Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Martial arts – japan – history”

During the late Middle Ages and into the Renaissance, fighting books—Fechtbücher—were produced in northern Italy, among the German states, in Burgundy, and on the Iberian peninsula. Long dismissed by fencing historians as “rough and untutored,” and largely unknown to military historians, these enigmatic treatises offer important insights into the cultural realities for all three orders in medieval society: those who fought, those who prayed, and those who labored. The intent of this dissertation is to demonstrate, contrary to the view of fencing historians, that the medieval works were systematic and logical approaches to personal defense rooted in optimizing available technology and regulating the appropriate use of the skills and technology through the lens of chivalric conduct. I argue further that these approaches were principle-based, that they built on Aristotelian conceptions of arte, and that by both contemporary and modern usage, they were martial arts. Finally, I argue that the existence of these martial arts lends important insights into the world-view across the spectrum of Medieval and early Renaissance society, but particularly with the tactical understanding held by professional combatants, the knights and men-at-arms. Three treatises are analyzed in detail. These include the anonymous RA I.33 Latin manuscript in the Royal Armouries at Leeds; the early German treatise attributed to Hanko Döbringer that glosses the great Johannes Liechtenauer; and the collection of surviving treatises by the Friulian master, Fiore dei Liberi. Each is compared in order to highlight common elements of usage that form the principles of the combat arts.

In this thesis, I discuss how practitioners of martial arts in the Republican era of China were engaged in a process of reinventing what embodied the field of martial arts during a time when physical culture was treated as an instrument of nation-building in response to colonial discourses and the process of modernization. Martial arts were repositioned from being a loosely associated field of practice for people who engaged with a set of combative skills that focused on weapons training that championed archery and spear fighting, towards being a recreational activity with a formalized body of knowledge, skills and practices imbued with a Chinese sense of identity suitable for the modern class of urban and educated Chinese citizens. It is my belief that these efforts were a very important factor in why the practice of martial arts today is so closely associated with concepts of self-cultivation. This repositioning of Chinese martial arts was driven by a schism between the traditionalists who defended the beliefs and practices from the imperial age of China, and the modernists who saw the complete adoption of Western technologies and concepts as the only course for the modernization of China. Due to the shifting politics around education, understandings of the body and its representation in society, the efforts to preserve traditional practices were complicated through the dynamics related to identity and state power. The field of martial arts was criticized by reformists and modernists such as those involved with the New Culture Movement, who argued that China needed to embrace scientific notions of the Western nations and abandon "feudal superstitions." Within this context, the field of traditional Chinese martial arts was stigmatized by associations with the failed Boxer Rebellion, the diversity of practices and the secrecy that existed between different schools of practice. In response to the modernity movements that criticized the traditional systems of belief that martial artists drew upon to substantiate their systems of practice as a recreational pursuit, associations such as the Jingwu Tiyu Hui and the Zhongyang Guoshuguan were formed according to Western institutional models as part of the effort to unify and "modernize" Chinese martial arts. The teachers and administrators involved with these institutions wanted to preserve the practice of martial arts, and to accomplish this they had to develop new ways to systemize the training methods, essentially reinventing them by promoting them to a new generation of students in a format that had never existed before.
À travers cet essai, j'examine la façon dont les pratiquants d'arts martiaux dans l'ère républicaine de la Chine étaient impliqués dans le but de réinventer ce qu'incarnait le domaine des arts martiaux à une époque où la culture physique était traitée comme un instrument de construction de la nation en réponse au discours colonial et au processus de modernisation. Les arts martiaux ont été repositionnés à partir d'un ensemble de personnes indirectement associés qui se livraient à un ensemble de combats et qui concentraient leurs compétences sur des entraînements aux armes encourageant le tir à l'arc et le combat à la lance, afin de devenir une activité de loisir avec un corps formalisé de connaissances, de compétences et de pratiques imprégnées avec une identité chinoise adapté à la classe moderne urbaine et de citoyens chinois éduquée. Ceci est ma conviction que ces efforts ont été un facteur très important dans la raison pour laquelle la pratique des arts martiaux aujourd'hui est si étroitement associée aux concepts de la culture de soi.Ce repositionnement des arts martiaux chinois fut motivé par le schisme entre les traditionalistes qui défendaient leurs croyances et leurs pratiques de l'époque impériale de la Chine, et les modernistes qui, eux, ont vu l'adoption complète de technologies et de concepts occidentaux comme le seul mouvement bénéfique à la modernisation de la Chine. En raison de la politique à travers l'éducation, la compréhension du corps et de sa représentation dans la société, les efforts visant à préserver les pratiques traditionnelles ont été compliquées par la dynamique liée à l'identité et le pouvoir de l'état. Le domaine des arts martiaux a été critiqué par les réformistes et les modernistes incluant ceux qui furent impliqués dans le « New Culture movement», qui a fait valoir que la Chine devait embrasser des notions scientifiques des pays occidentaux et abandonner leurs «superstitions féodales. » Dans ce contexte, le domaine des arts martiaux traditionnels a été stigmatisé par des liens avec la révolte des Boxers, la diversité des pratiques et la discrétion qui existait entre les différentes écoles de pratique.En réponse aux mouvements de modernité qui ont critiqué les systèmes de croyances traditionnels dont les pratiquants d'arts martiaux ont fait appel à l'appui de leurs systèmes pour justifier leur pratique comme une forme de loisir, des associations telles que les Jingwu Tiyu Hui et le Zhongyang Guoshuguan ont été formés selon les modèles occidentaux institutionnels dans le but d'unifier et de , en quelque sorte , moderniser les arts martiaux chinois. Les enseignants et les administrateurs concernés par ces institutions voulaient préserver la pratique des arts martiaux, et pour ce faire ils ont dû développer des nouvelles façons de systématiser les méthodes de formation, les réinventer en les promouvant à une nouvelle génération d'étudiants sous une forme qui n'avaient jamais existé auparavant.

This project is an examination of the Hong Kong film industry, focusing on the years leading up to the handover of Hong Kong to communist China. The influence of classical Chinese culture on gender representation in martial arts films is examined in order to formulate an understanding of how these films use gender issues to negotiate a sense of cultural identity in the face of unprecedented political change. In particular, the films of Hong Kong action stars Michelle Yeoh and Brigitte Lin are studied within a feminist and cultural studies framework for indications of identity formation through the highlighting of gender issues.

My dissertation explores a cultural history of the body as reflected in meditative and therapeutic forms of the Chinese martial arts in nineteenth and early twentieth-century China. Precursors of the more familiar present-day taijiquan [special characters omitted] and qigong [special characters omitted], these forms of martial arts techniques focus on the inward cultivation of qi [special characters omitted] and other apparently ineffable energies of the body. They revolve around the harnessing of “internal strength” or neigong [special characters omitted]. These notions of a strength derived from an invisible, intangible, yet embodied qi came to represent a significant counterweight to sports, exercise science, the Physical Culture movement, physiology, and other Western ideas of muscularity and the body that were being imported into China at the time.

What role would such competing discourses of the body play in shaping contemporary ideas of embodiment? How would it raise the stakes in an era already ideologically charged with the intertwined issues of nationalism and imperialism, and so-called scientific modernity and indigenous tradition? This study is an inquiry into the epistemological and ontological ramifications of the idea of neigong internal strength, tracing the popular spread of the idea and its impact in late Qing and Republican China vernacular discourse. I pay particular attention to how the notion of “internal strength” might shed light on thinking about the body in the period. Using the notion of neigong as a lens, this project examines the claims of the internal forms of Chinese martial arts, and the cultural work that these claims perform in the context of late Qing and Republican China. I locate the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries as the key formative period when the idea first found popular conceptual purchase, and explore how the notion of neigong internal strength became increasingly steeped in the cultural politics of the time.

Considering the Chinese internal martial arts not only as a form of bodily practice but also as a mode of cultural production, in which a particular way of regarding 'the body' came to be established in Chinese vernacular culture, may additionally yield rich theoretical fodder. How might such claims about a different kind of “internal strength” revisit or disrupt modernist assumptions about the body? The project highlights the neglected significance of the internal martial arts as a narrative of the Chinese body. More broadly, it suggests fresh avenues for scholarship on the body, in showing how these other-bodily "ways of knowing" took on meaning in the period and beyond.

Kung fu is a cinematic genre investing on the discourse of the “real”. From Kwan Tak Hing, Bruce Lee, Jacky Chan, Jet Li to Donnie Yen, cinematic representations of kung fu are inextricably intertwined with realism – real techniques, real fighting and real body. This paper is a theoretical reflection of “real kung fu” as a cultural imaginary and its transfiguration since the 1950s. The discussion will focus on recent developments of the genre in two major industries – digitalization of kung fu in Hollywood and recent return of kung fu masters in Hong Kong through coproduction. Through a parallel analysis of kung fu productions in a global context, this project outlines and predicts possible reinventions of the genre in the first decade of the 21st century. On the one hand, the notion of “real kung fu” is reinvented by digital technology. By applying Jean Baudrillard’s idea of “simulacra and simulation” to the context of kung fu cinema, Leon Hunt’s tripartite scheme of authenticity and Edward Said’s Orientalist discourse are (de/re)constructed in an age of digital production. Through a scrutiny of The Matrix (1999) and Kung Fu Panda (2008), I will demonstrate that the convergence of digital cinema and digital gaming creates a new spectatorship that redefines kung fu with an alternative understanding of body, time and space. On the other hand, the Ip Man trilogy (2008-2010) and Legend of the Fist: The Return of Chen Zhen (2010) show that there is a possible return of kung fu masters in local martial arts co-productions. Instead of a nostalgic return to the established genre in the 1970s, these realist kung fu films reinvent the genre by synthesizing different paradigms of realist styles and renegotiating the longstanding difficult relationship between nationalism and modernity.
published_or_final_version
Comparative Literature
Master
Master of Philosophy

This dissertation examines the way photography engaged in the emergence of new ‘historic sites (shiseki)' during the early Meiji period (1868-1882). My contention is that photography, as a distinctive and integral medium of geographical image making, occasioned a new form of visibility of space imbued with national historicity and materiality. Particular attention is paid to the four distinct sites-as history: the ‘national space' in the geo-encyclopedia, architectural topographies, ancient sites, and imperial famous places. Historic sites may be understood as the Japanese counterparts to what Pierre Nora called “les lieux de mémoire,” the system of topoi through which the modern nation recognizes itself through historical unity. Takashi Fujitani indicates that historic sites were constructed in Japan as part of the larger imperial culture through the process of the reorganization of public space for political rituals in the Meiji period. What distinguishes my approach from these studies is the emphasis on the agency of photography as a privileged medium in the geo-political investment of the modern nation. Photographic indexicality radically transformed the literary vision of ‘famous places (meisho),' a set of places conceived and represented as names and toponyms, by undermining the inherent power of naming to produce the meanings traditionally associated with a place, while regrounding the conceptual understanding of place in a new order of temporality based on history. Such a photographic understanding separate from ‘meishoness,' ironically, helped to reinforce meisho's archaic association, especially with the old imperial practice of viewing and naming places. This is precisely the context where photographic indexicality is to be restaged with its political register, operating within a constellation of discourses, powers and institutions that conspired to construct the modern and imperial nation-state in Japan. It is important to note that photography
Cette dissertation examine l'implication de la photographie dans l'émergence de nouveaux sites historiques (shiseki) à l'aube de la période Meiji (1868-1882). J'avance que la photographie, en tant que forme distincte et intégrale de création d'imagerie géographique, introduit une nouvelle forme de visibilité de l'espace imbue d'historicité et matérialité. Une attention particulière est portée aux quatre ‘sites-histoires' distincts issus de la réalité spatiale de leurs sites historiques : l'espace national au sein de la géo-encyclopédie, la topographie architecturale, les sites anciens et les sites impériaux célèbre. Les sites historiques peuvent être expliqués comme la contre-partie japonaise de ce que Pierre Nora décrit comme ‘les lieux de mémoires', le système de topoi où la nation moderne peut se reconnaître au travers d'une unité historique. Takashi Fujitani mentionne que les sites historiques du Japon furent construits comme un fragment de la culture impériale et conçue par une réorganisation des espaces public servant à mettre en scène les rites politiques det la période Meiji. Mon étude se distingue par l'emphase de la photographie en tant que medium privilégié dans les investissements géopolitiques d'une nation moderne. L'indexicalité de la photographie occasionna une rupture radicale dans la vision littéraire de les sites célèbre (meisho), un groupe d'endroits conceptualisés et représentés comme des noms et toponymes, en sapant le pouvoir inhérent de nommer pour produire la signification traditionnellement associé à un endroit tout en regroupant la compréhension conceptuelle d'un endroit dans un nouvel ordre de temporalité basé sur l'histoire. Cette compréhension photographique distincte du meishoness, aida ironiquement à renforcer l'association archaïque du meisho, tout particulièrement avec la vielle pratique impériale de concevoir et nommer les endroits. Cet précisément le contexte où l'inde

This work addresses the nationalistic elements in the 1570 work Kunst des Fechtens by Joachim Meyer of Strassburg. Meyer's teachings on the longsword are attached to the Swabian Johannes Liechtenauer and then transferred to the Italian rapier thus establishing Meyer as less concerned with nationalist purity as others of his century. His teachings are examined for their pleadings for moral conduct and the preservation of martial studies to the youth of Germany and the young Duke of Bavaria, Johann Casimir. Using modern examples alongside Meyer's writings the case is also made for the integration of nationalist sentiments, moral and ethical instruction, and martial arts training.

This study explores the acculturation experiences of long-term Western residents in Japan using a broad intercultural studies approach. First, the historical context of Westerners coming to Japan is discussed. Next, literature from the field of intercultural studies is considered. This literature is used to provide a framework for analyzing Western sojourners’ acculturation experiences in Japan, as well as for choosing the research methods for conducting a qualitative analysis. The research involved interviewing 12 expatriates from English-speaking countries who have been in Japan for at least 10 years. Their acculturation experiences were analyzed, with a particular focus on finding hidden barriers to acculturation. The study concludes that numerous barriers to acculturation do exist. Commonly observable barriers included lack of employment security for some sojourners, and a poor fit between an individual’s personality and the host culture. These issues are applicable to anyone adapting to life in a different culture. However, this research also exposed a number of hidden barriers arguably unique to the Western sojourner’s acculturation experience in Japan. These barriers include the challenge of developing satisfying relationships with Japanese, due primarily to different expectations for psychological closeness and self-disclosure in Japan and the West. Another is the social effect of Othering, the centuries-old process where Japanese society divides things into those which are Japanese and those which are not, and the consequent empathy deficit that Japanese experience toward outsiders. The thesis concludes by offering recommendations for how long-term Western residents in Japan can improve their adaptation and acculturation experience. These include the obvious advantages of learning the Japanese language, and the less obvious benefits of learning and practicing mindful intercultural communication.

Essa dissertação se propôs a discutir o conceito de tradição, bem como a sua importância, no campo das artes marciais chinesas (Kung Fu) no Brasil. Para tanto, recorri às histórias orais de vida de cinco mestres brasileiros, discípulos de chineses, como fontes primárias para contribuir com essa discussão. Essas narrativas foram cotejadas com os referenciais teóricos a respeito da relação mestre-discípulo, da relação entre tradição e autoridade e de certos momentos da história do Kung Fu, com destaque para o intenso processo de transformação sofrido por essas práticas ao longo do século XX, o que abarcou, inclusive, a migração de alguns mestres para o Brasil. Em concordância com o esboço metodológico proposto por Pierre Bourdieu, a análise desse elemento específico do Kung Fu, a tradição, foi precedida por um delineamento de seu - campo esportivo, o qual revelou que as artes marciais chinesas apresentam, de fato, uma grande dispersão em suas denominações, não somente em relação às suas diversas manifestações, mas também pelas experiências de vida dos mestres de cada denominação e sua relação com questões de classe social, de capital social, de gênero, de raça/etnia e de territorialidade. A respeito da tradição, é unânime a consideração dos entrevistados de que se trata de um elemento fundamental no Kung Fu, sendo que um estilo, escola ou família podem ser denominados tradicionais em razão de sua antiguidade e de sua genealogia. Entretanto, é a justificação da importância do conceito de tradição que demarca dois discursos distintos: o primeiro, remetendo-se à ancestralidade, à fundação e a elementos simbólicos, se volta para a tradição enquanto manutenção do legado dos mestres; o segundo, referendando-se no caráter intrínseco da relação entre mestres e discípulos e em contextualizações histórico-políticas das artes marciais, alude para um processo interpretativo em relação aos elementos considerados tradicionais. Chama a atenção o fato de que ambos os discursos são reticentes em relação ao modelo esportivo, mas sob perspectivas diferentes: se um enfatiza os conteúdos simbólicos e filosóficos em resistência ao tecnicismo, à competitividade e ao apelo estético das manifestações esportivas, o outro pontua as questões que permearam as artes marciais chinesas em relação à dominação política e cultural que sofreram em determinados momentos da história. Desse modo, a presente pesquisa evidenciou que essa circulação de narrativas é relevante para a compreensão do campo esportivo do Kung Fu no Brasil. Além disso, as artes marciais chinesas demonstraram ser um campo privilegiado que permite aos envolvidos entrarem em contato com questões sofisticadas a respeito das relações estreitas que a história, a política, a cultura e a sociedade podem estabelecer com as práticas corporais. Ainda que não sejam nomeados, mitologia e história, sincronia e diacronia, estrutura e transformação, tradição e autoridade são conceitos circulantes caros ao campo esportivo do Kung Fu e que não podem ser negligenciados quando se aborda essa prática de maneira rigorosa e crítica.
This dissertation aimed to discuss the concept of tradition as well as its importance in the field of Chinese martial arts (Kung Fu) in Brazil. To this end, I resorted to the oral life histories of five Brazilian masters, disciples of Chinese ones, as primary sources to contribute to this discussion. These narratives has been confronted with the theoretical background about the master-disciple relationship, the relationship between tradition and authority and certain moments in the history of Kung Fu, especially the intense process of transformation undergone by these practices throughout the twentieth century, which encompassed even the migration of some masters to Brazil. In accordance with the methodological outline proposed by Pierre Bourdieu, the analysis of this particular element of Kung Fu, the tradition, was preceded by a design of its \"sports field\", which revealed that Chinese martial arts have, in fact, a great dispersion in their denominations, not only in relation to their different names and manifestations, but also by the life experiences of the masters of each denomination and its relation to issues of social class, social capital, gender, race/ethnicity and territoriality. Regarding the tradition is unanimous the consideration of the interviewed that it is a fundamental element in Kung Fu, and a style, school or family can be called traditional because of its antiquity and its genealogy. However , is the justification of the importance of the tradition\'s concept that demarcates two distinct discourses: the first, referring to the ancestry, the foundation and symbolic elements, turns to tradition while the maintaining of the masters\' legacy; the second, endorsing on the intrinsic character of the relationship between masters and disciples and the historical and political contextualization of martial arts, refers to an interpretive process in relation to the elements considered traditionals. It calls atention the fact that both discourses are reticent about the sports model but from different perspectives: the first one emphasizes thee symbolic and philosophical content in resistance to the technicality, competitiveness and aesthetic appeal of the sports, the another one points out the issues involved in the Chinese martial arts in relation to political and cultural domination suffered at certain times in it history. Thus, the present study showed that this movement of narratives is relevant for understanding the sports field of Kung Fu in Brazil. Moreover, Chinese martial arts have shown to be a privileged field that allows the subjects involved on it to get in touch with sophisticated issues about the close relations that history, politics, culture and society can be established with body practices. Although not named, mythology and history, synchrony and diachrony, structure and transformation, tradition and authority are circulating concepts valued to the sports field of Kung Fu and that can not be overlooked when discussing this practice rigorously and critically.

Thesis (M.A.)--East Tennessee State University, 2004.
Title from electronic submission form. ETSU ETD database URN: etd-0629104-174631. Includes bibliographical references. Also available via Internet at the UMI web site.

L'histoire vivante est une manière de présenter le passé, qui peut se décliner en fonction d'époques variées ; celle qui est prise en compte dans cette recherche concerne la période médiévale. La pratique s'expose à travers deux activités distinctes mais complémentaires : la reconstitution historique et les Arts martiaux historiques européens, couramment nommés AMHE. L'étude menée répond à un travail de terrain interdisciplinaire, mêlant des approches ethnologiques et sociologiques. Les données recueillies proviennent d'observations participantes, mises en place lors de différents événements, d'entretiens (semi-directifs ou directifs) auprès de divers informateurs et, enfin, de deux séries de questionnaires. C'est une méthodologie aussi bien qualitative que quantitative qui a été utilisée, afin de permettre une compréhension globale de l'objet d'étude.La problématique retenue, en fonction d'une dialectique constante entre le terrain et la théorie, questionne les modalités d'expressions d'une pratique culturelle génératrice d'identités. Plusieurs axes ont ainsi pu être dégagés. C'est d'abord sous l'angle de la diffusion des connaissances (actions culturelles, rapport au patrimoine, liens entretenus avec la mémoire et principe de transmission) que l'histoire vivante est abordée. Ensuite, la recherche porte sur les éléments de définition associés à la démarche, entre activité de loisir et professionnalisation. Les thématiques présentées renvoient autant au fait associatif qu'au développement technique, en passant par les enjeux touristiques et les ambivalences relatives au concept de fête. Enfin, le dernier point évoque la pratique sociale, créatrice de liens entre les participants. Du profil sociologique des enquêtés au principe de communauté, les investigations réalisées invitent à appréhender les normes et valeurs spécifiques à ce type d'activités. L'un des principaux enjeux consiste à afficher les mécanismes relatifs à la délimitation identitaire d'un groupe particulier : c'est en fonction du rapport à l'altérité et des normes véhiculées par un ensemble précis que le lien social se maintient ou se délie. La faible reconnaissance dont dispose l'histoire vivante favorise ainsi une approche en termes de jeu identitaire, fécond pour l'analyse globale d'une démarche contemporaine en expansion.

La citation et le mitate sont des procédés mimétiques proches au regard des autoportraits photographiques de Morimura Yasumasa. En citant directement les tableaux et le cinéma occidental, l’artiste reconstitue une histoire de l’art et de l’image dans le contexte japonais et du Kansai. Pourtant, bien que la citation, l’imitation et la copie caractérisent ses œuvres, l’artiste et les critiques japonais n’ont encore jamais mis en cause l’implication de l’influence du mitate. Or, sa définition, qui se traduit par une « transposition » que l’on déplace d’un cadre spatiaux-temporel à l’autre, sous une forme à la fois poétique, parodique et théâtrale, correspond à la galerie d’autoportraits morimuriens. A travers un réexamen comparatif avec l’ukiyo-e de l’époque Edo et l’histoire de l’autoportrait au Japon, la production de Morimura et de l’art japonais dit « postmoderne » sont réévalués. Le dessein d’un tel procédé rend possible une autre lecture, de reconfigurer une histoire de l’art spécifique au Japon. En effet, à travers le jeu ludique du mitate, Morimura questionne la vision de l’image, plutôt que sa signification, afin d’établir une première déchirure avec l’histoire de l’art européen et ses concepts. Dès lors, la transposition du mitate forme l’objectivation d’un moi ancré dans une dichotomie à la fois plastique, conceptuelle et genrée. L’analyse du genre au Japon et des médias occasionnent ainsi une relecture culturelle et sociale de l’autoportrait morimurien, tout en saisissant une nouvelle vision du troisième genre. L’examen du mitate et de l’histoire de l’art japonais encourage, par conséquent, une réévaluation d’un canon artistique japonais prémoderne et actuel
Quotation and mitate are mimetic processes present in the photographic self-portraits of Morimura Yasumasa and in the Japanese postmodern art. Quoting Western master pieces and cinema, Morimura recreates a history of image and art in the Japanese framework and in the Kansai landscape. Although the quotation, imitation and copy are characteristics of his production, the artiste and Japanese critics had never noticed or questioned the influence of mitate. And despite Japanese contemporary arts are considered in the international Postmodernism and Simulation’s movements, this thesis shows that the reading of the mitate allows a specific and an exclusive re-examination of the Japanese art history. After comparing ukiyo-e from the Edo period and contemporary artworks, we ascertain a clear definition of mitate, as an analogical “transposition” based on outward forms to create a new poetic, theatrical and parodic image. Consequently, the demonstration of the playful mitate in the Japanese contemporary visual wakagumi attests that artists bring into play the vision of the image, rather than its signification. Finally, mitate insides the Morimura’ self-portraits lead to a plastic, conceptual and gendered dichotomy. In this case, gender and media in Japan give a new examination of his production, and makes appears the vision of a third gender likes to the wakashû. Thus, artists and contemporary mitate-e testify the exchanges, influences and impacts between Western and Japanese arts to introduce a first gap with the European art history and its conceptions

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Currently, the eastern martial arts are a part of the corporal culture of the city of São Paulo. His practice is available as an opportunity to experience. In other words, anyone that desire easily can have access to those corporal practices originated at countries of the far east. But how that was possible? How an element of so different culture is able to be established in São Paulo? To try to answer those questions that, I wrote this work. Accordingly, this research was based on oral sources, bibliographic and documentary to investigate the process of introduction and spread of some of the most popular eastern martial arts practiced today in the city of São Paulo. Specifically on oral sources, I chose a strategy that focused masters immigrants from three countries: Japan, China (Hong Kong) and South Korea. The justification for such strategy resides in the fact of that are those the countries where originated some of the most popular eastern martial arts, currently practiced in the city of São Paulo. For analysis of the statements, were observed the annotations of Alessandro Portelli (1997), for whom the oral reports It is a document of present, in its shared responsibility by both the deponent as the researcher . As a result, it was observed that the introduction of oriental martial arts in most due to the migration of peoples of oriental origin, started in the early years of the twentieth century, and that the success in the work of dissemination of such practices should be the process of modernization, the perspective advocated by Norbert Elias (1994), to which they were submitted. This modernization is expressed in the adoption in their home countries and also in the receiving country, in Brazil, the labor standards of some body of European origin, with emphasis, accordingly, for the sport and gymnastics and also the methods by "control the potential violence" inherent in such practices. It was also noted that the period after World War II, more specifically in the 1960s and 1970s, represented a new moment in the dissemination of such practices in the city. Process that until then had been promoted by the exclusive work of the masters immigrants and that from that moment on, begin to benefit from the emergence of a breeding ground for these practices arise from increased visibility in the city, a phenomenon generated by the diffusion mass products of the entertainment industry relating to eastern martial arts. Finally, there was the role of a phenomenon that began for some of these practices even in the final years of the nineteenth century, in their home countries, but currently still in progress, making it a sport. Accordingly, with the help of the studies conducted by Pierre Bourdieu (1990, 1983) and Norbert Elias (1994, 1992), it was found that the unfolding of this process have been the responsible for a clash between the traditions of martial arts and oriental desires of those who are supporters of the process of modernization, Westernization and spotivization of these practices. Such situation has acted in the sense of become possible the association of the martial arts in a variety of ways. Senses that in some way seek satiate the desires of the actors involved in the life of martial arts, are the work of dissemination of the practice and are in its consumption
Atualmente as artes marciais orientais são um elemento constitutivo da cultura corporal da cidade de São Paulo. Sua prática encontra-se disponível enquanto possibilidade de experiência. Em outras palavras, qualquer pessoa que deseje pode facilmente ter acesso a essas práticas corporais originadas nos países do extremo oriente. Mas como isso foi possível? Como um elemento de uma cultura tão diferente em relação a que existia em São Paulo pôde se estabelecer? Foi justamente para tentar responder a essas questões que escrevi este trabalho. Nesse sentido, a presente pesquisa se baseou em fontes orais, bibliográficas e documentais, para investigar parte do processo de introdução e disseminação de algumas das mais populares artes marciais orientais atualmente praticadas na cidade de São Paulo. Especificamente sobre as fontes orais, optei por uma estratégia que focou mestres imigrantes de três países: Japão, China (Hong Kong) e Coréia do Sul. A justificativa para tal estratégia reside no fato de que são esses os países onde se originaram algumas das artes marciais orientais mais populares, atualmente praticadas na cidade de São Paulo. Para análise dos depoimentos, foram observados os apontamentos de Alessandro Portelli (1997), para quem os relatos orais são um documento do presente, compartilhados em sua responsabilidade tanto pelo depoente quanto pelo pesquisador . Como resultado, observou-se que a introdução das artes marciais orientais, em muito, deve-se à imigração dos povos de origem oriental, iniciada nos anos iniciais do século XX, e que parte do sucesso no trabalho de disseminação dessas práticas deve-se ao processo de modernização, na perspectiva defendida por Norbert Elias (1994), ao qual elas foram submetidas. Essa modernização expressou-se na adoção em seus países de origem e também no país receptor, no caso o Brasil, de alguns padrões de trabalho corporal de origem européia, com destaque, nesse sentido, para o esporte e para os métodos ginásticos e também para o controle da violência potencial inerente a essas práticas. Verificou-se também que o período Pós II Guerra Mundial, mais especificamente nas décadas de 1960 e 1970, representou um novo momento no processo de disseminação dessas práticas na cidade, processo que até então vinha sendo promovido pelo trabalho exclusivo dos mestres imigrantes e que, a partir desse momento, começa a se beneficiar do surgimento de um terreno fértil para essas práticas advindo do aumento de sua visibilidade na cidade, um fenômeno gerado pela difusão em massa de produtos da indústria do entretenimento relacionados às artes marciais orientais. Por fim, verificou-se o papel de um fenômeno que teve início para algumas dessas práticas ainda nos anos finais do século XIX, em seus respectivos países de origem, mas que atualmente continua em curso, a esportivização. Nesse sentido, com o auxílio dos estudos realizados por Pierre Bourdieu (1990; 1983) e Norbert Elias (1994; 1992), verificou-se que os desdobramentos desse processo têm sido os responsáveis por um embate entre as tradições dessas artes marciais orientais e os anseios daqueles que são partidários do processo de modernização, ocidentalização e esportivização para essas práticas. Tal situação tem agido no sentido de tornar possível a associação das artes marciais na cidade de São Paulo a uma diversidade de sentidos, que, de alguma forma, buscam saciar os anseios dos atores sociais envolvidos no cotidiano das artes marciais, seja no trabalho de disseminação das práticas, seja no seu consumo

La citation et le mitate sont des procédés mimétiques proches au regard des autoportraits photographiques de Morimura Yasumasa. En citant directement les tableaux et le cinéma occidental, l’artiste reconstitue une histoire de l’art et de l’image dans le contexte japonais et du Kansai. Pourtant, bien que la citation, l’imitation et la copie caractérisent ses œuvres, l’artiste et les critiques japonais n’ont encore jamais mis en cause l’implication de l’influence du mitate. Or, sa définition, qui se traduit par une « transposition » que l’on déplace d’un cadre spatiaux-temporel à l’autre, sous une forme à la fois poétique, parodique et théâtrale, correspond à la galerie d’autoportraits morimuriens. A travers un réexamen comparatif avec l’ukiyo-e de l’époque Edo et l’histoire de l’autoportrait au Japon, la production de Morimura et de l’art japonais dit « postmoderne » sont réévalués. Le dessein d’un tel procédé rend possible une autre lecture, de reconfigurer une histoire de l’art spécifique au Japon. En effet, à travers le jeu ludique du mitate, Morimura questionne la vision de l’image, plutôt que sa signification, afin d’établir une première déchirure avec l’histoire de l’art européen et ses concepts. Dès lors, la transposition du mitate forme l’objectivation d’un moi ancré dans une dichotomie à la fois plastique, conceptuelle et genrée. L’analyse du genre au Japon et des médias occasionnent ainsi une relecture culturelle et sociale de l’autoportrait morimurien, tout en saisissant une nouvelle vision du troisième genre. L’examen du mitate et de l’histoire de l’art japonais encourage, par conséquent, une réévaluation d’un canon artistique japonais prémoderne et actuel
Quotation and mitate are mimetic processes present in the photographic self-portraits of Morimura Yasumasa and in the Japanese postmodern art. Quoting Western master pieces and cinema, Morimura recreates a history of image and art in the Japanese framework and in the Kansai landscape. Although the quotation, imitation and copy are characteristics of his production, the artiste and Japanese critics had never noticed or questioned the influence of mitate. And despite Japanese contemporary arts are considered in the international Postmodernism and Simulation’s movements, this thesis shows that the reading of the mitate allows a specific and an exclusive re-examination of the Japanese art history. After comparing ukiyo-e from the Edo period and contemporary artworks, we ascertain a clear definition of mitate, as an analogical “transposition” based on outward forms to create a new poetic, theatrical and parodic image. Consequently, the demonstration of the playful mitate in the Japanese contemporary visual wakagumi attests that artists bring into play the vision of the image, rather than its signification. Finally, mitate insides the Morimura’ self-portraits lead to a plastic, conceptual and gendered dichotomy. In this case, gender and media in Japan give a new examination of his production, and makes appears the vision of a third gender likes to the wakashû. Thus, artists and contemporary mitate-e testify the exchanges, influences and impacts between Western and Japanese arts to introduce a first gap with the European art history and its conceptions

In the midst of honing my craft as an educator, this ethnographic narrative was done for the purposes of taking an introspective look at the many moving parts of becoming an effective educator as well as developing an ethnographic view of the students who will pass through my classroom during my tenure as an educator. This ethnographic narrative examines my individual background, the educational spaces within which I find myself, communities I serve, and the students I was given the privilege of building relationships with within the classroom. This project serves as an in-depth analysis of the implicit biases one might hold as a teacher and a vehicle for continual introspection on my part as an effective and culturally-aware educator.

Cette thèse porte sur les armes et les combattants représentés dans la peinture funéraire vasculaire et pariétale de Campanie et de Lucanie, dont la production commence dans la seconde partie du Ve siècle et s’éteint au début du IIIe siècle avant J.-C. Nous entendons montrer ici l’existence d’une idéologie élitaire particulière, dont les représentations permettent de discerner la trame et qui se situe à l’articulation des sphères religieuse (eschatologique), militaire et sociale. Cette idéologie militaire est construite autour de l’exploit militaire individuel, porté aux nues par la composition du « retour du guerrier », figurant un cavalier rapportant les dépouilles (spolia) de son ennemi vaincu, élément-clé permettant au combattant défunt d’accéder à l’immortalité. Les techniques de combat représentées dans ce contexte sont principalement celles du duel, qui constitue le mode d’affrontement le plus à même de permettre au vainqueur de se saisir des dépouilles de son adversaire. Les peintures étudiées révèlent ainsi une structure particulière de la bataille, qui relève d’un mode de guerre archaïque où les enjeux diffèrent de ceux de la guerre moderne de type clausewitzienne. L’examen des peintures permet également de confirmer les bouleversements militaires, sociaux et institutionnels connus par les textes qui ont lieu en Italie centrale et méridionale au cours du dernier tiers du IVe siècle, comme le rapprochement romano-campanien, la réforme d’Appius Claudius et les guerres samnites
This thesis investigates the weapons and combatants depicted in the vascular and parietal funerary paintings of Campania and Lucania, whose production began in the second half of the fifth century and died out at the beginning of the third century BC. We intend to show that we can identify a particular military ideology visible through the paintings, which is situated at the confluence of the religious (eschatological), military and social spheres. The individual military exploit is celebrated through the composition called the "Return of the Warrior", depicting a horseman bringing back the spoils (spolia) of his defeated enemy, a key element allowing the deceased combatant to attain immortality. We will also see that the fighting techniques are focused on dueling. Single combat is the most likely to allow the victor to seize the spoils of his defeated opponent. The specifics of the battle as it is represented is characteristic of archaic warfare, which differs in substance from modern warfare. The paintings studied thus reveal a particular structure of the battle, characteristic of archaic warfare, which differs in substance from modern warfare. We will also be able to confirm the military, social and institutional upheavals known from ancient sources that took place in central and southern Italy during the last third of the fourth century, such as the Roman-Campanian rapprochement, the reform of Appius Claudius and the Samnite wars

碩士
大葉大學
應用外語研究所
100
「When we talk about “Martial arts culture”, it is a active culture developing with human history and culture. Martial arts culture is different from literature, because besides characters and writing, the inheritance of Martial arts also can be preserved through body movement. This paper presents an understanding of Chinese martial arts to compare Taiwanese martial arts and Japanese martial arts and finds out theirs similarity and dissimilarity. Firstly, we take “Chinese martial arts” which is the original Eastern martial arts as a standard to analyze the culture elements of martial arts. After that, we use these elements to analyze Taiwanese martial arts (quán) and Japanese martial arts (budō). Taiwanese martial arts and artists also are called “Quán” and “Martial Arts Master”. The development of Taiwanese martial arts definitely has relations to its development history. With the development of Taiwanese quán, we can know the relationship between Taiwanese folklore, humanities and history. In addition, by understanding the culture of Taiwanese quán, we would find it comes from Chinese martial arts and learns the characters from Japanese martial arts, too. Japanese martial art is called “Budō” which is the combination of Japanese martial arts and term. This combination makes Japanese martial arts to have the character of arts. Besides, the birth of budō is also related to Bushido culture. Bushido changes its form and combines with martial arts. For Japanese culture, I think martial art is the key to connect the culture of the past and modern society. Taiwan and Japan has itself culture and also has itself uniqueness in structure, system and ideal of martial arts culture. Through culture communication, these two counties learn each other’s cultures and develop their similarity in culture. Now martial arts culture will become a new study of its internationality, communication, preservation and evolution in modern society.

博士
國立臺灣師範大學
體育學系
98
Martial arts books have been published enormously in China, Japan, and Korea since 16th century, this study analyzes martial arts books from these three countries. Based on Jixiao-Xinshu, Heihô-hidensho, Bujutsu-hayamanabi, and Muye-Dobo-Tongji, this study focuses on martial arts’ body notions in Ming Dynasty, Edo period, and Joseon Dynasty. First, Jixiao-Xinshu in Ming Dynasty and Muye-Dobo-Tongji in Joseon Dynasty are investigated in order to find out how Chinese martial arts has influenced on Muye-Dobo-Tongji. Second, the publication and the content of Heihô-hidensho and Bujutsu-hayamanabi are discussed. At last, the martial arts’ body notions of China, Japan, and Korea have been presented. This study finds that the narration, illustration, dressing of the demonstration, pedagogy, and body thinking in these four books reveal Confucianism thought. Though the four books published in Ming Dynasty, Edo Period, and Joseon Dynasty have their own characteristics, the other three books are all influenced by Jixiao-Xinshu from China. However the art of war and martial arts in Japan and Korea were somehow added their own culture into the books.

Title: Historical and Philosophical Context of the Art of Archery in Japan Objectives: The objective of this thesis is to describe Japanese martial art kyudo and introduce it to the wide public with the emphasis on the historical context and its relation to philosophical and religious systems. The first part focuses on the history and development of the Japanese archery, different kinds of Japanese martial activities and basic technique and equipment of kyudo in the frame of Japanese archery. The second part describes philosophical and religious systems within the context of martial arts, especially Zen Buddhism. Further, I will explain the general situation of kyudo within Czech conditions and introduce the role and the legacy of Eugen Herrigel, which is essential for modern kyudo. Methods: Basic methods of theoretical work (see the Methodology Section). Keywords: Kyujutsu, kyudo, martial arts, Japan

abstract: Previous literature on synchronization to music using finger tapping tasks in a laboratory or otherwise controlled setting has led to some invaluable, albeit dated, theories about time and synchronization. In an effort to modernize some of the approaches utilized in research on music synchronization, this study applies established theories of music entrainment to a fieldwork study. Specifically, this study focuses on the extent to which participants of Capoeira, a Brazilian martial art disguised as a dance, synchronize to external timekeepers by analyzing icti in several types of movements and comparing them to musical rhythmic beats. Sports psychology studies have shown that the presence of music can have involuntary effects on exercise. For example, walkers and runners will spontaneously synchronize gait to auditory signals. However, runners do not normally focus on choreology, acrobatics, and environmental stimuli while exercising. This study contributes to this field of research by adding observations and analyzing degrees of synchronization in a martial art, which may be more cognitively demanding than running. In Capoeira, participants are still expected to attend to music. The degree of synchronization that occurs in a Capoeira class can then be compared with synchronization in martial arts that have music solely as a background component. These future studies would be analyzing music entrainment in real-life environments with physical activities that are more cognitively complex than running. Moreover, these future studies can help to confirm or challenge current theories of attention and music entrainment and synchronization.
Dissertation/Thesis
Masters Thesis Music 2020

Through observations, life history research, and qualitative data analysis, this study seeks to answer the question: Who and what influences elementary school teachers to ultimately use or not use art in their current classroom practice? This study examines the personal histories of nine elementary school general education teachers in the United States and Japan. Through reflections upon life history, pre and post teacher education this study investigates what influences the use of the arts in teaching practice and what influences the recognition of the arts as a vehicle for learning in a cross cultural context. In order to have a deeper understanding of this study investigated what ultimately contributed to the shaping of trajectory and developing these beliefs which influence self-efficacy in the arts before entering into a teacher education program. It is with this self- efficacy already in place that teacher education programs make a mark on pre-service teachers' beliefs about arts integration, which ultimately leads to a new teacher's decision whether or not to practice using an arts integrative approach to teaching. This is a Cross-Cultural Comparative Ethnography. Using phenomenological based interviews and observations. The data was analyzed through a recursive analytic process which included both a deductive and an inductive approach. The study found four central concepts which reoccurred across the data sets. They are influences, self- efficacy, teacher education, and agency. The findings make explicit the similarities and differences across two cultures of how teacher's education, teacher's practice, and student learning are all influenced by the recognition of the arts within academic content areas.

This thesis identifies the early Irish Ulster Cycle of tales as a rich source of information relating to the nature and significance of sport-like activity in the ancient world. Taking the tales of the Ulster Cycle as its data, this thesis adopts a method of analysis which combines aspects of historical and postmodern philosophical processes. The relationships between and among sport, history, truth and fiction are investigated in determining the contribution that the early Irish Ulster Cycle of tales might offer the historian of sport. Central to this notion is the idea that an examination of the role and significance that sport-like activity plays in the Ulster tales might help produce useful and interesting descriptions and understandings of sport in general and sport history in particular. This thesis addresses several aspects of the role of sport-like activity in the tales, namely: the role of sport-like activity in the development of the Celtic „hero‟; the connection between sport-like activity and combat; the use of sport-like activity in gaining and maintaining social status; and, the role of women in the physical development of the hero. This thesis asserts some important conclusions regarding sport and games in the Ulster tales and their contribution to sport history. The Ulster tales do indeed contain salient references to sport-like activity. Sport-like activity plays a critical role in the definition and status of a warrior. The tales provide evidence of specialised warrior training and an identifiable pattern of martial education of which sport-like activity is a central component. Several women are trained in martial arts and play a primary role in the latter stages of the physical and martial education of warriors. Finally, the sport-like activity in the tales can be seen to contain evidence of an early sport ethic. In essence, this thesis offers a fresh contribution to the understanding of sport in the ancient world by way of an examination of the sport-like activity in the early Irish Ulster tales.