Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Marine protected areas

Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Marine protected areas”

Autor: Grafiati
Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021
Data aktualizacji: 25 maja 2024

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Marine protected areas"

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Emson, Roland, i S. Gubbay. "Marine Protected Areas." Journal of Ecology 84, nr 4 (sierpień 1996): 629. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2261484.

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Chand, Annisa. "Marine protected areas". Nature Food 4, nr 6 (23.06.2023): 450. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s43016-023-00787-w.

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Costello, Christopher, i Renato Molina. "Transboundary marine protected areas". Resource and Energy Economics 65 (sierpień 2021): 101239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reseneeco.2021.101239.

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Papanicolopulu, Irini. "Greek Marine Protected Areas". European Energy and Environmental Law Review 9, Issue 11 (1.11.2000): 294–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/323090.

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Sanchirico, J. N. "Modeling Marine Protected Areas". Science 301, nr 5629 (4.07.2003): 47c—49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.301.5629.47c.

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Anonymous. "Developing marine protected areas". Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 87, nr 47 (2006): 526. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006eo470002.

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Juanes, Francis. "Mediterranean marine protected areas". Trends in Ecology & Evolution 16, nr 4 (kwiecień 2001): 169–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-5347(01)02111-5.

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Orellana, Claudia. "Chile Creates Marine Protected Areas". Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 1, nr 4 (maj 2003): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3868053.

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Millage, Katherine D., Juan Carlos Villaseñor-Derbez, Darcy Bradley, Matthew G. Burgess, Hunter S. Lenihan i Christopher Costello. "Self-financed marine protected areas". Environmental Research Letters 16, nr 12 (17.11.2021): 125001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac3439.

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Abstract Marine protected areas (MPAs) are an important tool for conservation but can be victims of their own success—higher fish biomass within MPAs create incentives to poach. This insight underpins the finding that fishing persists in most MPAs worldwide, and it raises questions about MPA monitoring and enforcement. We propose a novel institution to enhance MPA design—a ‘Conservation Finance Area (CFA)’—that utilizes leased fishing zones inside of MPAs, fed by spillover, to finance monitoring and enforcement and achieve greater conservation success. Using a bioeconomic model we show that CFAs can fully finance enforcement, deter illegal fishing, and ultimately maximize fish biomass. Moreover, we show that unless a large, exogenous, and perpetual enforcement budget is available, implementing a CFA in a no-take MPA would always result in higher biomass than without. We also explore real-world enabling conditions, providing a plausible funding pathway to improve outcomes for existing and future MPAs.
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Firth, A., i B. Ferrari. "Archaeology and Marine Protected Areas". International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 21, nr 1 (luty 1992): 67–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-9270.1992.tb00344.x.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Marine protected areas"

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Ban, Natalie Corinna. "Multiple perspectives for envisioning marine protected areas". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/1275.

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This thesis provides the first direct comparison between – and integration of – community-based and science-based approaches to the establishment of marine protected areas (MPAs). MPAs are one potentially effective conservation tool, but are being established very slowly. My research shows that community involvement in placing MPAs can help meet many ecological goals, although biophysical data improve the conservation value of sitings. To assess the need for MPAs in British Columbia (BC), Canada, I mapped stressors resulting from human activities. This produced a powerful rationale for MPAs: very little of the ocean, and almost none of the continental shelf of BC, lies beyond the reach of human stressors. My work helps reconcile differing perspectives about the efficacy of community-based vs. science-based MPA selection. I explored and analyzed these approaches, separately and together, in two areas in BC. First, I generated a community-based plan for MPA placement through partnerships with two First Nations (indigenous peoples) in BC. They offered strong support for spatial protection measures, and individuals nominated overlapping areas. Second, I applied a decision support tool (Marxan) to determine MPA placement under scientific precepts. Conservation planning usually lacks detailed ecological information but the Marxan approach was robust to some missing data; in such cases, it was best to use available abiotic and biotic data to ensure that both habitats and species were represented. Third, I integrated community-based and science-based approaches, to find that they verified and complemented each other. Indeed, an integration of the two was preferred by participants and also achieved all conservation objectives. Finally, I took a novel and pragmatic approach to ocean zoning. I used spatial data for thirteen commercial fisheries on Canada’s west coast to select areas where fishing should be permitted, rather than prohibiting fishing under a MPA paradigm. The results revealed that small reductions in fisheries yields, if judiciously selected, could allow creation of large unfished areas that embraced diverse biophysical regions and habitat types. Such a pragmatic approach could achieve remarkable conservation gains.
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McGarry, Tessa Jane. "Designing marine protected areas in the tropics". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.615631.

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Sciberras, Marija. "Marine protected areas : efficacy, implementation and management". Thesis, Bangor University, 2012. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/marine-protected-areas--efficacy-implementation-and-management(6e20fc73-e575-42f5-b3b1-d6619a507c80).html.

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Marine protected areas (MP As) are increasingly viewed as an important management tool within a suite of policy alternatives to reduce, prevent and/or reverse on-going declines in marine biodiversity. The overall aim of this thesis was to test the efficacy of MP As as a conservation measure, particularly focusing on partially protected areas which have received less attention than fully protected areas. An evidence-based approach, combining a rigorous assessment of the literature through 'systematic review' methodology, with field studies of fishing gear restriction areas in the UK was undertaken to examine the biological effects of partially protected areas on biota relative to fully protected areas and open access fished areas. The syntheses of available evidence included in the systematic review suggested that while partially protected areas significantly enhanced density and biomass of fish relative to open access areas, fully protected areas yielded significantly higher biomass of fish within their boundaries relative to partially protected areas. The positive response to protection was primarily driven by target species. The effects of life history and ecological traits on the response of fish species to fully and partially protected areas were further examined using mixed effects modelling. Fish maximum body size, adult habitat preference and the exploitation status of the species were significantly related to the magnitude of response to full and partial protection. These results highlighted the importance of incorporating species information in the design of new MP As, which ensures that protection is provided at spatial scales relevant to the species in need of conservation. Fishery closed areas, where fishing with bottom-towed gear is prohibited but fishing with static gear is permitted are amongst the commonest examples of MP As in the UK. Underwater camera surveys were conducted at Cardigan Bay Special Area of Conservation (SAC), the Modiolus Box within the Pen Llyn a'r Sarnau SAC, Skomer Marine Nature Reserve and the Port Erin closed area in the Isle of Man to examine the response of epibenthic invertebrate communities to protection from bottom fishing. Benefits from protection were observed for three of these MP As and the magnitude of response was generally higher for the target species such as scallops and for sessile, fragile taxa such as hydroids, bryozoans and sponges. Two key environmental characteristics that influenced the effect of protection were the intensity of fishing at the control unprotected areas and the level of natural disturbance from waves and tides. Overall, the results showed that partially protected areas are a valuable spatial management tool particularly in areas where exclusion of all extractive activities is not a socio- economically and politically viable option. The findings also highlight the importance of considering the physical nature and dynamics of the environment, the nature of the species concerned and past and present level of fishing intensity throughout the designation process of MP As, so as to avoid negative impacts on fisheries and limited conservation benefits.
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Luna, i. Pérez Beatriz. "Anthropic impacts in Mediterranean Marine Protected Areas". Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Alicante, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10045/18846.

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Greenville, Jared. "Marine protected areas a tool for fishery management /". Connect to full text, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1893.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Faculty of Agriculture, Food & Natural Resources, University of Sydney, 2007.
Title from title screen (viewed on August 9, 2007). Includes graphs, tables. Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources. Bibliography: leaves 304-313. Also issued in print.
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Greenville, Jared William. "Marine Protected Areas: A Tool for Fisheries Management". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1893.

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The management of fisheries has progressed over the past century in an attempt to solve the problem of open access. A range of controls, both economic and non-economic in nature, have been used to ration the use of marine resources. Unfortunately, many controls have failed to correct open access problems. Whilst a recent development in fishery control, protected areas defined as an area with a fishery free of extractive pressure, have been put forward as an arrangement which may, in conjunction with other controls, be used to overcome the over-exploitation of marine resources. Marine protected areas have been advocated in areas where other forms of fishery management are impractical or unsuccessful (Sumaila 1998). Arguments for protected area use are based around the heterogeneous nature of fisheries, uncertainties in marine populations and as a hedge strategy to reduce risks of over-exploitation (Conrad 1999a). Through the protection of biodiversity, improving the resilience of the ecosystem, protected areas may mitigate the effects of negative shocks (Ludwig et al. 1993 and Bostford et al. 1997). Further, protected areas have been suggested as a means to manage uncertainty and environmental stochasticity (Grafton and Kompas 2005 and Grafton et al. 2005). The protection of biomass and habitat has the potential to improve fishery returns even when stocks are not overly exploited, with the benefits accruing even from small-sized protected areas (Grafton et al. 2005). The use of marine protected areas as a management tool has resulted from a recognition that it is important to preserve biological habitats as well as stocks. From a societal point of view, the use of protected areas should be evaluated in the context of changes in resource rent and improvements in welfare. As fishery resources are often owned by a common group, usually society, management objectives should be to maximise the return from use of the resources, whether for extractive or non-extractive purposes. Given this decision criterion, protected areas can be evaluated in the sense of opportunity costs and benefits. Protected areas will influence the return from fishery resources through changes in access to fishing grounds, and thus harvest, effort and resource rent. Once a protected area is established, the flow of biomass from the protected area to the remaining fishing ground, may increase biomass, influence the effects of uncertainty and stochasticity, thus effecting mean harvests, effort and resource rent may increase. Changes in resource rent are dependent on other controls. Protected areas are a ‘blunt’ policy instrument, in the sense that they are not an instrument to capture resource rent or change the incentives of fishers. Models of marine protected areas in fisheries vary in complexity, however, a few key elements are necessary in analysing the effects of protected area creation. First, multi-species interactions have the potential to be significant in determining the outcome from a protected area; second, effort expended in the fishery must be dynamic, that is, it must be endogenously determined by the model as fishers will respond to changes in rent brought about through the establishment of a protected area; third, institutional structures that govern the expenditure of effort within a fishery will play an important role in the effectiveness of protected areas in increasing the resource rent of a fishery; and fourth, environmental stochasticity and uncertainty need to be included in the analysis. A stochastic and deterministic model of a predator-prey meta-population fishery was developed to analyse the effects of protected area creation within a fishery. Such a model has not previously been used to analyse protected area creation. The model was analytically solved to find the optimal biomass of each species in an individual patch. This allowed for a comparison of protected areas under a range of management controls ranging from those which led to open access fishing to those which led to an optimal steady-state biomass. The model allowed for linkages between sub-populations based on differing density related flows. Further, due to the linkages between species on both environmental and economic grounds, the effect of protected areas on different groups which target different species could be analysed. The benefits from protected area creation were classified into unique and non-unique benefits. Unique benefits were defined as those which solely flow from the use of a protected area as a tool in fisheries management. Two unique benefits were defined: • Improvements in the resilience of the fishery; and • Reductions in environmental stochasticity. The ability of a protected area to both improve the resilience of the fishery, and smooth fluctuations in environmental stochasticity have been shown to lead to increases in mean resource rent. Thus, protected areas were shown to form part of an optimal fisheries management structure. Generally, the resilience benefits were maximised for small-sized protected areas, whereas the reduced environmental stochasticity benefits were maximised for larger protected areas. The dispersal system between the protected area and the fishing ground affected the unique benefits from protected area creation. Sink-source dispersal increased the unique benefits from protected area creation, as stock movements occurred independently of relative population densities. The independent flow improved the ability of the protected area to hasten the return of the fishery to a steady-state and lessened the variation of harvests in the open fishing grounds. However, in the case where the protected area led to large differences in population densities, and if the area formed a sub-population that was linked to the surrounding fishing ground by density-dependent dispersal, the unique benefits are likely to be greater than under sink-source dispersal. The non-unique benefits were defined as those which could be obtained from other control mechanisms. These benefits were non-unique as they could be achieved from more stringent controls on fisher behaviour. The determinants of the non-unique benefit in terms of dispersal were the same as for the unique benefits. However, the economic conditions of the fishery determined the magnitude of the non-unique benefits. For fisheries with sub-optimal biomass, the unique benefits were greater than those with optimal steady-state biomass. The non-unique benefits identified from protected area creation were: • Changes in biomass towards optimal levels; • Changes in species biomass ratios towards optimal levels; and • Changes in effort towards optimal levels. Protected areas in fisheries may be an optimal policy choice to achieve the non-unique benefits of protected area creation. Protected areas, it has been argued, are a relatively low cost management tool, due to the lower monitoring and enforcement costs. Thus, the use of protected areas offer a solution to the problems of over extraction of fishery resources for lower transaction costs, which may erode the non-unique benefits under different policy instruments. If this is the case, then a protected area larger than is required to maximise the unique benefits of protected area creation could form part of an optimal fisheries management strategy. Whether the protected area is larger or smaller than the size that maximises both the unique and non-unique benefits of protected area creation would depend on the level of transaction costs involved in using alternative policy instruments. Protected areas were found to have distributional effects on the fishery due to changes in the species biomass ratio towards the predator species post protected area creation. The creation of a protected area will have distributional effects on the fishing industry if different fisheries target the different species separately. Fishers targeting predator species are likely to gain from the establishment of a protected area, as now the aggregate level of stocks of this species is greater, leading to both greater unique and non-unique benefits. For fisheries that target prey species, the benefits of protected area creation are lessened. The increased predation within protected area boundaries limited the unique benefits of the protected area. The low cost nature of a protected area will influence the portion of the fishery used for this type of control given an optimal policy programme. If protected areas are relatively low cost in comparison with other controls they should be used relatively more intensely. Further, the use of protected areas may hasten the evolution of fisheries away from open access exploitation towards controls which maximise the value of the fishery. With lower transaction costs, the ability to adopt protected areas over other forms of management is greater, and by doing so, the movement towards optimal exploitation will improve the discounted value of the fishery. The analysis presented in this thesis examined the benefits of protected areas to fisheries. The focus of the study was placed on the benefits to flow to a fishery if a protected area was used as a tool for wild-harvest fisheries management. Marine protected areas also have the potential to generate a range of other benefits, such as recreational values, non-use values, and potential improvements in consumer surplus from fish caught within fisheries that use protected areas. These other benefits would need to be considered when determining whether or not a protected area should be created in a fishery.
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Stevens, Tim, i n/a. "Mapping Benthic Habitats for Representation in Marine Protected Areas". Griffith University. School of Environmental and Applied Science, 2004. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20040303.124815.

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Virtually all marine conservation planning and management models in place or proposed have in common the need for improved scientific rigour in identifying and characterising the marine habitats encompassed. An emerging central theme in the last few years has been the concept of representativeness, or representative systems of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs). The habitat classification and mapping needed to incorporate considerations of representativeness into MPA planning must logically be carried out at the same scale at which management occurs. Management of highly protected areas occurs almost exclusively at local scales or finer, independent of the reservation model or philosophy employed. Moreton Bay, on Australia’s east coast, was selected for studies at the local scale to map and classify macrobenthic habitats. In a site scale (1 km) trial for the major habitat classification study, remote underwater videography was used to map and characterise an unusual assemblage of epibenthic invertebrates on soft sediments. The assemblage included congregations of the comatulid crinoid Zygometra cf. Z. microdiscus (Bell) at densities up to 0.88 individuals.m-2, comparable to those found in coral reef habitats. There was no correlation between the distribution of this species and commonly used abiotic surrogates depth (6 – 18 m), sediment composition and residual current. This site scale trial is the first quantitative assessment of crinoid density and distribution in shallow water soft-sediment environments. The high densities found are significant in terms of the generally accepted picture of shallow-water crinoids as essentially reefal fauna. The findings highlight the conservation benefits of an inclusive approach to marine habitat survey and mapping. Assemblages such as the one described, although they may be of scientific and ecological significance, would have been overlooked by common approaches to marine conservation planning which emphasise highly productive or aesthetically appealing habitats. Most habitat mapping studies rely solely or in part on abiotic surrogates for patterns of biodiversity. The utility of abiotic variables in predicting biological distributions at the local scale (10 km) was tested. Habitat classifications of the same set of 41 sites based on 6 abiotic variables and abundances of 89 taxa and bioturbation indicators were compared using correlation, regression and ordination analyses. The concepts of false homogeneity and false heterogeneity were defined to describe types of errors associated with using abiotic surrogates to construct habitat maps. The best prediction by abiotic surrogates explained less than 30% of the pattern of biological similarity. Errors of false homogeneity were between 20 and 62%, depending on the methods of estimation. Predictive capability of abiotic surrogates at the taxon level was poor, with only 6% of taxon / surrogate correlations significant. These results have implications for the widespread use of abiotic surrogates in marine habitat mapping to plan for, or assess, representation in Marine Protected Areas. Abiotic factors did not discriminate sufficiently between different soft bottom communities to be a reliable basis for mapping. Habitat mapping for the design of Marine Protected Areas is critically affected by the scale of the source information. The relationship between biological similarity of macrobenthos and the distance between sites was investigated at both site and local scales, and for separate biotic groups. There was a significant negative correlation between similarity and distance, in that sites further apart were less similar than sites close together. The relationship, although significant, was quite weak at the site scale. Rank correlograms showed that similarity was high at scales of 10 km or less, and declined markedly with increasing distance. There was evidence of patchiness in the distributions of some biotic groups, especially seagrass and anthozoans, at scales less than 16 km. In other biotic groups there was an essentially monotonic decline in similarity with distance. The spatial agglomeration approach to habitat mapping was valid in the study area. Site spacing of less than 10 km was necessary to capture important components of biological similarity. Site spacing of less than 2.5 km did not appear to be warranted. Macrobenthic habitat types were classified and mapped at 78 sites spaced 5 km apart. The area mapped was about 2,400 km2 and extended from estuarine shallow subtidal waters to offshore areas to the 50 m isobath. Nine habitat types were recognised, with only one on hard substrate. The habitat mapping characterised several habitat types not previously described in the area and located deepwater algal and soft coral reefs not previously reported. Seagrass beds were encountered in several locations where their occurrence was either unknown or had not previously been quantified. The representation of the derived habitat types within an existing marine protected area was assessed. Only two habitat types were represented in highly protected zones, with less than 3% of each included The study represents the most spatially comprehensive survey of epibenthos undertaken in Moreton Bay, with over 40,000 m2 surveyed. Derived habitat maps provide a robust basis for inclusion of representative examples of all habitat types in marine protected area planning in and adjacent to Moreton Bay. The utility of video data to conduct a low-cost habitat survey over a comparatively large area was also demonstrated. The method used has potentially wide application for the survey and design of marine protected areas.
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Pajaro, Marivic Gosamo. "Indicators of effectiveness in community-based marine protected areas". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/17676.

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Despite an expansion of marine protected areas (MPAs), a big gap exists in monitoring and evaluating their effectiveness. In less developed countries such as the Philippines, community-based (CB) MPAs have flourished. This thesis focused on exploring how local communities identify indicators of MPA effectiveness and subsequently monitor and evaluate an MPA. I first examined the process of MPA policy development, and found that global targets may be unknown or meaningless to local communities because of limited localization of international and national policies. In response, I recommend the participation of legitimate multi-level representatives from a network of alliances that can effectively act to harmonize MPA policies. With the active engagement of communities in the central Philippines, I identified sets of indicators and criteria for evaluating CBMPA effectiveness and found they change over time as MPAs and local conditions evolved, e.g., communities associated with younger MPAs preferred the input and output types of indicators while those associated with older MPAs preferred outcome indicators. Changes in community expectations as the MPAs evolve also influenced the criteria for evaluation. Analyses of community indicator development, monitoring and evaluation processes indicated that the strongest determinant of participation was social association among the residents. The highest participation levels were recorded for men and youth. The suite of indicators used did not detect changes in the CBMPAs over two years of tracking. However, the monitoring process resulted in a shift from passive to active participation. During monitoring, community volunteers collected socio-economic data more easily than both enforcement and ecological data in terms of cost, time, skills and social fit. Standardized monitoring and evaluation can be sustained through legislation and institutionalization of management bodies. Also, CBMPA effectiveness indicators need to be developed iteratively to reflect the changing needs and perspectives of local stakeholders. The wider application of the methods and approaches generated from this thesis needs to be explored for other CBMPAs. Such research ensures that the effectiveness of MPA is evaluated. This is significant due to the commitment of countries to report on the progress of their MPAs by 2010, as set by the Convention on Biological Diversity.
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Sultan, Mohammed Akthar Riad. "Marine protected areas in the management of artisanal fisheries". Doctoral thesis, Faculty of Commerce, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/30334.

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This thesis examines spatial patterns of effort by fishers in waters adjoining a marine protected area, and their impacts on the reserve’s ability to reduce the impacts of overfishing. The artisanal fisheries operating near Blue Bay Marine Park, Mauritius, provided case-study data for analysis. Two forms of spatial connectivity were evaluated. The first focused on spillovers of adult and juvenile fish from the MPA. Data on catch and geographical fishing location were collected from a sample of fishers over 12 months. Assessment of spillover gradients using Generalised Linear Models and economic production functions found evidence of spillovers up to 4 km from the MPA. The second connectivity study modelled fishers’ spatial behaviour, using a random utility framework and random parameters logit estimation. Fishers appeared sensitive to the expected catch, its variability, human risk and distance travelled. Expected catch and catch variability were modelled using a Just and Pope production function. The two connectivities were integrated in bioeconomic models to assess the relationship between reserve size, fishing effort and harvests. Using a Beverton and Holt recruitment function, an age-structured bioeconomic model for the dominant target species, Unicorn fish (Naso unicornis), was constructed from the catch data. In the hypothetical case of an initially over-exploited fishery, an inverted-U relationship between fisheries benefits and the Marine Park’s size was observed. No pre-reserve data was available for use as a counterfactual; the model was therefore used to estimate the pre-reserve population. This was then used to assess the performance of the Marine Park in enhancing fish population and biomass. In the light of the findings, the thesis concludes that the extent and magnitude of fishing effort should be considered when debating the placement and size of marine reserve, and proposes a step-wise approach to integrate fishers’ behaviour in the evaluation of existing and new MPAs.
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Stevens, Tim. "Mapping Benthic Habitats for Representation in Marine Protected Areas". Thesis, Griffith University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367557.

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Virtually all marine conservation planning and management models in place or proposed have in common the need for improved scientific rigour in identifying and characterising the marine habitats encompassed. An emerging central theme in the last few years has been the concept of representativeness, or representative systems of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs). The habitat classification and mapping needed to incorporate considerations of representativeness into MPA planning must logically be carried out at the same scale at which management occurs. Management of highly protected areas occurs almost exclusively at local scales or finer, independent of the reservation model or philosophy employed. Moreton Bay, on Australia’s east coast, was selected for studies at the local scale to map and classify macrobenthic habitats. In a site scale (1 km) trial for the major habitat classification study, remote underwater videography was used to map and characterise an unusual assemblage of epibenthic invertebrates on soft sediments. The assemblage included congregations of the comatulid crinoid Zygometra cf. Z. microdiscus (Bell) at densities up to 0.88 individuals.m-2, comparable to those found in coral reef habitats. There was no correlation between the distribution of this species and commonly used abiotic surrogates depth (6 – 18 m), sediment composition and residual current. This site scale trial is the first quantitative assessment of crinoid density and distribution in shallow water soft-sediment environments. The high densities found are significant in terms of the generally accepted picture of shallow-water crinoids as essentially reefal fauna. The findings highlight the conservation benefits of an inclusive approach to marine habitat survey and mapping. Assemblages such as the one described, although they may be of scientific and ecological significance, would have been overlooked by common approaches to marine conservation planning which emphasise highly productive or aesthetically appealing habitats. Most habitat mapping studies rely solely or in part on abiotic surrogates for patterns of biodiversity. The utility of abiotic variables in predicting biological distributions at the local scale (10 km) was tested. Habitat classifications of the same set of 41 sites based on 6 abiotic variables and abundances of 89 taxa and bioturbation indicators were compared using correlation, regression and ordination analyses. The concepts of false homogeneity and false heterogeneity were defined to describe types of errors associated with using abiotic surrogates to construct habitat maps. The best prediction by abiotic surrogates explained less than 30% of the pattern of biological similarity. Errors of false homogeneity were between 20 and 62%, depending on the methods of estimation. Predictive capability of abiotic surrogates at the taxon level was poor, with only 6% of taxon / surrogate correlations significant. These results have implications for the widespread use of abiotic surrogates in marine habitat mapping to plan for, or assess, representation in Marine Protected Areas. Abiotic factors did not discriminate sufficiently between different soft bottom communities to be a reliable basis for mapping. Habitat mapping for the design of Marine Protected Areas is critically affected by the scale of the source information. The relationship between biological similarity of macrobenthos and the distance between sites was investigated at both site and local scales, and for separate biotic groups. There was a significant negative correlation between similarity and distance, in that sites further apart were less similar than sites close together. The relationship, although significant, was quite weak at the site scale. Rank correlograms showed that similarity was high at scales of 10 km or less, and declined markedly with increasing distance. There was evidence of patchiness in the distributions of some biotic groups, especially seagrass and anthozoans, at scales less than 16 km. In other biotic groups there was an essentially monotonic decline in similarity with distance. The spatial agglomeration approach to habitat mapping was valid in the study area. Site spacing of less than 10 km was necessary to capture important components of biological similarity. Site spacing of less than 2.5 km did not appear to be warranted. Macrobenthic habitat types were classified and mapped at 78 sites spaced 5 km apart. The area mapped was about 2,400 km2 and extended from estuarine shallow subtidal waters to offshore areas to the 50 m isobath. Nine habitat types were recognised, with only one on hard substrate. The habitat mapping characterised several habitat types not previously described in the area and located deepwater algal and soft coral reefs not previously reported. Seagrass beds were encountered in several locations where their occurrence was either unknown or had not previously been quantified. The representation of the derived habitat types within an existing marine protected area was assessed. Only two habitat types were represented in highly protected zones, with less than 3% of each included The study represents the most spatially comprehensive survey of epibenthos undertaken in Moreton Bay, with over 40,000 m2 surveyed. Derived habitat maps provide a robust basis for inclusion of representative examples of all habitat types in marine protected area planning in and adjacent to Moreton Bay. The utility of video data to conduct a low-cost habitat survey over a comparatively large area was also demonstrated. The method used has potentially wide application for the survey and design of marine protected areas.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Environmental and Applied Science
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Książki na temat "Marine protected areas"

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Claudet, Joachim, red. Marine Protected Areas. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139049382.

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Gubbay, Susan, red. Marine Protected Areas. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0527-9.

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B, Mayr Floyd, Upton Harold F, Buck Eugene H, Vann Adam, Upton Harold F, Vann Adam i National Marine Protected Areas Center (U.S.), red. Marine protected areas. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 2009.

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Upton, Harold F. (Harold Frank), Buck Eugene H, Vann Adam, Upton, Harold F. (Harold Frank), Vann Adam i National Marine Protected Areas Center (U.S.), red. Marine protected areas. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 2009.

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B, Mayr Floyd, Upton Harold F, Buck Eugene H, Vann Adam, Upton Harold F, Vann Adam i National Marine Protected Areas Center (U.S.), red. Marine protected areas. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 2009.

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California Sea Grant College System. i University of California, Santa Barbara. Dept. of Geography. Remote Sensing Unit., red. California marine protected areas. La Jolla, Calif: California Sea Grant College System, University of California, 1997.

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Kelleher, Graeme, i Adrian Phillips, red. Guidelines For Marine Protected Areas. IUCN Publications Services Unit, 219c Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 ODL, United Kingdom: IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/iucn.ch.1999.pag.3.en.

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Goriup, Paul D., red. Management of Marine Protected Areas. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119075806.

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Graeme, Kelleher, i IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas, red. Guidelines for marine protected areas. Cambridge, UK: IUCN, the World Conservation Union, 1999.

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Caveen, Alex, Nick Polunin, Tim Gray i Selina Marguerite Stead. The Controversy over Marine Protected Areas. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10957-2.

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Części książek na temat "Marine protected areas"

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Makino, Mitsutaku. "Marine Protected Areas". W Fisheries Management in Japan, 115–30. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1777-0_7.

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Caselle, Jennifer. "Marine Protected Areas". W Coastal and Marine Environments, 217–20. Second edition. | Boca Raton: CRC Press, [2020] | Revised edition of: Encyclopedia of natural resources. [2014].: CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429441004-24.

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Techera, Erika. "Marine protected areas". W International Marine Environmental Law and Policy, 153–72. Abingdon, Oxon [UK] ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2018.: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315624921-9.

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Harris, Jean M., i Amanda T. Lombard. "Marine Protected Areas". W The Ocean and Us, 229–37. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10812-9_21.

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Kaza, Stephanie. "Marine education and interpretation". W Marine Protected Areas, 174–98. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0527-9_9.

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Gubbay, Susan. "Marine protected areas — past, present and future". W Marine Protected Areas, 1–14. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0527-9_1.

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Gubbay, Susan, i Sarah Welton. "The voluntary approach to conservation of marine areas". W Marine Protected Areas, 199–227. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0527-9_10.

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Salm, Rod, i Andrew Price. "Selection of marine protected areas". W Marine Protected Areas, 15–31. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0527-9_2.

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Gibson, John, i Lynda Warren. "Legislative requirements". W Marine Protected Areas, 32–60. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0527-9_3.

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Wells, Susan, i Alan T. White. "Involving the community". W Marine Protected Areas, 61–84. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0527-9_4.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Marine protected areas"

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Matsuda, Hiroyuki, Yuta Takemoto i Toshio Katsukawa. "Design and evaluation of offshore marine protected areas". W 2016 Techno-Ocean (Techno-Ocean). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/techno-ocean.2016.7890626.

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Ryan Enright, Sarah. "The Regulatory Framework for Marine Protected Areas in Ireland". W OCEANS 2023 - Limerick. IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/oceanslimerick52467.2023.10244656.

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Begovic, Ermina, i Carlo Bertorello. "Zero emission sustainable craft for coastal Marine Protected Areas". W 2016 AEIT International Annual Conference (AEIT). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/aeit.2016.7892783.

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Kemsley, Angela, i Cory Pukini. "Marine Protected Area Watch and Marine Monitor (M2) RADAR Technology: Case Studies in Anthropogenic Use Monitoring in California’s Marine Protected Areas". W OCEANS 2021: San Diego – Porto. IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/oceans44145.2021.9705745.

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Kostianoy, A. G., C. Ambjorn i D. M. Soloviev. "Seatrack Web: A numerical tool to protect the Baltic Sea marine protected areas". W 2008 IEEE/OES US/EU-Baltic International Symposium (BALTIC). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/baltic.2008.4625487.

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Todorut, Amalia Venera. "MARINE PROTECTED AREAS � AN ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC TOOL FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN COASTAL AREAS". W 13th SGEM GeoConference on ECOLOGY, ECONOMICS, EDUCATION AND LEGISLATION. Stef92 Technology, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2013/be5.v2/s21.026.

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Shokri, Mohammad Reza, William Gladstone i Andrew Kepert. "Selection of Marine Protected Areas for conserving estuaries using surrogate approach". W Oceans 2007. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/oceans.2007.4449397.

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Zelenke, Brian, Mark A. Moline, Greg B. Crawford, Newell Garfield, Burt H. Jones, John L. Largier, Jeffrey D. Paduan, Steven R. Ramp, Eric J. Terrill i Libe Washburn. "Evaluating connectivity between marine protected areas using CODAR high-frequency radar". W OCEANS 2009. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/oceans.2009.5422272.

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Mutiso, Diana, Behnaz Arabi i Jelvas Mwaura. "Monitoring coral reefs in Kenyan marine protected areas using remote sensing observations". W Remote Sensing of the Ocean, Sea Ice, Coastal Waters, and Large Water Regions 2023, redaktorzy Charles R. Bostater i Xavier Neyt. SPIE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2684085.

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"Governance of Marine Protected Areas: Between Protection of Biodiversity and Local Development". W 2021 European International Conferences. Excellence in Research & Innovation (EIRAI), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17758/eirai11.ed08211014.

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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Marine protected areas"

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Cooley, Hazel, i Jonathan Wentworth. Marine Protected Areas and Highly Protected Marine Areas. Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology, czerwiec 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.58248/pn698.

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Agardy, Tundi, i Francis Staub. Marine Protected Areas (Ukrainian). American Museum of Natural History, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5531/cbc.ncep.0074.

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Rising, James, i Geoffrey Heal. Global Benefits of Marine Protected Areas. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, marzec 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w19982.

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Solomon, S. M. The mineral potential of the proposed Mackenzie Delta marine protected areas. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/214837.

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Price, Roz. Socio-economic Factors Impacting Marine Protected Areas in the Eastern Tropical Pacific Marine Corridor (CMAR) Region. Institute of Development Studies, czerwiec 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.107.

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This rapid review explores socio-economic and political issues that may affect the effectiveness of the Eastern Tropical Pacific Marine Corridor (CMAR). It specifically focuses on key socioeconomic and governance issues around marine protected areas (MPAs) and exclusive economic zones (EEZs) of Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador and Panama based in the Eastern Tropical Pacific ocean. Research highlights the importance of understanding perceptions and context in environmental governance analyses and practice (Partelow, Jäger & Schlüter, 2021); and MPAs are increasingly recognised as being embedded in social-ecological systems, where human dimensions (e.g., social, economic, cultural, political, and institutional) interact with ecological characteristics (Burbano & Meredith, 2020, p.2). How do you define the effectiveness of an MPA is another key question to consider (but not explored in detail in this review). Bearing in mind that most MPAs have multiple objectives, including non-biological, which highlights the need for the development and adoption of standardised effectiveness metrics beyond biological considerations to measure factors contributing to their success or failure (Giakoumi et al., 2018). For example, there are growing calls for marine conservation success to move beyond area coverage to include a broader set of metrics related to the effective and equitable management of the marine environment (see Bennett et al., 2021). Hence, the more information the better when establishing integrated, well-designed and connected MPAs – for example, the more information on a sea area, the coastal populations and their socio-ecological relationships, the better stressors, systemic impacts and inter-annual variabilities can be identified, and the more effective protection can be developed (Relano, Palomares & Pauly, 2021, p.13).
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Rosemarin, Arno, Guoyi Han, Matilda Gunnarsson, Karina Barquet i Elin Leander. Opportunities for applying spatial management approaches in the Antarctic marine space. Stockholm Environment Institute, czerwiec 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.51414/sei2023.039.

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This paper takes both historical and future-oriented perspectives to explore the Commission on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) as an integral part of the Antarctic Treaty system (ATS), its accomplishments, current challenges and possible future pathways, with a focus on area-based marine management approaches including marine protected areas (MPAs).
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Gosnell, J. Stephen, Minkyung Lee i Will McClintock. Building Marine Reserve Networks to Fit Multiple Needs: An Introduction to Marine Spatial Planning Using SeaSketch. American Museum of Natural History, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5531/cbc.ncep.0135.

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Marine spatial planning is growing in use as a tool to aid management efforts in coastal and ocean systems. In this exercise, we briefly review the history and rationale behind marine spatial planning and consider its relationship to and use in ecosystem-based management. We then outline an activity that introduces students to marine spatial planning through the use of SeaSketch (http://training-barbuda.seasketch.org). SeaSketch is a web-based program that allows users to create, analyze, and compare how marine protected areas and networks contribute to achieving conservation goals. Building on the use of SeaSketch to engage stakeholders in the creation of reserve networks off the island of Barbuda, students use a SeaSketch training environment to create networks of marine protected areas that meet habitat protection goals and consider how these networks impact local species and human fishing value. After creating and analyzing individual networks, students engage in small- and large-group discussions to consider and compare alternative plans and decide on final choices. At each of these levels, students can compare their chosen plans to the zoning regulations that were approved in Barbuda. A supplementary PowerPoint presentation accompanies the exercise.
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Cunningham, Samantha K., Joleah B. Lamb i Karina Murillo. Managing Marine Seascapes Through Community-based Conservation. American Museum of Natural History, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5531/cbc.ncep.0003.

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In this multi-component exercise, you have been recruited as community scientists to analyze real-world data collected in Vatu-i-Ra Seascape using non-destructive diver operated video (DOV) methods. These videos were previously collected by the Wildlife Conservation Society in collaboration with local divers in Fiji. Students will quantitatively analyze and use this data to assess the fisheries management efficacy of tabu areas—a traditional Fijian approach to create no-take, Marine Protected Areas—as a method of promoting marine biodiversity and improving overall ecosystem health using metrics such as fish abundance and coral reef complexity. During this exercise you will also learn about the importance and cultural significance of tabu areas in relation to ecosystem health and human livelihoods. You will be directed on how to visualize the results and summarize their conclusions through a written report in the style of a scientific journal article. In the discussion section of your scientific journal article, you are encouraged to critically think about study limitations and discuss future research directions to expand the project.
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Börjesson, Patrik, Maria Eggertsen, Lachlan Fetterplace, Ann-Britt Florin, Ronny Fredriksson, Susanna Fredriksson, Patrik Kraufvelin i in. Long-term effects of no-take zones in Swedish waters. Redaktorzy Ulf Bergström, Charlotte Berkström i Mattias Sköld. Department of Aquatic Resources, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54612/a.10da2mgf51.

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Marine protected areas (MPAs) are increasingly established worldwide to protect and restore degraded ecosystems. However, the level of protection varies among MPAs and has been found to affect the outcome of the closure. In no-take zones (NTZs), no fishing or extraction of marine organisms is allowed. The EU Commission recently committed to protect 30% of European waters by 2030 through the updated Biodiversity Strategy. Importantly, one third of these 30% should be of strict protection. Exactly what is meant by strict protection is not entirely clear, but fishing would likely have to be fully or largely prohibited in these areas. This new target for strictly protected areas highlights the need to evaluate the ecological effects of NTZs, particularly in regions like northern Europe where such evaluations are scarce. The Swedish NTZs made up approximately two thirds of the total areal extent of NTZs in Europe a decade ago. Given that these areas have been closed for at least 10 years and can provide insights into long-term effects of NTZs on fish and ecosystems, they are of broad interest in light of the new 10% strict protection by 2030 commitment by EU member states. In total, eight NTZs in Swedish coastal and offshore waters were evaluated in the current report, with respect to primarily the responses of focal species for the conservation measure, but in some of the areas also ecosystem responses. Five of the NTZs were established in 2009-2011, as part of a government commission, while the other three had been established earlier. The results of the evaluations are presented in a synthesis and also in separate, more detailed chapters for each of the eight NTZs. Overall, the results suggest that NTZs can increase abundances and biomasses of fish and decapod crustaceans, given that the closed areas are strategically placed and of an appropriate size in relation to the life cycle of the focal species. A meta-regression of the effects on focal species of the NTZs showed that CPUE was on average 2.6 times higher after three years of protection, and 3.8 times higher than in the fished reference areas after six years of protection. The proportion of old and large individuals increased in most NTZs, and thereby also the reproductive potential of populations. The increase in abundance of large predatory fish also likely contributed to restoring ecosystem functions, such as top-down control. These effects appeared after a 5-year period and in many cases remained and continued to increase in the longer term (>10 years). In the two areas where cod was the focal species of the NTZs, positive responses were weak, likely as an effect of long-term past, and in the Kattegat still present, recruitment overfishing. In the Baltic Sea, predation by grey seal and cormorant was in some cases so high that it likely counteracted the positive effects of removing fisheries and led to stock declines in the NTZs. In most cases, the introduction of the NTZs has likely decreased the total fishing effort rather than displacing it to adjacent areas. In the Kattegat NTZ, however, the purpose was explicitly to displace an unselective coastal mixed bottom-trawl fishery targeting Norway lobster and flatfish to areas where the bycatches of mature cod were smaller. In two areas that were reopened to fishing after 5 years, the positive effects of the NTZs on fish stocks eroded quickly to pre-closure levels despite that the areas remained closed during the spawning period, highlighting that permanent closures may be necessary to maintain positive effects. We conclude from the Swedish case studies that NTZs may well function as a complement to other fisheries management measures, such as catch, effort and gear regulations. The experiences from the current evaluation show that NTZs can be an important tool for fisheries management especially for local coastal fish populations and areas with mixed fisheries, as well as in cases where there is a need to counteract adverse ecosystem effects of fishing. NTZs are also needed as reference for marine environmental management, and for understanding the effects of fishing on fish populations and other ecosystem components in relation to other pressures. MPAs where the protection of both fish and their habitats is combined may be an important instrument for ecosystembased management, where the recovery of large predatory fish may lead to a restoration of important ecosystem functions and contribute to improving decayed habitats. With the new Biodiversity Strategy, EUs level of ambition for marine conservation increases significantly, with the goal of 30% of coastal and marine waters protected by 2030, and, importantly, one third of these areas being strictly protected. From a conservation perspective, rare, sensitive and/or charismatic species or habitats are often in focus when designating MPAs, and displacement of fisheries is then considered an unwanted side effect. However, if the establishment of strictly protected areas also aims to rebuild fish stocks, these MPAs should be placed in heavily fished areas and designed to protect depleted populations by accounting for their home ranges to generate positive outcomes. Thus, extensive displacement of fisheries is required to reach benefits for depleted populations, and need to be accounted for e.g. by specific regulations outside the strictly protected areas. These new extensive EU goals for MPA establishment pose a challenge for management, but at the same time offer an opportunity to bridge the current gap between conservation and fisheries management.
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Lausche, Barbara, Aaron Laur i Mary Collins. Marine Connectivity Conservation Rules of Thumb for MPA and MPA Network Design. IUCN WCPA Connectivity Conservation Specialist Group’s Marine Connectivity Working Group, sierpień 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53847/jxqa6585.

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Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are widely used as place-based protective measures for restoring and safeguarding marine biodiversity. When ecological connectivity is taken into account during design and management, the results can lead to more effective and resilient MPAs and MPA networks. This publication provides 13 ‘Rules of Thumb’ to support more consistent efforts by MPA managers and marine conservation professionals to implement connectivity conservation and better measure progress towards global conservation targets. These purpose-built tools are intended to inform more effective management and protection of oceans and coasts by covering a diversity of science and policy issues. They can also be used to progress system-based marine conservation as an essential component of national, transboundary, and global policies that establish greater connectivity across borders and at larger scales.
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