Książki: „Marking constraints”

1

O, Omolo Jacob, i Manyengo John U, red. Policy constraints in vegetable marketing in Kenya. Nairobi, Kenya: Institute of Policy Analysis and Research, 2004.

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1935-, MacCharles Donald C., red. Canadian manufactured exports: Constraints and opportunities. Montreal, Quebec: Institute for Research on Public Policy, 1986.

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H, Schwartz Hugh, red. Supply and marketing constraints on Latin American manufacturing exports. Washington, D.C: Inter-American Development Bank, 1991.

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Alemu, Dawit. Haricot bean marketing and export performance: Constraints and opportunities. [Addis Ababa]: EARO, 2003.

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Anjum, Muhammad S. Marketing constraints and development strategy for edible oils in Pakistan. [United States: USAID?, 1993.

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Figueroa, Enrique E. U.S. vegetable exports to North America: Trends and constraints to market analysis. Ithaca, N.Y: Dept. of Agricultural, Resource, and Managerial Economics, Cornell University, 1994.

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Vidanapathirana, Ruvini. Export market for organic food: Present status, constraints, and future scope. Colombo: Hector Kobbekaduwa Agrarian Research and Training Institute, 2014.

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Monfort, Philippe. Export pricing behavior, foreign trade performance and capacity constraint. Louvain-la-Neuve: CIACO, 1994.

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Jabbar, M. A. (Mohammad Abdul), 1947- i Babiker Idris Babiker, red. Constraints in the market chains for export of Sudanese sheep, and sheep meat to the Middle East. Nairobi: International Livestock Research Institute, 2009.

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How developing countries trade: The institutional constraints. London: Routledge, 1994.

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Uliwa, P. Farm level viability, marketing opportunities, and constraints: Case of TIP water user groups. Dar es Salaam: [s.n., 1996.

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Westlake, Michael John. Addressing marketing and processing constraints that inhibit agrifood exports: A guide for policy analysts and planners. Rome: Food and Agirculture Organization of the United Nations, 2005.

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Frost & Sullivan. i Market Intelligence Research Corporation, red. Medical services market: Increasing cost constraints put $20 billion market up for grabs. [Mountain View, CA: Market Intelligence USA, 1992.

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Bradford, Matson, red. Maximizing your marketing efforts: Leading CMOs on overcoming budget constraints, positioning your brand, and harnessing creativity. [Boston, Mass.]: Aspatore Books, 2008.

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Bradford, Matson, red. Maximizing your marketing efforts: Leading CMOs on overcoming budget constraints, positioning your brand, and harnessing creativity. [Boston, Mass.]: Aspatore Books, 2008.

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Malawi. Salima Agricultural Development Division. Informal survey, Salima Agricultural Development Division: Factors affecting "dambo" crop producers : constraints to agricultural production, consumption, and marketing. [Lilongwe]: The Division, 1989.

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South-South Workshop on Smallholder Dairy Production and Marketing-- Opportunities and Constraints (2001 Anand, India). South-South Workshop on Smallholder Dairy Production and Marketing: Opportunities and constraints : held at National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) Anand, India, 13-16 March 2001. Anand, India: NDDB, 2002.

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Thorpe, W., i D. V. Rangnekar. Smallholder dairy production and marketing-- opportunities and constraints: Proceedings of a South-South workshop held at National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) Anand, India, 13-16, March 2001. Redaktorzy National Dairy Development Board of India, Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research i International Livestock Research Institute. Anand, Gujarat, India: National Dairy Development Board, 2002.

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Molver, Derek W. Review of the operations of the marketing credit revolving fund during 1994/95 and 1995/96: Constraints and future development options. Lusaka: Marketing Management Assistance Project, 1996.

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L, McCombie J. S., i Thirlwall A. P, red. Essays on balance of payments constrained growth: Theory and evidence. New York: Routledge, 2004.

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University of California, Davis. Agricultural Issues Center. Demographic shifts, trends, and other factors affecting demand and New product development for California agriculture: Reports of two 1986-87 study groups on marketing California specialty crops [and] worldwide competition and constraints. [Davis, CA]: The Center, 1987.

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Tiffney, P. An analysis of local and external marketing constraints and outlets for an expanded fishery in Zanzibar: A report prepared for the Technology Transfer in Zanzibar Fisheries Project. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization, 1985.

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Tiffney, P. An analysis of local and external marketing constraints and outlets for an expanded fishery in Zanzibar: A report prepared for the Technology Transfer in Zanzibar Fisheries Project. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization, 1985.

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Jesuit Centre for Theological Reflection., red. A synthesis of case studies on trade constraints faced by local communities in Zambia: A blend of five case studies on ; cattle marketing, women and maize marketing, privatisation and foreign investment, informal cross border trade, small scale mining. Lusaka: Jesuit Centre for Theological Reflection, 2008.

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1935-, Lasker G. E., International Institute for Advanced Studies in Systems Research and Cybernetics. i International Conference on Systems Research, Informatics, and Cybernetics. (10th : 1998 : Baden-Baden, Germany), red. Advances in support systems research: Innovative management systems methodologies and decision support tools, support systems in cyberspace, modeling the effects of resource constraints on economic growth, evaluating transnational decision support systems, corporate management of risk, anticipation in the enterprise, predicative stabilization & control policies, marketing information systems (MKIS), marketing support systems (MKSS), business reengineering: process redesign and product innovation, intelligent management of change, sustainable development of regional entrepreneurship, information resources management. Windsor, Ont: International Institute for Advanced Studies in Systems Research and Cybernetics, 1998.

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Malchukov, Andrej L. Ergativity and Differential Case Marking. Redaktorzy Jessica Coon, Diane Massam i Lisa Demena Travis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198739371.013.11.

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The present chapter discusses patterns of differential case marking in ergative languages, focusing on differential subject marking, which is more prominent in ergative languages (in contrast to accusative languages, where differential object marking is more prominent). It is argued that patterns of (differential) case marking can be accounted two general constraints related to (role)-indexing, on the one hand, and distinguishability (or markedness) on the other hand. This approach correctly predicts asymmetries between differential object marking (DOM) and differential subject marking (DSM) with regard to animacy, definiteness, as well as discourse features. I also show how this approach can be extended to capture a relation between case and voice alternation, as well as briefly outline diachronic scenarios leading to different types of differential case marking in ergative and split intransitive languages.

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Schultze-Berndt, Eva. Interaction of Ergativity and Information Structure in Jaminjung (Australia). Redaktorzy Jessica Coon, Diane Massam i Lisa Demena Travis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198739371.013.44.

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This chapter presents a survey of ergativity in Jaminjung, a Mindi language of northern Australia. Jaminjung is morphologically ergative but displays nominative-accusative traits in several syntactic constructions. It also exhibits differential (“optional”) agent marking since in most environments, ergative case may be present or absent, depending on multiple factors. These include factors which are known to trigger splits in split ergative systems – animacy, degree of impingement on the patient, and aspect – but also information structure: the presence of ergative marking strongly correlates with focus. A further interesting phenomenon is the occasional use of the ablative case as an alternative to the ergative case in marking agents, also related to information structure, verb class and animacy. Taking a construction-based perspective, it is argued that agent marking in Jaminjung is neither purely lexically nor purely structurally determined, but can be accounted for by a number of violable constraints, without strict ranking.

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Velleman, Leah, i David Beaver. Question-based Models of Information Structure. Redaktorzy Caroline Féry i Shinichiro Ishihara. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642670.013.29.

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We present approaches to the semantics and pragmatics of information structure which centre on Questions Under Discussion (QUDs). Questions, explicit or implicit, are seen as structuring discourse, and information structural marking is seen as reflecting that underlying discourse structure. Our presentation of the model is largely cast in terms of extensions of Roberts’s (2012b) analysis, which is itself related to Rooth’s (1985/1992) Alternative Semantics and Hamblin’s (1973) approach to the semantics of questions. We present the model in terms of a range of constraints that relate information structure to discourse structure, notably constraints on the ‘Relevance’ of utterances, on the ‘Congruence’ of answers to questions, and on the ‘Availability’ of discourse antecedents. We discuss the application of the approach to the interpretation of focus and some cases of contrastive topics, to discourse structure, to the interpretation of focus sensitive operators, and to certain cases of presupposition projection.

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Sarada, Raju, Indian Council of Agricultural Research. i Institute for Techno-Economic Studies, red. Marketing of rice and groundnut in Tamil Nadu, constraints to efficient marketing. Madras: Institute for Techno Economics Studies, 1988.

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Page, Sheila. How Developing Countries Trade: The Institutional Constraints. Taylor & Francis Group, 1994.

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Page, Sheila. How Developing Countries Trade: The Institutional Constraints. Taylor & Francis Group, 1994.

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Page, Sheila. How Developing Countries Trade: The Institutional Constraints. Taylor & Francis Group, 1994.

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Page, Sheila. How Developing Countries Trade: The Institutional Constraints. Taylor & Francis Group, 1994.

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Page, Sheila. How Developing Countries Trade: The Institutional Constraints. Taylor & Francis Group, 1994.

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35

Hone, A. Soluble Coffee: Technical & Marketing Opportunities & Constraints for Origin Producers (Nri Socio-Economic Series). Hyperion Books, 1993.

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36

Paciaroni, Tania, i Michele Loporcaro. Overt gender marking depending on syntactic context in Ripano. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198795438.003.0007.

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Based on dedicated fieldwork, this chapter analyses the gender system of Ripano (Italo-Romance), showing that it displays overt gender marking, but only depending on syntactic context. While overt gender per se and the syntactic dependency of gender marking via agreement on targets have both been described for several languages, the Ripano system is unprecedented, and deserves thorough description: thus, the chapter presents the phonological, morphological, and morphosyntactic prerequisites as well as the syntactic conditions which constrain overt gender marking. It places this peculiarity of Ripano in perspective, describing the many other quite extraordinary properties of this dialect: not only does it mark—unusually for Indo-European—gender/number agreement on finite verbs, but also on several other agreement targets, including non-finite verb forms, complementizers, wh-words, and even nouns, which in certain syntactic constructions cumulate the usual inherent gender specification with highly unusual contextual gender marking, determined via agreement with the clause subject.

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Chen, Yiya, Peppina Po-lun Lee i Haihua Pan. Topic and Focus Marking in Chinese. Redaktorzy Caroline Féry i Shinichiro Ishihara. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642670.013.34.

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This chapter reviews how the two important notions of information structure—topic and focus—are encoded in Chinese. It first describes the properties of syntactic constructions (e.g.shi/shi . . . de, lian–dou/ye) and semantic particles (e.g.cai, jiu, dou, and zhi) for focus marking. It then discusses how Chinese, a topic-prominent language, conveys topical information via different structures such as base-generated topics, dangling topics, and moved topics. Finally, it provides an overview of how prosodic structure and prominence cues (e.g. pitch register raising, pitch range expansion, and lengthening) complement and enhance focus and topic marking in a variety of Chinese dialects, and how such prosodic reflexes of information structure are constrained by their characteristic sound structures. Lacunae for the studies of focus and topic in Chinese are also identified as important questions for future research.

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Grinstead, John. Root Infinitives in Child Language and the Structure of the Clause. Redaktorzy Jeffrey L. Lidz, William Snyder i Joe Pater. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199601264.013.15.

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A central question in the development of the clause is the gradually developing nature of tense marking. This phenomenon has been documented across a wide variety of languages and language typologies. That children’s clauses are syntactically, and not just morpho-phonologically, nonfinite is attested by the wide range of syntactic patterns that vary as a function of finiteness that children follow, including verb-second in Germanic, non-nominative case marking in English, negation-verb order in French. Finiteness also appears sensitive to lexical semantics, as argued in work on the Eventiveness Constraint. Multiple theoretical accounts of the phenomenon are discussed, including generative, usage-based and middle-ground explanations. Nonfinite verbal phenomena in null subject languages and the methodological approaches most appropriate for their study are discussed.

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Addressing Marketing And Processing Constraints That Inhibit Agrifood Exports: A Guide for Policy Analysis And Planners. Food & Agriculture Org, 2006.

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Export Dependence Versus the New Protectionism: Constraints on Trade Policy in the Industrial World. Taylor & Francis Group, 2017.

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Scott, Peter. British Radio Marketing, Distribution, and Retailing. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198783817.003.0007.

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This chapter concludes discussion of the inter-war radio market by examining the specific strategies used by independent radio manufacturers to develop distinctive brands and thus avoid falling under the control of larger radio companies. These include innovative marketing, product differentiation through innovations in design, and strong, cooperative links with the retail trade. It also examines two alternative channels of supply for radio reception that did not require purchasing a receiver—relay services (which provided radio services from central stations by wire relays) and set rentals. Both offered the potential to extend the market to families that struggled to afford the cost of a radio set and—in the case of wire relays—to families without mains electricity. However, the expansion of these services—especially wire relays—was constrained by the determined opposition of the mainstream radio trade.

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Vinter, Maggie. Last Acts. Fordham University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9780823284269.001.0001.

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Last Acts: The Art of Dying on the Early Modern Stage argues that the Elizabethan and Jacobean theater offered playwrights, actors, and audiences important opportunities to practice arts of dying. Early modern plays also engage with devotional traditions that understand death less as an occasion for suffering or grieving than as an action to be performed, well or badly. Active deaths belie the narratives of helplessness and loss most often used to analyze representations of mortality and instead suggest ways that marginalized and constrained subjects might participate in the political, social, and economic management of life. Some of these strategies for dying resonate with ecclesiastical forms or with descriptions of biopolitics within the recent work of Giorgio Agamben and Roberto Esposito. Yet the art of dying is not solely a discipline imposed upon recalcitrant subjects. Since it offers suffering individuals a way to enact their deaths on their own terms, it discloses both political and dramatic action in their most minimal manifestations. Rather than mournfully marking what we cannot recover, the practice of dying reveals what we can do, even in death. By analyzing representations of dying in plays by writers including Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare, and Ben Jonson alongside both devotional texts and contemporary biopolitical theory, Last Acts shows how theater reflects, enables, and contests the politicization of life and death.

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