Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Market efficiency- India”
Utwórz poprawne odniesienie w stylach APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard i wielu innych
Zobacz listy aktualnych artykułów, książek, rozpraw, streszczeń i innych źródeł naukowych na temat „Market efficiency- India”.
Przycisk „Dodaj do bibliografii” jest dostępny obok każdej pracy w bibliografii. Użyj go – a my automatycznie utworzymy odniesienie bibliograficzne do wybranej pracy w stylu cytowania, którego potrzebujesz: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver itp.
Możesz również pobrać pełny tekst publikacji naukowej w formacie „.pdf” i przeczytać adnotację do pracy online, jeśli odpowiednie parametry są dostępne w metadanych.
Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Market efficiency- India"
1
Ranganathan, Thiagu, i Usha Ananthakumar. "Market efficiency in Indian soybean futures markets". International Journal of Emerging Markets 9, nr 4 (9.09.2014): 520–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijoem-12-2011-0106.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Purpose – The National commodity exchanges were established in India in the year 2003-2004 to perform the functions of price discovery and price risk management in the economy. The derivatives market can perform these functions properly only if they are efficient and unbiased. So, there is a need to properly evaluate these aspects of the Indian commodity derivatives market. The purpose of this paper is to test the market efficiency and unbiasedness of the Indian soybean futures markets. Design/methodology/approach – The paper uses cointegration and a QARCH-M-ECM-based framework to test the market efficiency and unbiasedness in the soybean futures contract traded in the National Commodity Derivatives Exchange (NCDEX). The cointegration test is used to test the long-run unbiasedness and market efficiency of the contract, while the QARCH-M-ECM model is used to test the short-run market efficiency and unbiasedness of the contract by allowing for a time-varying risk premium. The price data is also tested for presence of structural breaks using a Zivot and Andrews unit root test. Findings – The soybean contract is unbiased in the long run, but there are short-run market inefficiencies and also a presence of a time-varying risk premium. Though the weak form of market efficiency is rejected in the short run, the semi-strong market efficiency is not rejected based on the forecasts. Originality/value – This is the first paper to consider time-varying risk premium while performing the tests of market efficiency and unbiasedness on Indian commodity markets.
2
Dixit, Alok, Surendra S. Yadav i P. K. Jain. "Testing Lower Boundary Conditions for Index Options Using Futures Prices: Evidences from the Indian Options Market". Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers 36, nr 1 (styczeń 2011): 15–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0256090920110102.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Options are the contracts which serve as a tool for risk hedging, price discovery, and better allocation of capital. The efficiency of an options market, i.e., the correctness of option prices denotes that it is working well at its well-identified functions (Ackert and Tian, 2000). In view of this, the efficiency of options market has been of equal interest to the academics as well as practitioners and a number of studies on efficiency of options market have been carried out across the globe in different options markets. The present paper attempts to assess the pricing efficiency of the S&P CNX Nifty index options in India by testing the Lower Boundary Conditions (LBCs) using futures prices instead of spot values. The methodology adopted essentially tests a joint market efficiency hypothesis of index options and index futures. This has been done in view of the fact that the use of futures markets helps in doing away with the short-selling constraint as futures can easily be shorted. And, it becomes a natural choice for analysis as the short-selling has been banned in the Indian securities market during the period under reference. Moreover, the use of futures markets, to a marked extent, helps in ensuring the exploitability of arbitrage opportunities when underlying asset is an index. The study covers a period of six years from June 4, 2001 (starting date for index options in India) to June 30, 2007. The major findings of the study are: The put options market is more efficient than the call options market, given the existing market microstructure in India during the period under reference. Another equally important finding is that the put options market showed an improvement in the pricing efficiency over the years whereas the call options market demonstrated a counterintuitive and adverse development. However, the profit potential offered by highly traded opportunities both in the cases of call and put options seems to be unexploitable in the presence of transaction costs. Moreover, the dearth of liquidity in the case of otherwise exploitable opportunities which carry higher profit potentials has been the main inhibiting factor to arbitrageurs. Therefore, in short, it is reasonable to conclude that majority of violations in call as well as put options could not be exploited on account of the existing market-microstructure in India during the period under reference (especially short-selling constraint that caused underpricing in futures to persist) and the dearth of liquidity in the options market. In other words, the revealed state of options pricing can be designated to the short-selling constraints and dearth of liquidity.
3
Dubey, Tanuja. "STUDY OF WEAK FORM OF MARKET EFFICIENCY IN INDIA". International Journal of Advanced Research 11, nr 07 (31.07.2023): 1171–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/17331.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
A securitys current market price already accounts for all of its prior trading volumes and prices, according to Indias lax form of market efficiency. An investor cannot generate spectacular returns by only relying on the analysis of previous price movements because any relevant information about the security would already be reflected into its present price. The accuracy and promptness with which prices reflect information about the market is known as market efficiency. All the information from prior prices and traded volume is included in the weak version of the markets current prices. Furthermore, future prices cannot be predicted by looking at past prices. Everyone has access to past prices, even though some people can obtain them more easily than others. Liquidity traders may sell their stocks, generating price volatility, without considering the shares fundamental value. The market price reflects the intrinsic value as a result of the buying and selling of information traders. The filter rule, runs test, and serial correlation are used to assess market efficiency. Run tests have been used in this research to identify market efficiency. Information on stock prices for the selected companies was gathered from the National Stock Exchange (NSE).
4
Inoue, Takeshi, i Shigeyuki Hamori. "Market efficiency of commodity futures in India". Applied Economics Letters 21, nr 8 (3.02.2014): 522–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2013.872751.
Pełny tekst źródła
5
Bhat, Rajani B., i Dr Suresh V N. "Price Volatility and Market Efficiency of Futures Market in India". IOSR Journal of Business and Management 16, nr 3 (2014): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/487x-16351118.
Pełny tekst źródła
6
Kharbanda, Varuna, i Archana Singh. "Lead-lag relationship between futures and spot FX market in India". International Journal of Managerial Finance 13, nr 5 (9.10.2017): 560–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijmf-01-2017-0001.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to study the lead-lag relationship between the futures and spot foreign exchange (FX) market in India to understand the price discovery mechanism and the relationship between these two markets. Design/methodology/approach The estimation of lead-lag relationship is realized in three steps. First unit root and stationarity tests (Augmented Dickey-Fuller, Phillips-Perron, and Kwiatkowski-Phillips-Schmidt-Shin) are applied to check the stationarity of the data. Second, cointegration tests (Engle and Granger’s residual based approach and Johansen’s cointegration test) are applied to determine long run relationship between the markets. Third, error correction estimation is carried out by applying Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) to determine the leading market. Findings The study finds that there is a long run relationship between the futures and spot market where the futures market has emerged as the leading market for the four currencies studied in the paper. Originality/value Majorly, the studies on Indian FX market limit themselves to identifying the efficiency of the market and the studies which talk about the lead-lag relationship focus on the Indian stock market. This paper enhances the existing literature on Indian FX market by exploring the less explored subject of the lead-lag relationship between futures and spot FX market in India.
7
Dhivya, R., M. Prahadeeswaran, R. Parimalaragan, C. Thangamani i S. Kavitha. "Commodity Future Trading and Cointegration of Turmeric Markets in India". Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics & Sociology 41, nr 9 (27.06.2023): 190–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajaees/2023/v41i92031.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The government has reduced its direct market intervention in order to promote private sector engagement based on market forces, Farmers in an agriculture-dominated economy like India suffer not only yield risk but also pricing risk. As a result, agricultural products are now more vulnerable to market risks related to pricing and other factors. The futures market has to decide the prices of a commodity on the basis of demand and supply. It is important to know about the bi-directional and unidirectional relationship between different market’s the prices and future and Spot markets in India, price discovery process and price forecasting in Indian agricultural commodities. Knowing about different market’s price Integration will help us to know the prevailing prices in various markets and also the impact of one market’s price on another. It will help the farmers to know the different pricing statuses in different markets. The study analyses the efficiency of commodity futures of turmeric traded in NCDEX for 2016-2022 and the cointegration of theNizamabad, Erode, Sangli and Cuddapah Markets of India. In agriculture, commodity futures and derivatives are essential to the process of managing price risk.
8
Dicle, Mehmet F., Aydin Beyhan i Lee J. Yao. "Market efficiency and international diversification: Evidence from India". International Review of Economics & Finance 19, nr 2 (kwiecień 2010): 313–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2009.09.003.
Pełny tekst źródła
9
Datta, Radhika Prosad, i Ranajoy Bhattacharyya. "Has the efficiency of foreign exchange markets in India evolved over time?" International Journal of Emerging Markets 13, nr 4 (17.09.2018): 676–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijoem-05-2017-0161.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to determine whether foreign exchange markets in India have become more efficient over time. There were two major developments in India’s foreign exchange market since the 1980s: first, a shift in foreign exchange management regime from a basket peg to a free float; and second, a rapid phase of economic liberalization since the mid-1990s. The paper attempts to find out whether the market efficiency of foreign exchange markets is affected by these developments. The paper mainly uses the well-known Hurst exponent calculated through corrected empirical R over S analysis to determine whether the exchange rates possess long memory. The robustness of the method is tested by calculating the Hurst exponent through two other prevalent methods in the literature. Design/methodology/approach The authors apply the corrected empirical Hurst exponent which employs the Anis Lloyd correction with the modification suggested by Weron. The sensitivity of the results is then tested by replicating the calculations using the detrended fluctuation analysis and Robinson’s method. Findings All the methods show that: first, there is no significant change in the overall efficiency of the foreign exchange market vis a vis the US$ for the time period from 1980 to 2017. Second, neither regime shifts nor calculations over sub-time periods is able to identify significant change in the efficiency level of the market for the US$ exchange rate. Third, efficiency of different exchange rate markets are different over the time period 1999–2017. The US$ market has unequivocally more long run memory compared to the GBP, Yen and EURO markets. Fourth, the results are robust to the method used for calculations. Originality/value Does the efficiency of asset markets evolve over time? This paper attempts to answer this question. In the process, the paper studies the effect of regime shifts and progressive globalization on the ability of the market to internalize information.
10
Srivastava, Sandeep, Surendra S. Yadav i P. K. Jain. "Significance of Non-Price Variables in Price Discovery: An Empirical Study of Stock Option Market in India". Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers 33, nr 2 (kwiecień 2008): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0256090920080202.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The efficiency of the financial markets is important as it ensures increased productive efficiency and economic growth through better capital allocation. Price discovery is the central aspect of financial markets. The relatively efficient price signals also facilitate the participation of uninformed investors to make suitable portfolio choices. Derivative instruments like option contracts enhance informational efficiency of the underlying's market through better price discovery as these securities are expected to increase the flow of information in the market. Besides, they facilitate hedging of risk. In India, exchange-trade derivates are of recent origin in the stock market. This study investigates the significance of net open interest and trading volume in stock option and stock index option market to predict the underlying stock prices⁄index level. In the study, only 15 stock option contracts (having maturity of one-month) and Nifty options for the entire period, i.e., November 10, 2001 to November 2, 2004, have been analysed. The analysis could not be carried out for all the stocks in option segment because of the fact that the options were not traded or the trading range and volumes were too thin to justify any analysis. The major findings of the study are as follows: Net open interest of stock option is one of the significant variables in the determination of the future spot price of the underlying stock. Open interest-based predictors are statistically more significant than the volume-based predictors in the Indian context too as is the case for the US market. The trading behaviour of Indian investors is found to be different from their counterparts in the developed world. This difference can be attributed to: the nascent state of derivatives market in India extremely limited participation of institutional investors in the Indian stock derivative market because of regulatory restrictions; as such investors are allowed to use derivative securities mainly for hedging and arbitrage purposes only. The findings would definitely help the regulatory bodies in policy-making and further strengthening the efforts to promote the derivative market in India. There are many areas which are still unexplored and can be addressed by the future studies by using the intraday data and a larger sample for the stock options.
Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Market efficiency- India"
1
Khan, Muhammad. "An analysis of market efficiency in the South Asian emerging stock markets : Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka". Thesis, University of Dundee, 2013. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/83508702-3366-4045-a0b1-63adc92e3f83.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
This thesis investigates the weak-form of the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) in the South Asian region. In particular, the emerging market countries of Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka are considered. According to the weak-form of the EMH, current share prices reflect all available historical information such that investors should not be able to outperform the market on a consistent basis by trading on past information. It is an important topic for investigation given the economic growth as well as the financial development which have taken place in the region over the last two decades (South Asian Financial Markets Review, 2010). Moreover, most previous studies have investigated the topic for developed or other emerging markets; the South Asian region has largely been ignored. Prior studies which have investigated the South Asian markets have either focused on each country separately, or included one or two countries from the region as part of a broader sample. This thesis tries to fill this gap in the literature by investigating market efficiency in the South Asian markets as a regional grouping. In the first part of the analysis the long- and short-run relationships among the four stock markets are examined by employing a multivariate cointegration framework, the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) approach, the Granger Causality test, Impulse Response Function analysis and Variance Decomposition analysis. A large sample of weekly stock index data is used in the analysis covering the 18-year period January 1993 - December, 2010. To analyse the effect of important global events on market integration, the data are split into the two sub-periods of pre- and post-September 11, 2001. The results suggest that linkages exist among the markets in both the long- as well as in the short-run. These findings imply that share price changes may be predicted from historical information not only in the market itself but from the changes in the other three markets as well. In addition, international portfolio diversification into the region may have limited benefits in the long-run as equity prices in all four countries move together in an equilibrium fashion over the longer run.In the second empirical analysis, relationship between the equity returns and macroeconomic variables is investigated. The research examines the EMH by investigating whether lagged shocks to macroeconomic variables are important in explaining equity returns. Both local and global macroeconomic variables are used and their importance in predicting the equity returns for each of the region’s markets is analysed. In particular, 12 macroeconomic variables were investigated, including seven local and five global measures being employed. Principal Components Analysis (PCA) is used to narrow down the most relevant factors. Principal Components (PCs) are then extracted and used as inputs into regressions explaining future returns. The resulting findings show that local economic factors are important in explaining share returns in the South Asian emerging stock markets. The findings support the notion that historical macroeconomic information may be used to predict share price changes in the regional markets. Finally, to investigate market linkages in greater depth, the thesis studies volatility and return interactions among the markets simultaneously. A multivariate GARCH-BEKK model is used to investigate return and volatility spillovers in own as well as in cross-markets. Results from the analysis indicated that the four markets of Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka are linked not only by the news transmission about the share returns but also by the transmission of volatility. The evidence supports the notion that ‘news’ in one market influences not only the returns in that market but also the variance of price changes in other markets. These findings imply that equity returns in the South Asian stock markets are predictable from historical share price changes in their own, as well as from the other markets of the region; this result calls the weak form of the EMH into question since it suggests that an investor could outperform by studying historic return and volatility data in the region.
2
Dyrmose, Morten. "Markets and how they work : a comparative analysis of fieldwork evidence on globalisation, corporate governance, institutional structure and competition in Russia, India and China, supported by a quantitative worldwide cross-section study of market anomalies". Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/3233.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
This thesis examines the efficacy of markets, using both quantitative and qualitative methods in a complementary way. Specifically, it starts (in Part II) by using the results from a quantitative analysis of initial public offering (IPO) underpricing as a barometer for corporate governance failure. This quantitative work identified Russia, China and India as extreme outliers. The data set used for this work was the cross-section sample of 45 countries developed by Loughran, Ritter & Rydqvist (2008). More broadly (in Part III), the thesis takes the lead of the quantitative evidence to examine, in a qualitative framework, possible sources of corporate governance failure in China, India and Russia. This was done categorically, under the headings of Globalisation, Corporate Governance, Institutional Structure and Competitive Strategy. Data were gathered by eldwork in China, India and Russia, and these findings were then benchmarked against findings from further fieldwork in the United Kingdom. This created a unique 56,000 word database, which was used for both cross-site and within-site analysis. This indicates how both unique attributes (e.g. rule of law, transparency, regulation, etc.), and common attributes (e.g. transition from a socialist/Marxist regime, market immaturity, asymmetric information etc.), combine to explain the different morphologies of corporate governance in these three countries. The quantitative analysis (Part II) consists of exploratory data analysis (EDA) and econometric work. The exploratory data analysis establishes, through graphical means and regression techniques, a negative correlation between IPO underpricing and globalisation (as measured by the KOF index, see Dreher, 2006). Building on this, the subsequent econometric modelling suggests that economic, demographic and institutional factors are all significant determinants of IPO underpricing. The qualitative analysis carried out in Part III of the thesis, builds on and extends the quantitative analysis of Part II. This is consistent with the multiple method approach, which combines both quantitative and qualitative analysis to achieve a synthesis of findings. The qualitative analysis uses evidence from semi-structured interviews with finance professionals and opinion makers, as well as evidence from additional primary and secondary sources, which was also made available through fieldwork contacts. This analysis emphasises the especial importance of board composition, information flows, the judicial system, the stock exchanges, and financial regulators for forms of corporate governance.
3
Johansson, Christoffer, i Petter Lundström. "Finding Value Through Sustainable Performance : A cross-sectional study of the relationship between risk-adjusted return and Environmental, Social and Governance performance on the Indian stock market". Thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-105684.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Problem background and discussion: Emerging countries economies are growing substantially; one of these is India which stock market has been one of the best performing in the world in recent years. Analysts are forecasting further development and some claims that India has the most business- and investment-stimulating political leaders in the world. However, stock markets in emerging countries are highly volatile and normally more risky than in developed economies. One approach to emphasise the more common risks in emerging countries are by including Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) rating into the fundamental investment model. However, there is a conflict of what previous studies suggest regarding ESG investments. Some argues there is a positive relation and others a negative relation between ESG factors and risk- adjusted return. Research question: “Is there a relation between risk-adjusted return and ESG performance at the Indian stock market?” Objective: The objective is to determine if there is a relationship between ESG performance and risk-adjusted return in India. Another objective is to determine if there is a relationship between ESG performance and risk-adjusted return among companies with high Total ESG rating as well as for companies with low Total ESG rating. Theoretical framework: ESG is an established approach to describe sustainability issues, where screening is a process designed to select those companies that meet ESG criteria. A basic description of Capital Asset Pricing Model CAPM, which calculates an asset's expected return, has been used to calculate risk-adjusted return. Efficient Market Hypothesis EMH is the basic theory of market efficiency and is used to explain any non-linear relationship between ESG factors and risk-adjusted returns. Adaptive Market Hypothesis AMH has been taken into account as it deals with financial behaviour. Method: A quantitative study using a deductive approach has been selected to perform this study. The practical approach is a cross sectional study where the relationship in the Indian market has been analysed and significance-tested during 2014. ESG information for 126 companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) has been purchased from Sustainalytics, a global leader in research for responsible investment. Empirical findings and analysis: The results of the study demonstrate no significant relationship between Total ESG rating and risk-adjusted return during 2014. In the examination of individual categories, Environmental and Social rating does not have a significant association with the risk-adjusted Return. Though, the results display a negative relationship between Governance rating and risk-adjusted return. This relationship is also obtained among companies in with low Total ESG rating but not companies with high ESG rating. Conclusion: Results implies that investors have not been able to use the information of Total ESG performance to obtain a better risk-adjusted return on the Indian stock market in 2014. However, this can be achieved by using Governance rating.
4
Harshita. "Stock market anomalies : an empirical study in Indian context". Thesis, 2018. http://eprint.iitd.ac.in:80//handle/2074/7933.
Pełny tekst źródła
5
Mathew, David G. "On The Impact Of Fundamental Variables In The Determination Of Stock Returns In India". Thesis, 1997. https://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/1826.
Pełny tekst źródła
6
Mathew, David G. "On The Impact Of Fundamental Variables In The Determination Of Stock Returns In India". Thesis, 1997. http://etd.iisc.ernet.in/handle/2005/1826.
Pełny tekst źródła
7
Sen, Astha. "Essays on Sub-National Value Added Tax of India and Tax Incidence". 2015. http://scholarworks.gsu.edu/econ_diss/112.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The three essays of this dissertation inform tax policy design. It is a compilation of empirical and experimental research work. The first and the second essays explore the performance of a recent tax policy reform at the sub-national level in India in terms of revenue efficiency as well as economic efficiency. India is among the only three countries in the world to have adopted a sub-national VAT. Therefore, empirically examining its performance not only improves the understanding of this important tax policy reform but also informs tax policy decision-making at the sub-national level in other developing countries.
India transitioned to the state-level VAT between the years 2003 and 2008. Among other things, it was expected to achieve revenue growth and decrease tax cascading on commodities by improving economic efficiency of the indirect tax system. In the first essay, I model the impact of the VAT on revenue by adding revenue dependent administrative and compliance costs associated with taxation to an existing model developed by Keen and Lockwood (2010). The theoretical results show that replacing one type of indirect tax with another improves long-run revenue efficiency only if there is a net decrease in the administrative, compliance and distortionary costs of taxation at the margin. I then compile a unique state-level dataset for the years 1990 to 2010 to determine changes in the long-run revenue efficiency from the use of the VAT. This essay contributes to the literature by extending an existing revenue efficiency model and testing it in the unique situation of India’s sub-national VAT. The results reveal a significant improvement in the long-run revenue efficiency of the sales tax instrument used by state governments. The model implies this improvement is driven by a net fall in the marginal taxation costs from the use of the state-level VAT. This finding has important implications on the role of a sub-national VAT in the future as an effective tax instrument in the developing countries.
The second essay appeals to the general theory of tax incidence which suggests that a VAT will have less impact on prices than a traditional turnover tax because the VAT does not “get stuck” in the production process as a turnover tax does. The impact should be larger for goods that have more components to the production process as the tax then “touches” more of the final product. In this essay I measure the change in the level of tax cascading with VAT by using multiple waves of the state- and household-level expenditure surveys. Specifically I test the impact of the VAT on the real consumption of households on a variety of consumption goods. I find the biggest significant decrease in the tax cascading burden of the long-term durable goods which essentially involve the maximum production components. This result is found in the 18 more developed states of India which are the focus of the empirical analysis due to data constraints.
The third essay is an experimental research which looks at the influence of institutions on the economic burden of an excise tax. The traditional long-run tax incidence theory establishes that the economic incidence of an excise tax is independent of the assignment of the liability to pay tax. However, the theory is silent on the possible effects of the market institutions on tax incidence. Since all markets need an institution to function and every market institution has its own unique price and quantity determination property, it is important to understand its bearings on the incidence of taxes. Existing experimental research has tested economic incidence under many different market institutions but no previous research systematically analyzes and compares the incidence of a unit tax under two important market institutions we deal with in everyday life. One of these institutions is posted offer which dominates the consumer goods markets in developed countries and the other is double auction which is frequently observed in developing countries. I report a significant impact of these market institutions on tax incidence. In particular, I find that consumers bear a much higher burden of a unit tax in the posted offer markets as compared to the double auction markets and their burden further increases when the liability to pay the tax is on the seller.
8
Chopra, Ashish. "Water Market for Efficient Management of Water Resources in India". Thesis, 2021. https://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/5403.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
India sustains nearly 17% of the world's population but with only 4 % of global water
resources. In India, the water sector faces enormous pressure due to increased
demand resulting from population growth, industrialisation, climate change, and
ine cient water management policies and practices. There is a need for institutional
change for managing the water resources in India. The market-based
mechanism as a demand management tool is gaining attention worldwide and is
being used to allocate or reallocate the water among its competing uses e ectively.
Water trading can improve water productivity and overall social welfare for the
entire basin as water is transferred from the lower value to high-value uses. The
literature on India's water markets indicates the existence of different forms of
informal water markets but lacks in the analysis of the benefit of formal water
trading. In this thesis, the broad objective is to design a formal water market for
efficient water management in India.
The first part of the thesis quantifies India's water scarcity and benchmarks India's
major states based on their water sector performance. The multi-dimensional
Water Poverty Index (WPI) using 20 subcomponents is used to capture the holistic
view of water scarcity. The major states of India are facing medium to scarce
water scarcity, as indicated by their WPI score, which ranges from 38.51 for Uttar
Pradesh to 59.80 for Punjab. The composite WPI index has the major limitation
of subjective weights for the subcomponents, and it has also been identified earlier
in the literature. Therefore, to overcome the drawbacks of WPI, a new multidimensional
index using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) using the concept of
relative efficiency is developed in this thesis. The DEA results indicate that Kerala
outperformed other states and achieved 100% of relative efficiency, while the least
performing state was Uttar Pradesh, with 73.25% relative efficiency.
The literature on water scarcity indicates that the water crisis is a direct outcome
of the governance crisis. Therefore, the second objective of the thesis aims
to understand the water institutions and their impact on the performance of the
water sector in India. Primary data collected using an online survey from water
experts in India is used in this study. An exploratory factor analysis has been
performed to determine the underlying water institution's latent factors. The significance of these extracted factors on six performance aspects of the water sector
was studied using multiple linear regression. The most significant predictor of water
sector performance turned out to be the factor related to accountability with
it's standardised beta varying in the range of 0.311 to 0.515, followed by a factor
related to water transfer policy with standardised beta varies from 0.259 to 0.491.All the six linear regression models were statistically significant with R2 in the
range of 39.3% to 71.4%.
Part-I of the thesis indicates India's alarming water situation as most of the
major states face medium to severe water scarcity. Status quo water institutions
that are supply-side oriented are weak in handling India's water sector's evolving
challenges. In the second part of the thesis, a public water bank based market
mechanism is proposed for efficient management of India's water sector. The market
agents' selection has been based on the historical data on the beneficiaries from
the basin's major reservoirs. The marginal benefit derived from the maximisation
of the participating agents' benefi t has been used to identify their willingness to
pay or accept. Further different price discovery mechanisms have been evaluated
for their effect on the surpluses of consumers and producers.
A case study on the implementation of the water market in the upper Cauvery
river basin is presented in the thesis. The result shows that agriculture agents are
the predominant seller, and the domestic sector emerges as predominant buyers.
The domestic agents were also able to satisfy the bare minimum water requirement
of the population by trading the water in the market. The implementation of a
water market has also resulted in an increase in social-welfare in the basin. The
study also evaluated the impact of increasing the minimum support price (MSP)
of the crops and a decrease in the total water availability in the river basin on
different market performance characteristics. The study shows a decrease in intersectoral
trade (agriculture to domestic) by 35% with a 50% increase in MSP and
an increase by 17% with a 50% decrease in water availability. Also, it has been
noted that the water traded in the market increases as the water scarcity increases
in the basin.
The analysis in this thesis shows that the proposed water market mechanism
results in a reallocation of water and social surplus gain in the basin and can be
used as a future management tool to mitigate water scarcity.
9
Karmakar, Madhusudan. "Share price volatility and efficient market hypothesis - An analysis of Indian experiences". Thesis, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/2009/4151.
Pełny tekst źródła
10
Dixit, Alok. "Pricing efficiency of S & P CNX Nifty index options: a study in Indian securities market". Thesis, 2009. http://localhost:8080/iit/handle/2074/4664.
Pełny tekst źródłaKsiążki na temat "Market efficiency- India"
1
P, Gupta O. Behaviour of share prices in India: A test of market efficiency. New Delhi: National, 1985.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródła
2
P, Gupta O. Behaviour of share prices in India: A test of market efficiency. New Delhi: National, 1985.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródła
3
T, Geetha, red. Indian capital market: Informational signalling and efficiency. New Delhi: A.P.H. Pub. Corp., 1996.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródła
4
Amanulla, S. Indian stock market: Price integration and market efficiency. Bangalore: Institute for Social and Economic Change, 2000.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródła
5
Velmurugan, P. S. Excessive speculation and market efficiency of U.S. and Indian agri-commodity futures markets. New Delhi: Serials Publications, 2013.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródła
6
Gupta, O. P., Reader, Dept. of Commerce., red. Stock market efficiency and price behaviour: The Indian experience. New Delhi: Anmol Publications, 1989.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródła
7
Administrative Staff College of India. Constructing change: Accelerating energy efficiency in Indias buildings market. Hyderabad: Administrative Staff College of India, 2012.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródła
8
Bhattacharya, Basabi. Indian equity market since liberalization: Efficiency, voltility, and structural break. Kolkata: World View in collaboration with Dept. of Economics, Jadavpur University, 2008.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródła
9
Nandi, Sukumar. Growth, financial cycles & bank efficiency: A study of the Indian money market. Mumbai: Business Publication Inc, 1998.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródła
10
Madhusoodanan, T. P. Mean reversion in the Indian Stock Market. Mumbai: UTI Institute of Capital Markets, 1996.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródłaCzęści książek na temat "Market efficiency- India"
1
Dhankar, Raj S. "Market Efficiency and Stock Market". W India Studies in Business and Economics, 131–51. New Delhi: Springer India, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-3950-5_8.
Pełny tekst źródła
2
Dhankar, Raj S. "Market Efficiency, Diversification and Portfolio Performance". W India Studies in Business and Economics, 211–22. New Delhi: Springer India, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-3950-5_13.
Pełny tekst źródła
3
Singh, Shveta, P. K. Jain i Surendra Singh Yadav. "Level of Market Efficiency Using ‘Rational Bubbles’ Approach". W India Studies in Business and Economics, 161–80. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0868-9_8.
Pełny tekst źródła
4
Singh, R. B., R. S. Paroda i Malavika Dadlani. "Science, Technology and Innovation". W India Studies in Business and Economics, 213–50. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0763-0_8.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
AbstractScience, technology and innovation (STI), targeted to solve both generic and location-specific challenges, are key drivers for transforming agri-food systems. These can transform the sustenance and low return livelihood to a profitable and respectable occupation for smallholder farmers, while motivating, attracting and empowering youth and women in agriculture. A paradigm shift is needed to: i) increase productivity, profitability, inclusiveness and efficiency of human engagement, ii) achieve complete nutrition security, iii) address the challenges of climate change, iv) adopt environment-friendly sustainable practices, and v) establish efficient farmer-market linkages. To achieve the desired goals, this chapter highlights effective pathways for: i) scaling innovations by combining ITK, conventional methods, and adopting NextGen cutting edge technologies evolved nationally or internationally, ii) enduring STI through a Gold Class education system, and iii) leveraging strong public-private partnership. The chapter also recommends increased investments in R&D, urgent need for enabling policy environment for scaling innovations and suggests clear transformative action points.
5
Sarangi, Gopal K., i Farhad Taghizadeh-Hesary. "Market-Led Energy Efficiency Transformation in India: A Deep Dive into the Perform, Achieve, Trade (PAT) Scheme". W Economics, Law, and Institutions in Asia Pacific, 223–42. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-3599-1_10.
Pełny tekst źródła
6
Ghosh, Madhusudan. "Spatial Efficiency in Regional Food Grain Markets". W Liberalization, Growth and Regional Disparities in India, 125–45. India: Springer India, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-0981-2_8.
Pełny tekst źródła
7
Mehrotra, Akhil. "Issues and Challenges in Development of Efficient Gas Market". W Natural Gas Markets in India, 197–215. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3118-2_9.
Pełny tekst źródła
8
Mehrotra, Akhil, i Anshuman Gupta. "Indian Gas Market—Roadmap for Creation of an Efficient Gas Market". W Energy, Environment and Globalization, 95–115. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9310-5_5.
Pełny tekst źródła
9
Agarwal, Shailja, i Pankaj K. Agarwal. "Are Indian Microfinance Institutions Efficient? A Two-Stage Double Bootstrapped DEA Based Analysis". W Financial Inclusion in Emerging Markets, 165–80. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2652-4_8.
Pełny tekst źródła
10
Agarwal, Shailja, i Pankaj K. Agarwal. "Are Indian Microfinance Institutions Efficient? A Two-Stage Double Bootstrapped DEA Based Analysis". W Financial Inclusion in Emerging Markets, 165–80. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2652-4_8.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenia konferencji na temat "Market efficiency- India"
1
Silva, Natacha, Maria José Palma Lampreia Dos Santos i Nuno Baptista. "The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on South Asian Stock Markets". W 14th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2023). AHFE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1003902.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The main aim of this paper is to analyze the impact of the pandemic COVID-19 on the efficiency of capital markets in countries of South Asia, namely, the market efficiency of these stock markets in the pre and post-COVID-19 global wave. The methods include quantitative research and time series analysis. Information and data were collected from the stock indices of Pakistan (KSE), India (BSE), Bangladesh (DSE) and Sri Lanka (CSE) for the period from August 2018 to July 2021. The results confirm that all capital markets are efficient before the global outbreak. In a meanwhile, after the pandemic (COVID-19) all the financial markets present a low efficiency. Explain more in economic terms. This conclusion helps the regulators of markets and investors to take a step to make certain information in these economies, subsequently, returns of some stocks can be predictable and generate opportunities for abnormal earnings and arbitrage.
2
Dias, Rui, Paula Heliodoro, Paulo Alexandre i Maria Manuel. "EVIDENCE OF INTRADAY MULTIFRACTALITY IN BRIC STOCK MARKETS: AN ECONOPHYSICS APPROACH". W Fourth International Scientific Conference ITEMA Recent Advances in Information Technology, Tourism, Economics, Management and Agriculture. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/itema.s.p.2020.57.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The pandemic outbreak (Covid-19) has affected the global economy, and the impact on financial markets seems inevitable. In view of these events, this essay intends to analyse the efficiency, in its weak form, in the BRIC markets, namely the stock indexes of Brazil (BRAZIL IBOVESPA), China (Shanghai Stock Exchange), India (S&P BSE SENSEX), Russia (MOEX Russia). The data are intraday (1 hour), from May 2019 to May 2020; to obtain more robust results, we divided the sample into time scales up to 5 days (Period I), and above 10 days (Period II), in a complementary way, and we use the opening and closing prices to estimate the adjustment time of each market. The results indicate that the BRIC markets have significant persistence (over 10 days), which may jeopardize market efficiency, in its weak form. On the other hand, the low initial correlation in certain stock indexes may create some arbitrage opportunities. However, our study did not analyse anomalous meturns in these financial markets. These conclusions also open space for market regulators to take measures to ensure better information between these markets and international ones.
3
Srivastava, Anuj, Kuldeep Kumar i Ganesh Banda. "Investigation of a Variable Geometry Turbine Nozzle for Diesel Engine Turbochargers". W ASME 2019 Gas Turbine India Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gtindia2019-2601.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Abstract High power demand, emission regulations, high efficient design are the prime requirement for the design of turbochargers. VGT (variable geometry turbocharging) is most widely used and explored compared to other available options to deal with today’s market. VGT turbochargers offers several potential benefits when compared to fixed geometry turbochargers, like increased transient response, wide operating range, improved torque characteristics, boost pressure recovery and better fuel economy. In this paper performance variation of compressor and turbine viz, — Pressure ratio, mass flow, and efficiency, and throat area are optimized to reach to the operating point of the engine. Different vane angles (0, +4°, +7°, +10° & +15°) are studied to understand the variation of transient turbine response. Authors also discussed the mechanical conceptualization of the VANT (Variable area nozzle) in thought of having great impact on the performance.
4
Nanadagopal, Pugalenthi, Animesh Pandey, Manjunath More i Pertik Kamboj. "Combined Cycle Powerplant Cost Sensitivity Analysis". W ASME 2021 Gas Turbine India Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gtindia2021-75844.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Abstract In Gas turbine-based combined cycle power plant market, the customer conducts an economic evaluation of competitive products to decide their buying option. There are different methods to calculate the economics of a power plant like Levelized cost of electricity (LCOE), Net present value (NPV) and payback period. LCOE methodology is commonly used for lifecycle cost analyses for combine cycle power plant that covers cost details of the plant and plant performance over the complete lifetime of a power plant from construction to retiring. Typically, it includes a combine cycle power plant ownership costs (Total plant cost and operating & maintenance cost) and combine cycle power output and efficiency. This LCOE method is helpful to compare power generation system that use similar technologies. This paper encompasses the LCOE calculation method, assumptions & approach to analyze the impact of key parameters of the electrical generation cost. They key parameters includes combine cycle output, combine cycle efficiency, fuel cost, annual operating hours, capital charge factor, annual operating hours, power plant life, discount rate, nominal escalation rate, operating & maintenance cost. This paper analyses result will provide insights to the customer & Gas turbine-based OEM (Own Equipment Manufacturing) companies to focus on different area/parameters to reduce the unit cost of generating electricity.
5
Mathur, Jyotirmay, Vishal Garg i Vijeta Jangra. "Energy Conservation Building Code in India: Status, Issues and Opportunities". W ASME 2010 4th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2010-90508.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The Energy Conservation Act 2001 was the first major initiative in India to channelize and catalyze energy efficiency improvement in various sectors of economy. The Bureau of Energy Efficiency was set up per the provision of this act, which in 2007 brought out Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) with an overall purpose of providing minimum requirements for the energy efficient design and construction of buildings. ECBC covers building envelope, heating, ventilation and air-conditioning system, interior and exterior lighting system, service hot water, electrical power and motors. Since the launch of this code in May 2007, efforts are being made to promote and facilitate the adoption of this code through several training and capacity building programs. A program committee has been set to take care of the comments from stakeholders and inconsistencies, due to which revision of the code was brought out in May 2008. Currently the code is voluntary in the initial phase, but it is designed to be mandatory in future. One major feature of the code is that implementation is left under the scope of State and local governments. During the capacity building effort, a need was felt to provide additional guidance to design and construction professionals on the rationale behind the ECBC specifications and provide explanations to the key terms and concepts. The ECBC User Guide was therefore developed and released in July 2009 for this purpose. This paper describes the current status, experiences during capacity building and market transformation required for successful implementation of this code. It also covers commentary on how various stakeholders are contributing towards one common goal in different ways. With successful implementation, the code is expected to reduce the energy consumption of the upcoming new buildings by 20–40% from their average performance level at the time of launch of ECBC. Having this huge potential of energy saving, there is an urgent need to address the problems and issues for early adoption of the energy conservation building code in the country.
6
Ganjikunta, Jaya. "Design Considerations for Syngas Turbine Power Plants". W ASME 2015 Gas Turbine India Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gtindia2015-1261.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Market demands such as generating power at lower cost, increasing reliability, providing fuel flexibility, increasing efficiency and reducing emissions have renewed the interest in Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) plants in the Indian refinery segment. This technology typically uses coal or petroleum coke (petcoke) gasification and gas turbine based combined cycle systems as it offers potential advantages in reducing emissions and producing low cost electricity. Gasification of coal typically produces syngas which is a mixture of Hydrogen (H) and Carbon Monoxide (CO). Present state of gas turbine technology facilitates burning of low calorific fuels such as syngas and gas turbine is the heart of power block in IGCC. Selecting a suitable gas turbine for syngas fired power plant application and optimization in integration can offer the purchaser savings in initial cost by avoiding oversizing as well as reduction in operating cost through better efficiency. This paper discusses the following aspects of syngas turbine IGCC power plant: • Considerations in design and engineering approach • Review of technologies in syngas fired gas turbines • Design differences of syngas turbines with respect to natural gas fired turbines • Gas turbine integration with gasifier, associated syngas system design and materials • Syngas safety, HAZOP and Hazardous area classification • Retrofitting of existing gas turbines suitable for syngas firing • Project execution and coordination at various phases of a project This paper is based on the experience gained in the recently executed syngas fired gas turbine based captive power plant and IGCC plant. This experience would be useful for gas turbine technology selection, integration of gas turbine in to IGCC, estimating engineering efforts, cost savings, cycle time reduction, retrofits and lowering future syngas based power plant project risks.
7
Anamika i Niranjan Kumar. "Market Clearing Price prediction using ANN in Indian Electricity Markets". W 2016 International Conference on Energy Efficient Technologies for Sustainability (ICEETS). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iceets.2016.7583797.
Pełny tekst źródła
8
Smerkolj, Nik, i Marko Jeran. "Testing Market Efficiency in Emerging Markets’ Stock Indices with Runs Tests". W Socratic Lectures 8. University of Lubljana Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55295/psl.2023.ii17.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
According to the efficient market hypothesis (EMH), the prices of securities reflect all the available information on the market. Efficient markets have an important consequence – it is not possible for an investor to consistently outperform the market by using infor-mation that is not already reflected in the prices of securities. No matter how much re-sources one deploys into security analysis, no excess return can be made, which means that investors seeking higher returns must bear higher risk given the risk-return trade-off. Inefficient markets, on the other hand, offer investors opportunities for higher returns at the same risk profile. In this scientific contribution, we test seven emerging markets' stock indices for a weak form of market efficiency. Numerous previous research indicates that emerging markets are not fully efficient and that prices on their stock markets do not fol-low a random walk. We performed runs tests on weekly and monthly returns of stock in-dices and found statistically significant results in three indices for weekly and three in-dices for monthly returns, which indicates that these indices violate weak form of market efficiency. We found insignificant results, which indicate efficient markets, only for weekly and monthly returns on the Indian BSE Sensex 30 Index. Thus we come to similar conclusions as other authors that emerging markets persist to violate weak form of mar-ket efficiency and remain an attractive opportunity for investors seeking to exploit ineffi-ciencies. Keywords: Market efficiency; Efficient market hypothesis; Random walk; Emerging mar-kets; Stock Exchange Index; Runs test
9
Bhada, Perinaz, i Nickolas J. Themelis. "Potential for the First WTE Facility in Mumbai (Bombay) India". W 16th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec16-1930.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The city of Mumbai (Bombay), India is facing a solid waste management crisis. The infrastructure has been unable to keep pace with economic development and population growth, resulting in insufficient collection of municipal solid waste (MSW) and over-burdened dumps. Improper disposal of solid wastes over several decades and open burning of garbage have led to serious environmental pollution and health problems. This study examined the solid waste management process in Mumbai and the potential for implementation of waste-to-energy facilities. Mumbai’s average per capita waste generation rate is 0.18 tonnes per person. Although the reported collection efficiency of MSW is 90%, almost half of the city’s 12 million people live in slums, some of which do not have access to solid waste services. The most pressing problem is the acute shortage of space for landfilling. When the present waste dumps were constructed they were at the outskirts of the city, but now they are surrounded by housing colonies, thus exposing millions of people to daily inconveniences such as odors, traffic congestion, and to more serious problems associated with air, land, and water pollution and the spread of diseases from rodents and mosquitoes. Mumbai is the financial center of India and has the highest potential for energy generation from the controlled combustion of solid wastes. The lower heating value of MSW is estimated in this study to be 9 MJ/kg, which is slightly lower than the average MSW combusted in the E.U. (10 MJ/kg). The land for the first WTE in Mumbai would be provided by the City and there is a market for the electricity generated by the WTE facility. The main problem to overcome is the source of capital since the present “tipping fees” are very low and inadequate to make the operation profitable and thus attract private investors. Therefore, the only hope is for the local government and one or more philanthropists in Mumbai to team up in financing the first WTE in India as a beacon that improves living conditions in Mumbai, reduces the City’s dependence on the import of fossil fuels, and lights the way for other cities in India to follow.
10
Pinto Fernandes, Jorge, Eduardo Manuel Dias Lopes i Vicente Maneta. "New Steel Alloys for the Design of Heat Recovery Steam Generator Components of Combined Cycle Gas Plants". W ASME Turbo Expo 2009: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2009-59917.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Demand of Power is growing everyday, mainly due to emerging economies in CRIB countries (China, Russia, India and Brazil). During the last fifty years steam pressure and temperature in power plants have been continuously raised to improve thermal efficiency. Recent efforts to improve efficiency leads to the development of a new generation of Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG) where the Benson Once-Through Technology is applied to improve thermal efficiency. The main purpose of this paper is to analyse the mechanical behaviour of a High Pressure Superheater Manifold by applying Finite Element Modelling (FEM) and a Finite Element Analysis with the objective to analyse stress propagation leading to the study of damage mechanism e.g. Uniaxial Fatigue, Uniaxial Creep for life prediction. The objective of this paper is also to analyse the mechanical properties of the new high temperature resistant materials in the market such as 2Cr Bainitic steels (T/P23, T/P24) and also the 9–12Cr Martensitic steels (T/P91, T/P92, E911 and P/T122). For this study the design rules for construction of power boilers to define the geometry of the HPSH Manifold were applied.
Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Market efficiency- India"
1
Shan, Yina, Praem Mehta, Duminda Perera i Yurissa Yarela. Cost and Efficiency of Arsenic Removal from Groundwater: A Review. United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health, luty 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.53328/kmwt2129.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Hundreds of millions of people worldwide are exposed to arsenic-contaminated drinking water, leading to significant health complications, and social and economic losses. Currently, a wide range of technologies exists to remove arsenic from water. However, despite ongoing research on such technologies, their widespread application remains limited. To bridge this gap, this review aims to compare the effectiveness and costs of various arsenic remediation technologies while considering their practical applicability. A search conducted using the Medline and Embase databases yielded 31 relevant articles published from 1996 to 2018, which were categorized into laboratory and field studies. Data on the effectiveness of technologies in removing arsenic and associated costs were extracted and standardized for comparison as much as was possible, given the diversity of ways that studies report their key results. The twenty-three (23) technologies tested in laboratory settings demonstrated efficiencies ranging from 50% to ~100%, with the majority reaching relatively high removal efficiencies (>90%). Approximately half achieved the WHO standard of 10 µg/L. Laboratory studies used groundwater samples from nine (9) different countries – Argentina, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, Guatemala, India, Thailand, the United States, and Vietnam. The fourteen (14) technologies tested in the field achieved removal efficiency levels ranging between 60% and ~99%, with ten (10) attaining above 90% removal efficiency. Of these, only five (5) reached established the WHO standard. Some of the technologies under-performed when their influent water contained excessive concentrations of arsenic. Only six (6) countries (Argentina, Bangladesh, Chile, China, India, and Nicaragua) were represented among the studies that implemented and tested technologies in the field, either at household or community level. For technologies tested in the laboratory, the cost of treating one cubic meter of water ranged from near-zero to ~USD 93, except for one technology which cost USD 299/m³. For studies conducted in the field, the cost of treating one cubic meter of water ranged from near-zero to ~USD 70. Key factors influencing the removal efficiencies and their costs include the arsenic concentration of the influent water, pH of the influent water, materials used, the energy required, absorption capacity, labour used, regeneration period and geographical location. Technologies that demonstrate high removal efficiencies when treating moderately arsenic-contaminated water may not be as efficient when treating highly contaminated water. Also, the lifetime of the removal agents is a significant factor in determining their efficiency. It is suggested that remediation technologies that demonstrate high arsenic removal efficiencies in a laboratory setting need to be further assessed for their suitability for larger-scale application, considering their high production and operational costs. Costs can be reduced by using locally available materials and natural adsorbents, which provide near zero-cost options and can have high arsenic removal efficiencies. A notable feature of many arsenic removal approaches is that some countries with resource constraints or certain environmental circumstances – like typically high arsenic concentrations in groundwater –aim to reach resultant arsenic concentrations that are much higher than WHO’s recommended standard of 10 µg/L. This report maintains that – while this may be a pragmatic approach that helps progressively mitigate the arsenic-related health risks – it is unfortunately not a sustainable solution. Continuing exposure to higher levels of arsenic ingestion remains harmful for humans. Hence arsenic-removal technology should only be seen efficient if it can bring the water to the WHO standard. A less radical approach effectively shifts the attention from the origin of the problem in addressing the impacts and postpones achieving the best possible outcome for populations. The quantitative summary of costs and effectiveness of arsenic remediation technologies reviewed in this report can serve as a preliminary guideline for selecting the most cost-effective option. It may also be used as an initial guideline (minimum standard) for summarising the results of future studies describing arsenic remediation approaches. Looking ahead, this study identifies four priority areas that may assist in commercializing wide-scale implementation of arsenic removal technologies. These include: i) focusing efforts on determining market viability of technologies, ii) overcoming practical limitations of technologies, iii) determining technology contextual appropriateness and iv) concerted effort to increase knowledge sharing in and across regions to accelerate the implementation of research on the ground. Overall, the current science and knowledge on arsenic remediation technologies may be mature enough already to help significantly reduce the global numbers of affected populations. The missing link for today’s arsenic removal challenge is the ability to translate research evidence and laboratory-level successes into quantifiable and sustainable impacts on the ground. Achieving this requires a concerted and sustained effort from policymakers, engineers, healthcare providers, donors, and community leaders.
2
Banerjee, Abhijit, Greg Fischer, Dean Karlan, Matt Lowe i Benjamin Roth. Does the Invisible Hand Efficiently Guide Entry and Exit? Evidence from a Vegetable Market Experiment in India. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, sierpień 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w30360.
Pełny tekst źródła