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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Material Industry - Energetics of Chemical Process"
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Cicic, Dumitru Titi, Corneliu Rontescu, Ana Maria Bogatu, Catalin Gheorghe Amza i Oana Roxana Chivu. "The Influence of the Deposit Parameters on the Medium Chemical Composition of the Welded Joint". Revista de Chimie 68, nr 10 (15.11.2017): 2261–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.17.10.5867.
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Recipient type products from energetic and chemical industry undergo a wide combined process of corrosion and ware, due to working environment. In order to put this products back in use, in a shorter period of time, welding reconditioning procedures are applied which mainly aim to restore the geometrical configuration but also the characteristics growth. Any welding technology applied, involves melting a filler material but also a part of the base material, mixing them, thereby obtaining the welded joint. The paper present the experimental results obtained in determining the optimal parameters for Metal Active Gas welding deposit that are going to be used for the restoration of some components from energetic and chemical industry and that are highlighting the dependence between the deposit parameters and the chemical composition of the juncture.
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Rodrigues, Sandra Iara Furtado Costa, José Henrique Stringhini, Márcio Ceccantini, Antonio Mário Penz Júnior, Andrea Machado Leal Ribeiro, Vanessa Peripolli i Concepta Margaret McManus. "CHEMICAL AND ENERGETIC CONTENT OF CORN BEFORE AND AFTER PRE-CLEANING". Ciência Animal Brasileira 16, nr 2 (czerwiec 2015): 158–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1089-6891v16i217226.
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The poultry industry normally has little control over the raw material that arrives at the processing plant. This experiment aimed to evaluate chemical and energetic quality of corn obtained in a feed mill before and after pre-cleaning. Twenty samples of 30 kg of corn each were taken from trucks delivering corn to the mill. The trucks were then unloaded and the material passed through a pre-cleaning process when another sample was taken. Samples were graded and physical properties evaluated: density (g/L), grain percentages of foreign material, impurities, fragments, broken, soft, insect damaged, fire-burnt, fermented, damaged, cracked and fine particles, as well as chemical composition analysis: Apparent metabolizable energy for poultry (AME), ether extract (EE), crude fiber (CF), starch (STA), water activity (WA), crude protein (CP), digestible and total lysine, methionine, cystine, threonine, tryptophan, valine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, histidine and arginine. The experiment was a randomized design with two treatments (before and after pre-cleaning) and twenty replications. Data was analyzed using SAS ® and treatment differences obtained using F test. Correlations and principal components were calculated. There was a decrease in density after the pre-cleaning process, which was probably due to the removal of earth and stones rather than grain and its fractions. Significant increases were found for insect damage, fermented and damaged grain while fire-burn was significantly reduced after the pre-cleaning process. Starch increased after pre-cleaning which is a result of contaminants that normally are poor in this carbohydrate, but fiber levels increased too. Apparent metabolizable energy, aminoacids, digestible (P<0.05) and total (P<0.05) histidine, total lysine and methionine (P<0.1) levels were reduced after pre-cleaning. Density was higher when there were fewer impurities such as straw, husk or small grains. Broken corn was positively correlated (P<0.05) with foreign material (0.63) and fragments (0.76), while proportion of damaged corn was positively correlated with foreign material (0.68), fragments (0.58) and broken corn (0.83). In this study, even in samples classified as excellent quality before pre-cleaning, the pre-cleaning process was effective in reducing humidity and water activity which helps control the growth of fungi or other microorganisms. Starch and fiber levels increased after pre-cleaning while apparent metabolizable energy levels was not improved by pre-cleaning.
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Roman, Kamil, Michał Roman, Dominika Szadkowska, Jan Szadkowski i Emilia Grzegorzewska. "Evaluation of Physical and Chemical Parameters According to Energetic Willow (Salix viminalis L.) Cultivation". Energies 14, nr 10 (20.05.2021): 2968. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14102968.
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The aim of this study was the investigation of the effect of growth conditions of energy willow (Salix viminalis L.) on its physical and chemical parameters towards lignocellulosic biofuels. This work is linked to the global trend of replacing fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) with energy and renewable fuels. This energy transition is dictated by the reduction of the human-induced greenhouse effect (to the greatest extent by industrial development). Changing from traditional to renewable energy sources results in industry becoming less dependent on fuels whose sources are beginning to run out, and in energy processing being broken down into smaller sectors with greater flexibility to change and less susceptibility to failure. The use of lignocellulosic raw materials such as wood, straw, food industry waste, wood, and post-consumer products such as old furniture for energy purposes allows the use of substances which bind the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide in their cellular structure during growth. In order to optimise the costs of producing such energy and minimise its impact on the environment, these plants should be located as close as possible to the source of raw materials. One of the most important characteristics for the profitability of energy production from woody biomass is a high biomass yield. For this purpose, the raw material used for this study was energy willow (Salix viminalis L.) seedlings, which are often used for energy crops. Due to the moisture-loving nature of the substrate, the effect of the addition of the active substance prednisonum as a catalyst for water adsorption from the substrate was investigated. In order to determine the substances formed during the thermal decomposition of energy willow (Salix viminalis L.) wood, a pyrolysis process was carried out at 450 °C using pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry (PY/GC-MS).
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Figueiró, Clarissa Gusmão, Angélica de Cássia Oliveira Carneiro, Lucas De Freitas Fialho, Carlos Miguel Simões Da Silva i Letícia Costa Peres. "ENERGETIC VALORIZATION OF SAWMILL RESIDUES THROUGH SLOW PYROLISIS PROCESS". FLORESTA 49, nr 1 (17.12.2018): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/rf.v49i1.57647.
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Brazil is a large producer of sawmill wastes, commonly used to supply boilers and produce energy. In order to reduce unwanted characteristics of the material, thermochemical conversions through carbonization is an alternative. The aim of this study is to characterize the energetic proprieties of raw biomass and pyrolyzed biomass of sawmill residues. In order to analyze the environmental impact in the emission of pyrolysis gases, the behavior of gases during the thermic treatment was determined. Eucalyptus sp. and Pinus sp. residues slow pyrolysis was performed in an electric kiln, whose gases were conducted through a condensable gas recovery system and an online gas analyzer. The charcoal, bio-oil and non-condensable gases yields were estimated. The wood’s and charcoal’s proximate analysis (extractives, lignin, holocellulosis, ash content), higher heating value, equilibrium moisture and density were appraised. The wood’s chemical components were esteemed. Hardwood and softwood’s charcoal presented several differences, especially in yields due to types of lignin. Hardwoods produce a higher amount of acetic acid in slow pyrolysis. This acid was converted, mainly, in carbon dioxide and e a minor extent in methane and carbon monoxide. The gas release was affected by the temperature and wood’s composition. The main gases resulting from the slow pyrolysis of wood are CO2, CO, CH4, H2. The emission of this gases to the atmosphere in addition to increasing the environmental impact caused by the industry is still a waste of energy that could be harnessed more efficiently. Pyrolysis increased the energetic characteristics of sawmill waste. However, in spite of the advantages of carbonization, ways to mitigate the emission of gases emitted in an operational scale should be evaluated.
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Marek, Jaromír. "State-of-the-Art Water Treatment in Czech Power Sector: Industry-Proven Case Studies Showing Economic and Technical Benefits of Membrane and Other Novel Technologies for Each Particular Water Cycle". Membranes 11, nr 2 (30.01.2021): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11020098.
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The article first summarizes case studies on the three basic types of treated water used in power plants and heating stations. Its main focus is Czechia as the representative of Eastern European countries. Water as the working medium in the power industry presents the three most common cycles—the first is make-up water for boilers, the second is cooling water and the third is represented by a specific type of water (e.g., liquid waste mixtures, primary and secondary circuits in nuclear power plants, turbine condensate, etc.). The water treatment technologies can be summarized into four main groups—(1) filtration (coagulation) and dosing chemicals, (2) ion exchange technology, (3) membrane processes and (4) a combination of the last two. The article shows the ideal industry-proven technology for each water cycle. Case studies revealed the economic, technical and environmental advantages/disadvantages of each technology. The percentage of technologies operated in energetics in Eastern Europe is briefly described. Although the work is conceived as an overview of water treatment in real operation, its novelty lies in a technological model of the treatment of turbine condensate, recycling of the cooling tower blowdown plus other liquid waste mixtures, and the rejection of colloidal substances from the secondary circuit in nuclear power plants. This is followed by an evaluation of the potential novel technologies and novel materials.
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Carnevale, Monica, Enrico Paris, Beatrice Vincenti, Adriano Palma, Mariangela Salerno, Ettore Guerriero, Raffaele Mancini, Marco Calcopietro i Francesco Gallucci. "Combustion and Emission Analysis of Spent Mushroom Compost and Forestry Woodchip for Management and Energy Production". Fire 6, nr 1 (29.12.2022): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire6010009.
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Forestry woodchip and spent mushroom compost have commercial potential as sustainable residues in biological and chemical processes for energy production. This study focuses on the evaluation of agri-food industry waste energy valorization, with the aim to reduce the valuable biomass utilization for energy production without decreasing the process quality, thereby pursuing economic and environmental advantages. Burning trials were conducted in a fluidized bed biomass plant provided with emission abatement systems. The biomass mixture used for combustion was composed of pine and oak woodchip and spent mushroom compost. The biomass used was first characterized through compositional and energetic analysis, and subsequently, during the burning tests, a monitoring sampling campaign was carried out to analyze the gas and particles emission. Optimal combustion conditions were observed during combustion, with good oxidation of the organic material, relatively high CO2 production, and low CO concentration in flue gas. Nevertheless, SO2 concentrations in the combustion flue gas are greater than those found in the combustion of the most commonly used biomasses. In fact, the mixture compositional characterization revealed a non-negligible concentration of sulfur, which explains the high values of SO2 detected in emission. The obtained results confirm that controlled combustion, together with suitable biomasses utilization, preliminary characterization, and emission monitoring, are essential practices for the realization of a sustainable process, both from an energy and environmental point of view.
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Gucwa, M., J. Winczek, R. Bęczkowski i M. Dośpiał. "Structure and Properties of Coatings Made with Self Shielded Cored Wire". Archives of Foundry Engineering 16, nr 3 (1.09.2016): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/afe-2016-0046.
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Abstract The welding technologies are widely used for design of protection layer against wear and corrosion. Hardfacing, which is destined for obtaining coatings with high hardness, takes special place in these technologies. One of the most effective way of hardfacing is using self shielded flux cored arc welding (FCAW-S). Chemical composition obtained in flux cored wire is much more rich in comparison to this obtained in solid wire. The filling in flux cored wires can be enriched for example with the mixture of hard particles or phases with specified ratio, which is not possible for solid wires. This is the reason why flux cored wires give various possibilities of application of this kind of filler material for improving surface in mining industry, processing of minerals, energetic etc. In the present paper the high chromium and niobium flux cored wire was used for hardfacing process with similar heat input. The work presents studies of microstructures of obtained coatings and hardness and geometric properties of them. The structural studies were made with using optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction that allowed for identification of carbides and other phases obtained in the structures of deposited materials. Investigated samples exhibit differences in coating structures made with the same heat input 4,08 kJ/mm. There are differences in size, shape and distribution of primary and eutectic carbides in structure. These differences cause significant changes in hardness of investigated coatings.
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Grotto, Carlos Guilherme Lopes, Adão Marcos Ferreira Costa, Carla Jovania Gomes Colares i Douglas Henrique Pereira. "Caracterização da biomassa de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar com vistas energéticas". ForScience 9, nr 1 (1.04.2021): e00928. http://dx.doi.org/10.29069/forscience.2021v9n1.e928.
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A utilização de biomassas residuais de plantas utilizadas na agroindústria tem sido crescente. O bagaço de cana-de-açúcar se destaca nesse cenário, já que a cultura da planta é muito difundida, gerando grandes quantidades desse resíduo. Neste contexto é necessário entender as características dessa biomassa para poder otimizar a geração de energia. Diante do exposto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar e avaliar o potencial energético da biomassa de cana-de-açúcar por meio da análise dos principais parâmetros que influenciam esse processo. Foram realizadas análises de poder calorífico superior, análises químicas imediatas, infravermelho e análise elementar, com o intuito de avaliar o potencial energético desse material. Observou-se bom nível de poder calorífico superior, 4309,50 kcal kg-1, além de teores baixos de cinzas, 0,95%, fatores que podem explicar a grande utilização da biomassa de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar para a geração de energia direta, principalmente na indústria. Palavras-chave: Resíduos. Cana-de-açúcar. Fonte de energia. Characterization of sugar cane bagasse biomass with energy views Abstract The use of residual biomass from plants used in agribusiness has been increasing. The sugarcane bagasse stands out in this scenario, since the plant's culture is very widespread, generating large amounts of this residue. In this context, it is necessary to understand the characteristics of this biomass in order to optimize the energy generation. With the above, the present study had as objective characterize and evaluate energy potential of sugarcane biomass through the analysis of the main parameters that influence the process. Analyzes of superior calorific power, immediate chemical analyzes, infrared and elementary analysis were carried out, in order to evaluate the energetic potential of this material. A good level of higher calorific value was observed, 4309.50 kcal kg-1, in addition to low ash content, 0.95%, factors that may explain the great use of sugarcane bagasse for direct energy generation, mainly in industry. Keywords: Waste. Sugarcane. Energy source.
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Frankowski, Jakub, Maciej Zaborowicz, Jacek Dach, Wojciech Czekała i Jacek Przybył. "Biological Waste Management in the Case of a Pandemic Emergency and Other Natural Disasters. Determination of Bioenergy Production from Floricultural Waste and Modeling of Methane Production Using Deep Neural Modeling Methods". Energies 13, nr 11 (11.06.2020): 3014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13113014.
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In relation to the situation caused by the pandemic, which may also take place in the future, there is a need to find effective solutions to improve the economic situation of the floristry industry. The production and sale of flowers is time-consuming and long-term. Therefore, any information that causes the impossibility of selling the plants will result in a reduction of profitability or bankruptcy of such companies. Research on rationally utilizing biowaste from plant cultivation as well as unsold flowers for environmental protection and effective use of their potential as a raw material for bioenergy production were examined in this article. The aim of this study was to analyze the energetic potential of the biodegradable fraction of waste from floriculture. The trials included floricultural waste containing the stems, leaves and flowers of different species and hybrid tulips (Tulipa L.), roses (Rosa L.), sunflowers (Helianthus L.) and chrysanthemums (Dendranthema Des Moul.). Their biogas and methane production as well as heat of combustion were determined experimentally. The calorific value was calculated on the basis of results from selected floricultural waste and its chemical composition. The biogas production was tested on different levels of plant material fragmentation (chaff, macerate) in fermentation processes with two ranges of temperature (meso- and thermophilic fermentation). The presented results show that the highest calorific values were determined for dry stems of roses (18,520 kJ/kg) and sunflowers (18,030 kJ/kg). In turn, the lowest were obtained for dried chrysanthemums and tulips, for which the heating value reached 15,560 kJ/kg and 15,210 kJ/kg. In addition, based on one ton of the fresh mass of biowaste from floriculture, the largest biogas production including the control was obtained from the chrysanthemum chaff by mesophilic anaerobic digestion. Moreover, the largest volume of methane was received by thermophilic anaerobic digestion of roses. The highest content of biomethane (56.68%) was reached by thermophilic fermentation of roses. The energy production of the analyzed substrates was also calculated, based on the amount of biogas produced in the containers for anaerobic digestion. Additionally, a deep neural network model, which predicted the production of methane gas, was created. Owing to the properties of the network, the level of significance of variables used for modelling and prediction of biogas production was determined. The neural modelling process was carried out with the use of the H2O program.
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Catureba, Rafaela Pedroso, Aldelio Bueno Caldeira i Rodrigo Otávio de Castro Guedes. "Numerical Simulation of the TNT Solidification Process". Defence Science Journal 69, nr 4 (15.07.2019): 336–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.69.13536.
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The solidification phenomenon is present in the casting process of energetic materials. In defence industry, trinitrotoluene (TNT) is used as main charge for high explosive ammunitions. The present study tackles the numerical simulation of the solidification process of TNT by means of a two-dimensional transient model in cylindrical coordinates. The heat conduction problem is solved by using the enthalpy method that rewrites the governing equation in terms of this variable. The transient diffusive equation is then numerically solved by applying finite volumes in an explicit scheme. The analysis the mold thickness and the convective boundary conditions are analysed to assess how they affect heat transfer during solidification. Results obtained allow for a better comprehension of this type of problem.
Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Material Industry - Energetics of Chemical Process"
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Chang, Tsung-Sheng, i 常宗盛. "Using ARIS to Construct An Analysis Model of Business Process-A Case Study on the Chemical Material Industry". Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/33539080752812615332.
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碩士立德管理學院
科技管理研究所
91
The impact of the information system implemented by business on the Internet-age spans different departments and levels. If considering the need of only part of the business while implementing an information system, overall corporate objective cannot be achieved. By examining literature, the study will construct a 2-phase, 7-step implementation model of information system that has a KPI developed by corporate strategies. With an example of the processes and strategies of a simple e-procurement system, the powerful process-analysis and strategy-planning features of ARIS are used to put to the test the first 5 steps (process-analysis phase) of the model. Core of the problem and key processes are found during the procedure, which is acclaimed by businesses. Therefore, the model raised in the study can help businesses to customize unique and difficult-to-imitate business processes that are used to design and implement an information system. Business processes like these will be genuinely competitive.
Książki na temat "Material Industry - Energetics of Chemical Process"
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Ganina, Vera, Lyudmila Borisova, Viktoriya Morozova, Irina Smirnova i Elena Yurova. Production control of dairy products. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1865668.
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The textbook discusses the basics of production control, which is carried out at the enterprises of the dairy industry. The requirements of regulatory documents for quality indicators of various groups of dairy products are systematically stated, the procedure and methods of input control of raw materials, as well as control during the technological process and finished products are indicated.
For a better perception of the material, standard schemes are given with the allocation of the main points of technical control of physico-chemical and microbiological indicators in the process of dairy production technology.
It is intended for university students studying in the field of training "Animal food products", as well as for employees of dairy enterprises whose activities are related to quality control in production laboratories.
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Barth, Winfried. Pulp Production by Acetosolv Process. Technische Universität Dresden, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25368/2022.415.
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Cellulose is the most abundant organic polymer on Earth and a fascinating compound for a vast variety of applications. It is mostly received from wood, thus it is a renewable resource and a CO2 storing material. One of the most important cellulose products are pulp and paper. The major goal of this work was to obtain a material with a high amount of cellulose through a pulping process of wood. Therefore, it is necessary to separate the wood bers and to remove a component of wood, which is called lignin (deligni cation). The conventional way to delignify wood is the Kraft process that causes serval problems like contamination of lignin with sulfur and the emission of toxic volatile sulfur compounds. Hence, there are alternative processes without sulfur, such as the Acetosolv process. It uses simple chemicals like acetic acid and is easy to handle. After cutting a spruce tree (Picea abies L. Karst.), debarking and chipping, the wood chips were cooked in the laboratory. The research included the chemical analysis of the obtained pulp and the manufacturing and testing of paper sheets. The yield of pulp ranged widely due to the di erent parameters of the cooking. FT-IR and Raman spectroscopy were used to observe the decrease of aromatic substances (lignin) and the acetylation of the pulp. With the means of Design of Experiments and statistical analysis the most important factors were identi ed and a mathematical regression model was calculated. The manufactured paper sheets showed good mechanical properties and high transparency. Finally, the Acetosolv process could be considered as a contribution to the upcoming bio-based economy because, in addition to the cellulose bers, the industry would be capable of adding value utilization of the separated lignin. It could be one step to a more sustainable paper and pulp production.
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Shuvarikov, A. S., i E. V. Zhukova. Scientific bases of processing of animal products. Publishing house of the Russian state agrarian University UN-TA im. K. A. Timiryazeva, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/978-5-6046183-4-9-2021-198.
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The textbook provides the scientific basis for the production and processing of milk, the technology of dairy products; the role of domestic scientists in the formation of the dairy industry; describes the biological and nutritional value of milk; the composition and properties of milk of cows and farm animals of various species, organoleptic, physico-chemical, biochemical and technological properties of milk. The factors influencing the composition and properties of milk are presented. The article describes in detail the material on the biochemical and physico-chemical changes in milk during its storage and processing, in the production of fermented milk products, butter and spreads, cheese, ice cream, canned milk and ZCM, baby food products, products from secondary dairy raw materials. For students studying in the direction of training 35.03.07 "Technology of production and processing of agricultural products" of the direction "Technology of production, storage and processing of livestock products". The textbook contains the information necessary for the formation of professional competencies in the preparation of bachelors in the direction 35.03.07 Technology of production and processing of agricultural products and is recommended by the Federal UMO for use in the educational process.
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ENGINEERING IN PRACTICE: education, research, and applications. Brazil Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-257-0020-5.
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This book gathers 10 articles jointly written by students and alumni from the Fluminense Federal University (UFF)’s Production Engineering course, located in the Rio das Ostras Campus, in Rio de Janeiro, and by professors from UFF, from Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro State Institute, Northern Fluminense University, Estácio de Sá University and Cândido Mendes University. The publication is a Material, Maintenance and Environmental Engineering Lab (L3MA) initiative. By offering it to the public, the objective is to spread the scientific research that we are promoting and to encourage ou students and former students to enter the academic and scientific environment, as well as its propagation. Within this book, we compile articles of different subjects in the field of engineering, particularly Production Engineering. Technology and science are present in almost every aspect of life in the contemporary world and the present collection of articles portrays part of this reality. The subjects discussed in this book include active methodologies for engineering education, waste reduction, pipelines’ integrity evaluation, analysis of the chemical process industry, management of solid waste, mathematical model to aid public transport scripting process, variability in coffee packaging process and viability of incorporating ash residues from sugarcane bagasse into a soil-cement mixture.
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Amaral, Mateus Carvalho, Flávio Silva Machado, Luiz Antônio de Oliveira Chaves, Maria Helena Teixeira da Silva i Vanessa End de Oliveira. https://aeditora.com.br/produto/engenharia-na-pratica-ensino-pesquisa-e-aplicacoes/. Brazil Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-151-6.
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This book gathers 10 articles written conjointly by students and alumni in the Production Engineering program at Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF) and also by professors from the UFF, Rio de Janeiro State University, Federal Institute of Rio de Janeiro, State University of Northern Rio de Janeiro, Estácio de Sá University and Cândido Mendes University. This publication is an iniciative of the Materials Engineering, Maintenance and Environment Laboratory (L3MA). By offering it to the public, the objective was to disseminate the scientific research we are conducting and to encourage our students and alumni to enter the world of research and its dissemination. In this book we bring together articles on different subjects in the field of engineering, in particular, Production Engineering. In the contemporary world, technology and science are present in almost all fields of life and the present set of articles portrays a part of this reality. The subjects covered in this book cover topics such as active teaching methodologies, experimental analysis of corrosion processes, assessing the integrity of pipelines, reducing material waste in an industrial environment, analyzing the impacts of a the chemical process industry, alternatives to the use of methanol in the biodiesel manufacturing process, variability in a coffee packaging process, mathematical model to assist the routing process of public transports, solid waste management and viability of incorporating ash residues from sugarcane bagasse into a soil-cement mixture.
Części książek na temat "Material Industry - Energetics of Chemical Process"
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Zwijnenburg, Aalbert bart. "Fats and Oils as Raw Material for the Chemical Industry". W Catalytic Process Development for Renewable Materials, 167–81. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527656639.ch7.
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Law, D. W., C. Gunasekara i S. Setunge. "Use of Brown Coal Ash as a Replacement of Cement in Concrete Masonry Bricks". W Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 23–25. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-3330-3_4.
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AbstractPortland cement production is not regarded as environmentally friendly, because of its associated high carbon emissions, which are responsible for 5% of global emissions. An alternative is to substitute fly ash for Portland cement. Australia has an abundance of brown coal fly ash, as it is the main source of primary energy in the State of Victoria. Currently, the majority of this material is stored in landfills and currently there is no commercial use for it in the cement industry because brown coal fly ash cannot be used as a direct replacement material for Portland cement due to the high sulfur and calcium content and low aluminosilicate content. However, the potential exists to use brown coal fly ash as a geopolymeric material, but there remains a significant amount of research needed to be conducted. One possible application is the production of geopolymer concrete bricks. A research project was undertaken to investigate the use of brown coal fly ash from Latrobe Valley power stations in the manufacture of geopolymer masonry bricks. The research developed a detailed understanding of the fundamental chemistry behind the activation of the brown coal fly ash and the reaction mechanisms involved to enable the development of brown coal fly ash geopolymer concrete bricks. The research identified suitable manufacturing techniques to investigate relationships between compressive strength and processing parameters and to understand the reaction kinetics and microstructural developments. The first phase of the research determined the physical, chemical, and mineralogical properties of the Loy Yang and Yallourn fly ash samples to produce a 100% fly ash-based geopolymer mortar. Optimization of the Loy Yang and Yallourn geopolymer mortars was conducted to identify the chemical properties that were influential in the production of satisfactory geopolymer strength. The Loy Yang mortars were able to produce characteristic compressive strengths acceptable in load-bearing bricks (15 MPa), whereas the Yallourn mortars produced characteristic compressive strengths only acceptable as non-load-bearing bricks (5 MPa). The second phase of the research transposed the optimal geopolymer mortar mix designs into optimal geopolymer concrete mix designs while merging the mix design with the optimal Adbri Masonry (commercial partner) concrete brick mix design. The reference mix designs allowed for optimization of both the Loy Yang and Yallourn geopolymer concrete mix designs, with the Loy Yang mix requiring increased water content because the original mix design was deemed to be too dry. The key factors that influenced the compressive strength of the geopolymer mortars and concrete were identified. The amorphous content was considered a vital aspect during the initial reaction process of the fly ash geopolymers. The amount of unburnt carbon content contained in the fly ash can hinder the reactive process, and ultimately, the compressive strength because unburnt carbon can absorb the activating solution, thus reducing the particle to liquid interaction ratio in conjunction with lowering workability. Also, fly ash with a higher surface area showed lower flowability than fly ash with a smaller surface area. It was identified that higher quantity of fly ash particles <45 microns increased reactivity whereas primarily angular-shaped fly ash suffered from reduced workability. The optimal range of workability lay between the 110–150 mm slump, which corresponded with higher strength displayed for each respective precursor fly ash. Higher quantities of aluminum incorporated into the silicate matrix during the reaction process led to improved compressive strengths, illustrated by the formation of reactive aluminosilicate bonds in the range of 800–1000 cm–1 after geopolymerization, which is evidence of a high degree of reaction. In addition, a more negative fly ash zeta potential of the ash was identified as improving the initial deprotonation and overall reactivity of the geopolymer, whereas a less negative zeta potential of the mortar led to increased agglomeration and improved gel development. Following geopolymerization, increases in the quantity of quartz and decreases in moganite correlated with improved compressive strength of the geopolymers. Overall, Loy Yang geopolymers performed better, primarily due to the higher aluminosilicate content than its Yallourn counterpart. The final step was to transition the optimal geopolymer concrete mix designs to producing commercially acceptable bricks. The results showed that the structural integrity of the specimens was reduced in larger batches, indicating that reactivity was reduced, as was compressive strength. It was identified that there was a relationship between heat transfer, curing regimen and structural integrity in a large-volume geopolymer brick application. Geopolymer bricks were successfully produced from the Loy Yang fly ash, which achieved 15 MPa, suitable for application as a structural brick. Further research is required to understand the relationship between the properties of the fly ash, mixing parameters, curing procedures and the overall process of brown coal geopolymer concrete brick application. In particular, optimizing the production process with regard to reducing the curing temperature to ≤80 °C from the current 120 °C and the use of a one-part solid activator to replace the current liquid activator combination of sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate.
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Kuppusamy, Elamvazhuthi. "Circular Green Technology & Material for the Tire Industry". W Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering. IOS Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/atde210046.
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The whole Tire Industry around the Globe is set on an important mission to create a greener environment wherein the used tires, scrap worn out tires & shop floor rejected tires are used back in to the system of new Tire manufacturing thereby create a Circular Economy in the Tire Industry via non-chemical Devulcanization process. The Tyromer TDP (Tyre Derived Polymer) production process uses an industrial proven extrusion technology in a patented Twin Screw Extruder and it is reliable. The process is energy efficient as it is continuous. That also gives fundamentally more consistent product quality compared to batch processes. In this extrusion process, what goes in must come out and hence the TDP production process creates no waste. The only catalyst used in the process is Super Critical Carbon dioxide. No chemical solvents or devulcanization chemicals are used and the process is Energy efficient (400 kWh/MT), Very Fast (2 minutes from crumb powder to TDP) and having High conversion rate (99+% crumb powder to TDP).
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Griffin, Bruce M. "Chemical Milling of Aluminum". W Encyclopedia of Aluminum and Its Alloys. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781351045636-140000390.
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Chemical milling involves the development of etchants and masking agents for the manufacture of filter elements for internal combustion engines, cut recesses in bearing journals, creation of printed circuits, manufacture of large structures used in the aerospace industry and many more applications. This article will address: chemical milling process steps, overview of maskants, tooling, area rules, overview of etchants, quality issues, and material selection for tanks and part racking.
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Abou Iltaf Hussain, Syed, Himanshu Chandra i Uttam Kumar Mandal. "Comparison of Cross-Entropy Based MCDM Approach for Selection of Material in Sugar Industry". W Advances in Decision Making. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98242.
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One of the major problems faced in engineering is the selection of the material which is most suitable for the product. Material selection from a large number with diverse mechanical, physical and chemical properties and choosing the best material which is the most satisfying for making the job is a very complex process. Material selection is important as it determines durability, reliability and cost of the product. Selection of suitable material which gives maximum performance with minimum cost is often observed to be a multi-criterion decision-making (MCDM) problem with different objectives. This chapter presents an integrated approach to select the suitable material to be used as base of induction cookware which can give maximum performance with minimum cost. In the integrated approach the weights of the criteria are computed using the cross-entropy method and ranking of the alternatives is done using the different MCDM methods. The methods are further illustrated with an example and the result obtained from different cross-entropy MCDM methods are compared for finding the most suitable method for serving the purpose.
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Nagarajan, Sathees, Yazhni Purushothaman, Monika Selvavinayagam, Pandidurai Govindharaj i Aasif Musthafa. "Studies on Colored Cotton: Biochemical and Genetic Aspects". W Cotton. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.104898.
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Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is a commercially important fiber crop used as the primary raw material in the textile industry and is cultivated throughout the world. Normally cotton fiber is white color and various dyes are used to color the fiber. In textile industry, the process of artificial dying is a major source of pollution to the environment and the cost of dying is also higher. Apart from the white fiber, several cotton species have colored fiber which can be used to reduce the dying process and its ill effects to the environment. The cotton fiber color inheritance pattern is an urgent problem. The physical and chemical properties of colored cotton are determined by its chemical composition. The naturally colored cotton contain some important properties such as, greater hygiene, hypoallergenic properties, lower flammability and higher ultraviolet protection value compared to traditional white cotton. The natural colored cotton loss their market value due to the poor fiber quality. Understanding of the colored cotton pigment composition, biochemical and genetic prospects of colored cotton will be useful for the development of high quality of colored cotton.
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Odetola, Peter Ifeolu, Patricia A. P. Popoola i Philip Oladijo. "Thin Coating Deposition by Magnetron Sputtering". W Production, Properties, and Applications of High Temperature Coatings, 403–28. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-4194-3.ch015.
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Advances in thin-film deposition expose new frontiers to structures and phases that are inaccessible by conventional chemical means and have led to innovative modification of existing materials' properties. Thin-film deposition by magnetron sputtering is highly dependent on ion bombardments; coupled with sublimation of solid target unto the substrate through momentum transfer. It is summarily base on phase change of target material under high-energy influence; corresponding controlled condensation of sputtered atoms on substrate material during which process parameters and growth conditions dictate the pace of the atomic scale processes for thin-film formation. Magnetron sputtering is a state-of-the-art thin film deposition technique versatile for several unique applications, especially in the semiconductor industry. Magnetron sputtering is very novel in its use to achieve low-pressure condition that maximizes and conserve stream of electrons for effective knocking of inert atoms into ions. This ensures the high-energy acquired is not dissipated in gas-phase collisions.
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"Characterization and Assessment of Iron Ore Tailings as Raw Materials for Construction Industries". W Recycled Waste Materials in Concrete Construction, 1–16. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8325-7.ch001.
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This chapter deals with the characterization and assessment of iron ore tailings (IOT) as raw materials for the construction industry. This chapter specifies the production process of iron ore and generation of waste material followed by listing the nature and prospective issues of IOT. Methods of IOT characterization are explained through five elements, which are chemical composition, leaching behavior, thermal stability, mineralogical characterization, and morphology. The experimental program and research results of this study are explained in six subtitles, namely chemical composition, leaching behaviour, thermal stability, x-ray diffraction pattern, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM/EDX). Results revealed that the IOT materials are suitable for use in construction and building industries due to their substantial silica and alumina contents and could possibly be used to fabricate paving blocks, sand-crete blocks, mud blocks, geopolymer bricks, and ceramic floor tiles.
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Raja, Ruthramathi, i Sivakumar Venkatachalam. "Factors Influencing the Adoption of Digital Technology in Transportation Among Logistics Service Providers". W Blockchain Applications in Cryptocurrency for Technological Evolution, 147–59. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-6247-8.ch009.
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Digitalization is the use of digital technologies to change a business model and give new profit and value-producing openings; it's the development of moving to a digital business. Digital shipping refers to advanced operations that aim to give ground-breaking forces recounting dissimilar modes of transport and business procedure. Transportation technology points are to reuse and partake information that can prevent vehicle collisions, keep the industry moving, and reduce environmental impacts. Transportation is the association of material across the Earth's face by irrigating, wind, ice, or graveness. It includes the physical process of traction (dragging), suspense (being carried), and saltation (bouncing) and the chemical process of the result. Emerging technologies are technologies that are apparent as proficient in altering the status are robotics, artificial intelligence, drones, IoT, GPS, blockchain, cloud computing, etc. The objectives is to recognize the factor moving transportation costs and the application of digital technologies in the transport sector.
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Tufail Chaudhary, Kashif. "Thin Film Deposition: Solution Based Approach". W Thin Films [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94455.
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The wet chemical processing opens the way to deposit thin film with the versatility and ease for a variety of materials. Liquid film deposition involves the application of a liquid precursor on a substrate which is then converted to the required coating material in a subsequent post-treatment step. Different non-vacuum solution based deposition techniques have been developed to grow thin films with high efficiency and functionality. Spin coating is one of an effective technique for thin film fabrication due to low cost, uniformity, less hazardous, and capability of easy scaling up. The typical process involves depositing a small amount of a fluid onto the center of a substrate and then spinning the substrate at high speed. Dip coating is another simple, cost effective route with feasibility to scale-up for commercial production. The dip coating process can be divided into three important technical stages, immersion, withdrawal and evaporation. The coating may be subjected to further heat treatment in order to burn out residual compounds and induce crystallization of the functional oxides. Spray coating is a promising technique to grow thin film in research and industry to prepare thin and thick films. It is an easy approach to fabricate thin film with uniform distribution at small scale from a few nanometers to micrometers in thickness. Inkjet printing is the emerging promising technique to develop large-scale, and flexible thin films. The inkjet printing process allow easy customization to grow variety of complex structures.
Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Material Industry - Energetics of Chemical Process"
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Mazur, David C., John A. Kay, Cheryl Schmehl i Bruce K. Venne. "The Value of Integrating Power and Process for the Petrochemical Industry: Copyright Material IEEE, Paper No. PCIC-2018-19". W 2018 IEEE Petroleum and Chemical Industry Technical Conference (PCIC). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pcic31437.2018.9080473.
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Madžarević, Aleksandar. "Analysis and calculation of MMRS and primary gas distribution network in urban environment – case study Kučevo". W 35th International Congress on Process Industry. SMEITS, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24094/ptk.022.067.
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The field of application of natural gas is very wide. As an energy source, it can be used for energy production in power plants, heating plants and cogeneration plants or for meeting various heat needs in industry and mass consumption. Gas can also be used as a raw material in the chemical and petrochemical industries, and during the last decades it has also been used in traffic as a propellant in SUS engines. From an environmental point of view, natural gas is the most acceptable source of energy compared to other fossil fuels. Due to its chemical composition, the combustion of natural gas emits significantly less carbon dioxide per unit of heat produced, there is no ash and no particulate emissions, and sulfur dioxide emissions are negligible. Natural gas is often called the "fuel of the 21st century" because, in addition to environmental advantages, it also has pronounced technical and economic advantages over other conventional fuels. From a technical and economic point of view, the advantages of using gas are low investment costs and price, high degree of utilization, reliability and flexibility of use, easier and safer storage compared to other fossil fuels. This fuel is available throughout the year, and its quality is standardized and guaranteed. Although the world's proven reserves are abundant, the rational management and use of natural gas is extremely important, given the fact that it is a non-renewable energy source. As it is a flammable and explosive mixture, careful handling and odorization of gas is a prerequisite for safe operation in all plants that use this type of fuel in their operational processes. The contribution of gas to increasing the greenhouse effect can also be singled out as a disadvantage. The aim of this paper is to find the optimal shape of the route of the primary distribution network of gas pipelines in the municipality of Kučevo, defining locations and positions of MMRS and MRS, adoption of supporting equipment for MMRS, pipe sizing based on norms and regulations for medium and high-pressure distribution networks. in supplying both current and future consumers.
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Xia, Liqiao, Pai Zheng i Chao Liu. "Predicting the Material Removal Rate in Chemical Mechanical Planarization Process: A Hypergraph Neural Network-Based Approach". W ASME 2021 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2021-68250.
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Abstract Material removal rate (MRR) plays a critical role in the operation of chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) process in the semiconductor industry. To date, many physics-based and data-driven approaches have been proposed to predict the MRR. Nevertheless, most of the existing methodologies neglect the potential source of its well-organized and underlying equipment structure containing interaction mechanisms among different components. To address its limitation, this paper proposes a novel hypergraph neural network-based approach for predicting the MRR in CMP. Two main scientific contributions are presented in this work: 1) establishing a generic modeling technique to construct the complex equipment knowledge graph with a hypergraph form base on the comprehensive understanding and analysis of equipment structure and mechanism, and 2) proposing a novel prediction method by combining the Recurrent Neural Network based model and the Hypergraph Neural Network to learn the complex data correlation and high-order representation base on the Spatio-temporal equipment hypergraph. To validate the proposed approach, a case study is conducted based on an open-source dataset. The experimental results prove that the proposed model can capture the hidden data correlation effectively. It is also envisioned that the proposed approach has great potentials to be applied in other similar smart manufacturing scenarios.
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Almodaris, Mohamed, Sara Khorasani, Jocin James Abraham i Nesrin Ozalp. "Simulation of Solar Thermo-Chemical Hydrogen Production Techniques". W ASME/JSME 2011 8th Thermal Engineering Joint Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajtec2011-44387.
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This paper presents material and energy process-step models of hydrogen production via concentrated solar energy using Aspen Plus®. The paper provides a thorough comparison of solar cracking and solar reforming of methane processes against conventional steam methane reforming. The material and energy balances show that solar cracking is the most environmentally friendly hydrogen production technique. Some of the primary advantages of solar cracking include (1) elimination of CO2 emission, (2) elimination of costs associated with CO2 sequestration, transportation, and storage, and (3) generation of two commercially viable products, namely carbon black and hydrogen which can be used both as a fuel and a commodity. Considering the hydrogen shortage for different hydrogenation and fuel upgrading processes that the petrochemical industry is facing today, hydrogen production from solar cracking may offer an alternative solution. Therefore, it is important to find less energy intensive and more environmentally friendly hydrogen production techniques to meet the demand of industry. The results show that solar cracking is a more environmentally friendly and commercially competitive process compared to solar reforming and steam reforming considering that it produces virtually no carbon dioxide, but produces the commercially viable carbon black as a by-product.
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Hamdi, Zakaria, Shaberdi Koshekov i Mahmood Bataee. "Potential of Deep Eutectic Solvents in the Upstream Oil and Gas Industry". W SPE EuropEC - Europe Energy Conference featured at the 84th EAGE Annual Conference & Exhibition. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/214427-ms.
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Abstract Oil and gas will be the main part of our future energy sources, despite of emerging and expanding of renewable energies. Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) plays an important role in the future oil and gas industry as the conventional oil reserves will shrink. Heavy oil reservoirs will be the main target of EOR methods because of the high number of existing heavy oil reservoirs. Surfactants are the most efficient chemical EOR method for many unconventional reservoirs as previous studies suggest. The problem with this EOR method is that these projects have high costs and raised environmental concerns. Ionic liquids (ILs) are introduced as an alternative material to surfactants, however, the cost of their synthesis and purification processes are high. Besides, some of them are toxic and have non-biodegradable properties which limit their commercial usage. Recently, a new form of ILs produced and called Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs). The discovered material is more affordable and environmentally friendly and hence, it is considered to be an alternative material for existing conventional ILs. DESs are cheap, easy to produce, non-toxic, reusable, bio-degradable, and environmentally friendly. These materials consist of two or more cheap and safe components which will form a eutectic mixture. The melting point of the final mixture is lower than its components. In this study, the effectiveness of DESs in the EOR is analysed and evaluated to consider it as a new injection material for chemical EOR. This material has specific properties which improve the efficiency of EOR processes. Some of the favourable properties are stable emulsion between phases, interfacial tension (IFT) reduction, wettability change, recovery enhancement, and avoiding formation damage which is discussed and analysed in this paper. Moreover, the cost of the process is hugely reduced compared with other chemical injection methods. As the result, the main factor for the recovery enhancement is wettability alteration and the chance of viscosity. Besides, only malonic and acid-based DESs formed emulsions with oil, and the other types of DESs did not show emulsification properties. The IFT value increased for heavy oil reservoirs, while for reservoirs with light/medium oil IFT was reduced. Furthermore, DESs did not show formation damage which is a bonus point for this method. As the final result, Choline Chloride Glycerol showed the best recovery with an extra 30% to the original production.
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Nied, H. A., i M. S. Lamphere. "2D Electrochemical Airfoil Machining Process Model". W ASME 1995 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/95-gt-272.
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A 2D Electro-Chemical Machining (ECM) process model was developed to aid with tooling design and process optimization by simulation of the ECM process. The boundary element method (BEM) was used to numerically solve the field equations of the process model. The electrochemical anodic reaction was furnished by Faraday’s Law, which provided the relationship for the rate of dissolution at the surface of the workpiece as a function of charge transfer. Accordingly, the workpiece shape change and mass of metal removed by the machining process can be determined as a function of time. The process model includes a library of workpiece material and electrolyte combinations for predicting the electrochemical machining behavior, e.g., titanium alloy 6Al-4V and NaCl electrolytes. These metal/electrolyte combinations are of special interest in the aircraft engine industry for manufacturing heat-resistant, rotary components with complex geometry such as airfoil blades. The major features of the numerical computer program are briefly described with a selected example of machining a typical fan blade. Preliminary comparison of the numerical predictions with the nominal airfoil geometry showed good agreement and is discussed below.
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binti Ahmad Yazid, Nur Amalia, Noorsuhana binti Mohd Yusof i Nurul Asyikin Md Zaki. "Edible Coating Incorporated with Essential Oil for Enhancing Shelf-Life of Fruits: A Review". W 5th International Conference on Global Sustainability and Chemical Engineering 2021 (ICGSCE2021). Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-b5i87r.
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Fresh fruit has recently gained popularity in the market for healthy, organic, functional, and convenient foods. Production and consumption of fresh fruit increases from time to time. Consumer demand for fresh fruits that are rich in nutrition and health benefits have presented a challenge to the food industry to obtain appropriate technology to meet the need. However, there are some limitations regarding the storage of the fresh fruits. Fresh fruits cannot stand for a long term due to the rapid of ripening process in the fruit’s tissues. The ripening process commonly related to the respiration and transpiration process in the fruits tissue. Besides, the fresh-cut fruits also easily getting spoilage with a growth of microbial in the fruits. There are some innovations regarding packaging food film from synthetic materials which are quite wide applied in the food industry. This material is not an environmentally friendly due to the synthetic’s materials are not made by natural resources. Study towards the application of natural resources in the formation edible film packaging have been done. It is due to the global demand to replace the synthetic plastic film packaging with biodegradable film packaging that are environmentally friendly and users friendly. This review aims at providing a broad overview of recent scientific research related to preservation of fruits in the food industry and its health effects in consumers. It involved recent analysis of edible film incorporate with different type of essential oils from natural sources such as plants for preservations of fruits.
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Lewis, Richard O. "The Use and Misuse of 300 Series Austenitic Stainless Steels in the Citrus Industry". W ASME 2007 Citrus Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/cec2007-5306.
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The 300 series austenitic stainless steels have been used extensively and successfully in the Citrus Industry for numerous applications. Material cost and corrosion resistance to both citrus products and cleaning solutions for maintaining sanitary conditions has made type 304 and type 316 stainless steels the material of choice for process equipment, tanks, and piping systems. However, corrosion failures have occurred and many have been the subject of forensic investigations to determine the cause and provide recommendations to avoid future, similar problems. Historically, the primary modes of corrosion failure of T304SS and T316SS have been experienced not only in the Citrus Industry but also in the chemical and petrochemical industries. These modes of corrosion include localized corrosion in the form of pitting and crevice corrosion, and stress corrosion cracking. Successful long-term performance is best obtained when (1) the correct alloy is selected for the application; (2) piping and equipment are carefully fabricated and passivated prior to being placed in service; and (3) the process system design and operation minimizes stagnation and solids deposition, especially at elevated temperature. A table listing the composition of the most commonly available and specified 300 series austenitic stainless steels is shown in Table 1. Paper published with permission.
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Fırat, Fatih Kürşat, i Fahri Akbaş. "The Development of Recycling in the Construction Industry and Its Effect on the Economy". W International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c06.01415.
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The growth in world population, global climate change, consumption habits of people, and the excessive use of prime materials, causes natural resources to decline rapidly. We waste more energy during the process of production, operation and transportation of materials than ever. Perhaps one of the most important challenges that our generation faces is to create an economy that prevents waste. Considering limited resources, countries are searching for new methods of recycling and reusing waste material.
Recycling is one primary way to reduce the consumption of natural resources. Waste material can go through a reproduction process with various physical and chemical transformation methods. The recycling of petrochemicals used in the automotive industry, electrical appliances, steel and cement industries, and the improvement of the transportation sector can reduce energy consumption and raw material significantly. Investment in recycling facilities can maximize profits by turning waste back into the economy.
In Turkey, the improvements on the subject of recycling of materials such as plastics and paper are observed. However, we almost see no recycling in the construction industry, except iron and steel sector. Demolition materials in other countries are included in the reproduction processes through recycling. Thus both the benefits of reducing energy consumption and carbon emissions are at a minimum. Therefore, this study focuses on the recycling in the Turkey construction industry. The research also investigates the impact of recycling of construction materials to the economy and the environment based on the data and knowledge obtained from some European countries.
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Herzallah, Osama, Mariam Alsulaimani, Ammar Al Omari, Abdulaziz Almarzouqi i Nouf Braik. "FRP Materials in Oil and Gas Industry: New Challenge Highlighted". W ADIPEC. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/211132-ms.
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Abstract Lately, the oil and gas industry has been always exploring and examining new materials that has superior properties that work efficiently under severe conditions. Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic (FRP) is one of those materials that exhibit good corrosion resistance and possess powerful properties. However, FRP may encounter some substantial challenges through certain applications. This paper will highlight the failure of a unique FRP-made internal component in a condensate tank as part of a steam generation process. Some oil traces were reported in certain equipment downstream of a condensate return tank in a steam generation plant. The tank was taken out of service and inspected internally. The Corrugated Plates Interceptor (CPI) pack, one of the tank's essential internals that is made of an FRP material, was found to be covered with a dark sludge layer, partially distorted and becoming very crunchy. A root cause analysis was conducted to list all the possible sources of the CPI pack failure. All the equipment documents were reviewed and the properties of the FRP material of the CPI pack was studied. The CPI pack in the condensate return tank was made from a cast Laminate Isophthalic Resin, which is an FRP material that is selected due to its chemical and mechanical properties. This CPI pack was found to be covered with dark sludge deposits. Some of the corrugated plates were either compressed or crumbled and the pack was distorted with a considerable angle from its original position. The review of the tank operating conditions showed that the temperature of the influent entering the tank was ranging from 70 – 95 °C. Simultaneously, after studying the FRP properties, it was noted that the maximum allowed heat distortion temperature of the CPI pack material is 100 °C, which is only 5 °C higher than the highest temperature of the inlet fluid. This marginal difference was found to be not enough for the FRP to withstand such service. Hence, the FRP material of the CPI pack was found to be inadequate for very high temperatures and shall be replaced with a more heat-resistant material. Moreover, the sludge layer on the CPI pack was attributed to the insufficient cleaning of the sludge inside the tank. This research sheds light on one of the challenges of using FRP materials in high temperature applications. This may grab the attention on a weakness of FRP materials that may need to be furtherly considered and improved in the future. In the case analyzed in this paper, it was recommended to use a CRA material with high heat resistance rather than an FRP material.
Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Material Industry - Energetics of Chemical Process"
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Ersoy, Daniel. 693JK31810003 Non-Destructive Tools for Surface to Bulk Correlations of Yield Strength Toughness and Chemistry. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), luty 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0012206.
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Evaluates the use of non-destructive surface testing (micro indentation, micro-machining, in situ chemistry, and replicate microscopy analysis) as a means to perform pipe material confirmation. The test results from thousands of lab and field material tests done on actual pipeline samples have been used to develop models that account for pipe material thermo-mechanical process variations and through-wall variability of material, mechanical, and chemical properties. A separate "training set" of twenty pipelines was made available to GTI, Element Resources, and ASU to allow initial model testing and prove-out prior to the seventy primary samples that were used to fully characterize pipeline properties and the correlation of surface to bulk properties, as well as develop predictive models of bulk properties based solely on surface obtained pipeline data. A set of seventy pipeline samples (termed Pipe Library) that were in service from the natural gas industry were selected for the project testing and modeling. A great deal of care and effort was put forth to select a reasonable number that provided the adequate breadth of variety as typically encountered by the industry in the field.
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Winkler-Portmann, Simon. Umsetzung einer wirksamen Compliance in globalen Lieferketten am Beispiel der Anforderungen aus der europäischen Chemikalien-Regulierung an die Automobilindustrie. Sonderforschungsgruppe Institutionenanalyse, sierpień 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46850/sofia.9783941627796.
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This publication based on a master thesis explores the challenges of the automotive industry regarding the European chemical regulations REACH and CLP, as well as potential improvements of the current compliance activities and the related incentives and barriers. It answers the research question: "To what extent should the compliance activities of actors in the automotive supply chain be extended in order to meet the requirements of European chemicals regulation; and where would it help to strengthen incentives in enforcement and the legal framework?“. The study’s structure is based on the transdisciplinary delta analysis of the Society for Institutional Analysis at the Darmstadt University of Applied Sciences. It compares the target state of the legal requirements and the requirements for corresponding compliance with the actual state of the actual compliance measures of the automotive players and attempts to identify their weak points (the delta). The main sources for the analysis are the legal texts and relevant court decisions as well as guideline-based expert interviews with automotive players based on Gläser & Laudel. As objects of the analysis, there are in addition answers to random enquiries according to Article 33 (2) REACH as well as the recommendations and guidelines of the industry associations. The analysis identifies the transmission of material information in the supply chain as a key problem. The global database system used for this purpose, the IMDS, shows gaps in the framework conditions. This results in compliance risk due to the dynamically developing regulation. In addition, the study identifies an incompliance of the investigated automobile manufacturers with regard to Art. 33 REACH. In answering the research question, the study recommends solutions to the automotive players that extend the current compliance activities. In addition, it offers tables and process flow diagrams, which structure the duties and required compliance measures and may serve as basic audit criteria. The analysis is carried out from an external perspective and looks at the entire industry. It therefore cannot cover all the individual peculiarities of each automotive player. As a result, the identified gaps serve only as indications for possible further compliance risks.