Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Market competition”
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Mukaromah, Ni’matul Fitria, i Temmy Wijaya. "PASAR PERSAINGAN SEMPURNA DAN PASAR PERSAINGAN TIDAK SEMPURNA DALAM PERSPEKTIF ISLAM". PROFIT: Jurnal Kajian Ekonomi dan Perbankan Syariah 4, nr 2 (20.12.2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.33650/profit.v4i2.1621.
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Conceptually, this research describes the structure between the perfect competition market and the imperfect competition market which is also seen from an Islamic perspective, which of course also talks about the structure of the perfect competition market and imperfect competition market, as well as several things about this. Market, which incidentally is a meeting place for buyers and sellers to carry out buying and selling transactions of goods and services, as well as a place for the community to meet the needs and drivers of the community's economy. There are various kinds of markets, for a broad picture the market is divided into perfect competition markets, and imperfect competitive markets in which there are still divisions such as monopolistic, monopolistic, and oligopolistic markets. A perfectly competitive market in which there are many sellers and buyers of similar goods. Meanwhile, the imperfect competitive market contains only one seller or a few sellers. In this report, some information is generated regarding the two types of markets, such as the meaning, differences in the perfect competition market and imperfect competition market, the advantages and disadvantages of perfect and imperfect competition markets, market mechanisms, etc. The data collection method used in this study was to collect data from related web literature studies
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Kharaishvili, Eter, Badri Gechbaia i Gela Mamuladze. "Vegetable market: competitive advantages of Georgian product and competition challenges". Innovative Marketing 14, nr 3 (8.11.2018): 8–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/im.14(3).2018.02.
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The paper evaluates the level of competition on the vegetable market. Based on the analysis of the production development trends and resource potential, dynamics and ratio of export and import of agricultural products, including vegetables are presented; dynamics of self-sufficiency ratio of these products is studied; challenges of food security and competitive advantages of Georgian vegetables are identified.The article concludes that the country has a significant potential for exporting vegetables both to the countries of Europe and Middle East. The paper discusses the factors that hinder export of vegetables; in addition, the ways for reducing dependency on seasonality, opportunities for the development of modern greenhouses and mechanisms for supplying goods to customers all year round are suggested.On the basis of analyzing the level of competition on the vegetable market, vegetable business is considered as monopolistic. In addition, it is calculated that, currently, local vegetables products account for only 75% of the market.The paper evaluates the outcomes of high market power caused by monopoly in vegetable business; the impact of market power on pricing mechanism and the welfare of population is determined. In accordance with the problems identified, conclusions are made and recommendations for solving these problems are suggested.
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Gouri, Geeta. "Convergence of competition policy, competition law and public interest in India". Russian Journal of Economics 6, nr 3 (25.09.2020): 277–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/j.ruje.6.51303.
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The objectives of competition policy and the application of competition law need defining and redefining along with changing structures of the economy and the maturing of the competition authority. Market structures associated with digital technology and globalization are often not in consonance with the prevalent law framed in economic analysis of traditional product markets. Antitrust interventions by the competition authorities are caught in a bind as was the case with the Competition Commission of India and the Competition Act, 2002. The emphasis on monopolistic competition, or on oligopolistic markets, as anti-competitive, which marked the earlier days of implementation of competition laws, is at variance with the prevalent monopolistic structures of platform markets or technology firms and the market for ideas. Competition authorities are grappling with identifying anti-competitive activities of these markets which tip towards monopolistic structures. In the process there has been a churning of possible diverse antitrust abuses and, as competition law grapples to incorporate these new market structures, there is another churn that is slowly emerging as a major concern — that of convergence of competition policy and public interest. This is an area in antitrust literature which is yet to receive sufficient attention. The core of antitrust intervention — that competition benefits consumers — is undisputed and perhaps axiomatic but what is not axiomatic is that monopolistic market structures can also lead to enhancing public welfare. Emergent trends towards monopolistic markets suggest a rethink of competition policy and law and their convergence for public interest. The focus of this article is on the importance of convergence of competition policy, competition law and public interest in new and emergent markets. It raises questions: Is there convergence or divergence between policy and law and public interest? What is public interest? Do consumers represent public interest and, if so, which set of consumers? Are innovation and technological development, which are part of public interest, also in the ambit of competition policy or are they in the realm of competition law? This is another question which has become acute in recent times. In India and the BRICS group, where usage of internet on smart phones is high, the convergence between competition policy, law and public interest suggests antitrust intervention is guided by public interest.
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Powell, K. Skylar. "Competition at home and foreign market entry timing". Multinational Business Review 27, nr 1 (12.04.2019): 99–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mbr-10-2017-0070.
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PurposeResearch has identified inverted U-shaped relationships between domestic competitive position, often cast in terms of home-country market share or relative profitability, and speed of entry into a foreign market. However, in some industries, firms may be especially attentive and responsive to competition between firms in their local-home market (i.e. sub-national). Hence, this study aims to explore the effect of local-home market competitive intensity on the relationship between a firm’s overall competitive position and speed of entry into a foreign market.Design/methodology/approachData from 114 large US corporate law firms from 1992 through 2008 were used for Cox proportional-hazards regression models to estimate the moderating effect of local-home market competitive intensity on the relationship between relative profitability at the national level and speed of entry (i.e. hazard rate) into China.FindingsLess-dominant firms from highly competitive local-home markets entered China more quickly than less-dominant firms from less-competitive local-home markets. In addition, first-movers from highly competitive local-home markets tended to have more advantageous competitive profiles, as reflected in profitability, than first-movers from less-competitive local-home markets.Originality/valueThis research explores an important contingency in the relationship between a firm’s competitive position at home and timing of entry into a foreign market. Additionally, the results suggest that first-movers from less-competitive local-home markets may face immediate competition from better-positioned first-movers from more competitive locations within the same home market when they enter new markets.
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Umantsiv, Iurii, Yuliіa Sonko i Klavdiia Yatsyshyna. "Competition at product markets of various types of commodities". Problems and Perspectives in Management 17, nr 2 (10.06.2019): 334–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.17(2).2019.26.
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This article is devoted to researching the peculiarities of the competitive environment at the markets of various types of commodities (goods). Competition analysis allows making conclusions about the effectiveness of the market to identify the factors of development, market infrastructure weaknesses and provide recommendations to address these problems, and to identify priorities for the market competition development. This, in turn, will contribute to finding ways to improve the competitiveness of products. Timely and adequate assessment of the level of competition is not just a part of analytical instruments for the research of the market environment; this is a necessary condition for effective activity of market participants. The peculiarities of competition at the markets of various types of goods were analyzed: the flower market, the juice market and the market for consulting services. In the course of the research, there were determined the factors that influence the competition, also were identified the main trends of its development.
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Harrison, Carol, i James Wright. "Potential competition". Competition Law Journal 20, nr 4 (28.12.2021): 194–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/clj.2021.04.06.
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The concept of potential competition has had an increasing importance in the application of competition law, in both the analysis of the effects of mergers and in assessing the competitive effects of agreements and unilateral conduct under the Competition Act 1998. Potential competition is the constraint that undertakings currently outside of a market are able to exert through the prospect that they will enter that market. This concept is not hypothetical: it has real-world implications as undertakings already on the market, or considering entering, can be expected to take into account the prospect of other undertakings entering, and to adapt their behaviour accordingly. This article sets out the approach of the Competition and Markets Authority when considering potential competition issues in merger and antitrust cases, with reference to its mergers and antitrust guidance and experience.
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Tawil, Michael, i Anthony M. DiGiorgio. "Competition in California’s Medi-Cal Managed Care Market Assessed by Herfindahl-Hirschman Index". INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing 59 (styczeń 2022): 004695802211270. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00469580221127063.
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Evaluating market competition is an important practice to assess how the forces and components at play in a select market interact. Healthcare markets are similar to any other market present in the world, where competition can be present or absent in the exchange of goods and services. Applying a standard measure of assessing market competition, the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index, to California’s Medi-Cal managed care marketplace, it is found that there is no competition present in all of California’s counties as defined by the common interpretation of the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index. A distinctive trend in markets is that when less competition is present, the cost of goods and services increases to reflect the principles of supply and demand. California Medi-Cal markets follow this trend of less competitive markets being associated with increased adult midpoint costs. These findings help further to elucidate California’s Medi-Cal marketplace on a county-by county level.
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Gilbert, Richard J. "The Role of Potential Competition in Industrial Organization". Journal of Economic Perspectives 3, nr 3 (1.08.1989): 107–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.3.3.107.
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Potential competition is important as a mechanism to control market power. I assess the strengths and limitations of alternative theories of potential competition by examining the available theoretical, empirical and institutional knowledge. I consider four major schools of thought: the traditional model of limit pricing, dynamic limit pricing, the theory of contestable markets, and the market efficiency model. Traditional limit pricing models rest on the assumption that firms respond to entry but are able to earn persistent profits when the structural characteristics of markets make entry difficult. Dynamic limit pricing is similar, but emphasizes that markets can only be temporarily protected from entry. Contestability theory, in its pure form, asserts that potential competition is as effective as actual competition in controlling market performance. The efficient markets hypothesis, broadly interpreted, states that markets are workably competitive and that the market structure reflects differential efficiency, not strategic behavior.
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Butt, Umar. "Debt covenant violation, competition and cost of new debt". Australian Journal of Management 44, nr 2 (28.11.2018): 163–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0312896218805789.
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This article empirically shows that the cost of new debt is higher for firms that commit covenant violations. Using a proxy for product market competition to capture exogenous changes to a firm’s competitive environment, I find that the cost is systematically higher for firms that operate in competitive markets. Moreover, I identify channels through which violations can increase the cost of new debt, namely, the incidence, timing and frequency effects, and I document these effects to be more acute for competitive markets. Overall, the study finds that the market prices financial contracts by taking into account the information content of the violation and the risk arising from market competition. JEL Classification: G12, G30
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Callander, Steven, Dana Foarta i Takuo Sugaya. "Market Competition and Political Influence: An Integrated Approach". Econometrica 90, nr 6 (2022): 2723–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3982/ecta19775.
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The operation of markets and of politics are in practice deeply intertwined. Political decisions set the rules of the game for market competition and, conversely, market competitors participate in and influence political decisions. We develop an integrated model to capture the circularity between the two domains. We show that a positive feedback loop emerges such that market power begets political power, and political power begets market power, but that this feedback loop is bounded. With too much market power, the balance between politics and markets itself becomes lopsided and this drives a wedge between the interests of a policymaker and the dominant firm. Although such a wedge would seem pro‐competitive, we show how it can exacerbate the static and dynamic inefficiency of market outcomes. More generally, our model demonstrates that intuitions about market competition can be upended when competition is intermediated by a strategic policymaker.
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Lee, Jaehong, i Kyoungwon Mo. "Product Market Competition And Analysts’ Forecasting Properties: Evidence From Korea". Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 33, nr 6 (31.10.2017): 1153–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v33i6.10052.
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In this paper, we examine the association between product market competition and financial analysts’ forecasting properties in a sample of 76,621 analyst-firm-year observations in South Korea between 2000 and 2014. Using the Herfindahl–Hirschman Index to proxy for product market competition, we document that financial analysts are likely to issue less accurate and more optimistic forecasts in highly competitive product markets. In addition, we find that analysts’ reports show more optimism in stock recommendations in firms with high market competition.
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Graef, Inge. "Market Definition and Market Power in Data: The Case of Online Platforms". World Competition 38, Issue 4 (1.12.2015): 473–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/woco2015040.
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With the emergence of data as an asset for market players operating in the digital economy, questions have risen about the relevance of data for competition enforcement. This article focuses on the role of data in the competitive process between online platforms including search engines, social networks and e-commerce platforms. After arguing that situations can be identified in which access to data is a competitive advantage for incumbents and an entry barrier for new entrants, it is analysed how a relevant market for data can be defined and how market power can be established in such a market. Most providers of online platforms do not trade data as a stand-alone product as a result of which no supply and demand exists and no relevant product market for data can be defined under current competition law standards. However, it may still be appropriate for competition authorities in this situation to assess proposed concentrations and alleged abusive behaviour of dominant firms beyond the relevant markets for the services provided to users and advertisers. By defining a wider market for data, a form of potential competition can be taken into account whereby market players also compete for the asset that is used as an input to develop or improve services offered on online platforms.
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Gorbova, O. Yu, i S. V. Perfiliev. "Assessment of the Development of Competition in Regional Financial Services Markets". Economy of Region 18, nr 3 (2022): 926–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17059/ekon.reg.2022-3-21.
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Widely introduced competitive mechanisms (including in the financial services sector) require an assessment and measurement of the level of competition. Nowadays, the methods applied in practice are usually based on the calculation of indicators characterising market concentration. Simultaneously, little attention is paid to how consumers of services (represented by the population and business) assess the development of competition. Thus, the article presents a methodology for assessing the level of competition, which considers, among other things, the opinion of consumers. The methodology calculates a cumulative point score according to two groups of factors. The first group includes the so-called objective factors of competition development (independent of subjective opinion of consumers), while the other group presents subjective consumer assessments. The initial data for calculating the subjective component was gathered from population and business surveys. The assessment of objective factors is based on the materials of the Bank of Russia, as well as information published in open sources (financial reports of credit institutions, statistical databases of the Federal State Statistics Service, etc.). The proposed methodology was tested on various of regional financial markets: banking services, services of microfinance organisations, insurance. According to the obtained estimates, the examined markets can fall into one of three categories, namely, a market with developed competition, a market with insufficiently developed competition or a market with undeveloped competition. The calculation results show that the insurance market can be considered a market with developed competition in half of the analysed regions; the rest belongs to the category of markets with insufficiently developed competition. Based on the findings, it is possible to conduct a comparative analysis of the development of competition for individual markets and regions in general, as well as to examine relevant factors. In addition, objective competition and the development of competition noted by consumers of services can be compared.
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Caraganciu, Anatolie, Alicia Erincz i Constanța Tiuhtii. "The Role of Consulting Services in Promoting Competitive Culture". Mednarodno inovativno poslovanje = Journal of Innovative Business and Management 11, nr 2 (17.11.2019): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.32015/jibm/2019-11-2-7.
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Maintaining a normal competitive environment on the market is the core objective of the competition authorities. Policies and regulations applied in pursuit of this purpose have the role of identifying and eliminating situations of constraint on free competition. The developing market of Moldova is characterized by a low level of the competitive culture. Therefore, the business community have few knowledge and understanding of competition policies and regulations, relatively new in this market. In other cases, the lack of cooperation with competition authorities leads to erroneous information and ineffective decisions. In this context, the consultancy in the field of competition presents one of the important factors for understanding the essence of the competitive relationship between the market players and their relationship with the competition authorities.
Competition consultancy, through its activity, contributes to the development of competitive culture, increasing the degree of understanding of the competition regulations by market players. Therefore, it argues the need to comply with competition law provisions to establish a normal competitive environment on the market.
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Yuan, Jingbo, Zhimin Zhou, Nan Zhou i Ge Zhan. "Product market competition, market munificence and firms’ unethical behavior". Chinese Management Studies 13, nr 2 (3.06.2019): 468–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cms-06-2018-0569.
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Purpose This paper aims to examine the effect of product market competition on firms’ unethical behavior (FUB) in the Chinese insurance industry and to further explore the boundary conditions of the main effects. On the basis of China’s commercial foundation, the study constructs a conceptual framework of FUB by drawing from the perspective of horizontal competition. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected from 52 property insurance firms at the branch level observed over the six-year period, 2011-2016. Within this framework, market power and market concentration were used to describe product market competition at firm and industry levels, respectively. The moderating effect of market munificence was analyzed to reveal the theoretical boundaries of the main effect. By drawing upon cost–benefit analysis and social network theory, the study used negative binomial model and Poisson model to quantitatively examine the relationship. Findings The relationship between product market competition and FUB is curvilinear. Especially at the firm level, market power exhibits a U-shape relationship with FUB; at the industry level, market concentration exhibits a U-shape relationship with FUB. In addition, market munificence positively moderates the impact of firm’s market power on FUB, whereas, market munificence negatively moderates the impact of industrial market concentration on FUB. Research limitations/implications This paper explored a new type of unethical behavior that concerns consumers or the third party by emphasizing horizontal competitive contexts; it also provides a better understanding of the FUB–financial performance relationship from the perspective of competition. The moderating effects suggest that when the cause of FUB is different (market power vs market concentration), firms may make opposite ethical choice. However, the sample is from a single industry; it will be fruitful to further verify these findings in other industries such as the manufacturing sector. Moreover, the definition of FUB is confined to explicit forms such as participation or collusion but there is no way to measure the implicit forms of FUB. Practical implications First, the governance of FUB should not only focus on the firms themselves, but also take into account the industrial market structure. Second, proper use of governance measures for FUB can increase firms’ benefits from “compliance with the law”, enticing firms to decrease FUB. The third, firms with weak market positions, facing fierce competition, should not be involved in FUB for short-term benefit; indeed, a low-cost strategy can be adopted as the dominant competitive strategy. While, in cases of highly concentrated market structure, firms should strive to avoid involvement in FUB through collusion with other rivals. Social implications As it is a very common phenomenon that firms in competitive relationships may adopt FUB toward third parties or consumers, this trend has become a hot topic in the economic and social development in China. The study’s conclusions reveal that a more proactive and ambitious ethical decision is desirable for all kinds of firms; moreover, firms should make a rational choice between “short-term interest” and “long-term survival”. When firms identify the compliance of business ethics as an opportunity to differentiate themselves and perceive the benefits of decreasing FUB as outweighing the costs, the level of FUB will be inhibited, and social welfare will increase. Originality/value The primary contribution of this research resides in identifying product market competition as a previously unexplored predictor of FUB, thus revealing the dark side of product market competition. In addition, nonlinear relationships between product market competition and FUB indicate that situations of competition exert an important influence on FUB both at the firm and industry level. This paper’s conclusion provides a more meticulous theoretical explanation for FUB. This research demonstrates that the traditional ethical framework is not sufficient to explain FUB in a horizontal competitive context. Indeed, resource constraints and competitive pressures should also be considered.
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Pei, Wen, i Jeng-Huan Li. "Research on the competitive dynamics and structured context analysis". Kybernetes 45, nr 10 (7.11.2016): 1542–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/k-10-2015-0274.
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Purpose The credit card business has been one of the key businesses for banks in Taiwan. The purpose of this paper is to use competitive dynamics and structured context analysis (SCA) to explore the competition relationships among market, resources, and strategies concerning the credit card issued banks in Taiwan. Design/methodology/approach The market commonality and resource similarity analysis of competitive dynamics in the first stage obtained the competitive mapping of four major credit card issue banks, as well as the differences of competition strategy. In the second stage, 1,968 pieces of data on credit card news from 2013 to 2014 were collected. SCA was used to analyze the competitive action, competitive response, number of responses, response lag, and response order. Findings The competitor mapping and four hypothesis obtained from competitive dynamics correspond to the credit card competition strategy, as obtained from SCA. Originality/value This research combined competitive dynamics and SCA to analyze the credit cards market in Taiwan. The research model could be used in the other financial market.
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Caraganciu, Iulian. "Competition on the Web Market Both Against Other Web Based Market Companies and Against Their Real Market Analogues". International Journal of Innovation in the Digital Economy 5, nr 2 (kwiecień 2014): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijide.2014040105.
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The goal of this paper is to make known the business models by the type of seller and customer of the web market in order to better understand the field where web companies create competitive collusion. Further in this paper is going to be described the way competition between web companies and their real market analogues, as well as competition between web companies themselves, takes place. The types of business model that can be found on the web market are various. This shows us just how versatile the web market is. This paper aims to present a theoretical model on how competition between two web companies takes place, as it is not entirely a price based competition.
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Chen, Hanwen, Liquan Xing i Haiyan Zhou. "Product market competition and audit fees: evidence from an emerging market". Asian Review of Accounting 28, nr 1 (21.11.2019): 89–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ara-08-2019-0146.
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Purpose Product market competition may have various impacts on audit fees. On the one hand, according to the agency theory, product market competition can mitigate agency problems between management and shareholders. For clients with higher product market competition, auditors will lower the level of engagement risk assessment and reduce the required level of audit evidence, and hence audit fees will be lower. On the other hand, according to the audit risk model, product market competition will increase client business risk and audit engagement risk. Moreover, for clients with competition advantage, client business risk and audit engagement risk will be lower, and hence a lower audit fee. The paper aims to discuss this issue. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, the authors collect financial accounting data and audit fee data from CSMAR database. Our sample selection starts with all available observations on the Chinese listed companies during 2006–2011. Since there is a big difference in accounting practices between financial companies and other industries, the authors delete observations on financial companies. The authors further remove observations with missing data, yielding 6,709 observations for the final analysis. To define the industry, the authors use the first two digits of standard industry classification code set by China Securities Regulatory Commission. In order to reduce the effect of extreme observations, the authors also truncate the data at 1 and 99 percent. The authors use the Herfindahl–Hirschman index (HHI) and the natural logarithm of the number of listed companies within the industry to measure product market competition intensity. HHI is calculated as the sum of the squared percentage of revenues of the client firm among the total revenues of all public companies, i.e. HHI = ∑ i = 1 N ( s i / S ) 2 . N is the number of listed companies in the industry, Si is the revenues for an individual firm and S is the total revenues of all public companies within the same industry. A higher HHI score indicates fewer companies dominate the industry and hence lower intensity of competition in the product market. The second measure of industry competition intensity is LNN, the natural logarithm of the total number of public companies in the same industry of a client firm. A larger value of LNN indicates a larger number of competitors in the industry, and a higher level of competition intensity. Following the literature (Kale and Loon, 2011), the authors use Lerner index (or price-cost margin (PCM)) to measure the listed company’s competitive advantage. It is actually a measure of a firm’s power to influence product prices in the industry. The authors adopt the Peress (2010) method to estimate Lerner index as net operating income, divided by sales, i.e. PCM=(Sales–COGS–Selling expenses–Administrative expenses)/Sales. A higher value of PCM indicates more product pricing power and a higher competitive advantage of a company. The authors also use Lerner index ranking (R_PCM) to measure the competitive advantage of a company in the industry. The authors sort PCM values in ascending order in each industry and divide into ten groups. Then, the authors assign a value from one to ten to each listed company within each group in each industry. A higher R_PCM value represents higher market power and higher competitive advantage of a company. Based on Simunic (1980) framework, the authors develop the following model to test the relationship between product market competition, competition advantage and audit fees: LNAFit=β0+β1 PMCit+β2 SIZEit+β3 INVit+β4 RECit+β5 GROWTHit+β6 PRELOSSit+β7 LEVit+β8 QUICKit+β9 OPINit+β10 IBIG4it+β11 DBIG10it+β12 SWITCHit+β13 LOCATEit+β14 STATEit+∑β YearDummies+εit. Findings Using a sample of 6,709 firm-year observations from the Chinese stock market for the period of 2007–2011, the authors find that the product market competition intensity has a negative impact on audit fees, which means that agency cost effect is dominant in audit pricing at industry level. In addition, a company’s competitive advantage in the industry has a significant and negative impact on audit fees, which means that business risk effect also plays a critical role in audit pricing of individual engagement. The findings indicate that, in determining audit fees, auditors in the emerging market of China consider both the competition intensity of their clients’ product market at the industry level and the competitive advantage of the specific clients within the industry. Originality/value The findings indicate that, in determining audit fees, auditors in the emerging market of China consider both the competition intensity of their clients’ product market at the industry level and the competitive advantage of the specific clients within the industry.
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Wang, Yuequan, i Andy C. W. Chui. "Product Market Competition and Audit Fees". AUDITING: A Journal of Practice & Theory 34, nr 4 (1.12.2014): 139–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/ajpt-51014.
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SUMMARY Existing theories posit two contradictory predictions on the relation between product market competition and audit fees. On the one hand, product market competition can mitigate agency problems between shareholders and managers and increase the accuracy of financial reporting, thus decreasing auditors' assessments of audit risk. Hence, auditors tend to charge lower fees to firms in a more competitive industry. On the other hand, product market competition can increase auditors' assessments of business risk. Therefore, audit fees are expected to increase with industry competitiveness. This study empirically tests the relation between product market competition and audit fees and finds that auditors charge more to firms in a more competitive industry. JEL Classifications: D4, G30, M41, M42.
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Kankaanpää, Eila, Ismo Linnosmaa i Hannu Valtonen. "Market competition, ownership, payment systems and the performance of health care providers – a panel study among Finnish occupational health services providers". Health Economics, Policy and Law 8, nr 4 (12.10.2012): 477–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s174413311200031x.
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AbstractMany health care reforms rely on competition although health care differs in many respects from the assumptions of perfect competition. Finnish occupational health services provide an opportunity to study empirically competition, ownership and payment systems and the performance of providers. In these markets employers (purchasers) choose the provider and prices are market determined. The price regulation of public providers was abolished in 1995. We had data on providers from 1992, 1995, 1997, 2000 and 2004. The unbalanced panel consisted of 1145 providers and 4059 observations. Our results show that in more competitive markets providers in general offered a higher share of medical care compared to preventive services. The association between unit prices and revenues and market environment varied according to the provider type. For-profit providers had lower prices and revenues in markets with numerous providers. The public providers in more competitive regions were more sensitive to react to the abolishment of their price regulation by raising their prices. Employer governed providers had weaker association between unit prices or revenues and competition. The market share of for-profit providers was negatively associated with productivity, which was the only sign of market spillovers we found in our study.
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Ye, Kunhui, Liyin Shen i Weisheng Lu. "A discriminant model for measuring competition intensity of construction market". Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management 21, nr 2 (11.03.2014): 152–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ecam-05-2012-0053.
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Purpose – “Competition intensity” is a factor in addressing competitiveness. The understanding on competition intensity is prerequisite to the formulation of industrial competition policies as well as firms’ competition strategies. In the construction context, whereas competition intensity can be measured using a number of traditional approaches (e.g. competitor number, concentration), the measurement is often criticized for poor efficiency. The purpose of this paper is to propose a new model for measuring competition intensity in light of the theory of discriminant analysis. Design/methodology/approach – The proposed model is composed of predictor variables concerned with market operation as well as criterion variables that classify markets into a few predefined groups based on the values of competition intensity. Empirical data of China's local construction markets were collected to verify the proposed model. Findings – The research findings indicate that the model can offset the drawbacks of traditional measures in the construction market. Research limitations/implications – It is recommended using the proposed model to predict the competition trend of construction market especially when data for the traditional approaches are poor or not readily available. Originality/value – The proposed model is a development of the literature in examining competition intensity.
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BOJNEC, S., i G. PETER. "Vertical market integration and competition : the meat sector in Slovenia". Agricultural and Food Science 14, nr 3 (4.12.2008): 236. http://dx.doi.org/10.2137/145960605775013182.
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This paper presents price transmission models explaining the farm-to-retail price spread and degree of competition in the meat marketing chains during the period of economic transition in Slovenia. The meat marketing chains in Slovenia are characterised by relatively large processing and marketing margins, which are expected to decline with market deregulation and integration into the international markets. As results of the economic restructuring and policy reforms, competitive market pressures in a marketing margin determination have increased, inducing pressures for efficiency improvements in the vertical market integration from the farm to the retail stage in the Slovenian meat sector. Co-integration models are applied to estimate vertical market integration and to assess the degree of price competition in the Slovenian beef and pork marketing chains. The tested econometric models confirmed the existence of the long run market integration in the meat chain and the speed of adjustment of price changes. Farm-gate meat prices are identified as weakly exogenous, indicating the crucial role of supply side processing and marketing factors in the retail meat price determination. The results of structural tests suggest a long-run mark-up price strategy in the beef, and a competitive price strategy in the pork, chain as the outcome of policy reforms. The increased competitive market pressures are very likely to increase efficiency in the beef markets. Efficiency improvements in the Slovenian food markets are needed in the increased competitive market pressures of the enlarged European Union markets.;
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Prokopenko, Oleksiy. "COMPETITION THEORY: EVOLUTION OF VIEWS AND CONTENT". Ukrainian Journal of Applied Economics 4, nr 3 (30.08.2019): 407–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.36887/2415-8453-2019-3-45.
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The article examines the theoretical content development of competition and the provisions of the competitive relations formation. It is proved that changes in the market environment attract attention to competitive relations in the first place. It is established that research in the field of competition theory has come a long and difficult way. The evolution of different scientists’ views outlines different directions and possibilities of its understanding in terms of areas of adaptation. It is pointed out that the representatives of the classical school of political economy determined competition through macroeconomic models. Understanding of competition through the issue of combination with monopoly was reflected in the crisis. This led to the formation of the competitive relations development with the simultaneous involvement of state regulation. Representatives of the institutional direction outlined the need to attract innovation to ensure development. At the same time, the understanding of competitive relations was completely compared with the formation of the organization theory. It is determined that the competitive relations evolution also involved the development of behavioral economic theory. This was facilitated by the results of changes in market relations, which were adapted to changes in the economic behavior of market participants. The peculiarities of competition formation for subjects of different sizes have been studied. Attention is paid to the development of competitive relations for the conditions of corporations. The relationship between competition and human capital is presented. It is proved that the formation of competitive advantages fully depends on the level of human capital development. It is determined that the representatives of neo-institutionalism focused on the efficiency of the economy in the study of competition. Thus, at this stage, costs have become important. The development of competition theory from different points of view led to the formation of the theory of competitive evolution. Different models of formation of competitive advantages are presented. The necessity of adaptation of market subjects to constant changes of the market environment and to attraction of separate models of the theory of a competition is proved, depending on possibilities of formation of own competitive advantages in the chosen markets. Key words: competition, competitive relations, competitive advantages, competitive models, strategies, efficiency.
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Weber, Franziska, i Roger Van den Bergh. "The German Facebook Saga: Abuse of Dominance or Abuse of Competition Law?" World Competition 44, Issue 1 (1.03.2021): 29–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/woco2021003.
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This article provides a critical analysis of the German Facebook case and stresses the limits of competition law. Facebook’s terms and conditions regarding the use of Off-Facebook data were qualified as an exploitative abuse at various stages of the German Facebook proceedings. However, it is far from certain that Facebook would have written its terms any different if it was operating on a competitive market. From an economic viewpoint the market failure at hand is a pervasive information asymmetry rather than market power. Therefore, it is doubtful that the correct response lies within competition law. If competition rules must be rewritten in order to cope with market failures in digital markets, there is a serious risk that the abuse found is not an abuse of market power but an abuse of the market power provisions in competition law. Alternative routes that can be found in consumer contract, unfair competition or data protection laws might be viable options. The latter rules can be applied without a complicated finding of causality between market dominance and the use of ‘unfair’ contract terms. Admittedly, also the information paradigm can be called into question but amending rules of contract law avoids Herculean interpretations of competition law that go against a broadly supported ‘more economic approach’. Abusing competition law or enhancing contract law to improve the efficiency of digital markets, that is the question. Facebook case, goals of competition law, market failures, data law, information disclosure, consent, signing-without-reading problem, abuse of dominance, unfair contract terms, unfair commercial practice
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Rozanova, N. "Contemporary Competition: Process or Result?" World Economy and International Relations 65, nr 8 (2021): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2021-65-8-5-13.
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Digital economy has significantly changed business reality. The radical transformations are ubiquitous. New patterns feature economic behaviour of market participants, their interactions, their business models and their market activities. What about competition? What forms of competitive conduct have lost importance in contemporary digital economy? And what are the newest strategies that enhance competitiveness of the firms? Which digital business practices could limit competition? And which of them could stimulate business rivalry? Digitalization has changed many, in not all, of our traditional conceptual visions in the area of competition, market, market power, relevant market actors. The nature of competition itself is under scrupulous investigation. What conclusions could we draw from current theoretical and empirical analyses of competition mechanism? First of all, we deal with new forms of competition. The old Schumpeterian question – whether competition is a creative innovative destruction or it leads only to unfair elimination of competitors from the market – has arisen again nowadays. Online competition has two radically different outcomes. On the one hand, lower transaction costs, more possibilities to compare prices and assortment, expanding markets beyond geographical limits, low entry barriers reinforce rivalry. On the other hand, online activity of the firms can mitigate competitive pressure though new forms of product differentiation and usage of phantom strategies, phantom products, phantom plans. In order to increase their overall competitiveness, firms have elaborated an O2O (online-to-offline) business model that is allowed to utilize virtual and actual activity at the same time. Restaurant business, cosmetic industry, taxi deals are examples of its successful implementation. Is more competition better for consumers? This concept has been considered doubtful. Digital competitive pressure has led to a novel format of product differentiation, that is, targeted product design. Unlike traditional view in line with Salop circular model, contemporary firms choose product strategies that target as little individuals as possible. The less the circle of potential clients is, the less their price elasticity would be, and the weaker price rivalry might become. Traditional concept views competition as a Markov stochastic process. Contemporary analyses demonstrate more complicated nature of competitive mechanism. Online and offline innovations transform competition into non-linear process with “humps and jumps”, the outcomes of which are not always in the interests of consumers’ welfare.
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Diebold, Nicolas F. "Assessing Competition in International Economic Law: A Comparison of Market Definition and Comparability". Legal Issues of Economic Integration 38, Issue 2 (1.05.2011): 115–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/leie2011008.
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The extent to which market participants are in a competitive relationship constitutes a key element both in competition law and in international economic law. Competition law practice has developed refined economic instruments designed to define relevant markets on the basis of demand substitutability, supply substitutability and potential and future competition. In contrast, many fields of international economic law, such as trade and investment protection, fail to assess actual market situations. This article identifies conceptual differences and similarities between the legal instruments of the two fields of law in order to analyse whether competition law theories of defining relevant markets could also be applied in international economic law.
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Raj, Aniket, Utkarsh Gupta, Prabhakar Tiwari i Asheesh K. Singh. "Market power analysis of the Indian power market". International Journal of Engineering, Science and Technology 13, nr 1 (9.07.2021): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijest.v13i1.6s.
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Emerging electricity reforms in the power market aims at removing the monopolistic oligopoly power market and promoting competition in the market by providing opportunities to more producers. This paper seeks to investigate various existing structures of the Power Market. Indian Energy Exchange (IEX) and Power Exchange India Limited (PXIL) facilitates transparent trading of electricity, a larger market spectrum and allows the participation of other players in the market. Market power is an indicator of an non-competitive market, that is increase in the market power will result in the degradation of competition. This research will help modify the current parameters (HHI Index and Concentration ratio) which are used for measuring the market power of the power markets. As there is always deviation in unconstrained cleared volume and actual cleared or scheduled volume, deviation arises due to the volume of electricity that could not be cleared because of congestion in the power exchange. The researchers have also examined the Indian Power market and analyzed different developed power markets of the world like the US Pennsylvania-New Jersey-Maryland Interconnection (PJM) and the Nordpool.
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Santorizki, Baskoro. "STRUKTUR DAN PERILAKU INDUSTRI MASKAPAI PENERBANGAN DI INDONESIA TAHUN 2003-2007". Media Ekonomi 18, nr 3 (3.11.2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.25105/me.v18i3.846.
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<p>The purpose of this study is to analyze market structure in Indonesia Airline Industry. Concentration ratio is used see the market structure and competition behavior. Seventeen (17) Airline Firm are used as sample for 2003-2007. We fad that airline industry in Indonesia face high oligopoly, competition so the best strategy of the firm in industry to win the competiton one price leadership, low cosh carrie, maintain the service and proposal.<br />Keywords: Market stevence, Airline Industry, competitor behavior & strategy</p>
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Shin, Ilhang, i Sorah Park. "The relation between product market competition and corporate tax avoidance: evidence from Korea". Investment Management and Financial Innovations 16, nr 2 (24.06.2019): 313–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.16(2).2019.26.
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This paper examines the effect of industry-wide factors such as product market competition on corporate tax avoidance. Specifically, the focus is on the moderating role of corporate governance in the relationship between product market competition and tax avoidance. To conduct an empirical analysis, a sample of public companies that are listed on the Korea Stock Exchange between 2001 and 2016 is used. The empirical analyses provide the following results. First, product market competition is negatively related to tax avoidance. This suggests that competitive markets act as external corporate governance mechanisms and discipline managers to decrease tax avoidance. Second, the negative association between product market competition and tax avoidance is more pronounced for firms with more independent board of directors and firms with audit committee consisting of outside directors. These findings imply that product market competition acts more effectively when the firm has strong internal governance mechanisms such as board independence and audit committee independence. Therefore, we provide evidence on a complementary relationship between internal governance system and product market competition. The results may be of interest to policy makers and regulators like Korea Fair Trade Commission and Financial Supervisory Service who are involved in promoting market competition, monitoring any abuse of market dominance, and supervising financial reporting quality.
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Rozanova, N. "Network Competition as Determinant of Contemporary Markets’ Configuration". World Economy and International Relations 60, nr 4 (2016): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2016-60-4-13-20.
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The latest phenomena in the area of industrial economics have turned out to be beyond the traditional models of industrial organization theory. This theory deals with the four basic market structures, namely that of free competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly and monopoly, with a common evolutionary pattern from competition to monopoly. However, contemporary technological competition has engendered a brand-new type of market structure. Some key features of it are outlined in the article with the stress on contemporary trends in network market development that have arisen under the influence of digitalization. The traditional approach to network market is through escalation effect, when network spillovers exist either in technology or in demand, and companies or IT platforms should gain a benchmark mass of clients, as fast as possible, in order to have the whole market. All other consumers have tendency to buy the leader’s product; thus, the market becomes a natural monopoly of the leader (at least, natural oligopoly). With the advancement in ICT technology, especially with digitalization, a new configuration of network market structure is being developed. Niche players are gaining their positions. It is arisen a multiple offer of ICT products. Market is becoming more and more fragmented. Network products evolve from substitutes into complements. The market drives from natural monopoly (oligopoly) into a very competitive structure. The author examines the mechanisms and results of network market transformation in contemporary digital era. Unlike the previous period when network services were provided separately, the newest tendencies, starting from TV, demonstrate that the frontiers among network markets become blurred, the separation between markets and particular ICT products vanishes/ So far, the formerly independent network markets are being transformed into shapeless segments of a single and indivisible multimedia area. In this integrated area any ICT provider obtains an opportunity to successfully compete with any other. The differences between various electronic devices, between ICT, broadcasting and address services, and even non-ICT products disappear. Network market evolves from a very concentrated and monopolized structure into a fragmented competitive industry with tough price competition. This brand new structure could be titled as concentric (ring) market, or a center-periphery model. The relationships within it mean unknown possibilities and challenges both for market participants and governments.
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Trifunović, Dejan. "A Few Thoughts about Competition Policy in Two-Sided Markets". Anali Pravnog fakulteta u Beogradu 70, nr 2 (28.06.2022): 417–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.51204/anali_pfbu_22202a.
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The paper reviews recent literature concerning two-sided markets or platforms. These markets are characterised by indirect externalities since the utility of users on one side of the market increases in the number of users on the other side of the market. There are many examples of two-sided markets, such as payment cards, newspapers, Internet advertising, search platforms for accommodations, software applications, etc. Competition policy has special features in two-sided markets, and the wisdom from standard markets may induce wrong decisions by competition authorities. Therefore, the paper discusses the definition of the relevant market in two-sided markets, when horizontal merger is beneficial to users, how predatory behaviour is defined, and other anti-competitive practices.
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Borysova, T., i S. Khrupovych. "Global competition: the role and place in the marketing environment". Galic'kij ekonomičnij visnik 68, nr 1 (2021): 159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.33108/galicianvisnyk_tntu2021.01.159.
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The relevance of the investigation is in the need to identify current trends in global competition and outline aspects of its interaction with the marketing environment of the enterprise. The demand to explore the modern conceptual apparatus of global competition is manifested in the creation of theoretical basis for increasing the value for consumers of global goods and services by reducing their time, optimizing the route, obtaining useful information and additional services. The aim of the article is to investigate the nature, types and main characteristics of competitive behavior in the global market. The object of research is the competitive relations arising in the world economy. This goal necessitated the solution of the following tasks: to identify the types and analyze the classification features of competition; outline the role and place of global competition in the marketing environment of enterprises; outline the main functions of global competition. The paper is devoted to the investigation of theoretical explanations of the role and place of global competition in the marketing environment of economic entities. The essence of global competition is revealed. The classification of competition types is studied and the place of global competition is outlined. The main characteristics of competitive environments in the global market in terms of key classification features, such as by the scale of development; development nature; competition methods; form; effectiveness criterion; compliance with the law; competitors. It is substantiated that the growing attention to the problems of global competitive relations is due to a number of significant changes in the modern global business environment, including the desire of successful companies to attract new customers, reduce costs and improve competitiveness, using the effect of scale and experience; competencies, reducing the level of risk by means of markets diversification. It is concluded that the global competitive environment should be considered as a set of elements in the global market that are interconnected and constantly interact, namely: the number of competing producers in the global market, global market infrastructure, and conditions of global competition.
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Natalia Mychalczyszyn i Iryna Skrebets. "STRATEGIE WZAJEMNEGO ODDZIAŁYWANIA KONKURENCYJNEGO STRUKTUR BIZNESOWYCH WE WSPÓŁCZESNYCH WARUNKACH RYNKOWYCH". World Science 2, nr 10(38) (31.10.2018): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_ws/31102018/6187.
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The article analyses firms’ behaviour in the market in conditions of competitive interaction. The competitive strategies and conditions for their implementation are explored. The authors show that strategies used by business structures can be friendly or hostile in view of market niche capacity, market profitability and consumer needs volatility. The authors deny the impossibility of one competitor domination in the market, since the desire to maximize profits and competitive behaviour harmonization can lead to the elimination and prevention of market competition. The conditions under which an enterprise will seek to leave a niche and create a new one, in which there will be no competition as such, are determined. Based on the interrelation of "disadvantages-motives-needs- demand", the authors establish the interconnection between consumer demand and company’s tasks creation, which have to be performed to consolidate the position in the occupied market niche.
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Thornton, Simeon, Chris Jenkins i Marie-Madeleine Husunu. "Competition in digital advertising markets". Competition Law Journal 20, nr 2 (6.08.2021): 89–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/clj.2021.02.05.
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Digital advertising, both display advertising and search advertising, represents a very important part of the overall advertising market in the United Kingdom. Google and Facebook have a high degree of market power in search and display advertising, respectively. On 1 July 2020, the Competition and Markets Authority published its Final Report on its market study into online platforms and digital advertising, in which it looked in some depth at digital advertising markets, assessing whether a lack of transparency, conflicts of interest, and the leveraging of market power undermine competition in digital advertising. This article examines the issues considered by, and the findings of, the CMA in its Market Study and set out in its Final Report, and describes the policy options identified in the Market Study for promoting competition and other policy goals, such as data protection and privacy and ensuring the viability of news publishers, in digital advertising markets.
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Chitra, M., i Nandan Kumar. "Pharmaceutical Market Structure in India & Competition Concerns". Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science and Humanities 8, nr 1 (2.07.2020): 233–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/sijash.v8i1.3295.
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Health Status of any country depends upon its preventive, curative, and promotive measures. But to implement these measures with available skilled human resources, and infrastructure, the growth of the pharmaceutical market is an essential one. Health Status is a function of health professionals, health infrastructure, invention, and innovations in the health sector, and the nature of government programs and policies. The Government of India exposed ‘Pharma Vision 2020’ aimed at making India a global leader in end-to-end drug production. Permission time for new facilities has been reduced to boost investments. Further, the government introduced devices such as the Drug Price Control Order and the National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority to deal with the issue of affordability and availability of medicines (www.idma.com). India’s cost of making is significantly lower than that of the US and almost half of that of Europe. It gives a competing edge to India over others. (Sectoral Report / Sep 2016). The competition in these markets is very crucial for making quality drugs at affordable prices to consumers. Competition law plays an essential role in dealing with anti-competitive issues in the sector and maintains competitive markets. Hence the researcher attempted to view the status of existing Indian pharmaceutical market structure, government regulations, an,d common anti-competitive concerns in the sector. Too much regulation reduces competition in the market. An equal act of management and maintaining competition is required to benefit human society in reducing theirs out of pocket expenditure for pharmaceutical products.
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Severová, L., L. Kopecká, R. Svoboda i J. Brčák. "Oligopoly competition on market with food products". Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 57, No. 12 (22.12.2011): 580–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/107/2010-agricecon.
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Oligopoly can be defined as a market model of the imperfect competition type, assuming the existence of only a few companies in a sector or industry, from which at least some have a significant market share and can therefore influence the production prices in the market. Many models of oligopoly that differ from one another mostly in the nature of the competitive companies’ behaviour can be found through the study of oligopolistic structures. Some models describe only the behaviour of two companies in the monitored market (duopoly), others describe several companies of the same power (cartel), still others assume that one of the companies has a dominant position in the market, etc. The text of this article deals with oligopolistic competition in the food market in the terms of the behaviour of grocers and with the impact of this competition upon the market competition in the sector. First, it mentions the agreements on common cooperation and procedure, when cartel market structure originates. It also analyzes the examples of behaviour of oligopoly with a dominant firm on the market with products in the food sector, with the goal of detecting whether the market with these products is significantly influenced by the oligopolistic behaviour of companies.
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Miskolczi-Bodnár, Éva. "Big Data and Competition Policy in the European Union". Baltic Yearbook of International Law Online 18, nr 1 (13.12.2019): 72–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22115897_01801_006.
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Because of the specific features of digital markets and the emergence of new business models in the digital economy, competition often takes on a rather distinctive form, challenging competition authorities in the assessment of merger controls and anticompetitive behaviour. Several competition authorities have concluded recently that although generically formulated competition law provisions can be adapted to the particularities of a data-driven market, big data may require the use of somewhat specialized tools and methods in law enforcement, especially in the assessment of market power during merger control proceedings. One particular issue is whether data protection concerns might be covered by the scope of competition law. Recent case law suggests that national law enforcers are becoming increasingly flexible regarding privacy policies as a non-price competition factor in merger control in order to prevent future anti-competitive practices and a general reduction of competition in the relevant market.
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Hutchinson, Christophe S., i Maria A. Egorova. "Potential Legal Challenges for Blockchain Technology in Competition Law". Baltic Journal of Law & Politics 13, nr 1 (1.06.2020): 81–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bjlp-2020-0004.
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Abstract Since decentralized organizations such as blockchain are not recognized as legal persons, questions arise regarding the ability to detect anti-competitive practices and their perpetrators. Under certain circumstances, if a competitor is unreasonably refused in access to technology, it may well be interpreted as creating an obstacle to his/her entry into the market, which may constitute a violation of the legislation of a country on the protection of economic competition. The exchange of information between players of the same market can present antitrust risks if it helps to fix prices for their products/services or to establish other forms of coordination between such players. The purpose of this study is to provide a description of current EU anticompetitive practices in the field of blockchain-technologies application, as well as to identify challenges in the EU antitrust law related to the emergence of blockchain. This article highlights the challenges blockchain poses for analyzing unilateral anti-competitive practices. This study suggests that EU competition law has a lack of operational and measurement tools to map competitive interactions taking place outside the relevant market, which could lead to rather short-sighted competition law enforcement focusing only on horizontal competition restrictions on relevant markets. The relevance of the topic is associated with the fact that the increased popularity of the use of blockchain technology requires an answer to the question of its legal nature and inclusion in the legal field in order to balance the interests of all parties to economic and legal relations.
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PANCHENKO, Volodymyr, i Andrii KIBLYK. "COMPETITION STRATEGIES AND THEIR ROLE IN THE EXPANSION OF ENTERPRISES INTO INDUSTRY MARKETS". Herald of Khmelnytskyi National University. Economic sciences 312, nr 6(2) (29.12.2022): 184–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2307-5740-2022-312-6(2)-31.
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The study revealed the relevance of the problem of adopting, forming and implementing a competition strategy for the further successful expansion of enterprises (their products) in new markets. The purpose of the study was to improve the theoretical, methodological and applied principles of the formation and implementation of enterprise competition strategies in order to implement the effective expansion of their products on the markets, taking into account the industry specifics of the state of competitiveness and competition on them. The key questions that need to be answered before forming a business entity’s strategy in the field of economic competition have been identified. A matrix was developed: “level of competition on the market – financial and economic capabilities of the business” and positioning of various types of competitive strategies of the enterprise was carried out on it. 9 types of competitive strategies are offered – offer unification, intensive capture, extensive promotion, inclusion of offer elements, diversification of the marketing mix, contrast of advantages, market development, partnership in expansion, total absorption – which can be chosen by business entities for expansion into different types of markets with different financial and economic opportunities . 4 types of competitors (alternative to competitive struggle) are defined: marketing prodigies, investment titans, unrealized giants, promising startups. The scientific novelty of the research results lies in the further development of the method of forming marketing strategies in the field of economic competition and the expansion of the company’s products to new markets. The practical implication of the research results is that different anchoring alternatives in the market have varying degrees of difficulty, but nothing is impossible. As the financial and economic capabilities of the enterprise weaken, but for positioning in more competitive markets, the applied elements of the marketing complex should become more innovative, sophisticated and effective.
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Triggs, Adam, i Andrew Leigh. "A Giant Problem: The Influence of the Chicago School on Australian Competition Law, Economic Dynamism and Inequality". Federal Law Review 47, nr 4 (17.09.2019): 696–714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0067205x19875031.
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Australia has a competition problem: there is not enough of it. Our industries are concentrated. Our markets show signs of weak competition. The way Australia’s courts, parliamentarians and regulators think about competition is partly to blame. Although it has been less influential in Australia than in the United States, the Chicago School’s views on competition have shaped our laws, policies and enforcement practices. The Chicago School views market concentration as a virtue more than a vice. The School contended that barriers to entry are negligible, market power is temporary, most mergers are good, vertical restraints and predatory pricing are either benign or efficient. The growing body of research and experience, however, shows that the Chicago School’s faith in the ability of markets to self-correct and deliver competitive outcomes was misplaced. There is a strong progressive case for repositioning how we think about competition. Focusing more on the competitive process, the structure of markets and the incentives those structures create for firms will play an important role in reducing inequality.
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Toor, Tajinder. "Competitive analysis of a contact lens market". Strategic Direction 30, nr 7 (3.06.2014): 34–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sd-05-2014-0064.
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Purpose – This paper aims to present a broader industry-level competitive analysis of a contact lens market. Design/methodology/approach – Porter’s Five Forces model can be used for a broader and rigorous competitive analysis of a contact lens market to determine the competitive intensity and to form a well-rounded business strategy. Findings – The contact lens market is highly competitive and unattractive. Because growth has been stagnant, traditional competition has become more intense to steal share from each other. However, the competition in the market could not be defined narrowly between traditional competition but is broad with substitutes, and bargaining power of customers and distributors. A contact lens manufacturer has to look beyond the traditional competition to not only compete with traditional competitors within the industry but also with substitutes, and bargaining power of customers and distributors. Practical implications – This paper will benefit contact lens manufacturers/businesses in forming a well-rounded business strategy.
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KOVTUNENKO, Kseniia, Oleksandr KOVALENKO, Kateryna BONDARENKO i Kateryna LYKHASHCHENKO. "Specifics of competition and development of competitiveness of hotel business enterprises in the international market". Economics. Finances. Law, nr 6/3 (30.06.2021): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.37634/efp.2021.6(3).1.
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Introduction. Competition – the struggle of independent economic entities for limited economic resources. It is an economic process of interaction, interconnection and struggle between the speakers in the market enterprises in order to provide better sales opportunities for their products, meeting all the needs of customers. In the world market there is constant fierce competition from producers. Successful performance in foreign markets requires a significant increase in the competitiveness of domestic goods. The purpose of the paper is to improve the system of research of factors influencing the development of enterprise competitiveness, to define the concept of «competition in the international market», to consider the definition of competitive advantages in the hotel business and highlight their features, to substantiate the need for long-term study of competitiveness factors. Results. At import use of competition of foreign sellers allows to reach more favourable conditions of purchases. But the concept of competition is so ambiguous that it is not covered by any universal definition. This is a way of farming, and a way of capital existence, when one capital competes with another capital. In recent years, the hotel industry is characterized by an increase in supply while reducing demand for hotel services, which leads to significant competition in the market of hotel services. Competition in the market of hotel goods and services is based on the development of equipment and technology of hotel services, its organization, the feasibility of investment. According to foreign research today, the hotel industry has reached a high level of the international market with high growth and strong competition. The paper presents the results of studying the factors influencing the development of competitive advantages of the hotel business, highlights the key parameters that demonstrates the potential of identifying their competitiveness in the current economic situation. Conclusion. In the context of this paper, the results of studying the factors influencing the development of competitive advantages of hotel business enterprises were presented, the key parameters demonstrating the potential of identifying their competitiveness in the current economic situation were highlighted. Methods of improving the system of research of factors influencing the development of enterprise competitiveness were presented, the concept of «competition in the international market» was defined, the definition of competitive advantages of the enterprise in the hotel business was considered and their features were highlighted. Thus, competition is a business process of interaction, interconnection and confrontation between enterprises in the market in order to provide better sales opportunities, to meet all the needs of users. The advantages of competition are, on the one hand, the impact of production and market relations, and on the other – an increase in STP.
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Purnomo, Mangku, Fenna Otten i Heiko Faust. "Indonesian Traditional Market Flexibility Amidst State Promoted Market Competition". Social Sciences 7, nr 11 (15.11.2018): 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci7110238.
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The penetration of modern supermarkets is believed to be the cause of the declining role of traditional markets and street vendors in Indonesia. Nevertheless, the competition between state-promoted markets and traditional markets is rarely discussed, both adaptation of market institution and strategy of market actors. This research outlined a theoretical understanding of the dynamics of traditional markets, along the concepts of market flexibility as an adaptation strategy and coordination problems as market actor strategies. The researchers empirically reflect the strategies of four traditional vegetable markets that still survive from tight competition—both the market itself as a social institution, and the strategies of actors involved in market transactions. The traditional market builds flexibility by: (1) Specifying commodities, (2) segmenting customers, (3) changing market operating hour, (4) modifying transportation to operate more efficiently, and (5) low cost market management. At the actor level, competition problems are resolved by utilizing an emotional sentiment of friendship social relations; the formation of prices is determined by developing effective networks of information; and the cooperation problem is dealt with by building a system of punishment and reward based on informal mechanisms. This finding verifies the thesis stating that market competitiveness is determined by institutional flexibility against competition and the ability of market actors to build effective social interactions to maintain market sustainability. Based on the above explanation, further research needs to be focused on calculating how much efficiency is built due to market flexibility, both the transaction cost and the production cost in a quantitative manner. At the actor level, it is necessary to delineate the strategies being built, whether based on pure rational or economic and moral or non-economic considerations in solving coordination problems in the market.
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Mishra, Jagriti. "SEWA-competing in the Chikankari market". Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 6, nr 2 (18.06.2016): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-05-2014-0153.
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Subject area This case is about SEWA – the Chikankari concept of Runa Banerjee, which started with the objectives of skill development, training and improving the livelihood conditions of Chikankari artisans by encouraging self-sustenance through employment opportunities and entrepreneurial ventures. In recent years, SEWA has been working for export and domestic orders and has been retailing through exhibitions and its only outlet in Hazratganj, Lucknow. The company over the years due to its social initiatives and good quality Chikankari work has become a known brand name but is also facing stiff competition from the organized market, various other retailers and substitute products. The case discusses the competitive and the market forces with respect to the brand. Study level/applicability The case has been designed for the students of business administration who have completed their basic module on marketing. The students need to have understood the concept of marketing mix, competition, segmentation, targeting and the basics of marketing strategy to ensure effective learning. Case overview The case discusses the competitive and market analysis for Lucknow-based firm SEWA in focus. SEWA started as a firm indulged in social upliftment of Chikankari workers which was achieved through trainings in skill upgradation, design and technical development, entrepreneurship development and linkages for social security. The various types of competition, such as direct competition from local retailers, secondary competition from unorganized markets of Chauk and Nazirabad and indirect competition from substitute products, have been studied and analysed. The problem of similar brand names adopted by various Chikankari retailers selling similar products has been highlighted as a major threat in the case. SEWA has adopted the strategy of product innovation to attain competitive advantage. SEWA has developed various traditional and contemporary designs which have fared well in the market. Expected learning outcomes Familiarizing management students with the concept of competitive analysis with the case of SEWA, Lucknow., and acquainting students with the basic understanding of market forces and competition with a firm supporting a traditional art form in focus, are the expected learning outcomes. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes. Subject code CSS 8: Marketing.
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Yang, Li. "Product Market Competition, Competitive Position and Employee Wage". Journal of Human Resource and Sustainability Studies 04, nr 03 (2016): 176–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jhrss.2016.43019.
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Zhang, Rongrong. "Product market competition, competitive strategy, and analyst coverage". Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting 50, nr 1 (28.03.2017): 239–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11156-017-0629-x.
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Alaa-Eldeen, Mennatullah, Ahmed Tawfik i Ashraf Tag-Eldeen. "Crisis of Competition: A Conceptual Review of Hospitality and Tourism Industries". Athens Journal of Tourism 10, nr 1 (23.02.2023): 45–632. http://dx.doi.org/10.30958/ajt.10-1-3.
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The hospitality and airline industries tend to be in a never-ending competition. This competition in many situations leads to a crisis with many forms such as price wars, emergence of a new competitor with lowered price products and competitors following fast-second strategy. So, this paper is a conceptual research that outlines these different forms of crisis of competition. Furthermore, it indicates how organizations face competition and how they set strategies for survival and coexist in the highly competitive market. This paper also overviews case studies from the hospitality and airline industry and their response to competition. Keywords: crisis of competition, concept of competition, competitive position, price wars, fast-second strategy
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Newton, Nathan J., Julie S. Persellin, Dechun Wang i Michael S. Wilkins. "Internal Control Opinion Shopping and Audit Market Competition". Accounting Review 91, nr 2 (1.05.2015): 603–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr-51149.
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ABSTRACT This study examines the extent to which audit clients successfully engage in internal control opinion shopping activities and whether audit market competition appears to facilitate those activities. Regulators have long been concerned about the impact of both audit market competition and opinion shopping on audit quality. We adopt the framework developed in Lennox (2000) to construct a proxy to measure the tendency that clients engage in internal control opinion shopping activities. Our empirical results suggest that clients are successful in shopping for clean internal control opinions. In addition, we find evidence that internal control opinion shopping occurs primarily in competitive audit markets. Finally, our results indicate that among auditor dismissal clients, opinion shopping is more likely to occur when dismissals are made relatively late during a reporting period and when audit market competition is high. Our findings have implications for the current policy debate regarding audit quality and audit market competition.
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Hakam, Dzikri Firmansyah, Sudarso Kaderi Wiyono i Nanang Hariyanto. "Competition in Power Generation: Ex-ante Analysis of Indonesia’s Electricity Market". Energies 13, nr 24 (21.12.2020): 6741. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13246741.
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This research optimises the mix and structure of Generation Companies (GenCos) in the Sumatra power system, Indonesia. Market power, indicating the ability to raise prices profitably above the competitive level, tends to be a significant problem in the aftermath of electricity market restructuring. In the process of regulatory reform and the development of competitive electricity markets, it is desirable and practical to establish an efficient number of competitor GenCos. Simulations of a power system account for multi-plant mergers of GenCos subject to a regulatory measure of the Residual Supply Index and the influence of direct current load flow and the topology of the system. This study simulates the Sumatra power system in order to determine the following: optimal market structure, efficient GenCo generation mix, and the optimal number of competitive GenCos. Further, this study seeks to empirically optimise the electricity generation mix and electricity market structure of the Sumatra power system using DC load flow optimisation, market power index, and multi-plant monopoly analysis. The simulations include generation and transmission constraints to represent network constraints. This research is the first to analyse the Sumatra power system using imperfect (Cournot) competition modelling. Furthermore, this study is the first kind to optimise the mix and structure of the Sumatra generation power market. The guidelines and methodology in this research can be implemented in other countries characterised by a monopoly electricity utility company.
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Duc Tung, TRAN. "ASSESSMENT OF COMPETITIVENESS OF VIETNAMESE BANKING SYSTEM UNDER GLOBALIZED FINANCIAL CONDITION". EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 1, nr 12 (2020): 118–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2020.12.01.016.
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In the context of financial globalization, commercial banks have to face fierce competitions from domestic and foreign banks. This requires Vietnamese banking system to actively prepare to participate in the integration and competition process. The article assesses the competitiveness of Vietnamese commercial banks in the modern period, and at the same time gives recommendations to improve the competitive abilities of the banking system to maintain the existing market share and developing new markets strategies.