegradable plastics. The first method consist of forming polylacticacid (PLA) microspheres by using encapsulation by solvent evaporation
Cazaudehore, Guillaume. "Méthanisation des plastiques biodégradables : performances et diversité microbienne". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Pau, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022PAUU3002.
Pełny tekst źródłaGrowing concern regarding non-biodegradable plastics and the impact of these materials on the environment has promoted interest in biodegradable plastics. Biodegradable plastics offer additional waste management options (e.g., anaerobic digestion or composting) over conventional plastics. However, the treatment of biodegradable plastics under anaerobic digestion is only in its infancy. Therefore, the aim of this thesis was to investigate the fate of biodegradable plastics in anaerobic digestion systems and the microorganisms involved in the plastic conversion to methane.For this purpose, batch anaerobic digestion experiments were performed on the main biodegradable polymers and on three commercial blends of biodegradable polymer, under both mesophilic and thermophilic conditions. Only Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and Thermoplastic starch (TPS) exhibited rapid (25-50 days) and important (57-80.3% and 80.2-82.6%, respectively) conversion to methane under both mesophilic and thermophilic condition. Methane production rates from poly(lactic acid) (PLA) was very low under mesophilic condition, to such an extent that 500 days were required to reach the ultimate methane production, corresponding to a PLA conversion to methane of 74.7-80.3%. Methane production rate from PLA was greatly enhanced under thermophilic condition since only 60 to 100 days were required to reach the same ultimate methane production. Lactate-utilizing bacteria such as Tepidimicrobium, Moorella and Tepidanaerobacter were revealed to be important during the thermophilic digestion of PLA. Similarly, starch-degrading bacteria (from Clostridium genus) were highlighted during TPS digestion at 38 °C and 58°C. Previously known PHB degraders (i.e., Enterobacter, Ilyobacter delafieldii and Cupriavidus) were observed during mesophilic and thermophilic AD of PHB. The low biodegradation rate of most of the biodegradable plastics in mesophilic anaerobic digesters is a major hindrance to their introduction at industrial scale. Thermal (at 120 or 150 °C) and thermo-alkaline (at 70°C or 90 °C with calcium hydroxide addition) pretreatments were successfully implemented on PLA. These strategies were tested on PLA, which is one of the main biodegradable polymer, accounting for 25% of the biodegradable plastic production. PLA pretreated with these treatments, achieved biodegradation yield of 73% after 15-20 days; a similar biodegradation yield was obtained after 500 days for untreated PLA.PHB and PLA are among the most studied polymer to replace conventional plastics. Finally, the stability and performances of the co-digestion of these plastics (with and without PLA pretreatment) with food wastes fed semi-continuously under mesophilic conditions was investigated. The addition of biodegradable plastics resulted in a more stable process (in comparison with stand-alone biowastes reactor) and no negative effects could be detected. PHB was estimated to be fully biodegraded in the reactors. By contrast, PLA was accumulating in the reactor, and an average biodegradation of 47.6% was estimated during the third hydraulic retention time. Thermo-alkaline pretreatment of PLA improved the biodegradation yield of PLA to 77.5%. The identification of specific microorganisms implicated in the biodegradable plastic degradation was complicated; the majority of the microorganisms correlated with the methane production from reactors co-digesting PLA and PHB were implicated in the anaerobic digestion of the biowaste, which can be explained by the low proportion of biodegradable plastics introduced
Jacob-Vaillancourt, Colin. "Caractérisation avancée et valorisation des plastiques mélangés postconsommation : étude de cas chez Gaudreau Environnement inc". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/28305.
Pełny tekst źródłaLes plus récents estimés indiquent que seulement 32% des plastiques post-consommation (emballages, sacs et contenants) sont récupérés par la collecte sélective des matières recyclables au Québec, et une quantité probablement encore moindre est réellement recyclée. Pourtant, le recyclage a été identifié comme une des stratégies clés permettant la mise en place d’une véritable économie circulaire des plastiques. Présentement, un manque de données précises et transférables entre les acteurs de la chaîne de valeurs rend plus difficile l’application de mesures efficaces pour augmenter la qualité des plastiques voués au recyclage thermomécanique. De plus, il existe peu de solutions de recyclage pour les flux de plastiques fortement hétérogènes, alors que la diversité des emballages disponibles sur le marché est sans cesse croissante. Ce travail de recherche avait pour objectif d’étudier la qualité des plastiques mélangés en provenance du centre de tri de Gaudreau Environnement Inc., et de développer une technologie de recyclage applicable aux flux hétérogènes de plastiques. Une caractérisation combinant des équipements industriels et des analyses de laboratoire a permis de dégager un taux de qualité correspondant à la concentration réelle d’un polymère visé dans un échantillon trié par séparateur optique. De plus, la caractérisation des contaminants a démontré que les plastiques faits de polystyrène et de polyvinyle chloré sont sujets à de grandes variations de qualité. Une méthode de recyclage de ces plastiques est proposée ici, soit l’utilisation d’agrégats de plastiques recyclés comme substituts au sable pour des mélanges expérimentaux de béton. Le plastique a généré des bétons ayant une plus grande ténacité élastique et une résistance thermique plus élevée que le béton conventionnel. Cette technique de recyclage a semblé convenir aux flux hétérogènes de plastiques, notamment lorsque plusieurs types de polymères sont présents, car les critères de qualité diffèrent de ceux employés pour évaluer les plastiques voués au recyclage thermomécanique conventionnel.
According to recent estimates, only 32% of all postconsumer plastics are collected by curbside collection programs in the province of Quebec (CANADA), and an even smaller amount may be actually recycled into new products. Recycling has nonetheless been identified as one of the key strategies needed to enable a transition to a fully circular economy for plastics. At this time, a lack of precise data, transferable between all stakeholders of the plastics value chain, prevents the implementation of efficient measures to upgrade the quality of plastics channelled towards thermomechanical recycling. Also, very few recycling techniques are designed for heterogeneous plastic streams, while an increasingly varied array of plastic packaging is found on the consumer market. This research aimed to study the quality of a mixed plastics stream produced by Gaudreau Environnement Inc.’s material recovery facility, and develop a recycling technique able to process an heterogeneous plastic stream. A combination of industrial machineries and laboratory analyses was used to characterize the quality of the mixed plastics, and a quality index was generated to estimate the concentration of a targeted polymer in a sorted plastic stream. A characterization of contaminants showed that polystyrene and polyvinyl chloride streams experienced more variation in terms of quality for recycling. A potential valorization route was investigated, where recycled plastic aggregates were substituted to sand in experimental concrete blends. Plastic aggregates helped confer greater elastic toughness and a higher thermal resistance to concrete. Plastic aggregates with a high bulk density, such as those derived from PVC, generated concretes with the best mechanical performances. This recycling technique seems promising for heterogeneous plastic streams, particularly when several polymers are present, since its quality parameters differ from conventional thermomechanical recycling.
Martin, Olivier. "Etude de la coextrusion de systèmes biodégradables à base d'amidon de blé plastifié". Reims, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001REIMS013.
Pełny tekst źródłaSharkawi, Tahmer. "Étude de facteurs susceptibles d'influencer la biofonctionnalité de nouvelles prothèses endovasculaires temporaires à base de polymère biorésorbable". Montpellier 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON13512.
Pełny tekst źródłaLongieras, Antoine. "Mise au point d'un milieu solide inerte pour l'étude de la biodégradation des polymères dans le compost". Reims, 2005. http://theses.univ-reims.fr/exl-doc/GED00000336.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe purpose of our research was to set up a vermiculite based inert solid medium which allows us to enhance reproductibility of biodegradation tests in compost, to simulate degradation of materials in compost and to establish carbon balance. In a first step, wheat starch has been used as a model biodegradable polymer and we have shown that degradation of this product in an inert solid medium was similar to the degradation in compost. A carbon balance has been established with a satisfactory accuracy. In a second step, we have applied the method to the degradation of synthetic biodegradable polymer such as PLA of PHB. A carbon extraction protocol based on PLA hydrolysis in NaOH has been proposed and we have followed the evolution of the various terms of the PLA degradation carbon balance, Biomass, carbon dioxide, soluble by-products and remaining polymer. A different protocol has been proposed of PHB based on biomass oxidation but it still needs some improvement. This work constitutes a first approach in polymer inert solid media degradation tests and it highlights the fundamental steps which further work should be focused on
Kedzierski, Mikaël. "Pollutions du milieu littoral par les microplastiques : Méthodes d’évaluation". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lorient, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORIS464.
Pełny tekst źródłaPlastics are technical materials necessary for industrialized societies. However, in the early 2000s, plastic particles of about ten microns were observed in seawater samples. These are called "microplastics". Their presence in most environments has been progressively highlighted making it an anthropocene marker. Moreover, these particles interact with environments and may carry toxic additives or micropollutants. However, scientific and technical barriers limit this accurate evaluation. In this context, the aims of this work are (1) to determine the most efficient and cost- effective extraction conditions of microplastics trapped in sand and (2) to evaluate the toxicity due to the interactions between micropollutants and aged plastics, which can occur in the marine environment. Thus, an elutriation system prototype has been built and an adapted protocol developed to efficiently extract microplastics from sand. In order to determine the optimal elutriation flow velocities, a simple numerical model based on hydrodynamic equations has been developed. This numerical model has been validated by comparing theoretical and experimental results. However, these results also demonstrate that process optimization was required: based on different constraints, for example the time needed to achieve the elutriation or the size of the column, new data on the design have been acquired. The evolution of the surface state and the toxicity of 3 types of plastic (PVC, PET and PBAT) immersed in the marine environment during 550 days was studied on Kernevel harbor (Larmor-Plage, France). The results of the plastics ageing show very different behaviors. PBAT ages faster than PVC whereas PET does not exhibit large modifications. The aging of PVC is accompanied by a loss of compounders characterized by an estrogenic activity and by the adsorption of heavy metals. In the marine environment, the degradation of the PBAT surface forms cavities in which clay particles can be trapped. Moreover, in a more punctual manner than PVC, this material exhibit strong estrogenic activities
Książki na temat "Matières plastiques biodégradables – Environnement"
La guerre du pochon: Paradoxes pour un écocitoyen. [Paris]: Éd. Yago, 2006.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródłaGalatea, Maman, red. The plastic bag war: Paradoxes for the eco-citizen. [Paris]: Éd. Yago, 2006.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródłaGreen biorenewable biocomposites: From knowledge to industrial applications. Oakville, Canada: Apple Academic Press, 2014.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródłaW, Shalaby Shalaby, i Burg Karen J. L, red. Absorbable biodegradable polymers: Contemporary topics. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2004.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródłaL, Reis Rui, i San Román Julio, red. Biodegradable systems in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2005.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródłaL, Reis Rui, i San Román Julio, red. Biodegradable systems in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2005.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródłaFakirov, Stoyko. Biodegradable Polyesters. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2015.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródłaFakirov, Stoyko. Biodegradable Polyesters. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2015.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródłaFakirov, Stoyko. Biodegradable Polyesters. Wiley & Sons, Limited, John, 2015.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródłaAshter, Syed Ali. Introduction to Bioplastics Engineering. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2016.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródłaCzęści książek na temat "Matières plastiques biodégradables – Environnement"
Verney, Vincent, i Vincent Verney. "4. Matériaux polymères et environnement". W Matières plastiques, 123–37. Dunod, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/dunod.carre.2017.02.0123.
Pełny tekst źródła"Bibliographie". W Matières plastiques et environnement, 319–20. Dunod, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/dunod.duval.2009.01.0319.
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