Rozprawy doktorskie: „Marine protected areas”

1

Ban, Natalie Corinna. "Multiple perspectives for envisioning marine protected areas". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/1275.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

This thesis provides the first direct comparison between – and integration of – community-based and science-based approaches to the establishment of marine protected areas (MPAs). MPAs are one potentially effective conservation tool, but are being established very slowly. My research shows that community involvement in placing MPAs can help meet many ecological goals, although biophysical data improve the conservation value of sitings. To assess the need for MPAs in British Columbia (BC), Canada, I mapped stressors resulting from human activities. This produced a powerful rationale for MPAs: very little of the ocean, and almost none of the continental shelf of BC, lies beyond the reach of human stressors. My work helps reconcile differing perspectives about the efficacy of community-based vs. science-based MPA selection. I explored and analyzed these approaches, separately and together, in two areas in BC. First, I generated a community-based plan for MPA placement through partnerships with two First Nations (indigenous peoples) in BC. They offered strong support for spatial protection measures, and individuals nominated overlapping areas. Second, I applied a decision support tool (Marxan) to determine MPA placement under scientific precepts. Conservation planning usually lacks detailed ecological information but the Marxan approach was robust to some missing data; in such cases, it was best to use available abiotic and biotic data to ensure that both habitats and species were represented. Third, I integrated community-based and science-based approaches, to find that they verified and complemented each other. Indeed, an integration of the two was preferred by participants and also achieved all conservation objectives. Finally, I took a novel and pragmatic approach to ocean zoning. I used spatial data for thirteen commercial fisheries on Canada’s west coast to select areas where fishing should be permitted, rather than prohibiting fishing under a MPA paradigm. The results revealed that small reductions in fisheries yields, if judiciously selected, could allow creation of large unfished areas that embraced diverse biophysical regions and habitat types. Such a pragmatic approach could achieve remarkable conservation gains.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

2

McGarry, Tessa Jane. "Designing marine protected areas in the tropics". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.615631.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

3

Sciberras, Marija. "Marine protected areas : efficacy, implementation and management". Thesis, Bangor University, 2012. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/marine-protected-areas--efficacy-implementation-and-management(6e20fc73-e575-42f5-b3b1-d6619a507c80).html.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

Marine protected areas (MP As) are increasingly viewed as an important management tool within a suite of policy alternatives to reduce, prevent and/or reverse on-going declines in marine biodiversity. The overall aim of this thesis was to test the efficacy of MP As as a conservation measure, particularly focusing on partially protected areas which have received less attention than fully protected areas. An evidence-based approach, combining a rigorous assessment of the literature through 'systematic review' methodology, with field studies of fishing gear restriction areas in the UK was undertaken to examine the biological effects of partially protected areas on biota relative to fully protected areas and open access fished areas. The syntheses of available evidence included in the systematic review suggested that while partially protected areas significantly enhanced density and biomass of fish relative to open access areas, fully protected areas yielded significantly higher biomass of fish within their boundaries relative to partially protected areas. The positive response to protection was primarily driven by target species. The effects of life history and ecological traits on the response of fish species to fully and partially protected areas were further examined using mixed effects modelling. Fish maximum body size, adult habitat preference and the exploitation status of the species were significantly related to the magnitude of response to full and partial protection. These results highlighted the importance of incorporating species information in the design of new MP As, which ensures that protection is provided at spatial scales relevant to the species in need of conservation. Fishery closed areas, where fishing with bottom-towed gear is prohibited but fishing with static gear is permitted are amongst the commonest examples of MP As in the UK. Underwater camera surveys were conducted at Cardigan Bay Special Area of Conservation (SAC), the Modiolus Box within the Pen Llyn a'r Sarnau SAC, Skomer Marine Nature Reserve and the Port Erin closed area in the Isle of Man to examine the response of epibenthic invertebrate communities to protection from bottom fishing. Benefits from protection were observed for three of these MP As and the magnitude of response was generally higher for the target species such as scallops and for sessile, fragile taxa such as hydroids, bryozoans and sponges. Two key environmental characteristics that influenced the effect of protection were the intensity of fishing at the control unprotected areas and the level of natural disturbance from waves and tides. Overall, the results showed that partially protected areas are a valuable spatial management tool particularly in areas where exclusion of all extractive activities is not a socio- economically and politically viable option. The findings also highlight the importance of considering the physical nature and dynamics of the environment, the nature of the species concerned and past and present level of fishing intensity throughout the designation process of MP As, so as to avoid negative impacts on fisheries and limited conservation benefits.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

4

Luna, i. Pérez Beatriz. "Anthropic impacts in Mediterranean Marine Protected Areas". Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Alicante, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10045/18846.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

5

Greenville, Jared. "Marine protected areas a tool for fishery management /". Connect to full text, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1893.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Faculty of Agriculture, Food & Natural Resources, University of Sydney, 2007.
Title from title screen (viewed on August 9, 2007). Includes graphs, tables. Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources. Bibliography: leaves 304-313. Also issued in print.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

6

Greenville, Jared William. "Marine Protected Areas: A Tool for Fisheries Management". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1893.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

The management of fisheries has progressed over the past century in an attempt to solve the problem of open access. A range of controls, both economic and non-economic in nature, have been used to ration the use of marine resources. Unfortunately, many controls have failed to correct open access problems. Whilst a recent development in fishery control, protected areas defined as an area with a fishery free of extractive pressure, have been put forward as an arrangement which may, in conjunction with other controls, be used to overcome the over-exploitation of marine resources. Marine protected areas have been advocated in areas where other forms of fishery management are impractical or unsuccessful (Sumaila 1998). Arguments for protected area use are based around the heterogeneous nature of fisheries, uncertainties in marine populations and as a hedge strategy to reduce risks of over-exploitation (Conrad 1999a). Through the protection of biodiversity, improving the resilience of the ecosystem, protected areas may mitigate the effects of negative shocks (Ludwig et al. 1993 and Bostford et al. 1997). Further, protected areas have been suggested as a means to manage uncertainty and environmental stochasticity (Grafton and Kompas 2005 and Grafton et al. 2005). The protection of biomass and habitat has the potential to improve fishery returns even when stocks are not overly exploited, with the benefits accruing even from small-sized protected areas (Grafton et al. 2005). The use of marine protected areas as a management tool has resulted from a recognition that it is important to preserve biological habitats as well as stocks. From a societal point of view, the use of protected areas should be evaluated in the context of changes in resource rent and improvements in welfare. As fishery resources are often owned by a common group, usually society, management objectives should be to maximise the return from use of the resources, whether for extractive or non-extractive purposes. Given this decision criterion, protected areas can be evaluated in the sense of opportunity costs and benefits. Protected areas will influence the return from fishery resources through changes in access to fishing grounds, and thus harvest, effort and resource rent. Once a protected area is established, the flow of biomass from the protected area to the remaining fishing ground, may increase biomass, influence the effects of uncertainty and stochasticity, thus effecting mean harvests, effort and resource rent may increase. Changes in resource rent are dependent on other controls. Protected areas are a ‘blunt’ policy instrument, in the sense that they are not an instrument to capture resource rent or change the incentives of fishers. Models of marine protected areas in fisheries vary in complexity, however, a few key elements are necessary in analysing the effects of protected area creation. First, multi-species interactions have the potential to be significant in determining the outcome from a protected area; second, effort expended in the fishery must be dynamic, that is, it must be endogenously determined by the model as fishers will respond to changes in rent brought about through the establishment of a protected area; third, institutional structures that govern the expenditure of effort within a fishery will play an important role in the effectiveness of protected areas in increasing the resource rent of a fishery; and fourth, environmental stochasticity and uncertainty need to be included in the analysis. A stochastic and deterministic model of a predator-prey meta-population fishery was developed to analyse the effects of protected area creation within a fishery. Such a model has not previously been used to analyse protected area creation. The model was analytically solved to find the optimal biomass of each species in an individual patch. This allowed for a comparison of protected areas under a range of management controls ranging from those which led to open access fishing to those which led to an optimal steady-state biomass. The model allowed for linkages between sub-populations based on differing density related flows. Further, due to the linkages between species on both environmental and economic grounds, the effect of protected areas on different groups which target different species could be analysed. The benefits from protected area creation were classified into unique and non-unique benefits. Unique benefits were defined as those which solely flow from the use of a protected area as a tool in fisheries management. Two unique benefits were defined: • Improvements in the resilience of the fishery; and • Reductions in environmental stochasticity. The ability of a protected area to both improve the resilience of the fishery, and smooth fluctuations in environmental stochasticity have been shown to lead to increases in mean resource rent. Thus, protected areas were shown to form part of an optimal fisheries management structure. Generally, the resilience benefits were maximised for small-sized protected areas, whereas the reduced environmental stochasticity benefits were maximised for larger protected areas. The dispersal system between the protected area and the fishing ground affected the unique benefits from protected area creation. Sink-source dispersal increased the unique benefits from protected area creation, as stock movements occurred independently of relative population densities. The independent flow improved the ability of the protected area to hasten the return of the fishery to a steady-state and lessened the variation of harvests in the open fishing grounds. However, in the case where the protected area led to large differences in population densities, and if the area formed a sub-population that was linked to the surrounding fishing ground by density-dependent dispersal, the unique benefits are likely to be greater than under sink-source dispersal. The non-unique benefits were defined as those which could be obtained from other control mechanisms. These benefits were non-unique as they could be achieved from more stringent controls on fisher behaviour. The determinants of the non-unique benefit in terms of dispersal were the same as for the unique benefits. However, the economic conditions of the fishery determined the magnitude of the non-unique benefits. For fisheries with sub-optimal biomass, the unique benefits were greater than those with optimal steady-state biomass. The non-unique benefits identified from protected area creation were: • Changes in biomass towards optimal levels; • Changes in species biomass ratios towards optimal levels; and • Changes in effort towards optimal levels. Protected areas in fisheries may be an optimal policy choice to achieve the non-unique benefits of protected area creation. Protected areas, it has been argued, are a relatively low cost management tool, due to the lower monitoring and enforcement costs. Thus, the use of protected areas offer a solution to the problems of over extraction of fishery resources for lower transaction costs, which may erode the non-unique benefits under different policy instruments. If this is the case, then a protected area larger than is required to maximise the unique benefits of protected area creation could form part of an optimal fisheries management strategy. Whether the protected area is larger or smaller than the size that maximises both the unique and non-unique benefits of protected area creation would depend on the level of transaction costs involved in using alternative policy instruments. Protected areas were found to have distributional effects on the fishery due to changes in the species biomass ratio towards the predator species post protected area creation. The creation of a protected area will have distributional effects on the fishing industry if different fisheries target the different species separately. Fishers targeting predator species are likely to gain from the establishment of a protected area, as now the aggregate level of stocks of this species is greater, leading to both greater unique and non-unique benefits. For fisheries that target prey species, the benefits of protected area creation are lessened. The increased predation within protected area boundaries limited the unique benefits of the protected area. The low cost nature of a protected area will influence the portion of the fishery used for this type of control given an optimal policy programme. If protected areas are relatively low cost in comparison with other controls they should be used relatively more intensely. Further, the use of protected areas may hasten the evolution of fisheries away from open access exploitation towards controls which maximise the value of the fishery. With lower transaction costs, the ability to adopt protected areas over other forms of management is greater, and by doing so, the movement towards optimal exploitation will improve the discounted value of the fishery. The analysis presented in this thesis examined the benefits of protected areas to fisheries. The focus of the study was placed on the benefits to flow to a fishery if a protected area was used as a tool for wild-harvest fisheries management. Marine protected areas also have the potential to generate a range of other benefits, such as recreational values, non-use values, and potential improvements in consumer surplus from fish caught within fisheries that use protected areas. These other benefits would need to be considered when determining whether or not a protected area should be created in a fishery.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

7

Stevens, Tim, i n/a. "Mapping Benthic Habitats for Representation in Marine Protected Areas". Griffith University. School of Environmental and Applied Science, 2004. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20040303.124815.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

Virtually all marine conservation planning and management models in place or proposed have in common the need for improved scientific rigour in identifying and characterising the marine habitats encompassed. An emerging central theme in the last few years has been the concept of representativeness, or representative systems of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs). The habitat classification and mapping needed to incorporate considerations of representativeness into MPA planning must logically be carried out at the same scale at which management occurs. Management of highly protected areas occurs almost exclusively at local scales or finer, independent of the reservation model or philosophy employed. Moreton Bay, on Australias east coast, was selected for studies at the local scale to map and classify macrobenthic habitats. In a site scale (1 km) trial for the major habitat classification study, remote underwater videography was used to map and characterise an unusual assemblage of epibenthic invertebrates on soft sediments. The assemblage included congregations of the comatulid crinoid Zygometra cf. Z. microdiscus (Bell) at densities up to 0.88 individuals.m-2, comparable to those found in coral reef habitats. There was no correlation between the distribution of this species and commonly used abiotic surrogates depth (6 18 m), sediment composition and residual current. This site scale trial is the first quantitative assessment of crinoid density and distribution in shallow water soft-sediment environments. The high densities found are significant in terms of the generally accepted picture of shallow-water crinoids as essentially reefal fauna. The findings highlight the conservation benefits of an inclusive approach to marine habitat survey and mapping. Assemblages such as the one described, although they may be of scientific and ecological significance, would have been overlooked by common approaches to marine conservation planning which emphasise highly productive or aesthetically appealing habitats. Most habitat mapping studies rely solely or in part on abiotic surrogates for patterns of biodiversity. The utility of abiotic variables in predicting biological distributions at the local scale (10 km) was tested. Habitat classifications of the same set of 41 sites based on 6 abiotic variables and abundances of 89 taxa and bioturbation indicators were compared using correlation, regression and ordination analyses. The concepts of false homogeneity and false heterogeneity were defined to describe types of errors associated with using abiotic surrogates to construct habitat maps. The best prediction by abiotic surrogates explained less than 30% of the pattern of biological similarity. Errors of false homogeneity were between 20 and 62%, depending on the methods of estimation. Predictive capability of abiotic surrogates at the taxon level was poor, with only 6% of taxon / surrogate correlations significant. These results have implications for the widespread use of abiotic surrogates in marine habitat mapping to plan for, or assess, representation in Marine Protected Areas. Abiotic factors did not discriminate sufficiently between different soft bottom communities to be a reliable basis for mapping. Habitat mapping for the design of Marine Protected Areas is critically affected by the scale of the source information. The relationship between biological similarity of macrobenthos and the distance between sites was investigated at both site and local scales, and for separate biotic groups. There was a significant negative correlation between similarity and distance, in that sites further apart were less similar than sites close together. The relationship, although significant, was quite weak at the site scale. Rank correlograms showed that similarity was high at scales of 10 km or less, and declined markedly with increasing distance. There was evidence of patchiness in the distributions of some biotic groups, especially seagrass and anthozoans, at scales less than 16 km. In other biotic groups there was an essentially monotonic decline in similarity with distance. The spatial agglomeration approach to habitat mapping was valid in the study area. Site spacing of less than 10 km was necessary to capture important components of biological similarity. Site spacing of less than 2.5 km did not appear to be warranted. Macrobenthic habitat types were classified and mapped at 78 sites spaced 5 km apart. The area mapped was about 2,400 km2 and extended from estuarine shallow subtidal waters to offshore areas to the 50 m isobath. Nine habitat types were recognised, with only one on hard substrate. The habitat mapping characterised several habitat types not previously described in the area and located deepwater algal and soft coral reefs not previously reported. Seagrass beds were encountered in several locations where their occurrence was either unknown or had not previously been quantified. The representation of the derived habitat types within an existing marine protected area was assessed. Only two habitat types were represented in highly protected zones, with less than 3% of each included The study represents the most spatially comprehensive survey of epibenthos undertaken in Moreton Bay, with over 40,000 m2 surveyed. Derived habitat maps provide a robust basis for inclusion of representative examples of all habitat types in marine protected area planning in and adjacent to Moreton Bay. The utility of video data to conduct a low-cost habitat survey over a comparatively large area was also demonstrated. The method used has potentially wide application for the survey and design of marine protected areas.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

8

Pajaro, Marivic Gosamo. "Indicators of effectiveness in community-based marine protected areas". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/17676.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

Despite an expansion of marine protected areas (MPAs), a big gap exists in monitoring and evaluating their effectiveness. In less developed countries such as the Philippines, community-based (CB) MPAs have flourished. This thesis focused on exploring how local communities identify indicators of MPA effectiveness and subsequently monitor and evaluate an MPA. I first examined the process of MPA policy development, and found that global targets may be unknown or meaningless to local communities because of limited localization of international and national policies. In response, I recommend the participation of legitimate multi-level representatives from a network of alliances that can effectively act to harmonize MPA policies. With the active engagement of communities in the central Philippines, I identified sets of indicators and criteria for evaluating CBMPA effectiveness and found they change over time as MPAs and local conditions evolved, e.g., communities associated with younger MPAs preferred the input and output types of indicators while those associated with older MPAs preferred outcome indicators. Changes in community expectations as the MPAs evolve also influenced the criteria for evaluation. Analyses of community indicator development, monitoring and evaluation processes indicated that the strongest determinant of participation was social association among the residents. The highest participation levels were recorded for men and youth. The suite of indicators used did not detect changes in the CBMPAs over two years of tracking. However, the monitoring process resulted in a shift from passive to active participation. During monitoring, community volunteers collected socio-economic data more easily than both enforcement and ecological data in terms of cost, time, skills and social fit. Standardized monitoring and evaluation can be sustained through legislation and institutionalization of management bodies. Also, CBMPA effectiveness indicators need to be developed iteratively to reflect the changing needs and perspectives of local stakeholders. The wider application of the methods and approaches generated from this thesis needs to be explored for other CBMPAs. Such research ensures that the effectiveness of MPA is evaluated. This is significant due to the commitment of countries to report on the progress of their MPAs by 2010, as set by the Convention on Biological Diversity.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

9

Sultan, Mohammed Akthar Riad. "Marine protected areas in the management of artisanal fisheries". Doctoral thesis, Faculty of Commerce, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/30334.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

This thesis examines spatial patterns of effort by fishers in waters adjoining a marine protected area, and their impacts on the reserve’s ability to reduce the impacts of overfishing. The artisanal fisheries operating near Blue Bay Marine Park, Mauritius, provided case-study data for analysis. Two forms of spatial connectivity were evaluated. The first focused on spillovers of adult and juvenile fish from the MPA. Data on catch and geographical fishing location were collected from a sample of fishers over 12 months. Assessment of spillover gradients using Generalised Linear Models and economic production functions found evidence of spillovers up to 4 km from the MPA. The second connectivity study modelled fishers’ spatial behaviour, using a random utility framework and random parameters logit estimation. Fishers appeared sensitive to the expected catch, its variability, human risk and distance travelled. Expected catch and catch variability were modelled using a Just and Pope production function. The two connectivities were integrated in bioeconomic models to assess the relationship between reserve size, fishing effort and harvests. Using a Beverton and Holt recruitment function, an age-structured bioeconomic model for the dominant target species, Unicorn fish (Naso unicornis), was constructed from the catch data. In the hypothetical case of an initially over-exploited fishery, an inverted-U relationship between fisheries benefits and the Marine Park’s size was observed. No pre-reserve data was available for use as a counterfactual; the model was therefore used to estimate the pre-reserve population. This was then used to assess the performance of the Marine Park in enhancing fish population and biomass. In the light of the findings, the thesis concludes that the extent and magnitude of fishing effort should be considered when debating the placement and size of marine reserve, and proposes a step-wise approach to integrate fishers’ behaviour in the evaluation of existing and new MPAs.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

10

Stevens, Tim. "Mapping Benthic Habitats for Representation in Marine Protected Areas". Thesis, Griffith University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367557.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

Virtually all marine conservation planning and management models in place or proposed have in common the need for improved scientific rigour in identifying and characterising the marine habitats encompassed. An emerging central theme in the last few years has been the concept of representativeness, or representative systems of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs). The habitat classification and mapping needed to incorporate considerations of representativeness into MPA planning must logically be carried out at the same scale at which management occurs. Management of highly protected areas occurs almost exclusively at local scales or finer, independent of the reservation model or philosophy employed. Moreton Bay, on Australia’s east coast, was selected for studies at the local scale to map and classify macrobenthic habitats. In a site scale (1 km) trial for the major habitat classification study, remote underwater videography was used to map and characterise an unusual assemblage of epibenthic invertebrates on soft sediments. The assemblage included congregations of the comatulid crinoid Zygometra cf. Z. microdiscus (Bell) at densities up to 0.88 individuals.m-2, comparable to those found in coral reef habitats. There was no correlation between the distribution of this species and commonly used abiotic surrogates depth (6 – 18 m), sediment composition and residual current. This site scale trial is the first quantitative assessment of crinoid density and distribution in shallow water soft-sediment environments. The high densities found are significant in terms of the generally accepted picture of shallow-water crinoids as essentially reefal fauna. The findings highlight the conservation benefits of an inclusive approach to marine habitat survey and mapping. Assemblages such as the one described, although they may be of scientific and ecological significance, would have been overlooked by common approaches to marine conservation planning which emphasise highly productive or aesthetically appealing habitats. Most habitat mapping studies rely solely or in part on abiotic surrogates for patterns of biodiversity. The utility of abiotic variables in predicting biological distributions at the local scale (10 km) was tested. Habitat classifications of the same set of 41 sites based on 6 abiotic variables and abundances of 89 taxa and bioturbation indicators were compared using correlation, regression and ordination analyses. The concepts of false homogeneity and false heterogeneity were defined to describe types of errors associated with using abiotic surrogates to construct habitat maps. The best prediction by abiotic surrogates explained less than 30% of the pattern of biological similarity. Errors of false homogeneity were between 20 and 62%, depending on the methods of estimation. Predictive capability of abiotic surrogates at the taxon level was poor, with only 6% of taxon / surrogate correlations significant. These results have implications for the widespread use of abiotic surrogates in marine habitat mapping to plan for, or assess, representation in Marine Protected Areas. Abiotic factors did not discriminate sufficiently between different soft bottom communities to be a reliable basis for mapping. Habitat mapping for the design of Marine Protected Areas is critically affected by the scale of the source information. The relationship between biological similarity of macrobenthos and the distance between sites was investigated at both site and local scales, and for separate biotic groups. There was a significant negative correlation between similarity and distance, in that sites further apart were less similar than sites close together. The relationship, although significant, was quite weak at the site scale. Rank correlograms showed that similarity was high at scales of 10 km or less, and declined markedly with increasing distance. There was evidence of patchiness in the distributions of some biotic groups, especially seagrass and anthozoans, at scales less than 16 km. In other biotic groups there was an essentially monotonic decline in similarity with distance. The spatial agglomeration approach to habitat mapping was valid in the study area. Site spacing of less than 10 km was necessary to capture important components of biological similarity. Site spacing of less than 2.5 km did not appear to be warranted. Macrobenthic habitat types were classified and mapped at 78 sites spaced 5 km apart. The area mapped was about 2,400 km2 and extended from estuarine shallow subtidal waters to offshore areas to the 50 m isobath. Nine habitat types were recognised, with only one on hard substrate. The habitat mapping characterised several habitat types not previously described in the area and located deepwater algal and soft coral reefs not previously reported. Seagrass beds were encountered in several locations where their occurrence was either unknown or had not previously been quantified. The representation of the derived habitat types within an existing marine protected area was assessed. Only two habitat types were represented in highly protected zones, with less than 3% of each included The study represents the most spatially comprehensive survey of epibenthos undertaken in Moreton Bay, with over 40,000 m2 surveyed. Derived habitat maps provide a robust basis for inclusion of representative examples of all habitat types in marine protected area planning in and adjacent to Moreton Bay. The utility of video data to conduct a low-cost habitat survey over a comparatively large area was also demonstrated. The method used has potentially wide application for the survey and design of marine protected areas.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Environmental and Applied Science
Full Text

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

11

Liang, Qun Physical Environmental &amp Mathematical Sciences Australian Defence Force Academy UNSW. "Study of Marine Protected Areas in Australia and in China". Awarded by:University of New South Wales - Australian Defence Force Academy. Physical, Environmental & Mathematical Sciences, 2009. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/43716.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

Marine protected areas are recognized as an important approach to conserve marine ecosystems and biodiversity as well as to manage costal and marine resource. This thesis addresses the development and management of marine protected areas in Australia and in China. Australia and China are major maritime countries with diverse marine creatures and ecosystems. Both countries have adopted marine protected areas as a management tool to protect the marine environment. This thesis introduces their marine environment and threats, and then makes a close study of the development, legislation and management of marine protected areas in both Australia and China. Two case studies, Jervis Bay Marine Park in Australia, and Shankou Mangrove Marine Nature Reserve in China provide examples of the management strategies and lessons learnt. In order to improve the management of marine protected areas in China, the thesis analyzes the conflicts in the development of marine protected areas in China and prescribes community participation and the marine special reserve as solutions to promote the development of marine protected areas. This study also examines how the Australian Defence Force, an important stakeholder, manages its activities in the marine protected areas.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

12

Saeneewong, Na Ayudhaya N. "Towards regional cooperation in the establishment of Marine Protected Areas". Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 2018. http://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/34819/.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

Marine Protected Areas (MPA) provides an indispensable tool to protect the marine environment. As well as being implemented by individual States, there is an argument for regional cooperation among States to establish the MPAs. Regional cooperation is a critical approach in dealing with many issues in the seas, as shown in the fishing management and the protection of the marine environment from pollution. This research will analyse the relevant global and regional instruments, for example, the CBD, the UNCLOS as well as the regional sea instruments of the UNEP Regional Sea Programmes, with the focus on the regional cooperation to establish the MPAs. Considering that the establishment of the MPA is ubiquitous in many different global and regional instruments, the thesis addresses the question of if an obligation of the States on the regional cooperation to establish the MPA is emerging as part of the customary international law. This is addressed through a combined approach using the traditional doctrinal methodology, theory on the formation of customary international law and Brunnée and Toope's interactional account of international law to discuss the content of rights and obligations relating to the establishment of MPAs by States and their engagement in regional cooperation.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

13

Nkwenti, Camila Fuomene. "Marine Protected areas of the mediterranean region: Management and challenges". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4491.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

In 2004, the seventh Conference of the Parties of the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity adopted a Programme of Work on Protected Areas. The overall target of this programme was to establish and maintain by 2010, for terrestrial areas and by 2012 for marine protected areas, a comprehensive, effectively managed and ecologically representative system of protected areas that collectively and significantly, will reduce the rate of loss of biodiversity. Marine protected areas (MPA) are being established worldwide in response to a growing recognition of the need for conservation efforts, and because of the degradation of ocean systems. The global number of MPAs has been increasing significantly over the last decade and approximately 5000 MPAs have been designated worldwide covering about 2.68 million km. MPAs play a major role in conservation, human welfare, poverty alleviation and sustainable development. When designated correctly and managed well, MPAs play a key role in protecting ecosystems and, in some cases, it enhances or restores the productive potential of coastal and marine fisheries

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

14

Hopkins, Charlotte Rachael. "Considering climate change in the development of Marine Protected Areas". Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2016. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/7265/.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

Marine ecosystems are facing a diverse range of threats, including climate change, prompting international efforts to safeguard marine biodiversity through the use of spatial management measures. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) have been implemented as a conservation tool throughout the world, but their usefulness and effectiveness is strongly related to climate change. However, few MPA programmes have directly considered climate change in the design, management or monitoring of an MPA network. Under international obligations, EU, UK and national targets, Scotland has developed an MPA network that aims to protect marine biodiversity and contribute to the vision of a clean, healthy and productive marine environment. This is the first study to critically analyse the Scottish MPA process and highlight areas which may be improved upon in further iterations of the network in the context of climate change. Initially, a critical review of the Scottish MPA process considered how ecological principles for MPA network design were incorporated into the process, how stakeholder perceptions were considered and crucially what consideration was given to the influence of climate change on the eventual effectiveness of the network. The results indicated that to make a meaningful contribution to marine biodiversity protection for Europe the Scottish MPA network should: i) fully adopt best practice ecological principles ii) ensure effective protection and iii) explicitly consider climate change in the management, monitoring and future iterations of the network. However, this review also highlighted the difficulties of incorporating considerations of climate change into an already complex process. A series of international case studies from British Columbia, Canada; central California, USA; the Great Barrier Reef, Australia and the Hauraki Gulf, New Zealand, were then conducted to investigate perceptions of how climate change has been considered in the design, implementation, management and monitoring of MPAs. The key lessons from this study included: i) strictly protected marine reserves are considered essential for climate change resilience and will be necessary as scientific reference sites to understand climate change effects ii) adaptive management of MPA networks is important but hard to implement iii) strictly protected reserves managed as ecosystems are the best option for an uncertain future. This work provides new insights into the policy and practical challenges MPA managers face under climate change scenarios. Based on the Scottish and international studies, the need to facilitate clear communication between academics, policy makers and stakeholders was recognised in order to progress MPA policy delivery and to ensure decisions were jointly formed and acceptable. A Delphi technique was used to develop a series of recommendations for considering climate change in Scotland’s MPA process. The Delphi participant panel was selected for their knowledge of the Scottish MPA process and included stakeholders, policy makers and academics with expertise in MPA research. The results from the first round of the Delphi technique suggested that differing views of success would likely influence opinions regarding required management of MPAs, and in turn, the data requirements to support management action decisions. The second round of the Delphi technique explored this further and indicated that there was a fundamental dichotomy in panellists’ views of a successful MPA network depending upon whether they believed the MPAs should be strictly protected or allow for sustainable use. A third, focus group round of the Delphi Technique developed a feature-based management scenario matrix to aid in deciding upon management actions in light of changes occurring in the MPA network. This thesis highlights that if the Scottish MPA network is to fulfil objectives of conservation and restoration, the implications of climate change for the design, management and monitoring of the network must be considered. In particular, there needs to be a greater focus on: i) incorporating ecological principles that directly address climate change ii) effective protection that builds resilience of the marine and linked social environment iii) developing a focused, strong and adaptable monitoring framework iv) ensuring mechanisms for adaptive management.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

15

Byrne, Allison. "Involving the community in management of multiple-use marine protected areas /". Title page, contents and abstract only, 2001. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AR/09arb9947.pdf.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

16

Pita, Cristina B. "The human dimensions of marine protected areas : the Scottish fishing industry". Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2010. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=158382.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

Marine protected areas (MPAs) are increasingly being used as tools for fishery management and marine conservation. This thesis investigates several aspects of the human dimensions of MPAs in Scotland with the purpose to contribute to the understanding of the attitudes of Scottish inshore fishers towards this management measure. Paper I reviews the literature on fishers’ attitudes towards MPAs. It reveals that most empirical work collects information on fishers’ attitudes towards three general issues of importance to MPAs: governance, conservation of biodiversity and the environment, and the impact of MPAs on fishing activity. Using data from surveys conducted with Scottish fishers, papers II, III, IV and V investigate fishers’ attitudes towards, and perceptions of, several issues of interest to MPAs. Plus, multivariate data analysis was used in all papers in order to identify which individual characteristics influence fishers’ attitudes towards, or perceptions about, the issues under investigation. Papers II, IV and V use data collected on a survey conducted with Scottish inshore fishers in 2006/07, while Paper III uses data from a survey conducted previously (in 2001/02). Paper II investigates Scottish inshore fishers’ perceptions about participation in the decision-making process. Results reveal that around half of the fishers perceived themselves to be informed about management, but most did not perceive themselves to be consulted or involved in the decision-making process. Papers III and IV investigate fishers’ attitudes towards labour mobility. More precisely, the papers investigate fishers’ willingness to leave the fishing sector, change to another gear or move to another area to remain fishing. Results reveal that fishers’ attitudes towards leaving the fishing sector were different in the two periods. In 2002 most fishers were willing to leave the fishing sector (Paper III) while five years later most were not (Paper V). Most importantly, both papers point to the importance of job satisfaction for fishers. Results point to the importance of understanding the economic, social and cultural contexts of the fishing industry for the success of measures and policies aimed at providing fishers with alternative job opportunities in order to counter impacts of displacement caused by the implementation of MPAs and reduction of the overcapacity of the European fishing fleets. Paper V investigates inshore fishers’ attitudes towards MPAs and issues of relevance to MPAs (e.g. compliance with, and enforcement of, rules, and state of resources). More precisely, the paper investigates the attitudes towards closed areas between users of different gears which are affected by closed areas in different ways. Results reveal that Scottish inshore fishers are not a homogenous collective; the attitudes towards closed areas differ among users of different gears.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

17

Boonzaier, Lisa. "Marine protected areas : a global exploration of their quantity and quality". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/46707.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

Expansion in the number and extent of marine protected areas (MPAs) has been dramatic during the past century, but coverage remains limited and there are concerns that many MPAs are failing to meet their objectives. After updating the global database of MPAs maintained by the Sea Around Us, new estimates of global marine protected area were calculated and revealed a degree of progress towards protecting at least 10% of the global ocean by 2020. It is estimated that more than 6,000 MPAs covering 3.27% of the world’s oceans (∼11.9 million km²) have been designated to date. The protection these MPAs offer is generally weak with about one-fifth (∼2.2 million km²) of their combined area designated as no-take (i.e., where fishing and other extractive activities are prohibited). Additional large tracts of ocean will need to be protected to reach the 10% target, and hypothetical scenarios for such expansion were investigated. To improve understanding of the likely conservation effectiveness of MPAs, trends in their management effectiveness were explored. Results from a self-administered survey questionnaire, distributed to managers and other experts associated with a random sample of MPAs from around the world, revealed a wide range of MPA management effectiveness across different socioeconomic contexts. The results were intended to inform a model of MPA management effectiveness based on socioeconomic, governance and other contextual variables, but no clear relationships between contextual variables and MPA management effectiveness were identified. Overall, the survey findings confirmed results of other studies: while some MPAs are well supported with funding, staff and equipment, others lack even basic management elements. Additional research is essential to understanding the issues preventing MPAs from meeting their objectives, including effectively contributing to biodiversity conservation.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

18

Hutchinson, David John. "Institutional fit in tropical ecosystems : a test using marine protected areas". Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.405692.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

19

Brown, Paula. "Marine Protected Areas, Co-Management and Livelihoods: Coastal Change in Vietnam". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/9505.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

Global marine conservation targets have driven the increase in marine protected area (MPA) programs in recent decades, and international donors and environmental non-government organisations have promoted their expansion to the developing world. Conflicts can result between MPAs and local livelihoods and local resource governance systems, and new livelihoods and resource governance systems introduced through MPA projects. The alternative livelihoods proposed to offset conflicts occur as MPAs and local livelihoods are often based around the assumption that local people are willing and able to give up their existing fishing livelihoods, despite the reality that the “alternative livelihoods” are often not sufficient to replace existing livelihoods The literature on MPA practice often fails to adequately reflect what occurs in practice around livelihoods change, or to propose ways to work within existing livelihoods constraints. Thus a gap exists between results repo rted from MPA projects and what occurs on the ground through MPA implementation. A social research lens is needed to examine what occurs “behind the beautiful curtain” of MPA reporting at the local, regional and national level. The research presented in this thesis investigates what happens in the implementation of co-management and MPAs as model approaches, how they have been translated to and within the context of Vietnam, and how fishing-based livelihoods are transformed through these processes. The thesis considers “aquarian transitions” in the coastal zone around processes of regulatory, environmental and livelihoods change associated with agrarian change analysis. Aquarian transition re-frames these processes to the specificities of the aquatic context and to the rural coastal landscape of the MPA. The research questions addressed through this thesis are: • What are the socio-political influences on MPA management and how do these affect the achievement of biodiversity conservation and sustainable re! source m anagement objectives? How do the institutions of MPA development play out at different scales, from the local to the national? What is the influence of different government, non-government and international actors at these different scales? • How does co-management of aquatic natural resources work in Vietnam given its centralized, authoritarian mode of government and the flow-on effects of this on natural resource governance? How are universalistic co-management practices developed and promoted by international actors from the west/global north translated within the context of Vietnam? • How do MPAs in Vietnam affect and address existing livelihoods of local people within and around the protected area? Are alternative livelihoods programs successful or adequate? Do they replace or only supplement existing livelihoods? What assumptions are evident within livelihood programs about local people’s adaptation to livelihood change in the face of restricted access? Multi-sited and multi-scaled ethnography was used in the research to address research questions around livelihoods, co-management, and the institutions of MPA development. This thesis forms an ethnography of development institutions examining both MPA policy and practice in Vietnam. The research was implemented in Vietnam over 18 months from January 2006 to December 2007, with follow up field work undertaken in mid-2010. The data collected was qualitative, and based on observation and participation in activities with each case study under investigation. Case studies of several kinds were investigated – one NGO-focused case study following one of that NGO’s projects as well as their overall development approach to MPAs (Trao Reef Marine Reserve, with MCD – the Center for Marinelife Conservation and Community Development), one conventional site-based case study of an MPA and its local and regional context (Cu Lao Cham MPA); and one policy developme nt case study of the national livelihoods strategy for the L! MPA (Liv elihoods support for Marine Protected Areas) program within the national Ministry of Fisheries. The strategy captured the lessons learned in livelihoods management at all MPAs in Vietnam to that time, and implementation of the strategy reflected the debate around livelihoods practice evident during 2007. I conducted participant observation during training activities at regional case study sites, as well as at sites of policy development in Hanoi and with a range of actors. In the capital my research activities were involved with national government ministries, a case study Vietnamese NGO, and with IUCN who hosted my research in Vietnam through provision of office facilities. In regional locations, participant observation was focussed around the two principal case studies and involved regional training activities for MPA managers, provincial meetings focussed on MPA management, management plan development workshops, as well as training events held with local people by MPA management. The multi-sited nature of this ethnography enabled the study of policy formulation as well as implementation, and the translation processes occurring between the different actors at these sites and scales. Community-based approaches to MPA management mobilised much greater participation and connection to marine conservation than more traditional government MPA management. The cost of these approaches was the length of time needed to implement them, the limited geographic impact they had on the ground, and the lack of respect for these approaches demonstrated by government representatives. Operation outside of the government context in Vietnam had costs and benefits, in that MCD’s approaches to MPA management were not valued by government, but were valued by international donors who wanted to fund grassroots projects without the hindrance of central and provincial government bureaucracy. Provincial government’s attempts to implement co-man agement were much more top down, and resulted in participati! on in MP A activities at the local level without connection to the power structures operating at the regional level above. Past and current MPA practice during this research demonstrated that provincial government struggled with the horizontal connections required to develop collaborative management arrangements across this level of government. Efforts at MPA enforcement in Vietnam were hampered by a “perfect storm” of non-compliance caused by the effectively open access nature of coastal resources, large numbers of coastal populations and their livelihood needs, and absence of livelihood alternatives. These results are relevant outside of the context of Vietnam as other countries experiencing similar population pressures in coastal zones and fishing livelihood dependence of coastal communities are likely to face similar limitations on the success of enforcement. The fact that alternative livelihoods do not easily work as alternatives needs to be better explored by the literature on MPA practice, as the promotion of the alternative concept can create false expectations about what it can deliver on the ground. MPA projects will have much greater chance of success if they start with more realistic goals around livelihood diversification at the outset. The research demonstrates how international models are often poorly adapted to fit the local context they are introduced to. In the case of alternative livelihoods implementation or territorialised regulation around subsistence livelihoods, they can be weak in theory from the outset. These model approaches are shown not to work in the local context. The local scale demonstrates the outcome of translation of policy approaches from the international scale and through the national and regional scales of influence, where different actors and processes affect the policy’s form and outcome. What occurs at the local level is a consequence of these processes of translation and adaptation to the local. The multi-sited and multi-scaled ethnography of d! evelopme nt institutions enables these processes to be revealed, and highlights how MPA projects can appear as islands of project activity in a sea of socio-political complexity. The thesis contributes to the literature on livelihood management in the coastal zone, paying specific attention to alternative livelihoods interventions. It also contributes to the literature on both MPA and fisheries management practice. The findings in these areas will have relevance to any case where livelihood substitution is being considered beyond the focal points of MPAs and Vietnam. It contributes an important critical focus to the use of model approaches to natural resource management, and the role that international donors play in forcing the implementation of these approaches in developing countries. It also contributes to the methodological literature as an example of ethnography of development institutions, of how experience-from-practice may contribute to the greater literature by document ing the experiences and key lessons from development practice.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

20

Lui, Fong-fong. "Marine protected areas in Hong Kong : present status and future management challenges /". Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B22266719.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

21

Bradley, Rosemarie Ann. "Evaluating U.S. Federal Marine Protected Areas Programs: A Comparative Analysis and Conceptual Framework". [Yellow Springs, Ohio] : Antioch University, 2008. http://etd.ohiolink.edu/view.cgi?acc_num=antioch1241705173.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Antioch University New England, 2008.
Title from PDF t.p. (August 7, 2009). "A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Environmental Studies at Antioch University New England (2008)."--The title page. Advisor: James Jordan, Ph. D. Includes bibliographical references (p. 193-204).

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

22

Binet, Thomas. "Valuing net benefits of biodiversity conservation in West African marine protected areas". Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2015. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/valuing-net-benefits-of-biodiversity-conservation-in-west-african-marine-protected-areas(da572938-c9a3-45ce-8f0f-1b7fdda7f604).html.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

Momentum behind the economic valuation of ecosystems, after a decade of hopeful support from researchers and policymakers, is currently petering out and decision-makers still do not consider biodiversity conservation to be a political priority. Surprisingly, the economic benefits provided by the conservation of ecosystems have been poorly investigated, unlike the ecosystems themselves. Furthermore, is the valuation of conservation (the valuation of the “interest rate” made on the natural capital saved, instead of the valuation of the natural capital itself) an efficient means to better serve decision-making? The research presented here addresses this question, in proposing a more effective approach to the valuation of conservation. It also investigates how such economic valuation exercises could best serve the decision-making process. The research method for measuring conservation value relies on a comparison of Total Economic Values for analogous ecosystems both within a protected area and in outside adjacent areas. This methodology is tested in a sample of five marine protected areas in West Africa. For the estimation of the Total Economic Values in these sites, the research has applied most of the available valuation tools and includes all values for which data are available, including non-use values. The results indicate a predominance of benefits linked to indirect use values over direct use values and non-use values. The marine protected areas display substantial benefits when compared to unprotected sites. These benefits are thought to derive primarily from the better marine health status associated with protected areas, and subsequent higher indirect use values which compensate for the decrease in direct use values caused by the conservation policy and the subsequent limitations imposed as a result. The ‘paper areas’ (i.e. those protected areas with no management plan) show, however, a deficit even when compared to unprotected sites. The research discusses and highlights the shortcomings of such an approach within the West African context (data-poor situation, non-monetised economies, value transfer to developing countries, difficulties in communicating non-use values of biodiversity) and associated time and space considerations. It also underlines the importance of considering the socio-cultural context in any economic valuation, which provides key information for valuation interpretation. Furthering the approach within the ‘economics of protection’ stream (after the ‘economics of degradation’ and the ‘economics of welfare’), this research delivers a new approach for valuing biodiversity conservation. The extensions of this research for policy purposes may include management support (comparison of conservation benefits with costs of management, increased consideration of indirect use values), advocacy information (through the calculation of the costs of policy inaction), and mechanisms for sustainable financing (through the development of payment for ecosystem services).

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

23

Wood, Louisa Jane. "The global network of marine protected areas: developing baselines and identifying priorities". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/228.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

Recently adopted global marine protection targets aim to protect 10-30% of marine habitats within the next 3 to 5 years. However, these targets were adopted without prior assessment of their attainability. Moreover, our ability to monitor progress towards such targets has been constrained by a lack of robust data on marine protected areas (MPAs). In this thesis I present the results of the first explicitly marine-focused, global assessment of MPAs in relation to three global marine protection targets. Approximately 2.35 million km2, equivalent to 0.65% of the world’s oceans, are currently protected, and only 12% of that is ‘no-take’. Over the last two decades, the marine area protected globally has grown at ~5% per year. At this rate, even the most modest target is unlikely to be met for at least several decades. The utility of large-scale conservation targets has been repeatedly questioned, although mainly on ecological grounds. However, if, as is suggested here, their primary role is to motivate behavioural change, then a more serious problem is that they seem to be failing in this regard, too. I explore possible reasons for this and suggest two main problems: firstly, an as yet unmet need to develop a hierarchical system of targets that reflects the multi-scale and pluralistic nature of ecological and political systems; and secondly, feedback mechanisms between political will, perceived attainability, and target formulation which may impede implementation of the targets. Since the adoption of the global targets, no implementation strategy has been developed, which may also impede target attainment. In order to fill this gap, I applied a rarity-complementarity heuristic place prioritisation algorithm (PPA) to a dataset consisting of 1038 global species distributions with 0.5° latitude/longitude resolution, under ten scenarios devised to reflect the global targets. This is the first time that species distribution ranges of marine species have been used in a globally synthetic way, and is by far the largest application of a PPA to date. Global priority areas for protection are identified for each scenario, which may be used to identify where regional-scale protected areas network design efforts might be focused.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

24

Heck, Nadine. "Assessing management effectiveness : indicators for marine protected areas in British Columbia, Canada". Thesis, University of Leeds, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.540779.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

25

Lui, Fong-fong, i 雷芳芳. "Marine protected areas in Hong Kong: present status and future management challenges". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31254676.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

26

Ashley, Matthew. "The implications of co-locating marine protected areas around offshore wind farms". Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/3202.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

Offshore wind farm (OWF) construction in the UK is progressing rapidly alongside increasing spatial pressures on marine ecosystems and social and economic activities. A need for increased protection of habitats, species and ecological processes that support environmental and economic benefits is being met by designation of marine protected areas (MPAs). Mitigation and spatial planning solutions are required to enable protection of vital ecological habitats, features and processes and support sustainable economic development. A potential solution is to co-locate OWFs and MPAs. This study uses a multi-disciplinary approach to examine if evidence on the environmental effects of existing OWFs and associated effects on fishing activity (as an existing resource use) benefits MPA goals. Through a systematic review and meta-analyses of existing data, knowledge of OWF effects on species abundance and economic effects on fishing were identified as key evidence gaps. The ecological evidence need was approached through a case study of ecological effects of North Hoyle OWF, North Wales, UK, using existing pre and post-construction monitoring data, as well as primary baited remote underwater video data, collected 5 years later (8 years post-construction). Results suggested habitat and species recovered to a stable state that showed some community differences to pre-construction conditions. The presence of OWF monopiles is likely to have increased existing heterogeneity of substratum and increased opportunities for scavenging species. Species benefitting and disadvantaged by habitat provided within the OWF reflected meta-analyses trends. Extended baseline monitoring to provide confident identification of natural levels of variation in sediment and fauna was lacking. Analysis of fishing activity and landings before and after OWF construction in three UK case study regions approached effects on resource users. Fishing activity in the three case study areas showed broad scale similarity to national trends. Small-scale activity patterns indicated greater reductions in mobile (towed) fishing gear effort near to operating OWFs than in static gear activity (using pots or static nets). Semi-structured interviews conducted with fishermen in each region revealed loss of ground and disruption as negative effects from OWFs, in addition to existing pressures. Benefits including habitat creation and species augmentation, as well as reduction of cumulative lost ground, were identified by fishermen from co-location of MPAs and OWFs. Ecological effects of OWFs suggested benefits from habitat creation, species augmentation and potential for protection of sandbank habitats between monopiles. Mitigation requirements were identified to maximise these potential benefits to an MPA network.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

27

Van, Vlack Kathleen A. "To Grub a Fish: Marine Protected Areas and Impacts to Community Resiliency". Bureau of Applied Research in Applied Anthropology, University of Arizona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/293239.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

28

Curnick, D. J. "The role of marine protected areas in conserving highly mobile pelagic species". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2016. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1495973/.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

In this thesis I assess the efficacy of large no-take marine protected areas (MPAs), known as marine reserves, in safeguarding mobile pelagic predators. The creation of reserves excludes fisheries, so while removing a pressure, it also removes a key source of data on pelagic predators. Therefore, I also evaluate two fisheries-independent monitoring techniques: telemetry and camera trapping. I use the British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT) marine reserve as a case study. In Chapter 2 I assess trends in tuna populations, showing that yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) were declining in BIOT prior to the reserve’s creation. While there is no discernible signal of overall species recovery four years after reserve establishment, BIOT may house resident tuna populations. In Chapter 3 I evaluate environmental correlates of tuna distribution, identifying sea surface temperature and depth as drivers, and show that yellowfin and bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) occupy different spatial and thermal habitats. In Chapter 4 I investigate the reserve’s role in conserving silky sharks (Carcharhinus falciformis). From fisheries records I infer that BIOT may be an important nursery ground, and telemetry data show they have clear habitat preferences within BIOT. In Chapter 5 I examine the potential of using remote camera-traps to monitor populations of pelagic sharks and demonstrate that significant investment would be required to develop an effective array. Overall, I conclude that BIOT may have more conservation value to species like the silky shark than it does to pelagic tunas. I show that spatial-temporal distributions of pelagic predators are predictable, meaning that enforcement could be better directed in order to improve efficiency. I suggest actively removing drifting fish aggregation devices (FADs) in BIOT to improve its conservation value for silky sharks. Lastly, I recommend that managers wishing to monitor pelagic populations undertake full cost-benefit analyses of camera-trap techniques prior to implementation.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

29

Skinder, Carolyn F. "Marine Protected Areas in the Gulf of Maine: Policy for a Common Resource". Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2002. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/SkinderCF2002.pdf.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

30

ZAPATA, PAULA ANDREA. "The use of remote sensing techniques to support marine protected areas management and marine spatial planning decisions". Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/243073.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

La presente tesi di dottorato prende in considerazione tecniche di rilevamento acustiche (Remote sensing, RS) e ottiche per lo sviluppo di modelli di distribuzione e mappatura (Distribution and mapping modelling, DMS) come strumenti di gestione per valutare lo stato degli habitat bentonici e per supportare decisioni relative alla pianificazione dello spazio marittimo (Marine Spatial Planning). Modelli di distribuzione di habitat e specie sono stati analizzati congiuntamente ad analisi spaziali e analisi di immagine da video subacquei, e messi in relazione alle caratteristiche geomorfologiche del substrato, raccolte tramite RS e validate tramite immersioni di controllo. L’impiego del Sistema Informativo Geografico (GIS) ha permesso di disegnare spazialmente la distribuzione e l’estensione degli habitat così come la distribuzione e l’intensità delle pressioni antropiche, creando quindi un dataset utile a sostenere adeguate scelte gestionali. L’accuratezza dei modelli è stata testata e confrontata. I risultati hanno permesso di definire un quadro metodologico che potrebbe essere facilmente recepito a fini gestionali. Sono infatti state sviluppate delle linee guida da distribuire ai gestori di Aree Marine Protette e ai manager interessati alla gestione della fascia costiera, utili ad inviduare le aree prioritarie in termini di conservazione, sulla base di modelli predittivi che potrebbero suggerire anche eventuali azioni di recupero ambientale. I risultati ottenuti dal presente lavoro mettono quindi in relazione complessità geomorfologica e habitats, permettendo di sviluppare piani di gestione che prendono in considerazione la distribuzione e l’intensità degli impatti antropici.
The present doctoral degree thesis is based on the implementation of remote sensing (RS) methods habitat mapping and distribution modelling (DMs) techniques as management tools to assess the status of benthic habitats and to support Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) decisions. A Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to model the spatial boundaries of the physical and biological datasets, as well to assess the proximity of anthropogenic pressures. Through spatial examination, image analysis and underwater video, the biological patterns of habitats/species were related to the variation in geomorphology based on geophysical substrate properties gathered through RS techniques in combination with optical data, collected during the ground truthing sampling. In addition, DMs and classification approaches were applied and their accuracy tested. Finally, a methodological framework was suggested as guideline to inform and provide recommendations to managers and policymakers about how to accurately locate and best protect benthic habitats and its resources, how to evidence possible different sensitivities between habitats in relation to geomorphology, create or redefine different zones or levels of protections at Marine Protected Areas and how to forecast future changes due to global warming and/or anthropogenic activities. General results demonstrate that the produced maps provide information about where the habitats/species could be present and how they are related to the geomorphological context and/or the anthropogenic pressures. Results emphasize the role of critical expert evaluation of spatial predictions before they are used to guide policy. We conclude that RS and DMs could be very useful tools for understanding the distribution of species–habitat associations and to help resources managers make informed and ecologically relevant decisions.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

31

Wallace, S. Scott. "Fisheries impacts on marine ecosystems and biological diversity : the role for marine protected areas in British Columbia". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ46442.pdf.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

32

Yuen, Pui-sze. "Feasibility of total prohibition of fishing in marine protected areas of Hong Kong". Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2009. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B43784598.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

33

Yuen, Pui-sze, i 原佩詩. "Feasibility of total prohibition of fishing in marine protected areas of Hong Kong". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2009. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B43784598.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

34

Jun, M. S. "Governing Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in California : analysis of the MLPA implementation process". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2014. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1427878/.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

Neoliberal governance strategies have been hegemonic in shaping global policy toward Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) over the past two decades. This impact has manifested itself in two key dimensions: the prominence given to public-private partnerships (PPPs) and the dependency upon civil society, particularly in the form of non-governmental organisations (NGOs). As a result, it is necessary to give primacy to the implication of PPPs and the role of NGOs in considering how best to govern MPAs. This is particularly the case in relation to efforts which seek the ‘right’ combination of ‘the market’, ‘the people’ and ‘the state’. This thesis investigates the California Marine Life Protection Act (MLPA) implementation process, and particularly the MLPA Initiative, which is widely publicised as a successful case of a science-based stakeholder-driven process through PPP. The thesis involves a thorough exploration of how an ideal combination could be achieved based on the Central Coast Study Region (CCSR) MLPA implementation process. Number of literary sources identified four key factors which have significantly contributed to the implementation of MLPA: 1) A strong legal mandate 2) Strong political will 3) A substantial level of stakeholder participation 4) Effective PPPs However, despite the widely publicised claims, research findings suggest that finding the ‘right’ combination for the MLPA implementation process remains a difficult task. The strong legal mandate, which has provided the foundation for the science used, constrained the stakeholder participation process. Indeed, it suggests that the terms ‘science-based’ and ‘stakeholder-driven’ could be to some extent, oxymorons, whilst strong political will could potentially compromise stakeholder participation. Effective PPPs for the MLPA Initiative represent a conundrum for PPP, since NGOs, including philanthropic foundations, increasingly exercise their influence on public policy to push through their agendas. Subsequently, PPP could potentially compromise the legitimacy of the process. Finally, the research findings suggest that the substantial level of stakeholder participation may not be a panacea for designating MPAs.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

35

Chmara-Huff, Fletcher Paul. "Marine Protected Areas and the Territorialization of the Oceans in the Exumas, Bahamas". The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1320780298.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

36

Hargreaves-Allen, Venetia. "Economic values, distributional impacts and conservation outcomes for coral reef marine protected areas". Thesis, Imperial College London, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/5549.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

Marine protected areas (MPAs) are the dominant global strategy to counter widespread coral reef degradation, which threatens these coral reef ecosystems, the biodiversity they support, and the direct and indirect benefits they provision for millions of stakeholders, many of whom are in developing countries and have a high reliance on natural resources. Insufficient understanding of the conditions that enable MPAs to achieve their conservation and development goals means MPAs are yet to achieve their full potential. Similarly, inadequate awareness of the distributional aspects MPAs generate can leading to conflict and ultimately MPA failure. This research explores the links between two key themes of MPAs; efficiency and equity. A local case study in Belize is used to explore the ability of a MPA to provide a suite of benefits (net of costs) related to fishing, tourism, recreation and existence and bequest values in 2007. The values quantified demonstrate that the reserve represents an excellent return on conservation investment, particularly if non–user values are included. Survey effects associated with contingent valuation are found to be important and merit further research. Current entrance fees do capture much of the consumer surplus values which the reserve generates. Optimal fees are explored using the demand curve generated from the CVM. Non-use and local values, which are too rarely incorporated into MPA valuations are shown to be large, thus they are important to ensure well-informed decision making. A distributional analysis is undertaken, which quantifies transfers of wealth between stakeholders. This shows that incentives differ between stakeholders; where fishers, tour operators and international NGOs are incurring the direct costs. Contrary to what may be occurring elsewhere, the distribution of costs at local, national and international scales is found to be equivalent, although the benefits are highly skewed towards international stakeholders. Finally, I show that local community members, who will ultimately cause an MPA to fail or succeed, perceive costs and benefits fairly accurately. Thus the provision of local benefits is likely to improve MPA performance. A global coral reef MPA evaluation is undertaken, utilizing expert knowledge from MPAs in 33 countries. This constitutes the most comprehensive coral reef MPA performance evaluation to be carried out to date with a single methodology. MPA performance is shown to vary widely and to be unrelated to MPAs aims. Conclusions as to which are the most effective MPAs are also frequently altered, when incorporating temporal changes and spatial comparisons (assessing the counterfactual case). This dataset is also used to explore the extent to which different facets of success are coupled. I find that socio-economic and ecological benefits do not always occur concurrently and that a better appreciation of trade-offs is needed. The large variation in sample outcomes is used to explore drivers of success, including MPA features, management actions and contextual variables. MPA features such as size and zoning are found to support widespread hypotheses about the drivers of effectiveness. A non-linear temporal component of performance is identified, as are interactions between MPA features and outcomes. The provision of direct and indirect community benefits emerges as a crucial component of success. Frequently however, threats beyond the control of management and those inside the MPA which stem from inadequate resources are found to be undermining the effectiveness of coral reef MPAs.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

37

Toscano, Francesca. "Environmental Accounting of Marine Protected Area "Isole Ciclopi" by means of Emergy analysis". Doctoral thesis, Università di Catania, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10761/4191.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

The purpose of this work is to illustrate the procedural and methodological approaches, with field-testing of materials and methods, necessary to carry out an environmental accounting study Emergy-based in a marine protected area. The study was conducted in the marine protected area "IsoleCiclopi" following a multi-year pathway, in line with the document "Environmental accounting in Italian Marine Protected Areas" (EAMPA), developed by several research groups and coordinated by Federparchi (Italian federations of Parks and Nature Reserves).In particular, the aim of EMPA project is the assessment of the ecological and economic value for the Italian marine reserves, elaborated in order to answer ministerial applications. The main purpose of this project is to detect and evaluate both biophysical and economic aspects of the reserves in order to assess the Natural Capital stocks and the Ecosystem Services generated by MPAs. The results of the research are intended to offer an innovative methodology and new points of reflection in the field of environmental evaluation and of policies.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

38

Dando, Jackson Willy. "A baited remote underwater video survey of the Goukamma Marine Protected Area's ichthyofauna and a subsequent community structure comparison with the Betty's Bay, Stilbaai, and Tsitsikamma Marine Protected Areas". Master's thesis, Faculty of Science, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32235.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

The Goukamma Marine Protected Area (GMPA) along the South African south coast has been in existence since 1990. The MPA encompasses 40.2 km2 of subtidal ocean, 76% of which is made up of sandy substrata and the remainder of which is made of rocky reefs. The imbalance in protected habitat type ratios prompted a proposal for an extension of the MPA's seaward boundary, referred to as the new no-take zone (NNTZ), and a restructuring of its eastern boundary, referred to as the new exploited zone (NEZ). The proposed boundary changes would increase the amount of protected reef by 53% and the overall size of the MPA by 38%. Goukamma has been surveyed using controlled angling surveys (CAS) and underwater visual census (UVC) but has yet to be surveyed using baited remote underwater video (BRUV). I collected and analysed mono-BRUV data over five years to determine patterns in fish community structure in Goukamma and compare it to the pre-existing CAS and UVC data. BRUVs are less invasive and more robust than the other two survey methods and have the potential to become the predominant method of surveying ichthyofaunal communities in South Africa. This work is therefore also intended as a baseline BRUV survey. BRUVs were deployed in Goukamma from 2013 to 2017. The survey produced 328 successful deployment records between 5-41.5 m across reef and sand sites. Date, site coordinates, depth, habitat type, protection zone were used as variables to explain patterns in the fish community data. Fish abundances were recorded using the MaxN metric. MaxN counts were recorded at the instance when the highest number of individuals of each species were present in a single video frame. The deployment records were converted into a single data frame and analysed using the RStudio integrated design environment. Ariids, scyliorhinids, serranids, sparids, and triakids were the most well represented ichthyofaunal families in Goukamma. Boopsoidea inornata, Cheimerius nufar, Chrysoblephus laticeps, Galeichthys feliceps, Mustelus mustelus, Pachymetopon aeneum, Poroderma africanum, Poroderma pantherinum, and Spondyliosoma emarginatum were the most frequently observed species throughout the MPA. Habitat type was identified as the primary determinant of diversity and abundance in the GMPA using multifactor analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests (species richness: F = 191.155, P < 0.001; relative abundance: F = 96.111, P < 0.001) and Wil coxon signed rank tests (Shannon-Wiener: W = 21 102, P < 0.001; Simpson: W = 18 553, P = 4.85x10-10). The reef sites supported a higher species richness and abundance than sandy sites throughout the MPA (Tukey: q = -4.41, P < 0.001 and q = -2.12, P < 0.001, respectively). Diversity and abundance were correlated with each protection zone's predominant habitat type. Exploited zones had significantly higher diversity and abundance than protected zones as a result of the imbalance in Goukamma's protected habitat type ratio (species richness: F = 27.740, P = 7.65x10-16; abundance: F = 10.438, P = 1.51x10-6 ; Shannon-Wiener: W = 17 314, P = 4.58x10-6 ; Simpson: W = 15 896, P = 3.42x10-3 ). The NNTZ had significantly higher species richness and abundance than the NEZ (Tukey: q = 3.07, P < 0.001 and Tukey: q = 1.48, P < 0.001, respectively). The proposed changes will therefore substantially boost diversity and abundance of protected fishes in Goukamma. BRUV samples in Goukamma recorded an overall higher species richness and abundance of sparids, chondrichthyans, and other reef-associated species than CAS and UVC samples. Over 90% more chondrichthyans were recorded in the BRUV samples than by the other two methods. BRUVs are therefore considered to be a suitable replacement for CAS and UVC surveys for the monitoring of South Africa's shallow subtidal ichthyofauna. BRUV data from Betty's Bay, Stilbaai, and Tsitsikamma were available for comparison with the Goukamma data, allowing for an extensive analysis of the south coast's ichthyofaunal communities. A combined data frame of 466 successful BRUV deployments from the four study areas was created. Multi-factor ANOVA tests indicated that location (F = 27.1, P = 1.00x103 ), depth zone (F = 17.4, P = 1.00x103 ), protection status (F = 23.1, P = 1.00x103 ), and habitat type (F = 91.8, P = 1.00x103 ) were all significant in determining community structure among the study areas. Reef sites had higher species richness and abundance than sand sites and species richness and abundance decreased from east to west along the south coast according to subtropical subtraction. However, the presence of an additional habitat type in Betty's Bay, namely kelp forests, resulted in it having a higher species richness and abundance than Stilbaai to the east. Betty's Bay's community structure was the least similar to the other three study areas as a result of the localised kelp forests in and around the MPA. These kelp forests shifted Betty's Bay's community structure away from the sparid-dominance observed in Stilbaai, Goukamma, and Tsitsikamma and towards a carangid- and scyliorhinid-dominance. However, cold-water associated sparids such as Pterogymnus laniarius were more abundant in Betty's Bay than the other study areas. Almost 80% of the species recorded among the study areas were represented in two or more of the four MPAs, indicating a good degree of redundancy of protection along the south coast within the depth ranges sampled. These data suggest that the Cape south coast is adequately protected from the perspective of fish representation. Review of the De Hoop, Sardinia Bay, and Bird Island MPAs should be conducted to further examine complementarity and redundancy of protection along South Africa's south coast.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

39

Sovacool, Kelly Elizabeth. "A Stakeholder Analysis of the Creation of High Seas Marine Protected Areas within the Antarctic Treaty System". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31716.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

This study evaluates the utility of stakeholder analysis for understanding the relationships among actors involved in creating a marine protected area (MPA) in the Southern Ocean. It relies on the Australian Centre of Excellence on Risk Analysis (ACERA) method of critical stakeholder analysis, a concise, step-by-step model to identify stakeholders, assess their perceptions and values, and reveal power relations. The study uses the first two steps of the ACERA method to analyze stakeholdersâ in this case individuals speaking on behalf of organizationsâ within the Australian delegation of the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) concerning the establishment of an MPA in the Southern Ocean. The study reveals both benefits and weaknesses in the ACERA method. It also portrays conflicting views among these stakeholders, and that the process of identifying and analyzing stakeholder interests is highly complex and dynamic.
Master of Science

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

40

Torresan, Andrea. "The Perception of Ecosystem Services in the Marine Protected Areas: a comparison between Italy and Spain". Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/12260/.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

To prevent the overexploitation of the marine ecosystem and to conserve biodiversity, the Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are one of the most common tools, but their management and effectiveness depend on how the local population and the main stakeholders perceive them other than the existence of a good and proper management plan. This work uses the questionnaire methodology to assess how a MPA can lead benefit (Ecosystem Services) for the local people and how the stakeholder, in turn, perceive and evaluate the MPAs presence. The analysis is performed by comparing two MPAs: the first one is the “Parque Natural del Estrecho” in the autonomous community of Andalusia (Spain) while the second one is the “Area Marina Protetta di Porto Cesareo” in the Apulian region (Italy). The interviews are realized on four categories of stakeholders: diving workers, small-scale fishermen, recreational fishermen and tourism service operators. Stakeholder highlighted the lack of monitoring for the activity of the non-professional fishermen, that often use unauthorised fishing gears, sell their catches and fish more than the five kilograms (Reg. CE 1967/2006) allowed by the law, damaging the environmental conservation and the small-scale fisheries. Moreover, a high number of tourists leads to positive economical incomes for many local activities, also connected with an environmental friendly tourism, but if this tourism activity is not well managed could lead to negative environmental effects, due to the pollution or to the natural landscape deterioration (e.g. dunes). The results of this work confirm partially the precedents studies on MPAs but also highlight some new perceptions about the ecosystem services provided by MPAs. This study demonstrates that the perception of the stakeholder can change during the years and that the benefits of the presence of the MPA are not always obtained immediately.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

41

Chirico, Angelica. "Effects of contrasting types of marine protected areas on seagrass- and coral communities : are community-based reserves an important complement to government-managed protected areas?" Licentiate thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och botanik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-93651.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

Coastal ecosystems, including seagrass beds and coral reefs, are among the most ecological and economical important ecosystems on Earth. At the same time as these ecosystems support livelihoods of coastal communities they are being highly degraded worldwide. Government-managed marine protected areas (MPAs) are a common tool in marine conservation and have been demonstrated to successfully protect natural resources. At the same time, they are increasingly criticized for excluding and marginalizing local communities. Therefore, alternative types of management that are managed by the communities themselves (community-based reserves; CBRs) constitute a promising alternative since they have a much higher acceptance among local people. However, the scientific knowledge on protection effects of CBRs on these critical habitats are scarce, and most research on the effects of place-based management has largely focused on coral reefs. The aim of this thesis was therefore to investigate how MPAs and CBRs affect corals and seagrasses, and their associated communities, using coastal Kenya (East Africa) as a case study. Paper I examines effects from CBRs and MPAs on benthic community composition, and cover and diversity of seagrasses, hard corals and associated benthic organisms. Paper II examines the effects of CBRs and MPAs on the density, size, biomass and potential monetary value of fish; the basis for coastal fisheries that are a particularly important ecosystem service in the study area. The results demonstrate that the small and recently protected Kenyan CBRs can increase the diversity of benthic organisms, protect important functional groups, increase structural complexity, and additionally increase fish size, biomass and monetary value. The results also show that protection from MPAs can result in shifts in both seagrass beds and coral reef communities (from a dominance of stress-tolerant species in fished areas, to stress-sensitive species in protected areas), and that the two habitats were similarly affected by protection. In summary, this thesis suggest that i) locally-managed CBRs may be an important complement to MPAs, and ii) that seagrass beds should more often be included in management plans.

The thesis includes two unpublished manuscripter.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

42

Peckett, Frances. "Using Marxan and Marxan with Zones to support marine planning". Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/3284.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

With the growth in human pressures on the marine environment and the increase in competition for space and resources there has been recognition by many governments of the need to use the marine environment sustainably and allow for its acceptable allocation for each sector. The aim of this thesis is to evaluate the use of Marxan and Marxan with Zones as practical tools to enable the production of marine plans that integrate environmental and socioeconomic data and to suggest best practice in the types of data used. In this thesis three key aspects of data type and integration were identified and evaluated. The resolution and complexity of data required to protected marine biodiversity was assessed. The effects of using different substrate data resolution on the selection of sites to protect a range of biotopes using Marxan are determined. The nature of the data used in marine planning has significant implications for the protection of marine biodiversity. Using less complex data, of any resolution, did not adequately protect marine biodiversity. There is a need to determine what is an acceptable allocation of marine resource to each sector. Two case study areas were used to determine how to integrate conservation and socioeconomic data and objectives in a marine plan. Objectives for all the sectors could not be met completely in a single marine plan and each sector had to compromise. This research highlighted the potential compromises required and indicates that if marine heritage and biodiversity are to be protected each sector will have to change the impact it has on the marine environment. Currently marine conservation assumes that all data on habitats and species presented for use in marine planning are equal, in accuracy, precision and value. This is not always the case, with data based on a wide range of sources including routine government monitoring, specific innovative research and stakeholder based data gathering. A case study area was used to evaluate the impacts of using confidence levels in habitat data on marine biodiversity. It was found that data outputs that best protected marine biodiversity used data over 20% and over 30% confidence. With the data currently available for the UK marine environment it is not possible to be confident that a representative MPA network can be created. Together these studies contribute key recommendations for best practice in marine planning and demonstrate that the use of spatial decision support tools (Marxan and Marxan with Zones) are essential for the integration of data in marine planning, to assess how using different types of data will impact marine planning and marine biodiversity protection and to explore implications of different management actions.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

43

Stoffle, Richard W., i Jessica Minnis. "Marine Protected Areas and the Coral Reefs of Traditional Settlements in the Exumas, Bahamas". Coral Reefs, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/292439.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

This paper is about modeling the perceived social impacts of three proposed marine protected areas (MPAs), each designed to protect coral reefs. The paper argues that shared perceptions of these impacts have resulted in divergent community-level responses to these MPA proposals. The study is uniquely situated in the Bahamas where the government has approved setting aside 30 No-take MPAs (including three under study here) to protect the coastal marine environment. The paper is based on 572 interviews conducted during eight Weld trips with members of six traditional settlements in the Exuma Islands and Cays in the central Bahamas. Overall, 34% of the census population of these settlements was interviewed at least once. Key Findings are that an MPA can impact in either positive or negative ways (a) community agency by the process of siting, (b) community resilience by eliminating or supporting some components of their traditional adaptations to social and natural environments, and (c) community identity by precluding or protecting customary marine access. MPA impacts to local communities determine whether those communities will support or resist proposed MPAs.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

44

Brook, James. "A framework for biodiversity conservation and value prioritisation in multiple-use marine protected areas /". Title page, contents and summary only, 1998. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENV/09envb8712.pdf.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

45

Johnson, Andrew Frederick. "Determining the habitat requirements of demersal fish for the design of marine protected areas". Thesis, Bangor University, 2012. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/determining-the-habitat-requirements-of-demersal-fish-for-the-design-of-marine-protected-areas(af07034d-cf7d-4839-9c55-59fdbaf5534d).html.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

Understanding the relationship between habitat and fish distribution is a central component in the recent shift towards ecosystem based fisheries management (EBFM). Determining the habitat requirements of commercially and ecologically important species will be essential if spatial management strategies such as marine protected areas (MP As) are to be used successfully to conserve marine resources. A review of demersal fish habitat research highlighted numerous areas lacking in this field of habitat science. These included the propensity for studies to focus on abiotic habitat variables such as depth and sediment over large spatial scales (≥ 100s km²) and the low number of studies analysing biotic habitat variables in general. I conclude that development of sound predictive science in this field is reliant on a change in research focus toward reductions in study scale, or increases in resolution for abiotic habitat variables and more integration of biotic variables into studies. The three field studies included in this thesis analyse the importance of prey resource for the distribution of demersal fishes over spatial scales ranging from hundreds of metres to tens of kilometres. The first study investigates the relationship between prey and predator abundance and prey size and predator mouth gape size for nine demersal fish species around the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean. The results demonstrate that prey abundance and size are of significance for some demersal fish species feeding primarily on benthos and will help in defining habitat requirements of demersal fish species. Demersal fish feeding ecology is studied in more depth when I investigate the effects of a bottom trawl fishery on an invertebrate benthic community and the subsequent effects this has on two commercially important flatfishes (P. platessa and L. limanda). This chapter closes the gap between the effects of bottom fishing on benthic communities and the reduced condition of some fishes found within these areas. The results of this study suggest that alterations in prey abundances, sizes and availabilities caused by chronic bottom trawling may lead to reduced feeding efficiencies, particularly for species with narrow prey spectrums. This in turn could result in reduced conditions of affected fishes living in chronically disturbed areas. The final data chapter uses detailed habitat maps, based on differences in sediment characteristics between three sites to take a small spatial scale, high resolution approach to describing demersal fish habitat. This investigates changes in the feeding ecology of a demersal fish species, Callionymus lyra, with body length. Although significant differences in prey size and prey taxa selectivity were found, no significant relationships between prey resource and predator distribution were apparent for any of the year classes analysed. The potential ecological and methodological reasons for these findings are discussed in-depth. Finally, a general discussion examines the main findings and suggests areas for future development.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

46

Ley, Kim. "Sustainability of Lobster (Panulirus argus) Fisheries in Marine Protected Areas in South-eastern Mexico". Thesis, Curtin University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/1852.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

Sustainability aspects are assessed in two lobster (Panulirus argus) fisheries found within Biosphere Reserves in southern Mexico. These are studied using a wide range of techniques including traditional fishery science, mark and recapture methods, population genetics and stock assessment modelling procedures of analysis. New knowledge is shed as results include evaluations of the current status of these fisheries, and discussion regarding the biology of lobsters, population dynamics and management arrangements of the existing ecolabelling schemes.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

47

Roque, Alexis. "A Social Survey of Demography and Attitudes of Residents Regarding the Marine Protected Area in Puerto Morelos, Mexico". FIU Digital Commons, 2011. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/480.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

This thesis research analyzed the perceptions of local community residents in Puerto Morelos, Mx., and its affect on the National Marine Park. Social and economic factors affecting the level of support for the marine park were evaluated. Formal semi-structured written surveys were conducted with stakeholders in two major sub-regions affected by the protected zone. The survey allowed for comparison of stakeholders providing qualitative and quantitative information regarding attitudes, regulation awareness, and formation of the marine protected area. The results demonstrated a difference in knowledge level based on location in the community. Demographic indicators including education, nationality and community residency time are significant influences on the community perception of marine protection. There was a significant relationship between economic growth provided by the protected area and the level of support for protection resources. Further understanding of the relationship between social indicators and resource management is needed for conservation of important coastal resources.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

48

Salz, Ronald J. "Investigating saltwater anglers' value orientations, beliefs and attitudes related to marine protected areas : a dissertation /". [Amherst, Mass. : University of Massachusetts], 2002. http://unicorn.csc.noaa.gov/mpa/salz.pdf.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Massachusetts Amherst, 2002.
"September 2002." Includes bibliographical references (p. 199-207). Also available online in PDF format via the NOAA Coastal Services Center home page.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

49

Galli, Matteo. "Development, harmonizing and application of innovative methodologies for the study of the presence and effects of marine litter on organisms in Mediterranean marine protected areas within the Plastic Busters MPAs project". Doctoral thesis, Università di Siena, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/11365/1203386.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

The irreversibility and global ubiquity of marine litter pollution and plastic, in particular, make this material a potential planetary boundary threat. Although the growing attention from the scientific community and the increasing number of peer-reviewed papers, the occurrence and distribution of plastic litter in the Mediterranean Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) and its impacts and effects on marine wildlife remain still poorly investigated. Within the Plastic Busters MPAs project, this PhD thesis provided a comprehensive assessment of marine litter pollution in the sea surface waters and beaches of the Pelagos Sanctuary and the Tuscan Archipelago National Park and the potential physical and chemical impacts related to plastic ingestion on several Mediterannean bioindicators. The experimental designs planned ad-hoc for the selected study areas (Chapter 3), harmonised and implemented the current methods for sampling marine litter in the different environments and defined a new simultaneous multilevel approach reflecting the strong pressure that marine litter, and in particular plastics, exert on organisms inhabiting the protected areas. A total of 273 monitoring transects of floating macrolitter, 141 manta trawl and 14 beaches were sampled and monitored evaluating the occurrence, abundances and composition of marine litter according to the characterization protocols implementing the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) (Chapter 4). Particular attention was applied to investigate the potential influences of environmental and anthropic variables affecting the litter distribution and to identify potential hotspot accumulation areas representing a major hazard for marine organisms. Several species were collected, starting from invertebrates to cetaceans, to evaluate the frequency of ingestion and confirm/validate their potential role as marine litter bioindicators (Chapter 5). For the first time, an exhaustive analysis of phthalate acid esters (PAEs) presence was assessed on different organisms and biological tissues through the GC-MS analysis (Chapter 5). Strong litter inputs were identified to originate from the mainland and accumulate in coastal waters within about 10-15 nautical miles. Harbours and riverine outfalls may contribute significantly to plastic pollution representing the main sources of inputs as well as areas with warmer waters and weak oceanographic features could facilitate the accumulation of litter. The high concentrations of plastics floating on the sea surface (399 items/km2 for macrolitter and 259,490 items/km2 for MPs) and stranded on beaches (up to 1,033 ± 915 items/100m) indicate a potentially threatening trend of particle accumulation that may pose a serious risk to organisms living in the Pelagos Sanctuary. The twofold monitoring approach, simultaneously investigating plastic and MP ingestion in several species and concentrations of plasticizers has allowed gaining information on the direct link between synthetic particle ingestion and its additive substances release. Microplastic ingestion was assessed for the first time in the Mediterranean Sea in Velella velella organisms (0.71 items/ind), filter-feeding organisms such as the Mobula mobular (23 items/ind.) and Balaenoptera physalus (35 items/ind.), as well as in poorly investigated species i.e. seabirds, lanternfishes and odontocete cetaceans. Phthalate acid ester loads (mainly DIBP, DBP and DEHP compound) and their pattern of accumulation were evaluated in several species and different biological tissues respectively, according to their feeding behaviour, long life span and spatial distribution. Finally, the spatial risk assessment (Chapter 6) indicated the Gulf of La Spezia and the National Park of the Tuscan Archipelago as the most affected by the accumulation of plastic waste and at higher risk of exposure to organisms as well as the Genova canyon and the seamount area. The results obtained here provide further indications for dealing with plastic pollution in MPAs and could facilitate future recommendations for the management and use of the marine and coastal environment of these protected areas.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

50

Stoffle, Richard W. "Sustainability in Small Islands (Bahamas 40th Independence Celebration)". Bureau of Applied Research in Applied Anthropology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/293208.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Marine protected areas”

Utwórz poprawne odniesienie w stylach APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard i wielu innych