Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Market Economy in China

Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Market Economy in China”

Autor: Grafiati
Data publikacji: 7 lipca 2024
Data aktualizacji: 7 lipca 2024

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Market Economy in China"

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HUA, HUANG. "The Market Economy in China". Security Dialogue 24, nr 2 (czerwiec 1993): 175–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967010693024002008.

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Berger, Ron, Chong Ju Choi i Ram Herstein. "China’s Social Market Economy". International Journal of Asian Business and Information Management 4, nr 1 (styczeń 2013): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jabim.2013010103.

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In 2011, China continues to be the world’s largest recipient of direct foreign investment—which in 2010 totaled US$105 billion. China is also the world’s second largest economy after the U.S. Once a staunchly Communist state, China now advocates a “social market economy” as its business system. The purpose of this paper is threefold. First, this paper seeks to understand what is meant by a “social market economy”. Second, the paper analyzes the traditional shareholder and stakeholder debate by examining different national economies together with their respective societies in terms of business systems. Third, the paper discusses some implications of the emergence of the Chinese economy and business system in the context of potential contributions to social science research. This paper shows that China’s social market economy has many similarities to the stakeholder business system increasingly advocated in global ethics research and presents the challenges to be faced by China’s social market economy in the future.
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Fang, Junze. "The Way China's Futures Market Serves the Real Economy". Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences 88, nr 1 (10.06.2024): 201–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/88/20240976.

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The futures market was initially established to address the limitations of the spot market and to serve the real industry in the supply side of raw material stability. With the development of the financial system, futures as major financial derivatives and global markets are highly connected. Previously, scholars have conducted many in-depth studies on the role played by the futures market, while this paper mainly focuses on China, focusing on the impact of the futures market on the real industry. The futures market has matured over the past three decades of development in China to become a major derivative trading market. The role of the financial market is ultimately implemented to serve the real industry. This paper focuses on the system of the futures market in China, and the core function of the futures market, and argues how the futures market can serve China's real economy. By reviewing the previous studies, this essay summarises the main roles of the futures market and provides suggestions for the development of the futures market in China based on the current situation of the Chinese market.
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Boni, Lyudmila. "Basic Economic System of Socialism and Market in China". Problemy dalnego vostoka, nr 4 (2022): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s013128120021164-1.

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The Chinese science’s recognition of the possibility of a market under socialism in China was a major breakthrough in the theory of Marxism. The combination of socialism and the market marked the beginning of formation of a socialist market economic system and development of mixed economy with the public property as basic. The principle of “public property is the basis，joint development of the economy of many forms of ownership” was officially called the specifics of Chinese socialism at the initial state of its development and one of its most important advantages, that made it possible to ensure high economic growth rates over the past 40 year and to transfer China into the second world economic power. But this specificity and the advantages of socialism with Chinese specifics can be manifested and realized on the institutional level only through a certain coordinate system, known as the fundamental system for state governance, namely through one of its system responsible for governing the Chinese economy, known as the basic economic system of socialism. In 2019 according to the decision of the 4th plenum of the CPC Central Committee of the 19th convocation, the status of the socialist market economy system was raised: it was announced as an integral part of the basic economic system of socialism, which is responsible for guidance and development of China’s economy at the institutional level. The role and significance of the market system of China has increased sufficiently: the market is going to become the decisive driver for socialist modernization of the Chinese economy.
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Danilin, I. V. "Development of the Digital Economy in the USA and China: Factors and Trends". Outlines of global transformations: politics, economics, law 12, nr 6 (30.12.2019): 246–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.23932/2542-0240-2019-12-6-12.

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Complex research of the “digital economy” in the U.S.A. and China –undisputable leaders of the phenomena – appears to be an important research task. This article is focused on identifying its` key factors and developmental trends (also important for understanding global processes). Growing economic impact and dominance of the U.S.A. and China in the “digital economy”, especially on the Internet markets, is confirmed – with special attention to the extra-large platformic companies. Analyzing the history of the “digital economy” in both nations primacy of market success factors is stated – while stressing important role of technological specifics in shaping trends. For the U.S.A. the key drivers were meeting existing demand on the traditional markets with fundamentally new technological products, as well as formation of new markets to address existing latent demand. For China originally it was inability of the service sector to address growing internal demand, which supported strong growth of internet markets as a fast and cheap alternative (using localized western technologies and business models). Sizable market, governmental support, and later strong investments in technology and innovation determined China`s leadership in the digital economy– with overcoming the U.S.A. in some areas. In conclusion, it is noted that the importance of original digital economy drivers (U.S. technological superiority, China`s huge growing market, etc.) in both nations is expiring. This makes serious changes inevitable. The situation is complicated by growing challenges for the digital economy – from evolving regulatory framework to digitalization of the global economy.
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Rinaldi‐Larribe, Marie‐José, William S. Lightfoot i Zhongxiu Zhao. "Does China deserve the market economy status?" Journal of Chinese Economic and Foreign Trade Studies 2, nr 2 (19.06.2009): 110–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17544400910966086.

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Clarke, Donald C. "Legislating for a Market Economy in China". China Quarterly 191 (wrzesień 2007): 567–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741007001579.

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AbstractSince the early 1990s, China has come a long way in legislating the foundational rules for its reformed economy. Virtually all of the important areas – contracts, business organizations, securities, bankruptcy and secured transactions, to name a few – are now covered by national legislation as well as lower-level regulations. Yet an important feature of a legal structure suited to a market economy is missing: the ability of the system to generate from below solutions to problems not adequately dealt with by existing legislation. The top-down model that has dominated Chinese law reform efforts to date can only do so much. What is needed now is a more welcoming attitude to market-generated solutions to the gaps and other problems that will invariably exist in legislation. The state's distrust of civil-society institutions and other bottom-up initiatives suggests, however, that this different approach will not come easily.
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Sekakela, Kedibonye. "The impact of trading with China on Botswana’s economy". Journal of Chinese Economic and Foreign Trade Studies 9, nr 1 (1.02.2016): 2–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcefts-09-2014-0022.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of trading with China on Botswana’s domestic and third markets. The paper also assesses the structure and magnitude of Botswana–China bilateral trade. Design/methodology/approach – The paper used descriptive statistics such as graphic analysis to describe and summarize the basic features of the data. To reach conclusions that extend beyond the immediate data alone, the study applied Chenery Decomposition Approach and also applied the extension of Constant Market Share (CMS) analysis. Findings – Botswana mainly exports primary products to China and imports intermediate and capital goods, which are mainly used as inputs in the development of infrastructure in the country. Increased imports from China into Botswana’s domestic market has mainly replaced imports from other countries, and China’s textile, clothing and footwear (TCF) exports gained market share from Botswana’s TCF exports in the third markets, i.e. South Africa. Unlike Lesotho, the loss of market share by Botswana’s TCF exports in the South African market increased over the period under study. The Botswana Government needs to consider ways of enhancing Botswana’s TCF export competitiveness and learn lessons from China in relation to enhancing productivity in the TCF and other exporting industries. Research limitations/implications – Because of lack of data, this paper failed to estimate the impact of import penetration in the manufacturing subsectors and analyze the rapidly growing Botswana–China bilateral trade in services. There has been no estimate of the impact of intermediate and capital goods on production costs of Botswana’s productive sectors. Lastly, because of lack of data, there have been no estimates of Botswana’s consumer surplus generated from consuming relatively low-priced goods from China. Originality/value – This is the first study to carry out an empirical analysis of the Botswana–China trade relation. The study will be of value to academia and to policymakers who are interested in studying the China–Africa relation.
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Wang, Zijian. "The Impact of Sino-US Trade War on The Stock Markets of The Two Countries". BCP Business & Management 38 (2.03.2023): 3195–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/bcpbm.v38i.4252.

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This paper analyzes the parallels and variances between the stock markets of the US and China, and the impacts of Sino US Trade War on stock markets in the same countries. The findings are showing that the US and China exchange stock markets are divided into different stock markets and play a critical role in each country’s economy. The stock markets have some differences in the level of development of the accessibility to funds, with the US stock economy being more developed and more integrated into the economy than China's economy. The findings show the Sino-US trade war has been affecting China and the US stock markets negatively. The adverse effects reflect in stock market fluctuations, decline in market capitalization, market equity loss, reduction in prices, and the returns from the stock markets. These adverse effects imply that the Sino-US trade war created more negative impacts than the intended implementation goal.
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Tsui, Ming, i Xiao Li. "Attitudes Regarding the Market Economy in Urban China". Sociology Mind 02, nr 02 (2012): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/sm.2012.22024.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Market Economy in China"

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Pang, Chung-kit, i 彭仲傑. "Financial market and Hong Kong economy". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1991. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31265066.

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Hsu, Carolyn L. "Creating market socialism : narratives and emerging economic institutions in the People's Republic of China /". Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC IP addresses, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p9984807.

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Yao, Juan. "The Chinese stock market and economic activity". Thesis, Curtin University, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/861.

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The primary purpose of this research is to perform an empirical test using Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT) in order to investigate the relationship between the Chinese stock market performance and domestic economic activity.China's stock market was established in early 1990s and has operated through a period of strong economic growth. Generally, it has been recognized that the development of a sound financial market is necessary to sustain and support a high growth economy. In turn, a growing economy will drive financial market growth. This research is designed to shed light on this unique relationship by investigating the links between China's booming national economy and the domestic stock returns.Using both time-series and cross-section regressions, several identified macro economic variables are shown to be significant in their influence on stock returns. These variables include the growth rate of industrial production, the growth rate of total social retail sales, the growth rate of terms of trade and the growth rate of total social saving deposits. Stock market indexes are found significantly related to the stock portfolio returns in time-series regressions.Overall, the empirical results suggest that the rapid growth of the Chinese economy is factored into stock returns by the market. It also indicates that the market index has strong explanatory power over, the time-series returns, providing empirical support for the market model Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM). However, the explanations of cross-section returns need to be further explored.
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Intaranukulkij, Hiranthip, i Fei Wei. "Did the regulatory monetary policy in China mimic the market economy?" Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Ekonomihögskolan, ELNU, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-20822.

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The People’s Bank of China (PBC) has played a vital role in conducting monetary policy during a period of fast economic growth in China. The PBC used a variety of monetary measures and instruments to implement monetary policy over the past decades. In this project, we examined whether the implementation of monetary policy in China mimics the market economy or not. We summarise the main tools that have been used in the monetary policy based on the studies by Qiong (2011) and Gerlach (2004). We then applied the variance and covariance analysis of macroeconomic variables of China and the US for two periods. The results of our analysis showed that China and the US had many similarities. Our empirical analysis, using the Taylor Rule theoretical framework demonstrates that the difference between the actual interest rate and the theoretical interest rate derived from the Taylor Rule for China and the US has the same trend. Our main conclusion is that the implementation of monetary policy in China mimics the market economy.
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Yao, Juan. "The Chinese stock market and economic activity". Curtin University of Technology, School of Economics and Finance, 1998. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=11683.

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The primary purpose of this research is to perform an empirical test using Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT) in order to investigate the relationship between the Chinese stock market performance and domestic economic activity.China's stock market was established in early 1990s and has operated through a period of strong economic growth. Generally, it has been recognized that the development of a sound financial market is necessary to sustain and support a high growth economy. In turn, a growing economy will drive financial market growth. This research is designed to shed light on this unique relationship by investigating the links between China's booming national economy and the domestic stock returns.Using both time-series and cross-section regressions, several identified macro economic variables are shown to be significant in their influence on stock returns. These variables include the growth rate of industrial production, the growth rate of total social retail sales, the growth rate of terms of trade and the growth rate of total social saving deposits. Stock market indexes are found significantly related to the stock portfolio returns in time-series regressions.Overall, the empirical results suggest that the rapid growth of the Chinese economy is factored into stock returns by the market. It also indicates that the market index has strong explanatory power over, the time-series returns, providing empirical support for the market model Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM). However, the explanations of cross-section returns need to be further explored.
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Sun, Q. "Strategic market planning in China : a means-end chain approach to market segmentation within the Beijin mobile phone market". Thesis, University of Salford, 2007. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/14902/.

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With a dramatic economic growth rate of 10% per year, China, as one of the Big Emerging Markets, has drawn increasing attention from both academia and industry. Its market potential and growth rate is believed to be the top attraction for global investment. In many sectors, the increasing number of options available to consumers has led to the emergence of a consumer society in China and has further fed the development of variance in consumer behaviour. This has imposed imperatives of consumer research in China, especially market segmentation research, on both foreign multinational companies and indigenous 5 manufacturers, in order i) to identify the unique needs of consumers, to provide more desirable product/service packages, and iii) to communicate brand value via more appropriate messages to targeted consumers.
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Garcia, Mónica Maria Cristancho. "What china is missing to be a market economy: China's political & economical models contradiction". reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/18006.

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China has been growing at a fastest pace than the rest of the world in the last two decades increasing the importance of its economy every day in the global field but sowing uncertainty and confusion among investors and the rest of the world due to the contradiction between its political and economic models. Economically, the People’s Republic of China has demonstrated to be more open to capitalism but its politics reveal a communist system in which there is no opportunity for a capitalist economy as it is originally conceived
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Guo, Xin Yan. "The application of non-market economy concept in the WTO regime :the case of China". Thesis, University of Macau, 2018. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b3952280.

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Liu, Wei. "Economic transitions to market economy : a comparative study on economic reform proposals in China and the former Soviet Union". Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1994. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2987/.

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The 1980s and 1990s are historical periods of economic reforms in both China and the former Soviet Union. Comparative study of principal proposals of economic reform and transformation in the two countries in this period is the subject of this thesis. There are five main chapters excluding the introduction. Chapter 2 is the theoretical framework of the thesis which is based on essential concepts of Comparative Economic System. Before the main theme began, primary economic problems and difficulties in pre-reform periods in China and the former Soviet Union were discussed in Chapter 3. So was a brief review of reform efforts in the past in the two countries. In Chapter 4, major proposals of economic reform in Chinese economy from late 1978 till 1992 were studied. These included reform measures in the rural economy, the opening up policy, state-owned enterprises reform, new policy for non-state sector and comprehensive plans after 1985. Chapter 5 discussed the 1987 reform package, the 1990 reform plans including Presidential Plan and Shatalin Plan. A brief summary of the Russian reform plan in 1991 was also done in this chapter. Chapter 6 is the concluding part of the thesis. The author compared in detail the two cases and drew conclusions as the following: (a) Both Chinese and Soviet reformers designed the transformation from centralised planning control to decentralised market-oriented economy; (b) The structures of the existing economic system, i.e., decision--making, information, motivation and ownership structures, required various degrees of alteration in the two countries. Soviet reformers called for massive destatisation and privatisation of the state-owned undertakings, while China insisted on a structure with predominant state-owned enterprises; (c) The economic reforms strategies in the two countries are different.
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Poon, Siu-to. "Reform in China and Vietnam : a study of the transition from socialist system to market economy /". Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1997. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B18933695.

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Książki na temat "Market Economy in China"

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Chai, C. H. China: Transition to a market economy. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press, 1997.

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The Chinese market economy, 1000-1500. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2015.

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Nolan, Peter. Integrating China: Towards the coordinated market economy. London: Anthem Press, 2008.

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Law and the market economy in China. Farnham, Surrey, England: Ashgate Pub., 2011.

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Nolan, Peter. Integrating China: Towards the coordinated market economy. London: Anthem Press, 2007.

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Bell, Michael W. China at the threshold of a market economy. Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund, 1993.

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Bell, Michael, Kalpana Kochhar i Hoe Khor. China at the Threshold of a Market Economy. Washington DC: International Monetary Fund, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781557753496.084.

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Guiguo, Wang, Wei Zhenying i City University of Hong Kong. Centre for Chinese and Comparative Law., red. Legal developments in China: Market economy and law. Hong Kong: Sweet & Maxwell, 1997.

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Kuei-kuo, Wang, Wei Chen-ying i City University of Hong Kong. Centre for Chinese and Comparative Law., red. Legal developments in China: Market economy and law. Hong Kong: Sweet & Maxwell, 1996.

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Suen, Wing Chuen. Labour market in a dynamic economy. Hong Kong: City University of Hong Kong Press, 1997.

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Części książek na temat "Market Economy in China"

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Jin, Chongji. "Establishing a Socialist Market Economy". W China Connections, 597–615. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-5223-6_24.

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Guo, Shibao. "Teaching Under China’s Market Economy". W Spotlight on China, 103–18. Rotterdam: SensePublishers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6209-881-7_7.

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de Rambures, Dominique. "What is the Socialist Market Economy?" W The China Development Model, 9–22. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137465498_2.

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Guo, Shibao, i Yan Guo. "Changes in Education Under China’s Market Economy". W Spotlight on China, 1–15. Rotterdam: SensePublishers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6209-881-7_1.

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Appleton, Simon, John Knight i Lina Song. "China’s Labour Market: Evolution and Impediments". W China and the World Economy, 226–42. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137059864_11.

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Mok, Ka-ho. "Market Economy and the Intellectuals". W Social and Political Development in Post-Reform China, 93–121. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230286436_5.

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Yang, Jianghua, Cheng Cheng i Yanjie Bian. "Education and Career Mobility Under China’s Market Economy". W Spotlight on China, 247–65. Rotterdam: SensePublishers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6209-881-7_15.

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Beckett, Gulbahar, i Juanjuan Zhao. "Overworked and Stressed Teachers Under the Market Economy". W Spotlight on China, 137–52. Rotterdam: SensePublishers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6209-881-7_9.

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Yeung, Godfrey Kwok-yung. "The People’s Liberation Army and the Market Economy". W China in the 1990s, 158–68. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-15016-8_14.

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Yeung, Godfrey Kwok-yung. "The People’s Liberation Army and the Market Economy". W China in the 1990s, 158–68. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-24063-0_14.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Market Economy in China"

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Liao, Linhan. "Research on the America-China Market Economy". W 2022 7th International Conference on Social Sciences and Economic Development (ICSSED 2022). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.220405.290.

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Kuksova, Irina, i Fayong Hu. "FEATURES OF THE COMPANY’S FUNCTIONING IN THE INTERNATIONAL MARKET OF TOURIST SERVICES IN CHINA". W Manager of the Year. FSBE Institution of Higher Education Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/my2021_110-114.

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This article examines the company’s performance in the global tourism market in China. At present, tourism is one of the most important parts of the global economy and globalization and meets the needs of the people, helping to improve people’s lives. Unlike other regions, tourism is known for its stability despite temporary differences in market and commodity markets. Tourism activities do not lead to the deterioration of any natural resources (if there are appropriate environmental factors), which differentiate them from many economic sectors.
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Zhang, Linpeng. "Urban Economic Development Level and Real Estate Market in Mainland China". W 2022 International Conference on Urban Planning and Regional Economy（UPRE 2022）. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.220502.007.

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Jian, Jianhui, Zhongfu Yu i Pinglin He. "Payout Policy under Transitory Economy - An Empirical Evidence from China Securities Market". W 2009 International Conference on Management and Service Science (MASS). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmss.2009.5305789.

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Li, Shengjun, i Xiumin Zhao. "Study on the Correlation between Stock Market and Macro Economy in China". W 2015 International Conference on Economics, Social Science, Arts, Education and Management Engineering. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/essaeme-15.2015.58.

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Wang, Jianhui, Jianguo Kong i Yuran Zhu. "Market Analysis on Civil Aviation of China after Joining Aviation Alliance". W 2014 International Conference on Global Economy, Commerce and Service Science (GECSS-14). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/gecss-14.2014.24.

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Bai, Yuping. "Game Study on the Entity in Green Building Market in China". W 2016 2nd International Conference on Economy, Management, Law and Education (EMLE 2016). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/emle-16.2017.29.

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Zhang, Yize. "Analysis and Prediction of China Stock Market Return Based on BP Neural Network". W The 2nd International Conference on Internet Finance and Digital Economy. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789811267505_0055.

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Manyi, Shi. "Analysis of the Market strategy of Enterprises Based on Fan Economy in China". W 2021 3rd International Conference on Economic Management and Cultural Industry (ICEMCI 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.211209.297.

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"Economic Policy Uncertainty and Corporate Information Disclosure: Evidence from the China Stock Market". W 2022 2nd International Conference on Management Science and Industrial Economy Development. Clausius Scientific Press Inc., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23977/msied2022.064.

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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Market Economy in China"

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Barfield, Claude. China should be granted market economy status. East Asia Forum, grudzień 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.59425/eabc.1481454012.

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Zhai, Fan, Thomas Hertel i Zhi Wang. Labor Market Distortions, Rural-Urban Inequality and the Opening of China’s Economy. GTAP Working Paper, czerwiec 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.wp27.

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This paper evaluates the impact of some key labor market reforms on rural-urban inequality and income distribution, using a household-disaggregated, recursive dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model of China. We also explore how these factor market reforms interact with product market reforms currently underway as part of China’s WTO accession process. The simulation results show that the reforms in rural land rental market and Hukou system, as well as increasing off-farm labor mobility would reduce the urban-rural income ratio dramatically. Furthermore, the combination of WTO accession and factor market reforms improves both efficiency and equality significantly. Keywords: Labor market, Income distribution, WTO, Computable general equilibrium, China JEL Classification Code: C68; J60; D30; F13; O53
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Lora, Eduardo. Should Latin America Fear China? Inter-American Development Bank, maj 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0012218.

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This paper compares growth conditions in China and Latin America to assess fears that China will displace Latin America in the coming decades. China's strengths include the size of the economy, macroeconomic stability, abundant low-cost labor, the rapid expansion of physical infrastructure, and the ability to innovate. China's weaknesses, stemming from insufficient separation between market and state, include poor corporate governance, a fragile financial system and misallocation of savings. Both regions share important weaknesses: the rule of law is weak, corruption endemic, and education is poor and very poorly distributed.
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Goreczky, Péter. Southeast Asia in the US-China Tech Rivalry I. : The Business Sector in Focus. Külügyi és Külgazdasági Intézet, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47683/kkielemzesek.ke-2022.16.

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Due to the unique opportunities provided by its digital economy, Southeast Asia is a major arena of market expansion for US-based and Chinese tech juggernauts today. For now, the presence and strategy of the two nation’s companies in the ASEAN region has been driven by market considerations. At the same time, social media platforms and mobile operation systems can serve as sources of soft power, which means that Big Tech and ASEAN start-ups could drift into the US-China conflict in the future. In the Southeast Asian market, US tech giants do not have to worry about being crowded out by their Chinese counterparts in the short run; at the same time, China’s growing economic influence in the region undoubtedly boosts the technology investments of its companies. It is a core interest of ASEAN nations to avoid taking a side in the US-China tech rivalry and thereby escape the role of being a mere data source for some global digital platforms or US-based and Chinese tech companies.
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Hummels, David. The Role of Geography and Size. Inter-American Development Bank, kwiecień 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008688.

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This report focuses on issues for Latin America and the Caribbean from China's expanding presence in the world economy, with a particular interest in questions related to China's size and proximity to markets.The authors begin with a basic overview of facts, including a characterization of trade and trade growth for China and Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). Next, the following issues are addressed: -Relative proximity of China and LAC countries to major markets.-Detailed data on shipping costs to address the size of the import wedge, the price of goods at the exporter's departure port telative to the importing destination and the size of the sourcing wedge and its determinants. -LAC's proximity to the US market. -Overview of literature discussing the importance of country size.
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Saavedra-Rivano, Neantro, Manuel R. Agosin i Pablo Rodas Martini. The Emergence of China: A View from Central America. Inter-American Development Bank, październik 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008720.

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This study covers the impact of the emergence of China on Central American economies, with special emphasis on Guatemala and Honduras. The issue of the China¿s impact is generally approached from the standpoint of threats hovering over the economies of Central America (and of others in Region 2, such as Mexico and the Dominican Republic), without noting that the rapid growth and great openness of the Chinese economy also present new potentialities that the countries of the region could turn to their own advantage. This study presents analyses and recommendations for enhancing the competitive advantages already developed by Central American countries, particularly in the apparel and textiles sector, and others envisioned as possible, vis-à-vis the challenges that they face from the strong competitiveness of Chinese industries. But it also considers how to take advantage of the new opportunities offered by the Chinese market for exports of the region¿s goods and tourist services, and also the policies needed to begin to attract direct investment from that country.
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Ianchovichina, Elena, Thomas Hertel i Terrie Walmsley. Understanding the Slowdown in Foreign Investment in China. GTAP Research Memoranda, luty 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.rm26.

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No one thought China’s high growth rates would persist forever, or that multinational firms would always keep pouring into the Chinese market, eager to establish operations regardless of local conditions. Economic convergence ensures that there will be a cooling off as wages rise and expected rates of return to investments fall. The difficult question has never been whether China will lose its luster, but when this would happen and how the adjustment will occur.
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Bansal, Prateek, i Rubal Dua. How Responsive Are New Car Buyers in India and China to Factors Driving Fuel Consumption? King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center, marzec 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.30573/ks--2022-dp20.

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China and India, the world’s two most populous developing economies, are also among the largest automotive markets and carbon emitters. To reduce carbon emissions from the passenger car sector, both countries have considered various policy levers that affect fuel price, car prices and fuel economy. This study estimates the responsiveness of new car buyers in China and India to such policy levers and drivers, including income.
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Herbert, George, i Lucas Loudon. The Size and Growth Potential of the Digital Economy in ODA-eligible Countries. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), grudzień 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.016.

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This rapid review synthesises evidence on the current size of the digital market, the countries promoting development of digital business and their approach through Trade Policies or Incentive Frameworks, and the current and potential size of the market with the UK / China / US / other significant countries. It draws on a variety of sources, including reports by international organisations (such as the World Bank and OECD), grey literature produced by think tanks and the private sector, and peer reviewed academic papers. A high proportion of estimates of the size of the digital economy come from research conducted by or for corporations and industry bodies, such as Google and the GSMA (which represents the telecommunications industry). Their research may be influenced by their business interests, the methodologies and data sources they utilise are often opaque, and the information required to critically assess findings is sometimes missing. Given this, the estimates presented in this review are best seen as ballpark figures rather than precise measurements. A limitation of this rapid evidence review stems from the lack of consistent methodologies for estimating the size of the digital economy. The OECD is attempting to develop a standard approach to measuring the digital economy across the national accounts of the G20, but this has not yet been finalised. This makes comparing the results of different studies very challenging. The problem is particularly stark in low income countries, where there are frequently huge gaps in the relevant data.
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Giannetto, Giacomo, Menachem Brenner i Meir Sokoler. A Market-Based Approach to Sharing the Economic Benefits and Consequences of Aging in the People’s Republic of China. Asian Development Bank, marzec 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/brf210030-2.

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中国取得了令人瞩目的社会经济发展成果，这在一定程度上加速了中国人口的 老龄化。与其他国家一样，人口快速老龄化对中国养老金体系的可持续性也构 成了挑战。预期寿命延长所造成的挑战备受关注，同时这一趋势也存在不确定 性。然而这种不确定性带来的负面后果，即长寿风险的影响，尚未得到充分重 视。长寿风险的影响随预期寿命的延长而加剧，其对高龄老年人群的影响大于 对低龄老年人群的影响，增加了我们准确预估人口余寿的难度。事实证明，未 来老龄人群的余寿更加难以预测。
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