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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Massive Fundamental Scalar Particle"
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SIEGEMUND-BROKA, STEPHAN. "THE EFFECTIVE ACTION FOR COMPOSITE HIGGS PARTICLES". International Journal of Modern Physics A 07, nr 30 (10.12.1992): 7561–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x92003422.
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There is reason to believe that massive composite (fermion-antifermion) scalar particles closely resembling the usual fundamental scalar Higgs fields exist in theories with dynamically broken gauge symmetries. This composite Higgs couples directly to the fermions in proportion to their symmetry-violating self-energies. Induced couplings to the gauge bosons and self-couplings are calculated as loop effects. This involves deriving the effective action in terms of the full propagators and background fields. The couplings between the composite Higgs and the gauge bosons are the same as those in models with fundamental scalars. The self-couplings are determined and fix all parameters associated with the composite scalars. Comments regarding extending this work to higher orders and concerning the symmetry-violating solutions to the fermion Schwinger-Dyson equation are given.
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KOK, PIETER, i SAMUEL L. BRAUNSTEIN. "RELATIVISTIC QUANTUM INFORMATION PROCESSING WITH BOSONIC AND FERMIONIC INTERFEROMETERS". International Journal of Quantum Information 04, nr 01 (luty 2006): 119–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219749906001736.
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We derive the relativistic transformation laws for the annihilation operators of the scalar field, the massive spin-1 vector field, the electromagnetic field and the spinor field. The technique developed here involves straightforward mathematical techniques based on fundamental quantum field theory, and is applicable to the study of entanglement in arbitrary coordinate transformations. In particular, it predicts particle creation for non-inertial motion. Furthermore, we present a unified description of relativistic transformations and multi-particle interferometry with bosons and fermions, which encompasses linear optical quantum computing.
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Arminjon, Mayeul, i Rainer Wolfgang Winkler. "Motion of a Test Particle According to the Scalar Ether Theory of Gravitation and Application to its Celestial Mechanics". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 74, nr 4 (24.04.2019): 305–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-2018-0470.
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AbstractThe standard interpretations of special relativity (Einstein–Minkowski) and general relativity (GR) lead to a drastically changed notion of time: the eternalism or block universe theory. This has strong consequences for our thinking about time and for the development of new fundamental theories. It is therefore important to check this thoroughly. The Lorentz–Poincaré interpretation, which sees the relativistic effects as following from a “true” Lorentz contraction of all objects in their motion through the ether, uses a conservative concept of time and is in the absence of gravitation indistinguishable from the standard interpretation; but there exists currently no accepted gravitation theory for it. The scalar ether theory of gravitation is a candidate for such a theory; it is presented and discussed. The equations of motion for a test particle are derived; the case of a uniformly moving massive body is discussed and then specialized to the case of spherical symmetry. Formulas for the acceleration of test particles are given in the preferred frame of the ether and in the rest frame of the massive body that moves with velocityVwith respect to the ether. When the body rests in the ether (V=0), the acceleration is up to orderc−2identical to GR. The acceleration of a test particle forV≠0is given; this makes it possible to fit observations in celestial mechanics to ephemerides withVas a free parameter. The current status of such fits (although to ephemerides and not to observations) is presented and discussed.
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Mikki, Said. "Fundamental Spacetime Representations of Quantum Antenna Systems". Foundations 2, nr 1 (2.03.2022): 251–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foundations2010019.
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We utilize relativistic quantum mechanics to develop general quantum field-theoretic foundations suitable for understanding, analyzing, and designing generic quantum antennas for potential use in secure quantum communication systems and other applications. Quantum antennas are approached here as abstract source systems capable of producing what we dub “quantum radiation.” We work from within a generic relativistic framework, whereby the quantum antenna system is modeled in terms of a fundamental quantum spacetime field. After developing a framework explaining how quantum radiation can be understood using the methods of perturbative relativistic quantum field theory (QFT), we investigate in depth the problem of quantum radiation by a controlled abstract source functions. We illustrate the theory in the case of the neutral Klein-Gordon linear quantum antenna, outlining general methods for the construction of the Green’s function of a source—receiver quantum antenna system, the latter being useful for the computation of various candidate angular quantum radiation directivity and gain patterns analogous to the corresponding concepts in classical antenna theory. We anticipate that the proposed formalism may be extended to deal with a large spectrum of other possible controlled emission types for quantum communications applications, including, for example, the production of scalar, fermionic, and bosonic particles, where each could be massless or massive. Therefore, our goal is to extend the idea of antenna beyond electromagnetic waves, where now our proposed QFT-based concept of a quantum antenna system could be used to explore scenarios of controlled radiation of any type of relativistic particles, i.e., effectively transcending the well-known case of photonic systems through the deployment of novel non-standard quantum information transmission carriers such as massive photons, spin-1/2 particles, gravitons, antiparticles, higher spin particles, and so on.
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Jordan, Stephen P., Keith S. M. Lee i John Preskill. "Quantum computation of scattering in scalar quantum field theories". Quantum Information and Computation 14, nr 11&12 (wrzesień 2014): 1014–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.26421/qic14.11-12-8.
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Quantum field theory provides the framework for the most fundamental physical theories to be confirmed experimentally and has enabled predictions of unprecedented precision. However, calculations of physical observables often require great computational complexity and can generally be performed only when the interaction strength is weak. A full understanding of the foundations and rich consequences of quantum field theory remains an outstanding challenge. We develop a quantum algorithm to compute relativistic scattering amplitudes in massive $\phi^4$ theory in spacetime of four and fewer dimensions. The algorithm runs in a time that is polynomial in the number of particles, their energy, and the desired precision, and applies at both weak and strong coupling. Thus, it offers exponential speedup over existing classical methods at high precision or strong coupling.
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Armand, C., i B. Herrmann. "Dark matter indirect detection limits from complete annihilation patterns". Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics 2022, nr 11 (1.11.2022): 055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2022/11/055.
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Abstract While cosmological and astrophysical probes suggest that dark matter would make up for 85% of the total matter content of the Universe, the determination of its nature remains one of the greatest challenges of fundamental physics. Assuming the ΛCDM cosmological model, Weakly Interacting Massive Particles would annihilate into Standard Model particles, yielding γ-rays, which could be detected by ground-based telescopes. Dwarf spheroidal galaxies represent promising targets for such indirect searches as they are assumed to be highly dark matter dominated with the absence of astrophysical sources nearby. Previous studies have led to upper limits on the annihilation cross-section assuming single exclusive annihilation channels. In this work, we consider a more realistic situation and take into account the complete annihilation pattern within a given particle physics model. This allows us to study the impact on the derived upper limits on the dark matter annihilation cross-section from a full annihilation pattern compared to the case of a single annihilation channel. We use mock data for the Cherenkov Telescope Array simulating the observations of the promising dwarf spheroidal galaxy Sculptor. We show the impact of considering the full annihilation pattern within a simple framework where the Standard Model of particle physics is extended by a singlet scalar. Such a model shows new features in the shape of the predicted upper limit which reaches a value of 〈σv〉 = 3.8 × 10-24 cm-3s-1 for a dark matter mass of 1 TeV at 95% confidence level. We suggest considering the complete particle physics information in order to derive more realistic limits.
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FLAMBAUM, V. V. "VARIATION OF THE FUNDAMENTAL CONSTANTS: THEORY AND OBSERVATIONS". International Journal of Modern Physics A 22, nr 27 (30.10.2007): 4937–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x07038293.
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Review of recent works devoted to the variation of the fine structure constant α, strong interaction and fundamental masses (Higgs vacuum) is presented. The results from Big Bang nucleosynthesis, quasar absorption spectra, and Oklo natural nuclear reactor data give us the space-time variation on the Universe lifetime scale. Comparison of different atomic clocks gives us the present time variation. Assuming linear variation with time we can compare different results. The best limit on the variation of the electron-to-proton mass ratio μ = me/Mp and Xe = me/ΛQCD follows from the quasar absorption spectra:1[Formula: see text]. A combination of this result and the atomic clock results2,3 gives the best limt on variation of [Formula: see text]. The Oklo natural reactor gives the best limit on the variation of Xs = ms/ΛQCD where ms is the strange quark mass:4,5[Formula: see text]. Note that the Oklo data can not give us any limit on the variation of α since the effect of α there is much smaller than the effect of Xs and should be neglected. Huge enhancement of the relative variation effects happens in transitions between close atomic, molecular and nuclear energy levels. We suggest several new cases where the levels are very narrow. Large enhancement of the variation effects is also possible in cold atomic and molecular collisions near Feshbach resonance. How changing physical constants and violation of local position invariance may occur? Light scalar fields very naturally appear in modern cosmological models, affecting parameters of the Standard Model (e.g. α). Cosmological variations of these scalar fields should occur because of drastic changes of matter composition in Universe: the latest such event is rather recent (about 5 billion years ago), from matter to dark energy domination. Massive bodies (stars or galaxies) can also affect physical constants. They have large scalar charge S proportional to number of particles which produces a Coulomb-like scalar field U = S/r. This leads to a variation of the fundamental constants proportional to the gravitational potential, e.g. δα/α = kαδ(GM/rc2). We compare different manifestations of this effect. The strongest limits6kα + 0.17ke = (-3.5 ±6) × 10-7 and kα + 0.13kq = (-1 ± 17) × 10-7 are obtained from the measurements of dependence of atomic frequencies on the distance from Sun2,7 (the distance varies due to the ellipticity of the Earth's orbit).
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Duff, M. J., i K. S. Stelle. "Sir Thomas Walter Bannerman Kibble. 23 December 1932—2 June 2016". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 70 (24.03.2021): 225–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbm.2020.0040.
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Professor Tom Kibble was an internationally-renowned theoretical physicist whose contributions to theoretical physics range from the theory of elementary particles to modern early-Universe cosmology. The unifying theme behind all his work is the theory of non-abelian gauge theories, the Yang–Mills extension of electromagnetism. One of Kibble's most important pieces of work in this area was his study of the symmetry-breaking mechanism whereby the force-carrying vector particles in the theory can acquire a mass accompanied by the appearance of a massive scalar boson. This idea, put forward independently by Brout and Englert, by Higgs, and by Guralnik, Hagen and Kibble in 1964, and generalized by Kibble in 1967, lies at the heart of the Standard Model and all modern unified theories of fundamental particles. It was vindicated in 2012 by the discovery of the Higgs boson at CERN. According to Nobel Laureate Steven Weinberg: ‘Tom Kibble showed us why light is massless’; this is the fundamental basis of electromagnetism.
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Cremaschini, Claudio, i Massimo Tessarotto. "Hamilton–Jacobi Wave Theory in Manifestly-Covariant Classical and Quantum Gravity". Symmetry 11, nr 4 (24.04.2019): 592. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym11040592.
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The axiomatic geometric structure which lays at the basis of Covariant Classical and Quantum Gravity Theory is investigated. This refers specifically to fundamental aspects of the manifestly-covariant Hamiltonian representation of General Relativity which has recently been developed in the framework of a synchronous deDonder–Weyl variational formulation (2015–2019). In such a setting, the canonical variables defining the canonical state acquire different tensorial orders, with the momentum conjugate to the field variable g μ ν being realized by the third-order 4-tensor Π μ ν α . It is shown that this generates a corresponding Hamilton–Jacobi theory in which the Hamilton principal function is a 4-tensor S α . However, in order to express the Hamilton equations as evolution equations and apply standard quantization methods, the canonical variables must have the same tensorial dimension. This can be achieved by projection of the canonical momentum field along prescribed tensorial directions associated with geodesic trajectories defined with respect to the background space-time for either classical test particles or raylights. It is proved that this permits to recover a Hamilton principal function in the appropriate form of 4-scalar type. The corresponding Hamilton–Jacobi wave theory is studied and implications for the manifestly-covariant quantum gravity theory are discussed. This concerns in particular the possibility of achieving at quantum level physical solutions describing massive or massless quanta of the gravitational field.
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KHUSNUTDINOV, NAIL. "SELF-INTERACTION FOR PARTICLES IN THE WORMHOLE SPACE-TIMES". International Journal of Modern Physics A 26, nr 22 (10.09.2011): 3868–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x11054322.
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The self-energy and self-force for particles with electric and scalar charges at rest in the space-time of massless and massive wormholes are considered. The particle with electric charge is always attracted to wormhole throat for arbitrary profile of the throat. The self-force for scalar particle shows different behavior depending on the non-minimal coupling. The self-force for massive scalar field is localized close to the throat of the wormhole.
Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Massive Fundamental Scalar Particle"
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MAX, Kevin. "Beyond the Standard Theories of Fundamental Interactions". Doctoral thesis, Scuola Normale Superiore, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11384/104450.
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Beyond the Standard Theories of Fundamental Interactions.
The status quo of fundamental physics is the Standard Model (SM) of particle
physics and General Relativity (GR). While both theories separately
are able to describe a wide range of phenomena in their respective domain
to high accuracy, there are problems which arise solely when the two are
coupled. Examples include the cosmological constant problem, baryogenesis
or the absence of a suitable dark matter (DM) candidate in the SM.
In this thesis, several solutions are presented and discussed. One is Bimetric
Gravity, a modification of GR which breaks the assumption that one
single, massless spin-2 object acts as its force carrier. Original results are
presented on the phenomenology of the massive graviton, where we analyse
the modified propagation of gravitational waves and set competitive bounds
on the graviton mass. Furthermore, the cosmological history of the model is
investigated, incorporating data from baryon acoustic oscillations, quasars,
supernovae and the cosmic microwave background. As a competing theory,
we review Conformal Gravity, which is put to the same cosmological tests.
A complementary approach to the solution of the DM problem is a Dark
Sector beyond the SM. We motivate and present a detailed analysis of the
physics of Dark Sectors, which obey an approximate scale invariance. Using
effective field theory techniques and properties of operators fixed by conformal
symmetry, we are able to put model-independent bounds on a class
of Dark Sectors. Their phenomenology is tested against a large array of
terrestrial and celestial observations.Oltre le Teorie Standard delle Interazioni Fondamentali. Lo status quo della fisica fondamentale è il Modello Standard (SM) e la Relatività Generale (GR). Mentre entrambe le teorie sono in grado di descrivere separatamente una vasta gamma di fenomeni nel loro rispettivo dominio di validità con elevata precisione, ci sono problemi che sorgono solo quando le due sono accoppiate. Come esempio, si consideri il problema della costante cosmologica, la bariogenesi o l’assenza di un candidato di materia oscura (DM) nello SM. In questa tesi vengono presentate e discusse diverse soluzioni. Una è la teoria di Bimetric Gravity, un’estensione naturale della gravità massiva, una modificazione della GR che modifica l’ipotesi di un gravitone di spin-2 senza massa. Saranno presentati risultati sulla fenomenologia del gravitone massivo, dove analizziamo la propagazione modificata delle onde gravitazionali e stabiliamo dei limiti competitivi sulla massa del gravitone. Inoltre, viene studiata la storia cosmologica di Bimetric Gravity, incorporando dati delle oscillazioni acustiche barioniche (BAO), dei quasar, delle supernovae e della radiazione cosmica di fondo. Come teoria concorrente, esaminiamo la Gravità Conforme, che viene sottoposta agli stessi test cosmologici. Un approccio ortogonale alla soluzione del problema della DM è un Settore Oscuro oltre lo SM. Motiviamo e presentiamo un’analisi dettagliata della fisica dei Settori Oscuri, che obbediscono ad un’invarianza approssimativa di scala. Utilizzando tecniche di teoria di campo efficace e proprietà degli operatori fissate dalla simmetria conforme, siamo in grado di porre dei limiti indipendenti dal modello su una classe di Settori Oscuri. La loro fenomenologia è testata con una vasta gamma di osservazioni terrestri e celesti.
Książki na temat "Massive Fundamental Scalar Particle"
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Iliopoulos, John. A Problem of Mass. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805175.003.0004.
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This chapter examines the constraints coming from the symmetry properties of the fundamental interactions on the possible values of the masses of elementary particles. We first establish a relation between the range of an interaction and the mass of the particle which mediates it. This relation implies, in particular, that long-range interactions are mediated by massless particles. Then we argue that gauge invariant interactions are long ranged and, therefore, the associated gauge particles must have zero mass. Second, we look at the properties of the constituents of matter, the quarks and the leptons. We introduce the notion of chirality and we show that the known properties of weak interactions, combined with the requirement of gauge invariance, force these particles also to be massless. The conclusion is that gauge symmetries appear to be incompatible with massive elementary particles, in obvious contradiction with experiment. This is the problem of mass.
Części książek na temat "Massive Fundamental Scalar Particle"
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Ulbricht, Hendrik. "Testing Fundamental Physics by Using Levitated Mechanical Systems". W Molecular Beams in Physics and Chemistry, 303–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63963-1_15.
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AbstractWe will describe recent progress of experiments towards realising large-mass single particle experiments to test fundamental physics theories such as quantum mechanics and gravity, but also specific candidates of Dark Matter and Dark Energy. We will highlight the connection to the work started by Otto Stern as levitated mechanics experiments are about controlling the centre of mass motion of massive particles and using the same to investigate physical effects. This chapter originated from the foundations of physics session of the Otto Stern Fest at Frankfurt am Main in 2019, so we will also share a view on the Stern Gerlach experiment and how it related to tests of the principle of quantum superposition.
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Atkins, Peter. "Two Hands Clapping: Redox Reactions". W Reactions. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199695126.003.0009.
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I promised in Reactions 3 and 4 to lead you to the promised land of the modern understanding of oxidation and reduction reactions. This is the section where these two great chemical rivers flow together and acquire great explanatory power and wide applicability. I have already shown that one great class of reactions, those between acids and bases (Reaction 2), takes place by the transfer of one fundamental particle, the proton. I shall now show you that oxidation and reduction reactions all take place by the transfer of another fundamental particle, in this case the proton’s cousin, the electron. Don’t be put off by the thought that in this unification of two great rivers I am embarking on a highly abstract, distant-from-reality account. All I am doing is looking for and presenting the essential step that is involved in these reactions. This is a bit like looking for the core idea of many sports, which is to get a projectile to move into a particular location, be it soccer, baseball shooting, darts, archery, or billiards. I hope you will begin to appreciate in the course of this chapter that when chemists carry out their reactions by stirring, boiling, and mixing, all they are doing is encouraging fundamental particles, in this case electrons but in Reaction 2 protons, to migrate from where they are found to where the chemist wants them to be. Industry does the same coaxing on a massive scale. My aim here is to show you that everything I discussed in Reactions 3 and 4 boils down to the consequences of the transfer of electrons from one species to another. You have already caught a glimpse of that process as we stood together perilously deep inside the blast furnace in Reaction 4 and saw that O2– ions transfer electrons to Fe3+ ions to bring about the reduction of the ore to the metal. Tighten your intellectual seat belt. I intend to develop the very sparse view that oxidation is the loss of electrons and reduction is their gain. That is the austere message to take from this chapter, but I will cloak it in velvet.
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Zinn-Justin, Jean. "Relativistic fermions: Introduction". W Quantum Field Theory and Critical Phenomena, 258–91. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198834625.003.0012.
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Some basic concepts needed for the discussion of Fermi fields have been introduced earlier, as in quantum mechanics (QM) with Grassmann variables, a representation by field integrals of the statistical operator e<συπ>−βH</συπ> for the non-relativistic Fermi gas in the formalism of second quantization, and an expression for the evolution operator. Here, it is first recalled how relativistic fermions transform under the spin group. The free action for Dirac fermions is analysed, the relation between fields and particles explained, an expression for the scattering matrix obtained, and the non-relativistic limit of a model of self-coupled massive Dirac fermions derived. A formalism of Euclidean relativistic fermions is then introduced. In the Euclidean formalism: fermions transform under the fundamental representation of the spin group Spin(d) associated with the SO(d) rotation group (spin 1/2 fermions for d = 4). As for the scalar field theory, the Gaussian integral, which corresponds to a free field theory is calculated. Then the generating functional of correlation functions is obtained by adding a source term to the action. The field integral corresponding to a general action with an interaction expandable in powers of the field, can be expressed in terms of a series of Gaussian integrals, which can be calculated, for example, with the help of Wick's theorem. The connection between spin and statistics is verified by a simple perturbative calculation. The appendix describes a few additional properties of the spin group, the algebra of γ matrices, and the corresponding spinors for Euclidean fermions.
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Kenyon, Ian R. "Particle physics II". W Quantum 20/20, 351–72. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808350.003.0019.
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Quantum chromodynamics the quantum gauge theory of strong interactions is presented: SU(3) being the (colour) symmetry group. The colour content of strongly interacting particles is described. Gluons, the field particles, carry colour so that they mutually interact – unlike photons. Renormalization leads to the coupling strength declining at large four momentum transfer squared q 2 and to binding of quarks in hadrons at small q 2. The cutoff in the range of the strong interaction is shown to be due to this low q 2 behaviour, despite the gluon being massless. In high energy interactions, say proton-proton collisions, the initial process is a hard (high q 2) parton+parton to parton+parton process. After which the partons undergo softer interactions leading finally to emergent hardrons. Experiments at DESY probing proton structure with electrons are described. An account of electroweak unification completes the book. The weak interaction symmetry group is SUL(2), L specifying handedness. This makes the electroweak symmetry U(1)⊗SUL(2). The weak force carriers, W± and Z0, are massive, which is at odds with the massless carriers required by quantum gauge theories. How the BEH mechanism resolves this problem is described. It involves spontaneous symmetry breaking of the vacuum with scalar fields. The outcome are massive gauge field particles to match the W± and Z0 trio, a massless photon, and a scalar field with a massive particle, the Higgs boson. The experimental programmes that discovered the vector bosons in 1983 and the Higgs in 2012 are described, including features of generic detectors. Finally puzzles revealed by our current understanding are outlined.
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Iliopoulos, J., i T. N. Tomaras. "Relativistic Wave Equations". W Elementary Particle Physics, 167–90. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192844200.003.0007.
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We derive the most general relativistically covariant linear differential equations, having at most two derivatives, for scalar, spinor and vector fields. We introduce the corresponding Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formalisms and present the expansion of the solutions in terms of plane waves. In each case, we study the propagation properties of the corresponding Green functions. We start with the simplest example of the Klein–Gordon equation for a real field and generalise it to that of N real, or complex fields. As a next step we derive the Weyl, Majorana and Dirac equations for spinor fields. They are first order differential equations and we show how to adapt to them the canonical formalism. We end with the Proca and Maxwell equations for massive and massless spin-one fields and, in each case, we determine the physical degrees of freedom.
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Peskin, Michael E. "Gauge Theories with Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking". W Concepts of Elementary Particle Physics, 251–64. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812180.003.0016.
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This chapter describes theories that combine the ideas of gauge symmetry and spontaneous symmetry breaking. It explains that this combination gives rise to massive spin-1 bosons. This construction is used to propose fundamental equations for the weak interaction. The predictions of these equations for high-energy neutrino scattering are worked out and compared to experiment.
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Cañete Mesa, Rafael. "Phasic Structure of the Standard Model". W Redefining Standard Model Particle Physics [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.109384.
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We present a physical relationship able to justify by itself the whole spectrum of fundamental particles of matter (fermions), that is, the hierarchical structure, the value of their masses, the basis of those values and the analytical and positional relation of the same. A hierarchy supported on an element of periodicity or sequence of differentiated states (phases) that makes it resemble a periodic table of elementary particles, which allows us to define material states not well defined until now and others unregistered, with which it is precisely evidenced that there has to exist a particle M=171.87eV, or an equivalent energy entity, which represents a common zero generation to (anti)quarks and charged (anti)leptons, as well as a mediator particle in the connection of these with (anti)neutrinos, for which, by applying this methodology, we obtain a massive base ν1,ν2,ν3, consistent with the theoretical and experimental requirements for neutrino oscillation, which allows us to explain the CP violation. Previously, we obtained, by means of the quantum wave formulation, a symmetrized wave packet (SWP) and an associated energy transmutation equation, equivalent, although more general and precise, to the one obtained by means of a corpuscular treatment, this one that we will use and accounts for all the transitions between particles.
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Zinn-Justin, Jean. "Abelian gauge theories: The framework of quantum electrodynamics (QED)". W Quantum Field Theory and Critical Phenomena, 507–47. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198834625.003.0021.
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This chapter is devoted Abelian gauge theory, whose physical realization is quantum electrodynamics (QED). Since many textbooks deal extensively with QED, the chapter focusses mainly on the more formal properties of Abelian gauge theories. First, the free massive vector field is considered, because its quantization does not immediately follow from the quantization of the scalar field, and thus requires a specific analysis. If the vector field is coupled to a conserved current, it is possible to construct a field theory with fermion matter renormalizable in four dimensions. In this case, a massless vector limit can be defined, and the corresponding field theory is gauge invariant. To directly quantize a gauge theory starting directly from first principles, it is necessary to introduce gauge fixing. The formal equivalence between different gauges is established. The Abelian gauge symmetry, broken by gauge-fixing terms, leads to a set of Ward–Takahashi (WT) identities which are used to prove the renormalizability of the quantum field theory (QFT). Renormalization group (RG) equations follow, and the RG β-function is calculated at leading order. As an introduction to the Standard Model of particle physics, the Abelian Landau–Ginzburg–Higgs model is described, where the gauge field is coupled to a complex scalar field with a non-zero expectation value, leading to a model that classically also describes a superconductor in a magnetic field.
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Zinn-Justin, Jean. "Gross–Neveu–Yukawa and Gross–Neveu models". W Quantum Field Theory and Critical Phenomena, 489–506. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198834625.003.0020.
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In this chapter, a model is considered that can be defined in continuous dimensions, the Gross– Neveu–Yukawa (GNY) model, which involves N Dirac fermions and one scalar field. The model has a continuous U(N) symmetry, and a discrete symmetry, which prevents the addition of a fermion mass term to the action. For a specific value of a coefficient of the action, the model undergoes a continuous phase transition. The broken phase illustrates a mechanism of spontaneous symmetry breaking, leading to spontaneous fermion mass generation like in the Standard Model (SM) of particle physics. In four dimensions, the GNY can be considered as a toy model to represent the interactions between the top quark and the Higgs boson, the heaviest particles of the SM of fundamental interactions, when the gauge fields are omitted. The model is renormalizable in four dimensions and its renormalization group (RG) properties can be studied in d = 4 and d = 4 − ϵ dimensions. A model of self-interacting fermions with the same symmetries and fermion content, the Gross–Neveu (GN) model, has been widely studied. In perturbation theory, for d > 2, it describes only a phase with massless fermions but, in d = 2 + ϵ dimensions, the RG indicates that, at a critical value of the coupling constant, the model experiences a phase transition. In two dimensions, it is renormalizable and exhibits the phenomenon of asymptotic freedom. The massless phase becomes infrared unstable and there is strong evidence that the spectrum corresponds to spontaneous symmetry breaking and fermion mass generation.
Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Massive Fundamental Scalar Particle"
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Talmon, Arno M., i Cees van Rhee. "Test Set-Up for Irregular Vertical Hydraulic Transport in Deep Ocean Mining". W ASME 2011 30th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2011-49375.
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The mining of scarce minerals from the sea-floor at the depths of several kilometers and bringing them to a processing plant at the ocean surface requires new techniques. Seafloor Massive Sulphide (SMS) deposits are known to have an extremely rich mineral content, and are considered technically-economically-environmentally feasible to explore. Vertical hydraulic transport is the link between the sea-floor mining and the maritime vessel where the first processing stage will take place. Clogging of any part of the vertical transport system is an absolute disaster. Fine particles are conveyed faster than coarse particles. High concentrations of fines cannot bypass high concentrations of coarse particles, hence these particle fractions accumulate, potentially blocking the pipe. Fundamental research into yet unexplored physics is necessary. Besides numerical flow simulations, it is necessary to conducted experiments on the transport over large vertical distances. Such tests aim to investigate the dynamic development of density waves consisting of different particle diameters and clogging phenomenon thereof. Different particle size fractions have to be followed in real time as they overtake each other, and change their shape, merge and segregate. It is however impossible to back-scale the prototype riser to a one-pass laboratory test set-up, but the process can be simulated by repeated flow through an asymmetric vertical pipe loop, where slurry flow in the upward leg represent vertical hoist conditions and the slurry is returned quickly via the downward leg. The particle accumulation process is allowed to take place in the upward leg whereas in the downward leg the restoring process is nearly neutralized. The development of accumulations in time (= distance traveled to the ocean surface) can be followed upon multiple passes of the solids batches through the upward leg. The novelty of the described testing method is that the essentials of fundamental processes occurring in long vertical stretches are quantified in a specially designed laboratory setup. Via subsequent implementation of the results in a numerical flow simulation, reliable transport scenarios can be delineated.
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NOH, HYERIM. "TESTING AN INFLATION MODEL WITH A MASSIVE NONMINIMAL SCALAR FIELD". W Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Particle Physics and the Early Universe. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812799678_0025.
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Inoue, Akira, i Yosuke Tanabe. "Development of Particle Velocity Transfer Path Analysis". W ASME 2012 Noise Control and Acoustics Division Conference at InterNoise 2012. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ncad2012-1018.
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The transfer path analysis (TPA) in terms of sound pressure has been implemented for decades in many application areas, such as car, train and construction machine. In this article, we propose a transfer path analysis where particle velocity is employed as the measure of TPA. Sound pressure is a scalar quantity, while particle velocity, which is the other fundamental quantity of sound, is a vector quantity. The phase differences among particle velocity vector components have to be generally considered. For TPA, not only the six degrees-of-freedom of each path motion, but also the three degrees-of-freedom of the particle velocity at the receiver location have to be considered together for an effective path rank ordering. We first propose the formulation of the particle velocity transfer path analysis where the same formulation of the standard sound pressure transfer path analysis is assumed to hold true for each direction of particle velocity. In order to verify the proposed particle velocity transfer path analysis, we carry out an experiment using a simple test box structure. As a result we have found that the error in the particle velocity vector synthesis is acceptably small, and is as small as the error in the standard sound pressure synthesis, which indicates that the same synthesis method can be employed. We then perform rank ordering of the particle velocity transmission paths. Here, a simple method of path rank ordering is applied. Lastly, we briefly discuss sound energy as a measure of TPA.
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Murata, Kazuki, Koichi Masuda, Tomoki Ikoma, Hiroaki Eto, Yasuhiro Aida i Akihiro Matsuoka. "A Fundamental Research on Countermeasure of Disaster Mitigation and Impact Force to Cause Drifting Ship". W ASME 2017 36th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2017-62178.
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The damage investigations that followed the Great East Japan Earthquake revealed that automobiles, shipping containers, and even ships themselves had been caught up in the resulting tsunami before being hurled into various port facilities, causing immense damage. The damage characteristics of such collisions must be an integral part of disaster mitigation measures aimed at reducing damage due to drifting ships. When considering the impact force of massive vessels on port facilities, it is necessary to take into account the changes in the drift velocity of the vessels due to waves reflected from the facilities and other coastal structures. In previous studies, the moving particle semi-implicit (MPS) method has been adopted to examine cascading tsunami flotsam damage by means of numerical simulations. In the present study, we use the MPS method to examine the drifting behavior and impact force of ships moored to an actual harbor, taking into account waves reflected from coastal area structures. Based on the results, we discuss the applicability of this method to disaster mitigation measures.
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Ca´rdenas, Camilo, Julia Sedlmaier, Nikolaos Zarzalis, Richard J. Valdes i Werner Krebs. "Measurement of a Benchmarking Jet in Crossflow Configuration Under Highly Turbulent Conditions". W ASME 2011 Turbo Expo: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2011-45262.
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The configuration of a jet in crossflow appears in many practical applications such as combustion and mixing processes in the chemical industry. This kind of flow is particularly complex due to the presence of various interacting vortex systems and it is widely studied in literature both experimentally and numerically. In addition to the physical interest, this flow configuration serves as a benchmark for numerical methods such as Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS) and Large Eddy Simulations (LES) because of its prototypic nature. The present work aims at generating benchmark data for a jet in crossflow configuration under highly turbulent conditions. In this context, the investigated operating conditions were chosen carefully to match the conditions existing in gas turbines and hence the experiments were carried out for two different Reynolds-numbers of the crossflow, Re∞ = 60000 and 40000. Keeping the flow rate of the jet flow constant, two different velocity ratios between jet and crossflow of r = 4.15 and 6.25 result. The measurements were performed in an appropriate air channel, which was built with the objective to obtain accurately controlled flow conditions at the measurement section. Two-dimensional laser induced fluorescence (2d-LIF) combined with particle imaging velocimetry (PIV) was used for the measurements of simultaneous scalar concentration and velocity fields and the experimental acquisition of Reynolds-fluxes and -stresses. The knowledge of Reynolds-fluxes and -stresses is of fundamental concern not only for the understanding of the mechanisms which are responsible for the formation of the vortex-structures in a jet in crossflow, but also for the development and validation of turbulence- and mixing-models.
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Geller, Marius, Christoph Schemmann i Norbert Kluck. "Optimization of the Operation Characteristic of a Highly Stressed Centrifugal Compressor Impeller Using Automated Optimization and Metamodeling Methods". W ASME Turbo Expo 2017: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2017-63262.
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The continuously rising global demand for energy together with simultaneously decreasing resources has made the topic of energy efficiency — and therefore optimization — one of the fundamental questions of our time. Turbomachinery is one of the most important parts of the process chain in nearly every case of energy conversion. This makes the turbomachine a promising approach point for optimizations. The special relevance of this topic in regard to the global challenge of climate change can be illustrated by a simple calculation: If the efficiency of a turbo compressor with a power consumption of 15MW is improved by one percent, approximately 2t CO2 per day or over 760t CO2 per year can be saved. This work describes the optimization of the operation characteristic of a highly stressed centrifugal compressor impeller with regard to the size of the operation range and the efficiency in the operation point. The base impeller used for this optimization has already been pre-optimized by classical engineering methods utilizing analytical and empirical models. Due to the high mechanical stress in these kind of turbo impellers, each design has to be checked for compliance with the structural constraints in addition to the fluid dynamic computations. This context results in a highly complex, multicriterial, high dimensional optimization problem. The main subjects of the presented work are a robust geometry generation and grid generation, a highly automated workflow for the computation of the operation characteristic and the mechanical results and the representation of the operation characteristic by scalar parameters. Utilizing these tools a DOE is performed and based on its results a metamodel is created. The optimization is carried out on the metamodel using a Particle Swarm algorithm. The workflow presented in this work utilizes in-house preprocessing tools as well as the tools of the ANSYS Workbench. The operation characteristics are computed using an in-house tool to control the ANSYS CFX-Solver. The statistical and stochastic pre- and post-processing as well as the metamodeling are carried out in optiSLang.