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Walker, Jeffrey D., Friederice Pirschel, Nicholas Gidmark, Jason N. MacLean i Nicholas G. Hatsopoulos. "A platform for semiautomated voluntary training of common marmosets for behavioral neuroscience". Journal of Neurophysiology 123, nr 4 (1.04.2020): 1420–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00300.2019.
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Generally behavioral neuroscience studies of the common marmoset employ adaptations of well-established training methods used with macaque monkeys. However, in many cases these approaches do not readily generalize to marmosets indicating a need for alternatives. Here we present the development of one such alternate: a platform for semiautomated, voluntary in-home cage behavioral training that allows for the study of naturalistic behaviors. We describe the design and production of a modular behavioral training apparatus using CAD software and digital fabrication. We demonstrate that this apparatus permits voluntary behavioral training and data collection throughout the marmoset’s waking hours with little experimenter intervention. Furthermore, we demonstrate the use of this apparatus to reconstruct the kinematics of the marmoset’s upper limb movement during natural foraging behavior. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The study of marmosets in neuroscience has grown rapidly and presents unique challenges. We address those challenges with an innovative platform for semiautomated, voluntary training that allows marmosets to train throughout their waking hours with minimal experimenter intervention. We describe the use of this platform to capture upper limb kinematics during foraging and to expand the opportunities for behavioral training beyond the limits of traditional training sessions. This flexible platform can easily incorporate other tasks.
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Aguiar, John M., i Thomas E. Lacher. "On the morphological distinctiveness of <i>Callithrix humilis</i> van Roosmalen <i>et al.</i>, 1998". Neotropical Primates 11, nr 1 (1.04.2003): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.62015/np.2003.v11.526.
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The dwarf marmoset, described as Callithrix humilis by van Roosmalen et al. (1998), is an anomaly among Amazonian marmosets for its size, morphology and behavior. We compare cranial and mandibular characters of the dwarf marmoset with representatives of four other callitrichid genera. C. humilis displays qualitative differences in skull morphology when compared to other callitrichids, and a discriminant analysis of quantitative characters suggests that the dwarf marmoset is strongly distinct from all other Amazonian genera, including Callithrix. These differences are most pronounced in the morphology of the lower jaw and may reflect specialized feeding adaptations, although little is known of the dwarf marmoset’s behavior in the wild.
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Burns, Monika. "Review of Environmental and Health Factors Impacting Captive Common Marmoset Welfare in the Biomedical Research Setting". Veterinary Sciences 10, nr 9 (12.09.2023): 568. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10090568.
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As a small-bodied neotropical nonhuman primate species, common marmosets have unique requirements for adequate husbandry and veterinary care to ensure proper maintenance and to promote good animal welfare in a biomedical research setting. Environmental conditions, as well as medical and research-related manipulations, can impact marmoset welfare. Research focus areas, including basic neuroscience, transgenics, and aging, involve additional implications for marmoset welfare. This manuscript provides a comprehensive review of factors that should be considered and mitigated as needed by clinical and research staff working with marmosets in biomedical research facilities to optimize the welfare of captive marmosets.
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Bleyer, Martina, Marius Kunze, Eva Gruber-Dujardin i Kerstin Mätz-Rensing. "Spontaneous lung pathology in a captive common marmoset colony (Callithrix jacchus)". Primate Biology 4, nr 1 (1.03.2017): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/pb-4-17-2017.
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Abstract. Data on spontaneous pathology are substantially scarce for common marmosets, compared to other laboratory animals, but is essential for the interpretation of histological findings in the context of toxicological and experimental studies. Especially if common marmosets are used as experimental animals in respiratory research, detailed knowledge on the spectrum, occurrence, and incidence of spontaneous histopathological pulmonary lesions in this non-human primate species is required. In this study, lung tissue of 638 common marmosets from the marmoset colony of the German Primate Center was examined histologically. The analysis revealed a high incidence of predominantly mild and multifocal interstitial pneumonia (32.99 %) of unknown etiology in most cases. Only few marmosets exhibited lobar pneumonia (1.41 %) and bronchopneumonia (0.94), which were mainly caused by bacterial pathogens such as Bordetella bronchiseptica and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Lung immaturity and atelectasis were common histological findings in newborn marmosets. Typical background lesions included anthracosis (8.15 %), hemosiderosis (1.72 %), extramedullary hematopoiesis (11.6 %), mineralization (10.97 %), and inflammatory cell foci (10.34 %). In addition, three cases of pulmonary arteriopathy (0.47 %) and 1 case of foreign-body granuloma (0.16 %) were detected in the marmoset study cohort. The high prevalence of circulatory disturbances (congestion, edema, hemorrhage) and changes in air content (secondary atelectasis, alveolar emphysema) could partly be explained by euthanasia-related artifacts or agonal changes. The present study provides a comprehensive overview of the range and incidence of spontaneous pulmonary histopathology in common marmosets, serving as valuable reference data for the interpretation of lung lesions in toxicological and experimental marmoset studies.
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Minton, Dennis M., Angela J. Marolf, Kelly S. Santangelo, Adam B. Salmon i Adam R. Konopka. "DEVELOPING THE COMMON MARMOSET AS A TRANSLATIONAL MODEL OF AGE-RELATED OSTEOARTHRITIS". Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (listopad 2019): S104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.390.
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Abstract Age is a primary risk factor for osteoarthritis (OA). The mechanisms that contribute to OA are poorly understood and disease modifying treatments have not been identified. A critical shortcoming in developing therapies is the limited number of translational models available to identify the causes of naturally occurring OA. Our goal is to use the common marmoset as a non-human primate (NHP) model of age-related OA. NHP are the closest evolutionary relative to humans and share many characteristics of human aging. The marmoset has advantages over other NHP for aging research because of their relatively short maximal lifespan and small size. Micro-computed tomography (uCT) was performed on whole-knee joints obtained from young (10 yrs, n=3) marmosets at necropsy. OA was evaluated using a clinical uCT scoring system and quantitative assessments of subchondral bone structure and ossified meniscal volume. Advancing age was positively correlated to increased uCT OA score (p<0.05, r=0.59 ), mainly through increased number and size of osteophytes and progressive subchondral bone sclerosis from the medial to both medial and lateral compartments. For marmosets displaying meniscal ossification, older marmosets had greater (p<0.05) ossified meniscal volume than middle-aged and younger marmosets, respectively. Trabecular (p=0.05) and cortical bone thickness (p<0.05) were also lower in older marmosets. These data are the first to indicate that the marmoset develops naturally occurring, age-related OA and support the pursuit of additional studies using the marmoset to identify OA mechanisms and test potential interventions.
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Correia-Caeiro, Catia, Anne Burrows, Duncan Andrew Wilson, Abdelhady Abdelrahman i Takako Miyabe-Nishiwaki. "CalliFACS: The common marmoset Facial Action Coding System". PLOS ONE 17, nr 5 (17.05.2022): e0266442. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0266442.
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Facial expressions are subtle cues, central for communication and conveying emotions in mammals. Traditionally, facial expressions have been classified as a whole (e.g. happy, angry, bared-teeth), due to automatic face processing in the human brain, i.e., humans categorise emotions globally, but are not aware of subtle or isolated cues such as an eyebrow raise. Moreover, the same facial configuration (e.g. lip corners pulled backwards exposing teeth) can convey widely different information depending on the species (e.g. humans: happiness; chimpanzees: fear). The Facial Action Coding System (FACS) is considered the gold standard for investigating human facial behaviour and avoids subjective interpretations of meaning by objectively measuring independent movements linked to facial muscles, called Action Units (AUs). Following a similar methodology, we developed the CalliFACS for the common marmoset. First, we determined the facial muscular plan of the common marmoset by examining dissections from the literature. Second, we recorded common marmosets in a variety of contexts (e.g. grooming, feeding, play, human interaction, veterinary procedures), and selected clips from online databases (e.g. YouTube) to identify their facial movements. Individual facial movements were classified according to appearance changes produced by the corresponding underlying musculature. A diverse repertoire of 33 facial movements was identified in the common marmoset (15 Action Units, 15 Action Descriptors and 3 Ear Action Descriptors). Although we observed a reduced range of facial movement when compared to the HumanFACS, the common marmoset’s range of facial movements was larger than predicted according to their socio-ecology and facial morphology, which indicates their importance for social interactions. CalliFACS is a scientific tool to measure facial movements, and thus, allows us to better understand the common marmoset’s expressions and communication. As common marmosets have become increasingly popular laboratory animal models, from neuroscience to cognition, CalliFACS can be used as an important tool to evaluate their welfare, particularly in captivity.
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Otsuki, Fukuda, Inoue, Mineshige, Otsuki, Horikoshi, Endo i Abe. "Preclinical Study of DNA-Recognized Peptide Compound Pyrrole-Imidazole Polyamide Targeting Human TGF-β1 Promoter for Progressive Renal Diseases in the Common Marmoset". Molecules 24, nr 17 (1.09.2019): 3178. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24173178.
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Pyrrole-imidazole (PI) polyamides are novel gene silencers that strongly bind the promoter region of target genes in a sequence-specific manner to inhibit gene transcription. We created a PI polyamide targeting human TGF-β1 (hTGF-β1). To develop this PI polyamide targeting hTGF-β1 (Polyamide) as a practical medicine for treating progressive renal diseases, we examined the effects of Polyamide in two common marmoset models of nephropathy. We performed lead optimization of PI polyamides that targeted hTGF-β1 by inhibiting in a dose-dependent manner the expression of TGF-β1 mRNA stimulated by PMA in marmoset fibroblasts. Marmosets were housed and fed with a 0.05% NaCl and magnesium diet and treated with cyclosporine A (CsA; 37.5 mg/kg/day, eight weeks) to establish chronic nephropathy. We treated the marmosets with nephropathy with Polyamide (1 mg/kg/week, four weeks). We also established a unilateral urethral obstruction (UUO) model to examine the effects of Polyamide (1 mg/kg/week, four times) in marmosets. Histologically, the renal medulla from CsA-treated marmosets showed cast formation and interstitial fibrosis in the renal medulla. Immunohistochemistry showed strong staining of Polyamide in the renal medulla from CsA-treated marmosets. Polyamide treatment (1 mg/kg/week, four times) reduced hTGF-β1 staining and urinary protein excretion in CsA-treated marmosets. In UUO kidneys from marmosets, Polyamide reduced the glomerular injury score and tubulointerstitial injury score. Polyamide significantly suppressed hTGF-β1 and snail mRNA expression in UUO kidneys from the marmosets. Polyamide effectively improved CsA- and UUO-associated nephropathy, indicating its potential application in the prevention of renal fibrosis in progressive renal diseases.
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Ruiz-Miranda, Carlos Ramon, Adriana Gomes Affonso, Marcio Marcelo de Morais, Carlos Eduardo Verona, Andreia Martins i Benjamin B. Beck. "Behavioral and ecological interactions between reintroduced golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia Linnaeus, 1766) and introduced marmosets (Callithrix spp, Linnaeus, 1758) in Brazil's Atlantic Coast forest fragments". Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 49, nr 1 (styczeń 2006): 99–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132006000100012.
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Marmosets (Callithrix spp.) have been introduced widely in areas within Rio de Janeiro state assigned for the reintroduction of the endangered golden lion tamarin (Leontopithecus rosalia). The objetives of this study were to estimate the marmoset (CM) population in two fragments with reintroduced golden lion tamarin to quantify the association and characterize the interactions between species. The CM population density (0,09 ind/ha) was higher than that of the golden lion tamarin (0,06 ind/ha). The mean association index between tamarins and marmosets varied among groups and seasons (winter=62% and summer=35%). During the winter, competition resulted in increases in territorial and foraging behavior when associated with marmosets. Evidence of benefits during the summer was reduced adult vigilance while associated to marmosets. Golden lion tamarins were also observed feeding on gums obtained from tree gouges made by the marmosets. Marmosets represented a threat for the conservation of golden lion tamarins.
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Hori, Yuki, Justine C. Cléry, Janahan Selvanayagam, David J. Schaeffer, Kevin D. Johnston, Ravi S. Menon i Stefan Everling. "Interspecies activation correlations reveal functional correspondences between marmoset and human brain areas". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, nr 37 (7.09.2021): e2110980118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2110980118.
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The common marmoset has enormous promise as a nonhuman primate model of human brain functions. While resting-state functional MRI (fMRI) has provided evidence for a similar organization of marmoset and human cortices, the technique cannot be used to map the functional correspondences of brain regions between species. This limitation can be overcome by movie-driven fMRI (md-fMRI), which has become a popular tool for noninvasively mapping the neural patterns generated by rich and naturalistic stimulation. Here, we used md-fMRI in marmosets and humans to identify whole-brain functional correspondences between the two primate species. In particular, we describe functional correlates for the well-known human face, body, and scene patches in marmosets. We find that these networks have a similar organization in both species, suggesting a largely conserved organization of higher-order visual areas between New World marmoset monkeys and humans. However, while face patches in humans and marmosets were activated by marmoset faces, only human face patches responded to the faces of other animals. Together, the results demonstrate that higher-order visual processing might be a conserved feature between humans and New World marmoset monkeys but that small, potentially important functional differences exist.
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Ross, Corinna N., Kenneth Davis, Georgina Dobek i Suzette D. Tardif. "Aging Phenotypes of Common Marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)". Journal of Aging Research 2012 (2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/567143.
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Characterizing the phenotypic changes associated with aging in a short-lived primate is necessary in order to develop better translational models for human health, aging, and disease research. A population of conventionally housed marmoset monkeys was assessed to determine if phenotypes of body composition, hematology, and morphometrical measures were associated with age or risk of death. We found that the cause of mortality in older marmosets was more likely to be due to cardiac and chronic kidney disease than in younger marmosets. Older marmosets have decreased fat mass, morphometric measures, and serum albumin. Older marmosets are more likely to show a modified posture while at rest and this modified posture was significantly associated with an increased risk of imminent death. These assessments provide an initial definition of aged health in marmosets and a base for future translational aging research with this species.
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Woller, Michael J., Pam L. Tannenbaum, Nancy J. Schultz-Darken, Bruce D. Eshelman i David H. Abbott. "Pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone release from hypothalamic explants of male marmoset monkeys compared with male rats". American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 298, nr 1 (styczeń 2010): R70—R78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00193.2009.
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The present study was conducted to quantify in vitro gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) release parameters in the male marmoset. We established primary cultures of marmoset hypothalamic tissues for ∼2 days (marmosets) to assess GnRH release profiles in vitro in hypothalamic explants from testis-intact and gonadectomized males. Pulsatile GnRH release profiles were readily demonstrated from in vitro hypothalamic explants isolated from adult male marmoset monkeys. Gonadectomy of male marmosets resulted in elevated mean GnRH and pulse amplitude from hypothalamic explants on the 1st day of culture ( day 0). GnRH pulse amplitude increased by day 2 in ∼67% of hypothalamic explants from testis-intact marmosets, suggesting release from an endogenous regulator of GnRH. We also measured GnRH release profiles in vitro in hypothalamic explants from testis-intact and gonadectomized rats. Male rats showed no changes in any concentration or frequency release parameters for GnRH following gonadectomy or during successive days in culture. The present study represents a unique examination of GnRH release from male marmoset monkey hypothalamic tissue and compares release dynamics directly with those obtained from male rat, suggesting a species difference in feedback regulation of GnRH release.
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Tavela, Alexandre de Oliveira, Lisieux Franco Fuzessy, Vinicius Herold Dornelas e. Silva, Fernanda de Fátima Rodrigues da Silva, Moacir Carretta Junior, Ita de Oliveira Silva i Vanner Boere Souza. "Helminths of wild hybrid marmosets (Callithrix sp.) living in an environment with high human activity". Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 22, nr 3 (wrzesień 2013): 391–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612013000300012.
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The objective of this study was to identify the helminth fauna in hybrid, non-native marmosets, through analysis of fecal samples. The study involved 51 marmosets (genus Callithrix) from five groups living in places with levels of human impact in Viçosa-MG. The marmosets were caught using a multiple-entrance trap and were anaesthetized. Feces were collected, refrigerated and analyzed by means of the sedimentation technique (Hoffmann-Pons-Janner). Eggs and parasites were identified, but not counted. Most of the marmosets (86%) were parasitized by at least one genus of helminths. Among the infected marmosets, 37% presented co-infection. The intestinal helminths comprised four different taxa: Primasubulura jacchi, Ancylostomatidae, Prosthenorchis sp. and Dilepididae.P. jacchi and Ancylostomatidae had higher prevalences (> 80% and > 40%, respectively) and were found in all marmoset groups. Dilepididae species were found in almost all the groups, but only accounted for around 30% of the marmosets. Prosthenorchis sp. showed a relatively low prevalence (< 10%) and was only found in one group. Although two parasites are commonly found in marmosets and other primates (P. jacchi and Prosthenorchis sp.), our study is the first record for Ancylostomatidae and Dilepididae. Factors like marmosets' feeding behavior and their contact with humans and other species of nonhuman primates seem to be determinants of infection among marmosets.
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Heffron, Anna S., Michael Lauck, Elizabeth D. Somsen, Elizabeth C. Townsend, Adam L. Bailey, Megan Sosa, Jens Eickhoff i in. "Discovery of a Novel Simian Pegivirus in Common Marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) with Lymphocytic Enterocolitis". Microorganisms 8, nr 10 (30.09.2020): 1509. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8101509.
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From 2010 to 2015, 73 common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) housed at the Wisconsin National Primate Research Center (WNPRC) were diagnosed postmortem with lymphocytic enterocolitis. We used unbiased deep-sequencing to screen the blood of deceased enterocolitis-positive marmosets for viruses. In five out of eight common marmosets with lymphocytic enterocolitis, we discovered a novel pegivirus not present in ten matched, clinically normal controls. The novel virus, which we named Southwest bike trail virus (SOBV), is most closely related (68% nucleotide identity) to a strain of simian pegivirus A isolated from a three-striped night monkey (Aotus trivirgatus). We screened 146 living WNPRC common marmosets for SOBV, finding an overall prevalence of 34% (50/146). Over four years, 85 of these 146 animals died or were euthanized. Histological examination revealed 27 SOBV-positive marmosets from this cohort had lymphocytic enterocolitis, compared to 42 SOBV-negative marmosets, indicating no association between SOBV and disease in this cohort (p = 0.0798). We also detected SOBV in two of 33 (6%) clinically normal marmosets screened during transfer from the New England Primate Research Center, suggesting SOBV could be exerting confounding influences on comparisons of common marmoset studies from multiple colonies.
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Zühlke, U., i G. Weinbauer. "The Common Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) as a Model in Toxicology". Toxicologic Pathology 31, nr 1_suppl (styczeń 2003): 123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01926230390175002.
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The common marmoset, Callithrix jacchus, is the smallest nonhuman primate commonly used in biomedical research. Marmoset characteristics and propensities have enabled them to be used in a wide range of research as a model of human disease, physiology, drug metabolism, general toxicology, and reproductive biology. This paper provides a general overview of the marmoset with special emphasis on the benefits and disadvantages of this species as a model for inclusion in preclinical drug development programmes. In view of its small size in comparison with other nonrodent species marmosets have become of value for toxicology studies with biotechnology products where compound supply is limited. In general toxicology studies, marmosets have been successfully used to meet regulatory endpoints also for specific investigatory purposes. The widespread use of this species has allowed extensive background information to become available and a summary of the most frequently measured parameters are presented. Marmosets apparently represent an interesting animal model for comparative research on primate reproductive physiology. However, several basic aspects of reproductive processes exhibit cardinal discrepancies to those described for macaques and human. Thus, from the viewpoint of reproductive toxicology, the relevance of the marmoset primate model for human reproduction remains unclear to date and further research is obviously needed. Given our current knowledge of marmoset reproductive features, the use of this animal model cannot be recommended for reproductive toxicology assessment.
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Cloherty, Shaun L., Jacob L. Yates, Dina Graf, Gregory C. DeAngelis i Jude F. Mitchell. "Motion Perception in the Common Marmoset". Cerebral Cortex 30, nr 4 (11.12.2019): 2659–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhz267.
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Abstract Visual motion processing is a well-established model system for studying neural population codes in primates. The common marmoset, a small new world primate, offers unparalleled opportunities to probe these population codes in key motion processing areas, such as cortical areas MT and MST, because these areas are accessible for imaging and recording at the cortical surface. However, little is currently known about the perceptual abilities of the marmoset. Here, we introduce a paradigm for studying motion perception in the marmoset and compare their psychophysical performance with human observers. We trained two marmosets to perform a motion estimation task in which they provided an analog report of their perceived direction of motion with an eye movement to a ring that surrounded the motion stimulus. Marmosets and humans exhibited similar trade-offs in speed versus accuracy: errors were larger and reaction times were longer as the strength of the motion signal was reduced. Reverse correlation on the temporal fluctuations in motion direction revealed that both species exhibited short integration windows; however, marmosets had substantially less nondecision time than humans. Our results provide the first quantification of motion perception in the marmoset and demonstrate several advantages to using analog estimation tasks.
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Weatherford, Trudie, Deborah Chavez, Kathleen M. Brasky i Robert E. Lanford. "The Marmoset Model of GB Virus B Infections: Adaptation to Host Phenotypic Variation". Journal of Virology 83, nr 11 (11.03.2009): 5806–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00033-09.
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ABSTRACT Worldwide, approximately 170 million people are chronically infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV), and chronic infection frequently progresses to serious liver disease, including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. GB virus B (GBV-B), the virus phylogenetically most closely related to HCV, causes hepatitis in tamarins. We have demonstrated the suitability of the tamarin as a host for GBV-B and as a surrogate nonhuman primate model for HCV infection, and we have initiated studies of GBV-B infection in a closely related species, the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Here, we demonstrate that marmosets exhibit two phenotypes upon infection with GBV-B: the susceptible phenotype and the partially resistant phenotype. In addition, we identify changes that may correlate with adaptation of the virus to the partially resistant host. GBV-B was serially passaged five times through 14 marmosets as one lineage and two times through 6 marmosets as a second lineage. Virus adapted to the marmosets and eventually exhibited robust infections in two separate lineages, lineages 1 and 2. A third lineage was initiated with a molecular clone, and again, susceptible and partially resistant phenotypes were observed. Three isolates were fully sequenced (from lineage 1), and 21 nucleotide changes were observed, with six amino acid changes. We speculate that the marmoset partially resistant phenotype may be due to a polymorphism in the marmoset population that affects critical virus-host interactions and that wild-type GBV-B is capable of rapidly adapting to this altered host.
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Tardif, Suzette, i Corinna Ross. "MARMOSET MONKEYS AS A MODEL OF AGING". Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (listopad 2019): S8—S9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.028.
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Abstract Interest in the New World Monkey, the common marmoset, as a nonhuman primate aging model is growing. Because marmosets have a fast maturation and short life span compared with more commonly used Old World monkey models, the aging research community began to explore the potential of this model species. In addition, the relative ease with which marmosets can be bred in a barrier environment enhances their value as a life-span model. Since that time, efforts to better define what aging actually looks like in marmosets has intensified. Important findings of the past decade include: (1) a refined definition of lifespan in this species and what affects age-specific survival; (2) assessments of age-related pathological changes; (3) development of functional phenotyping relevant to aging, such as activiyy, strength, body composition, cytokine profiling; (4) support of studies using the marmoset as a preclinical model to test intervention that may modulate the aging process.
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Reveles, Kelly R., Alexana J. Hickmott, Kelsey A. Strey, Aaryn C. Mustoe, Juan Pablo Arroyo, Michael L. Power, Benjamin J. Ridenhour, Katherine R. Amato i Corinna N. Ross. "Developing the Common Marmoset as a Translational Geroscience Model to Study the Microbiome and Healthy Aging". Microorganisms 12, nr 5 (25.04.2024): 852. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12050852.
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Emerging data support associations between the depletion of the healthy gut microbiome and aging-related physiological decline and disease. In humans, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has been used successfully to restore gut microbiome structure and function and to treat C. difficile infections, but its application to healthy aging has been scarcely investigated. The marmoset is an excellent model for evaluating microbiome-mediated changes with age and interventional treatments due to their relatively shorter lifespan and many social, behavioral, and physiological functions that mimic human aging. Prior work indicates that FMT is safe in marmosets and may successfully mediate gut microbiome function and host health. This narrative review (1) provides an overview of the rationale for FMT to support healthy aging using the marmoset as a translational geroscience model, (2) summarizes the prior use of FMT in marmosets, (3) outlines a protocol synthesized from prior literature for studying FMT in aging marmosets, and (4) describes limitations, knowledge gaps, and future research needs in this field.
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Phaniraj, Nikhil, Rahel K. Brügger i Judith M. Burkart. "Marmosets mutually compensate for differences in rhythms when coordinating vigilance". PLOS Computational Biology 20, nr 5 (15.05.2024): e1012104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1012104.
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Synchronization is widespread in animals, and studies have often emphasized how this seemingly complex phenomenon can emerge from very simple rules. However, the amount of flexibility and control that animals might have over synchronization properties, such as the strength of coupling, remains underexplored. Here, we studied how pairs of marmoset monkeys coordinated vigilance while feeding. By modeling them as coupled oscillators, we noted that (1) individual marmosets do not show perfect periodicity in vigilance behaviors, (2) nevertheless, marmoset pairs started to take turns being vigilant over time, a case of anti-phase synchrony, (3) marmosets could couple flexibly; the coupling strength varied with every new joint feeding bout, and (4) marmosets could control the coupling strength; dyads showed increased coupling if they began in a more desynchronized state. Such flexibility and control over synchronization require more than simple interaction rules. Minimally, animals must estimate the current degree of asynchrony and adjust their behavior accordingly. Moreover, the fact that each marmoset is inherently non-periodic adds to the cognitive demand. Overall, our study provides a mathematical framework to investigate the cognitive demands involved in coordinating behaviors in animals, regardless of whether individual behaviors are rhythmic or not.
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Omorphos, S. C., C. Rice-Evans i C. Hawkey. "Heinz bodies do not modify the membrane characteristics of common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) erythrocytes". Laboratory Animals 23, nr 1 (1.01.1989): 66–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/002367789780886876.
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The possibility was examined that the membrane function of erythrocytes obtained from healthy common marmosets ( Callithrix jacchus) was modified by the presence in the cells of Heinz bodies. No significant differences were found in erythrocyte endogenous free malonyl dialdehyde (MDA) or reduced glutathione (GSH) between normal human erythrocytes and marmoset erythrocytes containing Heinz bodies. Membrane fluorescent chromolipids, surface charge and thiol levels were similar in both species but average membrane bulk lipid fluidity was slightly elevated in the marmosets. It was concluded that, in contrast to the situation in human erythrocytes, the presence of Heinz bodies in red cells of marmosets does not adversely affect the properties of the membrane.
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Duboise, S. Monroe, Jie Guo, Sue Czajak, Ronald C. Desrosiers i Jae U. Jung. "STP and Tip Are Essential for Herpesvirus Saimiri Oncogenicity". Journal of Virology 72, nr 2 (1.02.1998): 1308–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.72.2.1308-1313.1998.
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ABSTRACT Mutant forms of herpesvirus saimiri (HVS) subgroup C strain 488 with deletions in either STP-C488 or Tip were constructed. The transforming potentials of the HVS mutants were tested in cell culture and in common marmosets. Parental HVS subgroup C strain 488 immortalized common marmoset T lymphocytes in vitro to interleukin-2-independent growth, but neither of the deletion mutants produced such growth transformation. Wild-type HVS produced fatal lymphoma within 19 to 20 days of experimental infection of common marmosets, while HVS ΔSTP-C488 and HVS ΔTip were nononcogenic. Virus was repeatedly isolated from the peripheral blood of marmosets infected with mutant virus for more than 5 months. These results demonstrate that STP-C488 and Tip are not required for replication or persistence, but each is essential for transformation in cell culture and for lymphoma induction in common marmosets.
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Gonda, Sae, Shuichi Matsumura, Shoichiro Saito, Yasuhiro Go i Hiroo Imai. "Expression of taste signal transduction molecules in the caecum of common marmosets". Biology Letters 9, nr 4 (23.08.2013): 20130409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2013.0409.
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The extraoral presence of taste signal transduction proteins has recently been reported in rodents and humans. Here, we report for the first time the presence of these signal transduction proteins in the caecum of a non-human primate, the common marmoset. Quantitative RT-PCR data on the gene expression of taste signal transduction molecules (gustducin and TRPM5) in common marmosets suggested high expression in the caecum, which was not observed in other non-human primates. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed the specific presence of gustducin and taste receptors in marmoset caecal cells. These results may relate to the specific feeding behaviour of marmosets, which consume plant exudates, primarily gums.
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Virley, David, Sarah J. Hadingham, Jenny C. Roberts, Belinda Farnfield, Heather Elliott, Greg Whelan, Jackie Golder, Chris David, Andrew A. Parsons i A. Jackie Hunter. "A New Primate Model of Focal Stroke: Endothelin-1—Induced Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion and Reperfusion in the Common Marmoset". Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 24, nr 1 (styczeń 2004): 24–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.wcb.0000095801.98378.4a.
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The purpose of the present set of studies was to develop a new primate model of focal ischemia with reperfusion for long-term functional assessment in the common marmoset. Initially, the cerebral vascular anatomy of the marmoset was interrogated by Araldite-cast and ink-perfusion methods to determine the feasibility of an intravascular surgical approach. The methods showed that the internal carotid artery was highly tortuous in its passage, precluding the development of an extracranial method of inducing temporary middle cerebral artery occlusion in the marmoset. A pilot dose-response study investigated an intracranial approach of topically applying endothelin-1 (ET-1) to the M2 portion of the middle cerebral artery in a small sample of marmosets for up to 6 hours (n = 2 or 3 per group). Dose-dependent reductions in middle cerebral artery vessel caliber followed by gradual reperfusion were inversely related to increases in corrected lesion volume after ET-1 treatment, relative to vehicle control application. Finally, the functional consequences of ET-1–induced lesions to the M2 vascular territory were assessed up to 24 hours after surgery using the optimal dose established in the pilot study (2.5 nmol/25 μL). ET-1–treated marmosets (n = 4) showed marked contralateral motor deficits in grip strength and retrieval of food rewards and contralateral sensory/motor neglect towards tactile stimulation, relative to their ipsilateral side and vehicle-treated marmosets (n = 4). Strong correlations were shown between contralateral impairments and histopathologic parameters, which revealed unilateral putamen and cortical damage to the middle cerebral artery territory. No deficits were shown on general mobility, and self-care was promptly resumed in ET-1 marmosets after surgery. These results show that this novel model of ischemia with reperfusion in the marmoset has the potential to assess long-term function and to gauge the efficacy of novel therapeutic strategies targeted for clinical stroke.
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Selvanayagam, Janahan, Kevin D. Johnston, Raymond K. Wong, David Schaeffer i Stefan Everling. "Ketamine disrupts gaze patterns during face viewing in the common marmoset". Journal of Neurophysiology 126, nr 1 (1.07.2021): 330–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00078.2021.
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Face processing, an important social cognitive ability, is impaired in neuropsychiatric conditions such as schizophrenia. The highly social common marmoset model presents an opportunity to investigate these impairments. We administered subanesthetic doses of ketamine to marmosets to model the cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia. We observed a disruption of scan paths during viewing of conspecifics’ faces. These findings support the use of ketamine in marmosets as a model for investigating social cognition in neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Costa-Araújo, Rodrigo, Fabiano R. de Melo, Gustavo Rodrigues Canale, Sandra M. Hernández-Rangel, Mariluce Rezende Messias, Rogério Vieira Rossi, Felipe E. Silva i in. "The Munduruku marmoset: a new monkey species from southern Amazonia". PeerJ 7 (25.07.2019): e7019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7019.
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Although the Atlantic Forest marmosets (Callithrix spp.) are among the best studied Neotropical primates, the Amazonian marmosets (Callibella humilis, Cebuella spp. and Mico spp.) are much less well-known. Even species diversity and distributions are yet to be properly determined because field data and materials currently available in scientific collections do not allow comprehensive taxonomic studies of Amazonian marmosets. From 2015 to 2018, we conducted 10 expeditions in key-areas within southern Amazonia where little or no information on marmosets was available. In one such region—the Tapajós–Jamanxim interfluve—we recorded marmosets with a distinctive pelage pigmentation pattern suggesting they could represent a new species. We tested this hypothesis using an integrative taxonomic framework that included phylogenomic data (ddRAD sequences), pelage pigmentation characters, and distribution records. We found that the marmosets of the northern Tapajós–Jamanxim interfluve have unique states in pelage pigmentation characters, form a clade (100% support) in our Bayesian and Maximum-Likelihood phylogenies, and occur in an area isolated from other taxa by rivers. The integration of these lines of evidence leads us to describe a new marmoset species in the genus Mico, named after the Munduruku Amerindians of the Tapajós–Jamanxim interfluve, southwest of Pará State, Brazil.
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Teixeira, Bruno, Andre Hirsch, Vinicius D. L. R. Goulart, Luiza Passos, Camila P. Teixeira, Philip James i Robert Young. "Good neighbours: distribution of black-tufted marmoset (Callithrix penicillata) in an urban environment". Wildlife Research 42, nr 7 (2015): 579. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr14148.
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Context Primates are one of the most charismatic and widely studied vertebrate groups. However, the study of new world primates in green patches within urban areas has been neglected. Such primates have been viewed as a source of human–animal conflict; however, their ecological importance to urban ecosystems and their role in human well being is poorly understood. Aims To increase understanding of both ecological and socioeconomical factors affecting the distribution, density and group sizes of urban marmosets in a large Brazilian city (Belo Horizonte). Methods A map of vegetation cover and land use was produced and employed to investigate the distribution of marmosets. An online questionnaire was extensively publicised, which permitted the public to report the occurrence or not of marmosets near their residences. For sites with low salary levels and low internet availability, face-to-face interviews were conducted. Additionally, field surveys were conducted in 120 green areas identified by spatial analysis as potential areas of occurrence. The human population density, salary levels and green areas were posteriorly correlated with marmoset distribution. Key results Despite the urbanisation and high human population density, green fragments within the city still housed marmoset groups. However, the presence of green areas did not always indicate primate presence. Group presence was significantly related to the size of parks or green areas and negatively related to built-up areas, and human density. Salary levels were related to more forested streets and possibly tolerance. Marmosets were classified as urban utilisers. Conclusions The human–wildlife conflict with marmoset species was relatively low, owing to marmoset avoidance of built-up areas. The interaction of marmoset species and city dwellers was mainly limited to borders of forest fragments and inside city parks, and appeared to be human motivated. Implications This study showed the importance of public involvement in wildlife studies in urban environments; clarifying the interaction between city dwellers and wild species is essential to mitigate negative interactions.
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Azees, Parveez Ahamed Abdul, Juan Pablo Palavicini, Xianlin Han, Adam Salmon i Amrita Kamat. "Feasibility of a Novel Nonhuman Primate Model of Age-Related Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease". Journal of the Endocrine Society 5, Supplement_1 (1.05.2021): A287—A288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvab048.584.
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Abstract The objective of the proposed study is to investigate the feasibility of the marmoset as an animal model to study age-associated nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This chronic liver disease includes a spectrum of disorders ranging from increased triglyceride accumulation in the liver or hepatic steatosis to the more severe inflammatory form nonalcoholic steatohepatitis that can lead to cirrhosis and even hepatocellular carcinoma in individuals who do not have a history of alcohol abuse. Aging increases the prevalence of NAFLD and is strongly associated with the progression and severity of this disease. End-stage hepatic failure and liver cancer resulting from advanced NAFLD are leading indications for liver transplantation enhancing the burden on our healthcare systems. Accumulating clinical evidence also suggests that patients with NAFLD have a higher prevalence of cardiovascular disease. Pathogenetic mechanisms involved in the development and progression of NAFLD are poorly understood and as such, there is a lack of effective therapies. The common marmoset is a relatively short-lived non-human primate that recapitulates many of the physiological changes that occur in human aging. We hypothesized an age-associated increase in hepatic steatosis and alterations in serum lipid profile in the marmoset model. An increase in triglyceride levels and oil red o staining in liver tissues of old marmosets compared to young animals was observed suggesting an age-associated increase in hepatic steatosis in marmosets as observed in humans. Lipidomic studies were also performed using blood samples from male and female marmosets to investigate age-associated changes in specific lipid species, which are characteristic of aberrant lipid metabolism. Analysis of the results revealed significant decreases in several phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, and sphingomyelin species in the plasma of old marmosets compared to young marmosets. We are now performing studies to determine whether the observed changes in different lipid species could influence the development of cardiovascular disease and provide new insights underlying the mechanisms of NAFLD development with aging.
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Pattison, J. Christina, David H. Abbott, Wendy Saltzman, Ann D. Nguyen, Gary Henderson, Hongwu Jing, Christopher R. Pryce, Amy J. Allen, Alan J. Conley i Ian M. Bird. "Male Marmoset Monkeys Express an Adrenal Fetal Zone at Birth, But Not a Zona Reticularis in Adulthood". Endocrinology 146, nr 1 (1.01.2005): 365–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2004-0689.
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Neonatal human males produce high levels of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its sulfo-conjugated form (DS) that decline within a few months of birth, due to regression of the adrenal fetal zone (FZ). Adult male humans and rhesus monkeys produce C19 steroids in abundance from the adrenal zona reticularis (ZR). Male marmoset monkeys produce DS at birth, but unlike humans and rhesus monkeys, do not produce comparable amounts of DHEA and DS in adulthood. To determine whether male marmosets express a functional ZR in adulthood, we examined adult and neonatal male marmosets for the presence of a ZR and FZ, respectively. Exogenous ACTH failed to stimulate DHEA or DS in adults, and dexamethasone treatment failed to suppress DHEA and DS, although cortisol levels changed as expected. In steroidogenic tissues, the key proteins necessary to synthesize C19 steroids from pregnenolone are P450c17, 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (reduced) oxido-reductase cytochrome P450 (reductase), and cytochromeb5 (cytb5). Adult adrenal cross sections showed P450c17 and reductase protein expression throughout the cortex but showed no expected decrease in 3β-HSD and increase in cytb5 in the innermost region. Western analysis confirmed these data, demonstrating comparable P450c17 expression to rhesus monkeys, but not cytb5. HPLC analysis revealed similar 17α-hydroxylase action on pregnenolone for adult marmoset and rhesus adrenal microsomes but greatly diminished 17,20-lyase activity in marmosets. Neonatal marmoset adrenals exhibited staining indicative of a putative FZ (with P450c17, reduced 3β-HSD and increased cytb5). We conclude that neonatal marmosets exhibit a C19 steroid-secreting FZ similar to humans, but adult males fail to acquire a functional ZR.
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Smith, K. B., S. F. Lunn i H. M. Fraser. "Inhibin secretion during the ovulatory cycle and pregnancy in the common marmoset monkey". Journal of Endocrinology 126, nr 3 (wrzesień 1990): 489–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1260489.
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ABSTRACT Changes in plasma concentrations of immunoreactive inhibin in the reproductively cyclic, pregnant and ovariectomized female marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus) were measured with a heterologous radioimmunoassay. The pattern of inhibin secretion in five marmosets studied individually during four consecutive cycles was shown to resemble that of progesterone. In these animals, data were pooled according to stage of cycle on the basis of plasma progesterone concentrations. Mean values for inhibin were 5465 and 4972 U/l during the early and late follicular phase. Concentrations rose during the luteal phase to 8431, 12 246 and 12 557 U/l for the early, mid- and late luteal phase respectively. The hormonal profile of inhibin during the normal cycle is similar in both marmoset and stumptailed macaque; however, the marmoset has a 28-fold greater level of inhibin during the luteal phase. In six marmosets in which pregnancy occurred, inhibin concentrations showed no decline at the end of the conceptual cycle and remained increased with respect to the follicular phase throughout the subsequent gestation. Inhibin levels were non-detectable (< 1000 U/l) in ovariectomized and acyclic marmosets. These results suggest that the corpus luteum is the major source of inhibin in this New World monkey, in common with man and the Old World primates. Journal of Endocrinology (1990) 126, 489–495
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Ma, Liya, Janahan Selvanayagam, Maryam Ghahremani, Lauren K. Hayrynen, Kevin D. Johnston i Stefan Everling. "Single-unit activity in marmoset posterior parietal cortex in a gap saccade task". Journal of Neurophysiology 123, nr 3 (1.03.2020): 896–911. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00614.2019.
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Abnormal saccadic eye movements can serve as biomarkers for patients with several neuropsychiatric disorders. The common marmoset ( Callithrix jacchus) is becoming increasingly popular as a nonhuman primate model to investigate the cortical mechanisms of saccadic control. Recently, our group demonstrated that microstimulation in the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) of marmosets elicits contralateral saccades. Here we recorded single-unit activity in the PPC of the same two marmosets using chronic microelectrode arrays while the monkeys performed a saccadic task with gap trials (target onset lagged fixation point offset by 200 ms) interleaved with step trials (fixation point disappeared when the peripheral target appeared). Both marmosets showed a gap effect, shorter saccadic reaction times (SRTs) in gap vs. step trials. On average, stronger gap-period responses across the entire neuronal population preceded shorter SRTs on trials with contralateral targets although this correlation was stronger among the 15% “gap neurons,” which responded significantly during the gap. We also found 39% “target neurons” with significant saccadic target-related responses, which were stronger in gap trials and correlated with the SRTs better than the remaining neurons. Compared with saccades with relatively long SRTs, short-SRT saccades were preceded by both stronger gap-related and target-related responses in all PPC neurons, regardless of whether such response reached significance. Our findings suggest that the PPC in the marmoset contains an area that is involved in the modulation of saccadic preparation. NEW & NOTEWORTHY As a primate model in systems neuroscience, the marmoset is a great complement to the macaque monkey because of its unique advantages. To identify oculomotor networks in the marmoset, we recorded from the marmoset posterior parietal cortex during a saccadic task and found single-unit activities consistent with a role in saccadic modulation. This finding supports the marmoset as a valuable model for studying oculomotor control.
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Weatherford, Trudie, Deborah Chavez, Kathleen M. Brasky, Stanley M. Lemon, Annette Martin i Robert E. Lanford. "Lack of Adaptation of Chimeric GB Virus B/Hepatitis C Virus in the Marmoset Model: Possible Effects of Bottleneck". Journal of Virology 83, nr 16 (27.05.2009): 8062–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00032-09.
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ABSTRACT Approximately 3% of the world population is chronically infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV). GB virus B (GBV-B), a surrogate model for HCV, causes hepatitis in tamarins and is the virus phylogenetically most closely related to HCV. Previously we described a chimeric GBV-B containing an HCV insert from the 5′ noncoding region (NCR) that was adapted for efficient replication in tamarins (Saguinus species). We have also demonstrated that wild-type (WT) GBV-B rapidly adapts for efficient replication in a closely related species, the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Here, we demonstrate that the chimeric virus failed to adapt during serial passage in marmosets. The chimeric virus was passaged four times through 24 marmosets. During passage, two marmoset phenotypes were observed: susceptible and partially resistant. Although appearing to adapt in a resistant animal during a prolonged and gradual increase in viremia, the chimeric GBV-B failed to replicate efficiently upon passage to a naïve marmoset. The resistance was specific to the chimeric virus, as the chimeric virus-resistant animals were susceptible to marmoset-adapted WT virus during rechallenge studies. Three isolates of the chimeric virus were sequenced, and 20 nucleotide changes were observed, including eight amino acid changes. Three unique changes were observed in the 5′ NCR chimeric insert, an area that is highly conserved in HCV. We speculate that the failure of the chimeric virus to adapt in marmosets might be due to a bottleneck that occurs at the time of infection of resistant animals, which may lead to a loss of fitness upon serial passage.
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Oliveira, Ayisa R. de, Emy Hiura, Flaviana L. Guião-Leite, Mayra C. Flecher, Fábio R. Braga, Laryssa P. C. Silva, Thiago Sena i Tayse D. de Souza. "Pathological and parasitological characterization of Prosthenorchis elegans in a free-ranging marmoset Callithrix geofroyi from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest". Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 37, nr 12 (grudzień 2017): 1514–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2017001200025.
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ABSTRACT: Prosthenorchis elegans is an acanthocephalan intestinal parasite reported in neotropical primates. Despite parasitism by P. elegans having already been described in wild marmosets in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, there are no reports of this infection in wild Geoffroy’s marmoset (Callithrix geofroyi). The aim of this study is to report one case of P. elegans parasitism in a free-ranging C. geoffroyi from Brazilian Atlantic Forest in Espírito Santo state, and characterize the pathological and parasitological findings of this infection. One Geoffroy’s marmoset necropsied at the Vila Velha University’s Veterinary Pathology Laboratory presented intense chronic transmural ulcerative enteritis associated with twenty cylindrical helminths present in the jejunum and ileum. We can conclude that parasitism by P. elegans occurs in free-ranging groups of Geoffroy’s marmosets. Its infection produced severe intestinal lesions even in free-ranging marmoset and therefore is a threat to this animal’s survival in wildlife and can have some impact on primate conservation in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest.
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Johnston, Kevin D., Kevin Barker, Lauren Schaeffer, David Schaeffer i Stefan Everling. "Methods for chair restraint and training of the common marmoset on oculomotor tasks". Journal of Neurophysiology 119, nr 5 (1.05.2018): 1636–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00866.2017.
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The oculomotor system is the most thoroughly understood sensorimotor system in the brain, due in large part to electrophysiological studies carried out in macaque monkeys trained to perform oculomotor tasks. A disadvantage of the macaque model is that many cortical oculomotor areas of interest lie within sulci, making high-density array and laminar recordings impractical. Many techniques of molecular biology developed in rodents, such as optogenetic manipulation of neuronal subtypes, are also limited in this species. The common marmoset ( Callithrix jacchus) possesses a smooth cortex, allowing easy access to frontoparietal oculomotor areas, and may bridge the gap between systems neuroscience in macaques and molecular techniques. Techniques for restraint, training, and neural recording in these animals have been well developed in auditory neuroscience. Those for oculomotor neuroscience, however, remain at a relatively early stage. In this article we provide details of a custom-designed restraint chair for marmosets, a combination head restraint/recording chamber allowing access to cortical oculomotor areas and providing stability suitable for eye movement and neural recordings, as well as a training protocol for oculomotor tasks. We additionally report the results of a psychophysical study in marmosets trained to perform a saccade task using these methods, showing that, as in rhesus and humans, marmosets exhibit a “gap effect,” a decrease in reaction time when the fixation stimulus is removed before the onset of a visual saccade target. These results are the first evidence of this effect in marmosets and support the common marmoset model for neurophysiological investigations of oculomotor control. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The ability to carry out neuronal recordings in behaving primates has provided a wealth of information regarding the neural circuits underlying the control of eye movements. Such studies require restraint of the animal within a primate chair, head fixation, methods of acclimating the animals to this restraint, and the use of operant conditioning methods for training on oculomotor tasks. In contrast to the macaque model, relatively few studies have reported in detail methods for use in the common marmoset. In this report we detail custom-designed equipment and methods by which we have used to successfully train head-restrained marmosets to perform basic oculomotor tasks.
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Zhu, Shaomei, Tingting Li, Bochao Liu, Yuxia Xu, Yachun Sun, Yilin Wang, Yuanzhan Wang i in. "Infection of Common Marmosets with GB Virus B Chimeric Virus Encoding the Major Nonstructural Proteins NS2 to NS4A of Hepatitis C Virus". Journal of Virology 90, nr 18 (6.07.2016): 8198–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.02653-15.
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ABSTRACTA lack of immunocompetent-small-primate models has been an obstacle for developing hepatitis C virus (HCV) vaccines and affordable antiviral drugs. In this study, HCV/GB virus B (GBV-B) chimeric virus carrying the major nonstructural proteins NS2 to NS4A (HCV NS2 to -4A chimera) was produced and used to infect common marmosets, since HCV NS2 to NS4A proteins are critical proteases and major antigens. Seven marmosets were inoculated intrahepatically with HCV NS2 to -4A chimera RNA for primary infection or intravenously injected with chimera-containing serum for passage infection. Three animals used as controls were injected with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or GBV-B, respectively. Six of seven HCV NS2 to -4A chimera-infected marmosets exhibited consistent viremia and one showed transient viremia during the course of follow-up detection. All six infected animals with persistent circulating viremia presented characteristics typical of viral hepatitis, including viral RNA and proteins in hepatocytes and histopathological changes in liver tissue. Viremia was consistently detected for 5 to 54 weeks of follow-up. FK506 immunosuppression facilitated the establishment of persistent chimera infection in marmosets. An animal with chimera infection spontaneously cleared the virus in blood 7 weeks following the first inoculation, but viral-RNA persistence, low-level viral protein, and mild necroinflammation remained in liver tissue. The specific antibody and T-cell response to HCV NS3 in this viremia-resolved marmoset was boosted by rechallenging, but no viremia was detected during 57 weeks of follow-up. The chimera-infected marmosets described can be used as a suitable small-primate animal model for studying novel antiviral drugs and T-cell-based vaccines against HCV infection.IMPORTANCEHCV infection causes approximately 70% of chronic hepatitis and is frequently associated with primary liver cancer globally. Chimpanzees have been used as a reliable primate model for HCV infection, but ethical considerations have restricted their utility in biomedical research. GB virus B (GBV-B) is a flavivirus related to HCV. It can infect common marmosets, a New World small primate, and induces viral hepatitis similar to HCV infection in humans. To minimize differences between GBV-B and HCV, we generated HCV NS2 to -4A/GBV-B chimeric viruses and established a chimera-infected marmoset model. HCV NS2 to -4A chimera-infected marmosets provide a small-animal model for evaluating novel antiviral drugs targeting HCV NS3-NS4A protease and T-cell-based HCV vaccines.
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Takahashi, N., S. Suda, T. Shinki, N. Horiuchi, Y. Shiina, Y. Tanioka, H. Koizumi i T. Suda. "The mechanism of end-organ resistance to 1α,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in the common marmoset". Biochemical Journal 227, nr 2 (15.04.1985): 555–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2270555.
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The common marmoset, a New World monkey, requires a large amount of cholecalciferol (110 i.u./day per 100g body wt.) to maintain its normal growth. In a previous report, we demonstrated that the circulating levels of 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol [1 alpha,25(OH)2D3] in the marmosets are much higher than those in rhesus monkeys and humans, but the marmosets are not hypercalcaemic [Shinki, Shiina, Takahashi, Tanioka, Koizumi & Suda (1983) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 14, 452-457]. To compare the effect of the daily intake of cholecalciferol, two rhesus monkeys were given a large amount of cholecalciferol (900 i.u./day per 100g body wt). Their serum levels of calcium, 25-hydroxycholecalciferol and 24R,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol were markedly elevated, but the serum 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3 levels remained within a range similar to those in the rhesus monkeys fed the normal diet (intake of cholecalciferol 5 i.u./day per 100g body wt). Intestinal cytosols prepared from both monkeys contained similar 3.5 S macromolecules to which 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3 was bound specifically. However, the cytosols from the marmosets contained only one-sixth as many 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3 receptors as those from the rhesus monkeys. Furthermore, the activity of the 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3-receptor complex in binding to DNA-cellulose was very low in the marmosets. These results suggest that the marmoset possesses an end-organ resistance to 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3 and is a useful animal model for studying the mechanism of vitamin D-dependent rickets, type II.
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Moi, Meng Ling, Tomohiko Takasaki, Tsutomu Omatsu, Shinichiro Nakamura, Yuko Katakai, Yasushi Ami, Yuriko Suzaki, Masayuki Saijo, Hirofumi Akari i Ichiro Kurane. "Demonstration of marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) as a non-human primate model for secondary dengue virus infection: high levels of viraemia and serotype cross-reactive antibody responses consistent with secondary infection of humans". Journal of General Virology 95, nr 3 (1.03.2014): 591–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.060384-0.
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There are four dengue virus (DENV) serotypes. Primary infection with one does not confer protective immunity against the others. We have reported previously that the marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) is a useful primary DENV infection model. It has been reported that secondary DENV infection with a heterotypic serotype induces viraemia kinetics and antibody responses that differ from those in primary infection. Thus, it is important to determine the utility of the marmoset as a model for secondary DENV infection. Marmosets were infected with heterologous DENV by secondary inoculation, and viraemia kinetics and antibody responses were analysed. The marmosets consistently developed high levels of viraemia after the secondary inoculation with heterologous DENV serotypes. IgM responses were lower compared with primary inoculation responses, whilst IgG responses were rapid and high. Neutralizing activities, which possessed serotype cross-reactive activities, were detected as early as 4 days after inoculation. In addition, infectious viraemia titres were higher when assayed with Fcγ receptor-expressing baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells than when assayed with conventional BHK cells, suggesting the presence of infectious virus–antibody immune complexes. After secondary infection with heterotypic DENV, the marmosets demonstrated viraemia kinetics, IgM and IgG responses, and high levels of serotype cross-reactive neutralizing antibody responses, all of which were consistent with secondary DENV infection in humans. The results indicate the marmoset as a useful animal for studying secondary, as well as primary, DENV infection.
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Snowdon, Charles. "Cognitive Components of Vocal Communication: A Case Study". Animals 8, nr 7 (23.07.2018): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani8070126.
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Communication among nonhuman animals is often presented as rigid and inflexible, reflecting emotional states rather than having any cognitive basis. Using the world’s smallest monkey, the pygmy marmoset (Cebuella pygmaea), with the smallest absolute brain size amongst simian primates as a case study, I review the role of cognition in the development and usage of vocalizations in pygmy marmosets and present new data on the instrumental use of babbling and of food associated vocalizations. Pygmy marmosets have several contact calls that differ in the psychoacoustic properties for sound localization as well as the distance at which they carry through the rainforest. Marmosets use these calls strategically based on distance from neighbors. Marmosets alter spectral and temporal aspects of call structure when exposed to new groups and when newly mated. They display population specific vocal dialects. Young pygmy marmosets engage in extensive babbling behavior rewarded by parents that helps the young develop adult vocal structures, but older monkeys also use babbling instrumentally in conflict situations. Specific food referential calls generally relate to food preferences, but food calls are suppressed in the presence of animate prey. Unmated animals systematically combine a long distance call with food calls as though advertising for mates. Taken together, these examples show that even small brained primates use their vocal signals flexibly and strategically in response to a variety of environmental and social conditions.
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Hori, Yuki, David J. Schaeffer, Kyle M. Gilbert, Lauren K. Hayrynen, Justine C. Cléry, Joseph S. Gati, Ravi S. Menon i Stefan Everling. "Altered Resting-State Functional Connectivity Between Awake and Isoflurane Anesthetized Marmosets". Cerebral Cortex 30, nr 11 (18.06.2020): 5943–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhaa168.
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Abstract The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) is a New World primate that is becoming increasingly popular as a preclinical model. To assess functional connectivity (FC) across the marmoset brain, resting-state functional MRI (RS-fMRI) is often performed under isoflurane anesthesia to avoid the effects of motion, physiological stress, and training requirements. In marmosets, however, it remains unclear how isoflurane anesthesia affects patterns of FC. Here, we investigated the effects of isoflurane on FC when delivered with either medical air or 100% pure oxygen, two canonical methods of inhalant isoflurane anesthesia delivery. The results demonstrated that when delivered with either medical air or 100% oxygen, isoflurane globally decreased FC across resting-state networks that were identified in awake marmosets. Generally, although isoflurane globally decreased FC in resting-state networks, the spatial structure of the networks was preserved. Outside of the context of RS networks, we indexed pair-wise functional connectivity between regions across the brain and found that isoflurane substantially altered interhemispheric and thalamic FC. Taken together, these findings indicate that RS-fMRI under isoflurane anesthesia is useful to evaluate the global structure of functional networks, but may obfuscate important nodes of some network components when compared to data acquired in fully awake marmosets.
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Jang, Ha Young, Chang Sik Cho, Young Mi Shin, Jina Kwak, Young Hoon Sung, Byeong-Cheol Kang i Jeong Hun Kim. "Isolation and Characterization of the Primary Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells". Cells 12, nr 12 (16.06.2023): 1644. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells12121644.
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Marmosets have emerged as a valuable primate model in ophthalmic research due to their similarity to the human visual system and their potential for generating transgenic models to advance the development of therapies. In this study, we isolated and cultured primary retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells from marmosets to investigate the mechanisms underlying RPE dysfunction in aging and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). We confirmed that our culture conditions and materials supported the formation of RPE monolayers with functional tight junctions that closely resembled the in vivo RPE. Since serum has been shown to induce epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) in RPE cells, we compared the effects of fetal bovine serum (FBS) with serum-free supplements B27 on transepithelial electrical resistance (TER), cell proliferation, and morphological characteristics. Additionally, we assessed the age-related morphological changes of in vivo and primary RPE cells. Our results indicate that primary marmoset RPE cells exhibit in vivo-like characteristics, while cells obtained from an older donor show evidence of aging, including a failure to form a polarized monolayer, low TER, and delayed cell cycle. In conclusion, our primary marmoset RPE cells provide a reliable in vitro model for developing novel therapeutics for visual-threatening disorders such as AMD, which can be used before animal experiments using marmosets.
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Bittencourt, Esther, Angélica da Silva Vasconcellos, Renata S. Sousa-Lima, Robert John Young i Marina Henriques Lage Duarte. "Acoustic Monitoring of Black-Tufted Marmosets in a Tropical Forest Disturbed by Mining Noise". Animals 13, nr 3 (19.01.2023): 352. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13030352.
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All habitats have noise, but anthropogenic sounds often differ from natural sounds in terms of frequency, duration and intensity, and therefore may disrupt animal vocal communication. This study aimed to investigate whether vocalizations emitted by black-tufted marmosets (Callithrix penicillata) were affected by the noise produced by mining activity. Through passive acoustic monitoring, we compared the noise levels and acoustic parameters of the contact calls of marmosets living in two study areas (with two sampling points within each area)—one near and one far from an opencast mine in Brazil. The near area had higher anthropogenic background noise levels and the marmosets showed greater calling activity compared to the far area. Calls in the near area had significantly lower minimum, maximum and peak frequencies and higher average power density and bandwidth than those in the far area. Our results indicate that the mining noise affected marmoset vocal communication and may be causing the animals to adjust their acoustic communication patterns to increase the efficiency of signal propagation. Given that vocalizations are an important part of social interactions in this species, concerns arise about the potential negative impact of mining noise on marmosets exposed to this human activity.
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Uehara, Shotaro, Toru Oshio, Kazuyuki Nakanishi, Etsuko Tomioka, Miyu Suzuki, Takashi Inoue, Yasuhiro Uno, Erika Sasaki i Hiroshi Yamazaki. "Survey of Drug Oxidation Activities in Hepatic and Intestinal Microsomes of Individual Common Marmosets, a New Nonhuman Primate Animal Model". Current Drug Metabolism 20, nr 2 (30.04.2019): 103–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389200219666181003143312.
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Background: Common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) are potentially useful nonhuman primate models for preclinical studies. Information for major drug-metabolizing cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes is now available that supports the use of this primate species as an animal model for drug development. Here, we collect and provide an overview of information on the activities of common marmoset hepatic and intestinal microsomes with respect to 28 typical human P450 probe oxidations. Results: Marmoset P450 2D6/8-dependent R-metoprolol O-demethylation activities in hepatic microsomes were significantly correlated with those of midazolam 1′- and 4-hydroxylations, testosterone 6β-hydroxylation, and progesterone 6β-hydroxylation, which are probe reactions for marmoset P450 3A4/5/90. In marmosets, the oxidation activities of hepatic microsomes and intestinal microsomes were roughly comparable for midazolam and terfenadine. Overall, multiple forms of marmoset P450 enzymes in livers and intestines had generally similar substrate recognition functionalities to those of human and/or cynomolgus monkey P450 enzymes. Conclusion: The marmoset could be a model animal for humans with respect to the first-pass extraction of terfenadine and related substrates. These findings provide a foundation for understanding individual pharmacokinetic and toxicological results in nonhuman primates as preclinical models and will help to further support understanding of the molecular mechanisms of human P450 function.
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Bright, Helen, Anthony R. Carroll, Paul A. Watts i Robert J. Fenton. "Development of a GB Virus B Marmoset Model and Its Validation with a Novel Series of Hepatitis C Virus NS3 Protease Inhibitors". Journal of Virology 78, nr 4 (15.02.2004): 2062–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.78.4.2062-2071.2004.
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ABSTRACT GB virus B (GBV-B), a flavivirus closely related to HCV, has previously been shown to infect and replicate to high titers in tamarins (Saguinus sp.). This study describes the use of GBV-B infection and replication in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) for the successful development and validation of a surrogate animal model for hepatitis C virus (HCV). Infection of marmosets with GBV-B produced a viremia that peaked at 108 to 109 genome copies/ml for a period of 40 to 60 days followed by viral clearance at 60 to 80 days postinfection. Passage of the initial tamarin-derived GBV-B in marmosets produced an infectious stock that gave a more reproducible and consistent infection in the marmoset. Titration of the virus stocks in vivo indicated that they contained 1 infectious unit for every 1,000 genome copies. Cultures of primary marmoset hepatocytes were also successfully infected with GBV-B, with high levels of virus detected in supernatants and cells for up to 14 days postinfection. Treatment of GBV-B-infected hepatocyte cultures with a novel class of HCV protease inhibitor (pyrrolidine 5,5 trans-lactams) reduced viral levels by more than 2 logs. Treatment of GBV-B-infected marmosets with one such inhibitor resulted in a 3-log drop in serum viral titer over 4 days of therapy. These studies provide the first demonstration of the in vivo efficacy of a small-molecule inhibitor for HCV in an animal model and illustrate the utility of GBV-B as a surrogate animal model system for HCV.
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Schaeffer, David J., Ramina Adam, Kyle M. Gilbert, Joseph S. Gati, Alex X. Li, Ravi S. Menon i Stefan Everling. "Diffusion-weighted tractography in the common marmoset monkey at 9.4T". Journal of Neurophysiology 118, nr 2 (1.08.2017): 1344–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00259.2017.
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Although significant progress has been made in mapping white matter connections in the marmoset brain using ex vivo tracing techniques, the application of in vivo virtual dissection of major white matter fiber tracts has been established by few studies in the marmoset literature. Here, we demonstrate the feasibility of whole-brain diffusion-weighted tractography in anesthetized marmosets at ultrahigh-field MRI (9.4T) and propose protocols for isolating nine major white matter fiber tracts in the marmoset brain.
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Preuss, Todd M. "Critique of Pure Marmoset". Brain, Behavior and Evolution 93, nr 2-3 (2019): 92–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000500500.
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The common marmoset, a New World (platyrrhine) monkey, is currently being fast-tracked as a non-human primate model species, especially for genetic modification but also as a general-purpose model for research on the brain and behavior bearing on the human condition. Compared to the currently dominant primate model, the catarrhine macaque monkey, marmosets are notable for certain evolutionary specializations, including their propensity for twin births, their very small size (a result of phyletic dwarfism), and features related to their small size (rapid development and relatively short lifespan), which result in these animals yielding experimental results more rapidly and at lower cost. Macaques, however, have their own advantages. Importantly, macaques are more closely related to humans (which are also catarrhine primates) than are marmosets, sharing approximately 20 million more years of common descent, and are demonstrably more similar to humans in a variety of genomic, molecular, and neurobiological characteristics. Furthermore, the very specializations of marmosets that make them attractive as experimental subjects, such as their rapid development and short lifespan, are ways in which marmosets differ from humans and in which macaques more closely resemble humans. These facts warrant careful consideration of the trade-offs between convenience and cost, on the one hand, and biological realism, on the other, in choosing between non-human primate models of human biology. Notwithstanding the advantages marmosets offer as models, prudence requires continued commitment to research on macaques and other primate species.
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Tian, Yamin, Yan Dong, Seiichiro Kobayashi, Manabu Ozawa, Kiyoko Izawa, Yuansong Bai, Yasushi Soda i in. "Leukemogenic Fusion Gene (p190 BCR-ABL) Transduction Into Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cells In the Common Marmoset". Blood 116, nr 21 (19.11.2010): 4323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v116.21.4323.4323.
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Abstract Abstract 4323 [Introduction] Patients with Philadelphia chromosome (p190 BCR-ABL fusion gene)-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia have a poor prognosis despite intensive therapeutic intervention. Although a rodent model of this leukemia was previously established, the genetic and physiological differences between humans and rodents make it difficult to extrapolate the results from these models and apply these findings to human cases. Primates are more genetically related to humans than rodents. In this study, we attempted to develop a leukemia non-human primate model that mimics various human systems. [Methods and results] (1) A third-generation VSV.G pseudotyped lentiviral vector expressing the p190 BCR-ABL fusion gene driven by CMV or PGK promoter was produced (HIV-CMV/PGK-BCR-ABL). Ba/F3 cells, a mIL-3-dependent murine hematopoietic cell line, were transfected with this vector and cultured without mIL-3. These cells rapidly expanded after 12 days, indicating that p190 BCR-ABL gene expression allowed the Ba/F3 cells to grow autonomously. Next, using a biotin-labeled anti-marmoset CD34 monoclonal antibody (clone MA24) which was produced in our laboratory, MACS-sorted bone marrow CD34+ cells were transduced with the lentiviral vector (HIV-CMV/PGK-BCR-ABL) and subjected to the colony formation assay. In the majority of examined colonies, p190 BCR-ABL gene was detected regardless of the promoter. Taken together, the above findings indicate that p190 BCR-ABL gene was efficiently transduced into marmoset hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. (2) Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs) were collected from individual marmosets after mobilizing the hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells with G-CSF. These cells were stimulated with cytokines (hIL3, hSCF and hTPO), followed by the transduction with the lentiviral vector. These cells were transplanted into marmosets preconditioned with busulfan. In this ex vivo transduction method, p190 BCR-ABL gene expression which was detected in PBMNCs by nested RT-PCR disappeared after day 56 and 100 in two marmosets. (3) Concentrated lentiviral vector was directly injected into the bone marrow cavity of individual marmosets pretreated with 5-fluorouracil and prednisolone. In this in vivo direct injection method, p190 BCR-ABL gene expression was maintained for more than one year and a half. Transduction of p190 BCR-ABL gene into hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells was confirmed by colony forming assay. In this model, one marmoset unexpectedly developed myelofibrosis-like disease. However, none of the marmosets have developed leukemia to date. [Conclusion] We successfully achieved sustained p190 BCR-ABL gene expression in vivo. This novel in vivo approach will help to develop a marmoset leukemia model in the future. Because a multiple-hit model of oncogenesis has been proposed for various human cancers, a genetic mutation in addition to p190 BCR-ABL may be required for the malignant transformation of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells in the common marmoset. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Fernández-Oliva, Alberto, Andrés Finzi, Hillel Haim, Luis Menéndez-Arias, Joseph Sodroski i Beatriz Pacheco. "HIV-1 Adapts To Replicate in Cells Expressing Common Marmoset APOBEC3G and BST2". Journal of Virology 90, nr 2 (28.10.2015): 725–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.02431-15.
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ABSTRACTPrevious studies have shown that a major block to HIV-1 replication in common marmosets operates at the level of viral entry and that this block can be overcome by adaptation of the virus in tissue-cultured cells. However, our current studies indicate that HIV-1 encounters additional postentry blocks in common marmoset peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Here, we show that the common marmoset APOBEC3G (A3G) and BST2 proteins block HIV-1 in cell cultures. Using a directed-evolution method that takes advantage of the natural ability of HIV-1 to mutate during replication, we have been able to overcome these blocks in tissue-cultured cells. In the adapted viruses, specific changes were observed ingag,vif,env, andnef. The contribution of these changes to virus replication in the presence of the A3G and BST2 restriction factors was studied. We found that certain amino acid changes in Vif and Env that arise during adaptation to marmoset A3G and BST2 allow the virus to replicate in the presence of these restriction factors. The changes in Vif reduce expression levels and encapsidation of marmoset APOBEC3G, while the changes in Env increase viral fitness and discretely favor cell-to-cell transmission of the virus, allowing viral escape from these restriction factors.IMPORTANCEHIV-1 can infect only humans and chimpanzees. The main reason for this narrow tropism is the presence in many species of dominant-acting factors, known as restriction factors, that block viral replication in a species-specific way. We have been exploring the blocks to HIV-1 in common marmosets, with the ultimate goal of developing a new animal model of HIV-1 infection in these monkeys. In this study, we observed that common marmoset APOBEC3G and BST2, two known restriction factors, are able to block HIV-1 in cell cultures. We have adapted HIV-1 to replicate in the presence of these restriction factors and have characterized the mechanisms of escape. These studies can help in the development of a novel animal model forin vivoinfection of marmosets with HIV-1-like viruses.
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Yamazaki, Yumiko, Shigeharu Moriya, Shinpei Kawarai, Hidetoshi Morita, Takefumi Kikusui i Atsushi Iriki. "Effects of enhanced insect feeding on the faecal microbiota and transcriptome of a family of captive common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)". PLOS ONE 17, nr 12 (22.12.2022): e0279380. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0279380.
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Common marmosets have been widely used in biomedical research for years. Nutritional control is an important factor in managing their health, and insect intake would be beneficial for that purpose because common marmosets frequently feed on insects in natural habitats. Here, we examined the effect of enhanced insect feeding on the gut by analysing the faecal microbiota and transcripts of captive marmosets. A family consisting of six marmosets was divided into two groups. During the seven-day intervention period, one group (the insect feeding group, or Group IF) was fed one cricket and one giant mealworm per marmoset per day, while the other (the control group, or Group C) was not fed these insects. RNA was extracted from faecal samples to evaluate the ecology and transcripts of the microbiota, which were then compared among time points before (Pre), immediately after (Post), and two weeks after the intervention (Follow_up) using total RNA sequencing. The gut microbiota of marmosets showed Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria as dominant phyla. Linear discriminant analysis showed differential characteristics of microbiota with and without insect feeding treatment. Further analysis of differentially expressed genes revealed increases and decreases in Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes, respectively, corresponding to the availability of insects under both Post and Follow_up conditions. Significant changes specific to insect feeding were also detected within the transcriptome, some of which were synchronized with the fluctuations in the microbiota, suggesting a functional correlation or interaction between the two. The rapid changes in the microbiota and transcripts may be achieved by the microbiota community originally developed in the wild through marmosets’ feeding ecology. The results were informative for identifying the physiological impact of insect feeding to produce a better food regimen and for detecting transcripts that are currently unidentifiable.
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Žagar, Žiga, Klemen Šmalc, Pia Kristina Primožič, Pavel Kvapil i Ana Nemec. "Oral and Dental Examinations Findings in 15 Zoo Bolivian Squirrel Monkeys (Saimiri boliviensis) and Black-Tufted Marmosets (Callithrix penicillata)". Journal of Veterinary Dentistry 38, nr 2 (czerwiec 2021): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/08987564211041781.
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As part of an annual wellness evaluation, we performed oral and dental examination under general anesthesia in 7 zoo Bolivian squirrel monkeys aged 10 and 15 years, and 8 zoo black-tufted marmosets aged between 1 and 7 years. No oral discomfort was observed in any animal prior to the procedure. Apart from dilacerated roots of second mandibular incisor teeth in Bolivian squirrel monkeys and one case of presumably odontodysplasia in a black-tufted marmoset, no major variations in number and shape of the present teeth and roots were revealed. All 15 animals had gingivitis, but periodontitis was only diagnosed in 3 black-tufted marmosets. Most commonly diagnosed dental pathology in Bolivian squirrel monkeys was attrition/abrasion, affecting 11.9% of all teeth, followed by caries, which was only diagnosed in older animals. Altogether 8 fractured teeth were diagnosed in Bolivian squirrel monkeys only, with root fracture being the most common type, followed by complicated crown fracture and complicated crown-root fracture. Radiographic signs of endodontic disease were found in 10 teeth in Bolivian squirrel monkeys and in one nonvital tooth with intact crown in a black-tufted marmoset. We associated high occurrence of caries in the older Bolivian squirrel monkeys with their diet and saliva characteristics of these animals. Lack of any periodontitis in Bolivian squirrel monkeys may partially be attributed to limitations of radiography technique, although squirrel monkeys appear to be far less susceptible to naturally occurring periodontitis than marmosets.
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Freret, Thomas, Valentine Bouet, Jérôme Toutain, Romaric Saulnier, Palma Pro-Sistiaga, Ebeline Bihel, Eric T. MacKenzie, Simon Roussel, Pascale Schumann-Bard i Omar Touzani. "Intraluminal Thread Model of Focal Stroke in the Non-Human Primate". Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 28, nr 4 (14.11.2007): 786–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600575.
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The common marmoset ( Callithrix jacchus), a New World monkey, has recently been used as a model of focal cerebral ischaemia. Here, we sought to develop a stroke model in this species using an intraluminal approach to occlude the middle cerebral artery (MCA). This technically simple procedure allows both transient and permanent ischaemia with minimal morbidity. Ten common marmosets underwent either transient (3 h) or permanent ischaemia by the insertion of a nylon filament through the external carotid artery up to the origin of the MCA. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was monitored by the laser-Doppler flowmetry technique. Sensorimotor functions were regularly evaluated, and histologic, immunohistochemical, and magnetic resonance imaging analyses were performed 8 days after the occlusion. The surgical procedure was achieved straightforwardly without postoperative mortality or cerebral haemorrhage. All animals displayed a consistent decrease in CBF that remained stable over 3 h. Infarction affected both cortical and subcortical structures. Although not statistically significant, the volume of infarction was smaller in marmosets subjected to transient ischaemia compared to those permanently occluded (237±139 and 358±118 mm3, respectively). In all the behavioural tests used, reperfused marmosets exhibited fewer neurologic and functional impairments compared to permanently occluded ones. We show the feasibility of the induction of permanent or transient focal cerebral ischaemia in the marmoset using an intraluminal approach with minimal invasion. This model could be suitable as an advanced screening for potential stroke therapies in which behavioural, imaging, and histologic analyses can be compared.
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Bernardes Dias, Ana Claudia, Wellington Hannibal, Romari Alejandra Martinez i Polla Renon Rodrigues Machado. "Distribution, activity patterns and diet of Callithrix penicillata (Primates: Callithrichidae) in an urban area in central Brazil". Research, Society and Development 11, nr 8 (13.06.2022): e14811830717. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i8.30717.
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Urban remnants have been home to large groups of marmosets. However, ecological information about black-tufted marmosets, Callithrix penicillata (É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1812) on urban areas are scant in the scientific literature. Here, we investigated the distribution, interaction with residents, activity pattern and diet of C. penicillata in an urban area in central Brazil. We used direct observation (sightings and scan sampling) and 205 semi-structured interviews to evaluate distribution, interaction and ecological behavior of black-tufted marmosets. Callithrix penicillata occurred throughout the urban area of Quirinópolis municipality, occupying mainly the forest remnants and surrounding gallery forests. Supplementary feeding was the interaction most cited by people. However, C. penicillata spend most of their time in locomotion (35-40%) and resting (30%), and exudates and supplementary foods represented a large part of their diet. We conclude that C. penicillata are well adapted in urban area of central Brazil. However, due interaction with people, we highlighted that these marmoset populations should be part of future municipal public policy concern.