Artykuły w czasopismach: „Marine fouling organisms”

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Cao, Zhimin, i Pan Cao. "Research Progress on Low-Surface-Energy Antifouling Coatings for Ship Hulls: A Review". Biomimetics 8, nr 6 (21.10.2023): 502. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics8060502.

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The adhesion of marine-fouling organisms to ships significantly increases the hull surface resistance and expedites hull material corrosion. This review delves into the marine biofouling mechanism on marine material surfaces, analyzing the fouling organism adhesion process on hull surfaces and common desorption methods. It highlights the crucial role played by surface energy in antifouling and drag reduction on hulls. The paper primarily concentrates on low-surface-energy antifouling coatings, such as organic silicon and organic fluorine, for ship hull antifouling and drag reduction. Furthermore, it explores the antifouling mechanisms of silicon-based and fluorine-based low-surface-energy antifouling coatings, elucidating their respective advantages and limitations in real-world applications. This review also investigates the antifouling effectiveness of bionic microstructures based on the self-cleaning abilities of natural organisms. It provides a thorough analysis of antifouling and drag reduction theories and preparation methods linked to marine organism surface microstructures, while also clarifying the relationship between microstructure surface antifouling and surface hydrophobicity. Furthermore, it reviews the impact of antibacterial agents, especially antibacterial peptides, on fouling organisms’ adhesion to substrate surfaces and compares the differing effects of surface structure and substances on ship surface antifouling. The paper outlines the potential applications and future directions for low-surface-energy antifouling coating technology.

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Sell, David. "Marine fouling". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biological Sciences 100 (1992): 169–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026972700001112x.

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SynopsisA comparison of macrofouling assemblages on offshore structures in the North Sea has revealed some similarity in their general characteristics, with a predominance in climax communities of relatively few species, such as the plumose anemone Metridium senile (L.) and the soft coral Alcyonium digitatum L., covering large proportions of the substratum. Specific geographical differences in community composition, diversity and successional development have been identified, however, and these are discussed in relation to environmental conditions and larval dispersal. In practical terms, the conservation of offshore fouling communities depends upon the fates of structures supporting these assemblages. Since the U.K.'s approach to platform decommissioning could ultimately involve the in situ toppling of structures in sea depths greater than 100 m, there would appear to be little threat to the long-term existence of offshore habitats for deep-water fouling assemblages. Moreover, an abundance of largely uninvestigated habitats for fouling organisms exists on submerged wrecks and other man-made structures. Thus, there appears to be no basis for a conservation requirement in relation to the fouling communities on fixed structures in the North Sea.

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Nguyen, Xuan Thai, Phi Hung Dao, Thuy Chinh Nguyen, Anh Hiep Nguyen, Minh Quan Pham, Huu Nghi Do, Cong Thung Do, Van Quan Nguyen i Hoang Thai. "Assessing the Antifouling Effectiveness of the Novel Organic Coating for Adherent Species in the Seawater of the coastal area of Ha Long City, Quang Ninh Province (Vietnam)". Vietnam Journal of Marine Science and Technology 24, nr 2 (21.05.2024): 195–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/1859-3097/18436.

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This paper presents the results of a 12-month testing period in seawater at Vung Oan, Ha Long City marine area, Quang Ninh Province (Vietnam), assessing the fouling organism’s removal effectiveness of polysiloxane (PS)/Ag-Zn zeolite/Cu2O nanocomposite coatings. This experiment is a substantial base to evaluate impact of Ag-Zn/zeolite and Cu2O nanoparticles (NPs) on growth of bacteria and macro-fouling organisms compared to a control coating without the above additives. The results indicated that the coating loaded with Ag-Zn/zeolite and Cu2O NPs exhibited a lower bacterial count than the coating without biocide additives. Specifically, the bacterial count was 9.6 × 105 for the coating with biocide and 2 × 107 for the coating without biocide. Regarding macro-fouling species, the analysis and identification of organisms attached to the coating samples revealed the presence of three fouling species: Perna viridis, Balanus amphitrite, and Haliclona cinerea. Modiolus barbatus, Nereis sp., and Xanthidae were only observed on surface of the control samples, suggesting that Ag-Zn/zeolite and Cu2O NPs can impede the development of Modiolus barbatus, Nereis sp., and Xanthidae on the coating surface. Furthermore, the average weight of macro-fouling organisms on the coating containing Ag-Zn/zeolite and Cu2O NPs was significantly lower (90 g/sample) than that of the macro-fouling organisms on the control coating (333 g/sample). Notably, one of the three samples with the Ag-Zn/zeolite and Cu2O NPs had the lowest weight of macro-fouling organisms, measuring only 35 g. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that polysiloxane/Ag-Zn/zeolite/Cu2O nanocomposite coatings show promise as antifouling paints for marine work applications.

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NAITO, Masanobu. "Functional Materials that Mimic Marine Fouling Organisms". Journal of the Japan Society of Colour Material 87, nr 1 (2014): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4011/shikizai.87.13.

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RAMADAN, SH E., A. M. KHEIRALLAH i KH M. ABDEL-SALAM. "Factors controlling marine fouling in some Alexandria Harbours, Egypt". Mediterranean Marine Science 7, nr 2 (1.12.2006): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.168.

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The present work aims to relate the settlement of marine fouling organisms in three different harbours in Alexandria city which present a wide range of ecological/environmental variations. Theses are the Abu Qir, Eastern and El-Dekheila harbours. Monthly samples of marine fouling were collected from the three harbours by using white roughened polystyrene test panels (12.5x12.5 cm), as well as physicochemical, chemical and other biological data. Results were treated with multivariate statistical analysis (PCA). At the Abu Qir harbour, it was found that water temperature and salinity are the most important environmental factors controlling the temporal distribution of total fouling density, whereas water temperature and chlorophyll a are the most significant environmental factors controlling the total biomass. At the Eastern harbour it was demonstrated that ammonia and phosphate are the most significant environmental factors controlling the temporal distribution and total biomass of fouling organisms. Concerning El-Dekheila harbour, the total density and total biomass of fouling organisms were inversely correlated with the total zooplankton.

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Yang, Jian Xin, Cheng Hang You, Xiang Hui Wang i Qiang Lin. "The Synthesis and Bioactivities of 2-Hydroxyethyl Benzo[d] Isothiazole-3(2H)-One Marine Antifouling Paints". Advanced Materials Research 646 (styczeń 2013): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.646.24.

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Twenty-one novel compounds were synthesized from the benzo[d]isothiazole-3(2H)-one and aromatic acid, the structures were identified by means of 1H NMR, IR, EA. The intro antibacterial experiment was carried out to evaluate the activities against antibacterial and the marine hanging plate experiment was also carried out to evaluate the activities against marine fouling organism. The results showed that all the compounds were active against the six bacterials, with an inhibiting rate of 90% at the concentration of 32 µg/ml against Gram-positive bacterials, and the antifouling paints couldn’t be attached by marine fouling organisms in the marine environment for more than 3 months.

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Key, Marcus M., Gregory A. Schumacher, Loren E. Babcock, Robert C. Frey, William P. Heimbrock, Stephen H. Felton, Dan L. Cooper, Walter B. Gibson, Debbie G. Scheid i Sylvester A. Schumacher. "Paleoecology of commensal epizoans fouling Flexicalymene (Trilobita) from the Upper Ordovician, Cincinnati Arch region, USA". Journal of Paleontology 84, nr 6 (listopad 2010): 1121–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/10-018.1.

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Commensal epizoozoans and episkeletozoans are rarely preserved attached to the external exoskeleton of the Late Ordovician trilobite Flexicalymene. Of nearly 15,000 Flexicalymene specimens examined, 0.1% show epizoozoans or episkeletozoans. Factors limiting Flexicalymene fouling include a shallow burrowing life style, frequent molting of the host, larval preference for other substrates, observational bias caused by overlooking small fouling organisms, and the loss of the non-calcified, outermost cuticle prior to fossilization or as the trilobite weathers from the encasing sediment. Trepostome bryozoans, articulate and inarticulate brachiopods, cornulitids, and a tube-dwelling/boring nonbiomineralized organism represent the preserved members of the Late Ordovician marine hard substrate community fouling Flexicalymene. This assemblage of organisms is less diverse than the hard substrate community fouling Late Ordovician sessile epibenthic organisms. Fouling is not restricted to only large Flexicalymene specimens as observed in previous studies but occurs in medium to large individuals interpreted as early to late holaspid specimens.Epizoozoans fouling the carcasses or molt ensembles of 16 Flexicalymene specimens provide insight into the life habits of the host and these fouling organisms. Trepostome bryozoans, articulate and inarticulate brachiopods, and cornulitids preferentially attached to elevated portions of the dorsal exoskeleton, and preferentially aligned in either the direct line or lee side of currents generated by Flexicalymene walking on the sea floor or swimming through the water column.

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Tadros, A. B. "The role of marine organisms in fouling control". Pigment & Resin Technology 18, nr 7 (lipiec 1989): 4–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb042623.

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Bauer, S., M. Alles, M. P. Arpa-Sancet, E. Ralston, G. W. Swain, N. Aldred, A. S. Clare i in. "Resistance of Amphiphilic Polysaccharides against Marine Fouling Organisms". Biomacromolecules 17, nr 3 (luty 2016): 897–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.5b01590.

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Egan, Suhelen, Sally James i Staffan Kjelleberg. "Identification and Characterization of a Putative Transcriptional Regulator Controlling the Expression of Fouling Inhibitors in Pseudoalteromonas tunicata". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68, nr 1 (styczeń 2002): 372–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.68.1.372-378.2002.

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ABSTRACT The dark green pigmented marine bacterium Pseudoalteromonas tunicata colonizes living surfaces and produces a range of extracellular compounds that inhibit common fouling organisms, including marine invertebrate larvae, algae, bacteria, and fungi. We have observed a positive correlation between the antifouling activity of P. tunicata strain D2 and the expression of pigmentation. To address the hypothesis that pigmentation and antifouling may be jointly regulated in this organism and to begin to identify potential regulatory elements, we used transposon mutagenesis to generate a strain of P. tunicata deficient in antifouling activity. The data presented here describe the phenotypic and molecular characterization of a nonpigmented transposon mutant strain of P. tunicata (D2W2). Analyses of the antifouling capabilities of D2W2 demonstrate that this strain is deficient in the ability to inhibit each of the target fouling organisms. Genetic analysis of D2W2 identified a gene, designated wmpR (white mutant phenotype), with high sequence similarity to transcriptional regulators ToxR from Vibrio cholerae and CadC from Escherichia coli. Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis revealed that WmpR is essential for the expression of a significant subset of stationary-phase-induced proteins likely to be important for the synthesis of fouling inhibitors. The identification of a gene involved in the regulation of expression of antifouling phenotypes will contribute to the understanding of the interactions between bacteria and other surface-colonizing organisms in the marine environment.

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Pistone, Alessandro, Cristina Scolaro i Annamaria Visco. "Mechanical Properties of Protective Coatings against Marine Fouling: A Review". Polymers 13, nr 2 (6.01.2021): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13020173.

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The accumulation of marine organisms on ship hulls, such as microorganisms, barnacles, and seaweeds, represents a global problem for maritime industries, with both economic and environmental costs. The use of biocide-containing paints poses a serious threat to marine ecosystems, affecting both target and non-target organisms driving science and technology towards non-biocidal solutions based on physico-chemical and materials properties of coatings. The review reports recent development of hydrophobic protective coatings in terms of mechanical properties, correlated with the wet ability features. The attention is focused mainly on coatings based on siloxane and epoxy resin due to the wide application fields of such systems in the marine industry. Polyurethane and other systems have been considered as well. These coatings for anti-fouling applications needs to be both long-term mechanically stable, perfectly adherent with the metallic/composite substrate, and capable to detach/destroy the fouling organism. Prospects should focus on developing even “greener” antifouling coatings solutions. These coatings should also be readily addressable to industrial scale-up for large-scale product distribution, possibly at a reasonable cost.

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Rao, Dhana, Jeremy S. Webb, Carola Holmström, Rebecca Case, Adrian Low, Peter Steinberg i Staffan Kjelleberg. "Low Densities of Epiphytic Bacteria from the Marine Alga Ulva australis Inhibit Settlement of Fouling Organisms". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73, nr 24 (26.10.2007): 7844–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01543-07.

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ABSTRACT Bacteria that produce inhibitory compounds on the surface of marine algae are thought to contribute to the defense of the host plant against colonization of fouling organisms. However, the number of bacterial cells necessary to defend against fouling on the plant surface is not known. Pseudoalteromonas tunicata and Phaeobacter sp. strain 2.10 (formerly Roseobacter gallaeciensis) are marine bacteria often found in association with the alga Ulva australis and produce a range of extracellular inhibitory compounds against common fouling organisms. P. tunicata and Phaeobacter sp. strain 2.10 biofilms with cell densities ranging from 102 to 108 cells cm−2 were established on polystyrene petri dishes. Attachment and settlement assays were performed with marine fungi (uncharacterized isolates from U. australis), marine bacteria (Pseudoalteromonas gracilis, Alteromonas sp., and Cellulophaga fucicola), invertebrate larvae (Bugula neritina), and algal spores (Polysiphonia sp.) and gametes (U. australis). Remarkably low cell densities (102 to 103 cells cm−2) of P. tunicata were effective in preventing settlement of algal spores and marine fungi in petri dishes. P. tunicata also prevented settlement of invertebrate larvae at densities of 104 to 105 cells cm−2. Similarly, low cell densities (103 to 104cells cm−2) of Phaeobacter sp. strain 2.10 had antilarval and antibacterial activity. Previously, it has been shown that abundance of P. tunicata on marine eukaryotic hosts is low (<1 × 103 cells cm−2) (T. L. Skovhus et al., Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70:2373-2382, 2004). Despite such low numbers of P. tunicata on U. australis in situ, our data suggest that P. tunicata and Phaeobacter sp. strain 2.10 are present in sufficient quantities on the plant to inhibit fouling organisms. This strongly supports the hypothesis that P. tunicata and Phaeobacter sp. strain 2.10 can play a role in defense against fouling on U. australis at cell densities that commonly occur in situ.

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Puentes, C., K. Carreño, M. Santos-Acevedo, J. Gómez-León, M. García, M. Pérez, M. Stupak i G. Blustein. "Anti-fouling Paints Based on Extracts of Marine Organisms from The Colombian Caribbean". Ciencia y tecnología de buques 8, nr 15 (20.07.2014): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.25043/19098642.105.

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Habitually, control of biological fouling includes application of paints containing toxic substances that end upcontaminating marine ecosystem. Many organisms prevent settlement of other species synthesizing secondarymetabolites that could be used in the elaboration of environmentally friendly anti-fouling paints. This work evaluated the behavior of anti-fouling paints based on extracts from marine invertebrates in the ColombianCaribbean: Agelas tubulata, Myrmekioderma gyroderma, Oceanapia peltata, Aplysina lacunosa, Neopetrosia próxima,and Holothuria glaberrima. The painted panels were submerged in the port of Mar del Plata (Argentina); after 90 days in the sea signi!cant differences were registered in the total coverage between the painted panels andthe controls (p<0.05). The results obtained represent important progress toward using natural compounds incontrolling encrustations.

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PEREIRA, R. C., A. G. V. CARVALHO, B. A. P. GAMA i R. COUTINHO. "Field experimental evaluation of secondary metabolites from marine invertebrates as antifoulants". Brazilian Journal of Biology 62, nr 2 (maj 2002): 311–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842002000200015.

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The crude organic extracts of the endemic gorgonian Phyllogorgia dilatata and two sponge species Aplysina fulva and Mycale microsigmatosa were evaluated for anti-fouling properties through field experiments. To investigate this property in ecologically meaningful conditions, crude extracts from these invertebrates were incorporated at concentrations naturally found in these marine organisms into a stable gel used as a substratum for fouling settlement. Crude extract from A. fulva showed no significant anti-fouling property at the natural concentrations used in the field experiments. In fact, fouling organisms settled significantly more on gels treated with A. fulva extract than on the control gel. On the other hand, both M. microsigmatosa and P. dilatata yielded crude extracts that exhibited a selective action inhibiting only the settlement of barnacles. The evidences obtained here by means of field experiments can provide a basis for future development of one kind of natural antifoulant technology to prevent marine biofouling.

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Maksim, Karpenko, Karpenko Alexander i Odintsov Vyacheslav. "Possible anti-fouling effect of polyenes in molluscs shell". Annals of Limnology and Oceanography 9, nr 1 (10.01.2024): 001–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.17352/alo.000015.

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Polyenes were analysed in two species of marine gastropods (the periwinkles Littorina brevicula and Littorina mandshurica) and two species of marine bivalves (the mussels Mytilus trossulus and Crenomytilus grayanus) to determine the relationship of these compounds with the fouling of molluscs shell. It was found that the shells of the Littorina gastropods and M. trossulus, which are rarely overgrown by fouling organisms in nature, contained polyenes. In rare cases of fouling by Balanus barnacles, there were no polyenes at the sites of their attachment on the shells. Polyenes were not found in the shells of C. grayanus, which are often prone to fouling. The role of polyenes in the possible anti-fouling properties of molluscan shells is discussed.

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G. Petitbois, Julie, i Tatsufumi Okino. "Anti-fouling Effects of Natural Compounds from Marine Organisms". Marine Engineering 52, nr 1 (2017): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5988/jime.52.33.

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Ohba, Tadahiko, Hidetoshi Wusui, Takahiro Kajiyama, Satoshi Iwata i Morihiko Kuwa. "Anti-fouling of Marine Organisms Adhesion by Zinc Anode". Zairyo-to-Kankyo 50, nr 6 (2001): 279–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3323/jcorr1991.50.279.

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Low, Koh Lip, Hong Woo Khoo i Lip Lin Koh. "Ecology of marine fouling organisms at Eastern Johore Strait". Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 19, nr 1-3 (1991): 319–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00401321.

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Chen, Rongrong, Yakun Li, Liang Tang, Haocheng Yang, Zetong Lu, Jun Wang, Lianhe Liu i Kazunobu Takahashi. "Synthesis of zinc-based acrylate copolymers and their marine antifouling application". RSC Advances 7, nr 63 (2017): 40020–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ra04840h.

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Jolkifli, Hjh Zuliza Hj, i Ranimah H. A. Wahab. "Plate Settlement: Determination of Fouling Organisms in Brunei". ASEAN Journal on Science and Technology for Development 35, nr 1-2 (15.09.2018): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.29037/ajstd.467.

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Shipping is considered a primary vector of biological invasion. Hull fouling is recognized as one of the common vectors involved in the translocation of marine pests that may have deleterious impacts to ecology and economy. In an effort to understand the fouling communities within Brunei waters and as an early attempt to obtain baseline data, PVC plates were deployed at a depth of 1 meter, checked for taxa composition and replaced with new plates monthly and quarterly over a period of one year. The Caribbean bivalve Mytilopsis sallei was absent throughout the period of study, and plates were mainly colonized by native fouling species and silt. Nevertheless, further verification on the absence of Invasive Alien Species (IAS) is still required. This study summarizes the improved methods of analysis for better control and management in order to impede the incursion or invasion of undesirable species.

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Hu, Jiayu, Shiyin Huang, Yinchen Wang i Xingkang Chen. "Bio-inspired surfaces for resisting marine fouling". Applied and Computational Engineering 7, nr 1 (21.07.2023): 583–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2755-2721/7/20230491.

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As a global problem, marine fouling has always been a challenge that mankind must face. The surface structure of many organisms in nature provides researchers with ideas on reducing or even eliminating marine fouling. Based on the different antifouling surfaces that exist in nature, researchers have thus far created six broad categories of antifouling methods that are now widely used. This paper analyzes how various widely used antifouling methods are biologically inspired and how they work. Additionally, potential antifouling methods are proposed based on other biological antifouling surfaces in nature.

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Hu, Jiezhen, Peilin Wang, Peichang Deng, Baoyu Geng, Junhao Zeng i Xin Hu. "A Study of the EH36 Surface Sediment Layer under Joint Protection from Seawater Electrolysis Antifouling and Impressed Current Cathode Protection (ICCP) in a Marine Environment". Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 12, nr 7 (10.07.2024): 1155. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse12071155.

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A joint protection device for seawater electrolysis antifouling and ICCP was constructed, and comparative experiments were conducted to study the composition of the EH36 surface deposition layer under joint protection in a marine environment. Surface morphology analysis, energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) imaging analysis, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) composition analysis were performed on the surface deposition layers of the experimental samples. The experimental results showed that under joint protection, a sedimentary layer was rapidly formed on the surface of EH36 to isolate the seawater medium, and this layer was mainly composed of Mg(OH)2 and a small amount of CaCO3. There was no corrosion on the surface of the EH36 substrate. When only ICCP was used, a relatively thin layer of calcium magnesium was deposited on the surface of EH36. Marine fouling organisms adhere to the surface of calcium and magnesium sedimentary layers and the EH36 substrate, and their attachment affects the formation of calcium and magnesium sedimentary layers. Moreover, marine fouling organisms cause corrosion on the surface of the EH36 substrate. The joint protection of seawater electrolysis antifouling and ICCP can simultaneously prevent electrochemical corrosion and marine biological fouling corrosion on the surface of EH36.

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Sadaka, Shehin M. C., K. A. Jayaraj, Ameen Ummath, Venu Sasidharan i Fahmeeda P. S. Parveen. "Isolation and Identification of Biofilm forming Bacteria from Glass Panels exposed in Sea Waters of South Andaman, India". Research Journal of Biotechnology 19, nr 4 (29.02.2024): 54–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/1904rjbt054063.

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Marine organisms attach to surfaces that are submerged in seawater in a process known as biofouling. These organisms can colonize on various surfaces such as ship hulls, pillars, jetties, undersea pipelines, oil rigs and buoys. Foulers can include bacteria, algae, barnacles, mussels and other invertebrates. The initial adhesion of fouling bacteria is the first stage of biofouling. The growth and attachment of marine fouling bacteria are influenced by various environmental factors including salinity, temperature and nutrient availability. The bacteria forming marine biofilm were isolated and identified from glass panels. Basic microbiological phenotypic identification methods and genotypic validation using 16s rRNA gene sequencing were used to identify the bacterial strains. The phylogenetic analysis of the 16s rRNA gene sequences confirmed 13 different species (Bacillus aquimaris (2), Vibrio hepatarius (1), Exiguobacterium profundum (3), Exiguobacterium aestuarii (2), Vibrio parahaemolyticus (2), Vibrio alginolyticus (3), Vibrio azureus (2), Vibrio fluvialis (2), Priestia flexa (1), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2), Bacillus megaterium (2), Lysinibacillus macroides (2) and Bacillus subtilis (1)) of fouling bacteria belonging to six genera.

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Picken, Gordon B. "Moray Firth marine fouling communities". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biological Sciences 91 (1986): 213–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269727000009313.

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SynopsisFouling communities typical of shallow water inshore sites were found at three locations in the Moray Firth. At each, an initial background cover of solitary tubeworms and barnacles was overgrown by secondary fouling organisms. On the piles of Nigg jetty, overgrowth consisted of mussels in the depth range 0–6 m and hydroids, sponges, soft corals and anemones from 6–26 m. Buoys in the approaches to Cromarty Firth were completely covered by a mixture of algae and mussels. Sunlit areas of the float cleaned annually bore a diverse algal cover, whereas uncleaned shaded areas and the freely hanging chain had three-year-old mussels up to 7 cm long. Mussel fouling extended down the chain to within 1 m of the seabed at 26 m depth. Concrete anchor blocks on the seabed were covered with solitary tubeworms and hydroids. Steel piled platforms in the Beatrice Field were completely fouled after four years. Mussels and seaweeds were abundant from 0–5 m. In the depth range 8–35 m the background calcareous layer was overgrown by soft corals up to 10 cm long and hydroids. From 35 m to the seabed at 46 m, soft overgrowth was provided mainly by hydroids and ascidians, with only a few small corals.

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Yu, Xincheng, Mingzhe Kou i Jin Wang. "Process Study on the Preparation of Degradable Antifouling Paint Coatings by Solvent Method". Applied Science and Innovative Research 7, nr 3 (27.07.2023): p34. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/asir.v7n3p34.

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Marine anti-fouling coatings have been widely used as one of the effective methods to prevent marine fouling organisms from adhering to the surfaces of various marine facilities. The main types are self-polishing anti-fouling coatings and low surface energy anti-fouling coatings, and biomimetic antifouling paint. Due to the increasing awareness of environmental protection, the anti-fouling coatings harmful to the environment have been gradually banned, so the research and development of new anti-fouling coatings has become the primary direction of development.In this paper, polycaprolactone and PLA were used as resin base materials, capsaicin as bio-friendly anti-fouling agent, starch as polysaccharide additive, the experimental samples were prepared by adjusting the mixture ratio of these materials. The experiment of adding starch and unadded starch was carried out by using Magnetic stirrer and other experimental equipment to simulate the hanging board method on the sea and observed and recorded, the effect of Starch on the hydrolysis of anti-fouling coatings using single component or blends of biodegradable materials such as polycaprolactone, polylactic acid (PLA) as resin matrix was investigated.The results showed that starch could promote the hydrolysis of resin-based materials such as PCL, and the solubility of PCL and PLA in chloroform was obtained, a preparation method of antifouling coating for marine static culture equipment was obtained.

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Angulo-Preckler, C., E. García-Lopez, B. Figuerola, C. Avila i C. Cid. "Natural chemical control of marine associated microbial communities by sessile Antarctic invertebrates". Aquatic Microbial Ecology 85 (3.12.2020): 197–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/ame01948.

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Organisms living in the sea are exposed to fouling by other organisms. Many benthic marine invertebrates, including sponges and bryozoans, contain natural products with antimicrobial properties, since microbes usually constitute the first stages of fouling. Extracts from 4 Antarctic sponges (Myxilla (Myxilla) mollis, Mycale tylotornota, Rossella nuda, and Anoxycalyx (Scolymastra) joubini) and 2 bryozoan species (Cornucopina pectogemma and Nematoflustra flagellata) were tested separately for antifouling properties in field experiments. The different crude extracts from these invertebrates were incorporated into a substratum gel at natural concentrations for an ecological approach. Treatments were tested by submerging plates covered by these substratum gels under water in situ during 1 lunar cycle (28 d) at Deception Island (South Shetland Islands, Antarctica). Remarkably, the butanolic extracts of M. tylotornota and C. pectogemma showed complete growth inhibition of microscopic eukaryotic organisms, one of the succession stages involved in biofouling. Our results suggest that different chemical strategies may exist to avoid fouling, although the role of chemical defenses is often species-specific. Thus, the high specificity of the microbial community attached to the coated plates seems to be modulated by the chemical cues of the crude extracts of the invertebrates tested.

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Shen, Kai, Yi Li, Xia Wu, Hyun-Do Jung, Weirong Li, Zhihui Liu, Nuriddinov Khusniddin Zafariddin i in. "Study on adhesion mechanism of fouling organisms on marine steel surface based on inverted microscope". E3S Web of Conferences 536 (2024): 02005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202453602005.

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Marine stainless steel is immersed in seawater for a long time, and its surface will inevitably adhere layer by layer to form biofilm, which will lead to microbial corrosion of the material. Therefore, it is necessary to master the microbial adhesion mechanism to better control the occurrence of fouling. However, at present, the observation method is to dye by fluorescence microscope or fix the fouling organisms and then observe them by scanning electron microscope (SEM). These methods all damage the cell activity of algae, and only the results of algae attachment can be observed, which is not conducive to further study of algae attachment mechanism. Based on the inverted microscope platform, the observation of algae attached to the metal surface found that the thinner the substrate of the sample liquid, the clearer the image of algae attached to the metal surface, and further found that the dominant algae in the liquid could complete the attachment and aggregation behavior on the metal surface within 1 hour to 2 hours. The conclusions obtained in this paper will guide the study on the attachment mechanism of fouling organisms on metal surfaces and provide a preliminary basis for the design of prevention and control strategies and time points of fouling organisms.

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Snigirova, A. O., O. Y. Uzun, O. S. Bondarenko, I. A. Kapshyna, I. A. Synegub, V. V. Portianko, S. A. Kudrenko, O. A. Rybalko, L. V. Vorobyova i O. K. Vynogradov. "Biofouling growth on plastic substrates: Experimental studies in the Black Sea". Biosystems Diversity 30, nr 4 (8.11.2022): 397–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/012239.

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Despite long-term research on marine litter there is still insufficient knowledge about benthic organisms associated with these substrates, especially experimental studies and methodology of sampling for complex biofouling assemblages. To predict the fate of plastic in the marine environment it is necessary to know how long the macrolitter can stay in different sea matrices and what are the steps of colonisation by marine organisms. The experiments were carried out during various seasons in situ in the north-western Black Sea coastal area. Three new types of the experimental constructions intended for different durations of exposure (1–10 months) were designed. This article is the first to present the methodology and the results of complex experiments investigating marine fouling (from microalgae to meio- and macrofauna) on plastic surfaces. Overall, 28 genera of microalgae, 13 major groups of meiobenthos and 36 species of macrofauna were found on plastic during the experiments. The microalgae fouling was mainly formed by representatives of genus Cocconeis. The species composition of microalgae was common for the research area. The average density and biomass of meiobenthos were the greatest on I construction type after 8 months of exposure. In the total macrozoobenthos biomass and density of Bivalvia and Crustacea dominated, respectively. The obtained results on the interaction between fouling organisms and plastic materials in the marine environment form an important contribution to the understanding of the "good ecological status" of the sea. Additional studies based on the tested methodology could be used as a component of ecological monitoring during development and implementation of the approaches of the Marine Strategy (descriptor 10).

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Bauer, Stella, Maria Pilar Arpa-Sancet, John A. Finlay, Maureen E. Callow, James A. Callow i Axel Rosenhahn. "Adhesion of Marine Fouling Organisms on Hydrophilic and Amphiphilic Polysaccharides". Langmuir 29, nr 12 (15.03.2013): 4039–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la3038022.

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Iwanami, Mitsuyasu, Hiroshi Yokota, Hidenori Hamada, Toru Yamaji i Hiroko Watanabe. "Can Marine Fouling Organisms Extend the Life of Concrete Structures?" IABSE Symposium Report 86, nr 6 (1.01.2002): 84–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/222137802796337062.

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Faÿ, Fabienne, Marie Champion, Alexandra Guennec, Xavier Moppert, Christelle Simon-Colin i Mathieu Elie. "Biobased Anti-Adhesive Marine Coatings from Polyhydroxyalkanoates and Polysaccharides". Coatings 13, nr 4 (13.04.2023): 766. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings13040766.

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Due to environmental regulations, antifouling marine coatings must be gradually replaced by biocide-free coatings. Marine organisms weakly adhere to fouling release coatings, presenting a low surface free energy and a high elasticity, so they can be readily removed by the sheer force of water. Currently, these materials are mainly composed of petrochemical polymers, such as silicone or fluoropolymers, with hydrophilic polymers as additives. However, following the ever-increasing environmental concerns, the research on new, alternative, eco-friendly coatings is oriented towards the use of biobased polymers from renewable resources. Two main families have been studied: polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) and polysaccharides. PHAs are produced by bacteria in stressful conditions, while polysaccharides are extracted from plants, animals, or micro-organisms such as bacteria, in which case they are called exopolysaccharides (EPS). Since the use of these polymers is a non-toxic approach to controlling fouling colonization, this review provides an overview of these biobased polymers for their applications in new anti-adhesive marine coatings.

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Gu, Yunqing, Lingzhi Yu, Jiegang Mou, Denghao Wu, Maosen Xu, Peijian Zhou i Yun Ren. "Research Strategies to Develop Environmentally Friendly Marine Antifouling Coatings". Marine Drugs 18, nr 7 (18.07.2020): 371. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md18070371.

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There are a large number of fouling organisms in the ocean, which easily attach to the surface of ships, oil platforms and breeding facilities, corrode the surface of equipment, accelerate the aging of equipment, affect the stability and safety of marine facilities and cause serious economic losses. Antifouling coating is an effective method to prevent marine biological fouling. Traditional organic tin and copper oxide coatings are toxic and will contaminate seawater and destroy marine ecology and have been banned or restricted. Environmentally friendly antifouling coatings have become a research hotspot. Among them, the use of natural biological products with antifouling activity as antifouling agents is an important research direction. In addition, some fouling release coatings without antifoulants, biomimetic coatings, photocatalytic coatings and other novel antifouling coatings have also developed rapidly. On the basis of revealing the mechanism of marine biofouling, this paper reviews the latest research strategies to develop environmentally friendly marine antifouling coatings. The composition, antifouling characteristics, antifouling mechanism and effects of various coatings were analyzed emphatically. Finally, the development prospects and future development directions of marine antifouling coatings are forecasted.

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Liu, Guijie, Zichao Yuan, Atilla Incecik, Dingxin Leng, Shuai Wang i Zhixiong Li. "A new biomimetic antifouling method based on water jet for marine structures". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part M: Journal of Engineering for the Maritime Environment 234, nr 2 (19.12.2019): 573–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1475090219892420.

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Marine biofouling is a serious environmental problem, while traditional chemical antifouling is less environmentally friendly. Biomimetic antifouling is able to overcome this issue by restraining the growth of biofouling at the very beginning, while the current research interest in this field focuses on the dynamic antifouling layers. In order to construct a flowing layer on the surfaces of marine structures such as a ship hull, this study proposes a new biomimetic antifouling method based on the water jet. This new method is inspired by the antifouling mechanism of the kelp and attempts to generate a flowing jet layer on the surface of the marine structure by spraying the water outward. The fouling organism cannot find enough attachment points on the surface of the marine structure because the flow force is greater than adhesion. In order to optimize the design of the water jet, attachment point theory was used to analyze the effect of jet velocity on the flow force, and numerical simulation was conducted to investigate the distribution of the water jet. Based on the theoretical analysis results, experimental tests were carried out to evaluate the performance of the proposed antifouling method. The results demonstrated that the adhesion amount of Phaeodactylum tricornutum can be effectively reduced. The proposed method is able to prevent the attachment of unicellular fouling organisms, thereby hindering the entire fouling process.

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Wang, Gen Li, Zheng Mao Ye i Bin Wu. "The Change of Stress on Marine Concrete Covered with Barnacles". Applied Mechanics and Materials 584-586 (lipiec 2014): 1031–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.584-586.1031.

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Barnacle is a major creature in marine fouling organisms, it increases static load and dynamic load of marine structures. In this paper, the change of stress on marine concrete surface covered with barnacles is studied. Moreover, a simplified model is established. The result shows that the stress of seawater increases by 0.53 times on the concrete surface, which is covered with barnacles.

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Donnelly, Bradley, Karl Sammut i Youhong Tang. "Materials Selection for Antifouling Systems in Marine Structures". Molecules 27, nr 11 (25.05.2022): 3408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27113408.

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Fouling is the accumulation of unwanted substances, such as proteins, organisms, and inorganic molecules, on marine infrastructure such as pylons, boats, or pipes due to exposure to their environment. As fouling accumulates, it can have many adverse effects, including increasing drag, reducing the maximum speed of a ship and increasing fuel consumption, weakening supports on oil rigs and reducing the functionality of many sensors. In this review, the history and recent progress of techniques and strategies that are employed to inhibit fouling are highlighted, including traditional biocide antifouling systems, biomimicry, micro-texture and natural components systems, superhydrophobic, hydrophilic or amphiphilic systems, hybrid systems and active cleaning systems. This review highlights important considerations, such as accounting for the effects that antifouling strategies have on the sensing mechanism employed by the sensors. Additionally, due to the specialised requirements of many sensors, often a bespoke and tailored solution is preferential to general coatings or paints. A description of how both fouling and antifouling techniques affect maritime sensors, specifically acoustic sensors, is given.

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Nacorda, Hildie M. E., Nero M. Austero, Cesar R. Pagdilao, Koh Siang Tan i Rhodora V. Azanza. "Marine Biofouling Communities of Manila South Harbor, Philippines". ASEAN Journal on Science and Technology for Development 35, nr 1-2 (17.07.2020): 115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.29037/ajstd.481.

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An immersion experiment was conducted in the Manila South Harbor to document the development of sessile biofouling communities. Test panels were submerged below the sea surface in April 2012 for short- (one and three months) and long-term (one year) exposures in seawater, then foauling types and occurrences were scored based on digital images of panel surfaces. The short-term immersed panels were found with significant cover of soft fouling (undet.), slime, and the invasive Balanus (=Amphibalanus) amphitrite. These also filled the long-term immersed panels, although some fell off due to mortality from crude oil smothering. Perna viridis, native but also invasive, successfully established and then dominated the fouling cover by the 12th month (April 2013). Oysters, bryozoans (Watersipora sp.), colonial tunicates, polychaetes (Hydroides sp.), and green algae contributed minor to fouling cover. These fouling communities in the Manila South Harbor consisted of organisms that were cosmopolitan in port waters of SE Asia. A similar study must be carried out in other major ports of the country and then compared.

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Ista, Linnea K., Víctor H. Pérez-Luna i Gabriel P. López. "Surface-Grafted, Environmentally Sensitive Polymers for Biofilm Release". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65, nr 4 (1.04.1999): 1603–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.65.4.1603-1609.1999.

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ABSTRACT Controlling bacterial biofouling is desirable for almost every human enterprise in which solid surfaces are introduced into nonsterile aqueous environments. One approach that is used to decrease contamination of manufactured devices by microorganisms is using materials that easily slough off accumulated material (i.e., fouling release surfaces). The compounds currently used for this purpose rely on low surface energy to inhibit strong attachment of organisms. In this study, we examined the possible use of environmentally responsive (or “smart”) polymers as a new class of fouling release agents; a surface-grafted thermally responsive polymer, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAM), was used as a model compound. PNIPAAM is known to have a lower critical solubility temperature of ∼32°C (i.e., it is insoluble in water at temperatures above 32°C and is soluble at temperatures below 32°C). Under experimental conditions, >90% of cultured microorganisms (Staphylococcus epidermidis, Halomonas marina) and naturally occurring marine microorganisms that attached to grafted PNIPAAM surfaces during 2-, 18-, 36-, and 72-h incubations were removed when the hydration state of the polymer was changed from a wettability that was favorable for attachment to a wettability that was less favorable. Of particular significance is the observation that an organism known to attach in the greatest numbers to hydrophobic substrata (i.e., H. marina) was removed when transition of PNIPAAM to a more hydrated state occurred, whereas an organism that attaches in the greatest numbers to hydrophilic substrata (i.e., S. epidermidis) was removed when the opposite transition occurred. Neither solvated nor desolvated PNIPAAM exhibited intrinsic fouling release properties, indicating that the phase transition was the important factor in removal of organisms. Based on our observations of the behavior of this model system, we suggest that environmentally responsive polymers represent a new approach for controlling biofouling release.

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Lim, Chin Sing, Zuliza Haji Jolkifli, Alina Jair, Noorizan Karim, Ranimah A. Wahab, Dattesh V. Desai, Venkat Krishnamurthy i in. "An inter-site study of biofouling recruitment on static immersion panels in major ports of South East Asia and India". ASEAN Journal on Science and Technology for Development 35, nr 1-2 (15.09.2018): 167–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.29037/ajstd.496.

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Limited knowledge of native marine biodiversity hinders effective biodiversity management to safeguard South and Southeast Asia’s marine coastal environment against the threat of invasive species transfer through shipping. In particular, sessile marine biofouling organisms in South East Asian ports are poorly known. Through the support of the ASEAN-India Cooperation Project on the Extent of Transfer of Alien Invasive Organisms in South/South East Asia Region by Shipping, a coordinated effort to examine diversity of biofouling organisms in major port areas in Southeast Asia and India was made using polyvinylchloride (PVC) panels as recruitment surfaces in a static immersion study for a period of 12 months. Not surprisingly, the study revealed that fouling patterns differed between ports possibly as a result of dissimilar hydrographic conditions. However, there were also underlying similarities that reflected a regional uniformity in the composition of fouling communities. At the same time, the alien Caribbean bivalve Mytilopsis sallei was detected in Manila Bay (Philippines), Songkhla Port (Thailand) and Singapore. This is a first simultaneous biofouling survey involving scientists and government stakeholders from India and ASEAN nations of Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, Thailand, Philippines and Vietnam.

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Gangadharan, Sathya N. "Experimental Investigation of Enteromorpha clathrata Biofouling on Lifting Surfaces of Marine Vehicles". Marine Technology and SNAME News 38, nr 01 (1.01.2001): 31–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/mt1.2001.38.1.31.

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Biological fouling can adversely affect the hydrodynamic performance characteristics of hydrofoil surfaces and lead to deterioration in the vehicle performance and maneuvering abilities and higher fuel and maintenance costs. Much attention has been drawn to the frictional resistance caused by large organisms, such as barnacles, bryozoa, and tubeworms in the past. Resistance to adhesion of many of these large organisms has been demonstrated by the use of antifouling paints. This paper describes the experimental results for fouling of Enteromorpha clathrata on marine surfaces and its impact on hydrodynamic performance characteristics, in conjunction with the design, construction, and operation of a water tunnel. It includes a description of the force balance system, laser Dopplervelocimeter(LDV) system, and the data acquisition system used to conduct the experimental study. Results of the experiments with Enteromorpha clathrata fouling are presented, and the effects of biofilms on turbulent boundary layer structure are outlined. The experimental results of the force balance experiment showed a constant increase in zero-lift angle of attack by 10 deg for as little as 10% fouling, and a reduction in maximum lift by as much as 70%. Similarly, the LDV experiment found an increase in the skin friction coefficient for all fouled surfaces, and an average increase of 187% for a surface dominated by an Enteromorpha species.

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Want, Andrew, Audrey Goubard, Solène Jonveaux, Donald Leaver i Michael C. Bell. "Key Biofouling Organisms in Tidal Habitats Targeted by the Offshore Renewable Energy Sector in the North Atlantic Include the Massive Barnacle Chirona hameri". Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, nr 11 (14.11.2023): 2168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse11112168.

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Marine habitats are being targeted for the extraction of offshore renewable energy (ORE) as part of the drive to decarbonise electricity generation. Unmanaged biofouling impacts ORE devices and infrastructure by elevating drag forces, increasing weight, and accelerating corrosion, leading to decreased performance and survivability, and extending costly periods of maintenance. ORE deployments in high tidal flow locations are providing opportunities to study the biofouling unique to these habitats. In this study, surveys of numerous devices and associated infrastructure deployed at the European Marine Energy Centre in Scotland identified high tidal flow fouling assemblages. Substrate orientation relative to tidal flow appears to affect the abundance of key fouling species, including the massive barnacle Chirona hameri. This species is shown to recruit to a wide range of artificial substrates, over a prolonged period from mid-spring to mid-summer, and in maximum current speeds from 0.4–4.0 m/s. For the first time, C. hameri is reported in near-surface depths, on uncoated components of a floating tidal device. The highly gregarious settlement behaviour and rapid growth exhibited by this species may have important implications for managing fouling in the ORE industry, especially in ‘niche’ areas. Anti-fouling strategies and maintenance scheduling applicable to ORE and other marine industries are discussed.

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Iswadi, Agung, Joanne S. Porter, Michael C. Bell, Leuserina Garniati, Robert E. Harris i Gadang Priyotomo. "Establishing an Agenda for Biofouling Research for the Development of the Marine Renewable Energy Industry in Indonesia". Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, nr 3 (8.03.2022): 384. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10030384.

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Marine renewable energy holds strategic potential in Indonesia, not only to meet the target of renewable energy share in the national energy mix but also to provide equal access to clean energy throughout the archipelago. Marine energy in Indonesia is still in the early phase of development, which mainly focusses on resources assessment and power generation through technology prototype testing. Based on a review of available literature, it is found that specific research on the effects of biofouling on material durability of marine energy infrastructure in Indonesia has yet to be addressed. In this study, a matrix that identifies and predicts key fouling organisms and their possible risks on marine renewable energy infrastructure in tropical waters of Indonesia is developed by analysing previous findings in temperate and subtropical waters. Based on the matrix developed, calcareous polychaetes (Serpulidae), barnacles (Amphibalanus spp.), and bivalves (Perna viridis) are among possible key fouling organisms that might pose risks to marine energy infrastructure in Indonesia, such as by adding weight and drag and causing corrosion. Further studies and detailed and statistically robust analysis of the biofouling and its impacts are needed to support the development of the technological performance of marine renewable energy in Indonesia.

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Baiju, Sajith Kaniyadan, Brent James Martin, Rayleen Fredericks, Harikrishnan Raghavan, Karnika De Silva i Matthew Greig Cowan. "Anti-Fouling Properties of Phosphonium Ionic Liquid Coatings in the Marine Environment". Polymers 15, nr 18 (6.09.2023): 3677. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15183677.

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Biofouling is the buildup of marine organisms on a submerged material. This research tests the efficacy of phosphonium ion gels comprising phosphonium monomers ([P444VB][AOT] and [P888VB][AOT]) and free ionic liquid ([P4444][AOT], [P8888][AOT]) (10 to 50 wt%), varying lengths of alkyl chains (n = 4 and 8), varying copper(II) oxide biocide concentrations (0 to 2 wt%), and the docusate anion [AOT]− for added hydrophobicity. The efficacy of these formulations was tested using a seachest simulator protected from light and tidal currents in New Zealand coastal waters over the summer and autumn periods. Anti-fouling performance was correlated with the hydrophobicity of the surface (water contact angle: 13–120°) and biocide concentration. Formulations with higher hydrophobicity (i.e., less free ionic liquid and longer alkyl chain substituents) displayed superior anti-fouling performance. The presence of the copper(II) biocide negatively affected anti-fouling performance via significant increases to hydrophilicity. No correlation was observed between antimicrobial activity and anti-fouling performance. Overall, phosphonium ion gels show potential for combining anti-fouling and foul release properties.

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Lee, Jin-Yong, Chang-Rae Lee, Bong-Gil Hyun i Keun-Hyung Choi. "Flux of the Wetted Surface Area on Ships’ Hulls in Major Ports of Korea". Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, nr 6 (27.05.2023): 1129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse11061129.

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Biofouling is a significant means for introducing non-indigenous marine species internationally, which can alter habitats and disturb marine ecosystems. This study estimated the flux of ships’ wetted surface area (WSA) to Korea in 2020 to assess the risks of biological invasion via biofouling on ships’ hulls. The annual total WSA flux entering Korea was estimated to be 418.26 km2, with short-stay vessels (<3 weeks) contributing to 99.7% of the total WSA flux. Busan and Ulsan ports were identified as the main sources of high-risk flux, with container ships being a major vector in Busan and tankers in Ulsan. Gwangyang port had the third-highest total WSA flux, with nearly half of the flux driven from coastwise voyages, making it particularly vulnerable to the spread of hull fouling organisms. These findings could help enhance the management and inspection of hull fouling organisms in Korea.

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Petersen, Dennis S., Thomas Kleinteich, Stanislav N. Gorb i Lars Heepe. "Competing with barnacle cement: wetting resistance of a re-entrant surface reduces underwater adhesion of barnacles". Journal of The Royal Society Interface 15, nr 145 (sierpień 2018): 20180396. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2018.0396.

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Surfaces with re-entrant topographies can repel liquids even of extremely low surface tension, almost independently of the material's inherent wettability. We show that this topography-based wetting resistance can also be applied to underwater applications, reducing the permanent adhesion of marine hardfouling organisms. Having combined a biofouling assay in the marine environment with microscopic analyses, we demonstrate how a synergistic effect of a soft silicone-based material with a re-entrant mushroom-shaped surface topography strongly increases the fouling release ability of such coatings compared with a smooth control made from the same material. Our coating inhibited the complete wetting of the solidifying glues produced by marine organisms, which resulted in a decreased contact area and, consequently, low adhesion. Our work suggests that topography-induced wetting resistance of surfaces may become a viable approach in preventing permanent adhesion of marine hardfouling organisms.

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Thompson, T. E. "Acidic allomones in marine organisms". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 68, nr 3 (sierpień 1988): 499–517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400043368.

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The phenomenon of acid secretion has arisen independently many times, for feeding, for penetrating calcareous material to make a shelter or to pursue prey, or for defence. This last category contains examples from many groups of marine organisms, in which acidic allomones may serve to deter fouling by epibionts or predation by teleost fish. Histochemical and histophysical methods have increased the precision with which acidic allomones can be identified within acid vacuoles, cells, glands, sacs or capsules. Acidic allomones are produced in pleurobranch molluscs by unicellular epidermal glands, by multicellular subepidermal sacs, or by an arborescent internal acid gland, connected to the buccal mass by a thick medio-dorsal duct. Some species have all three types. In the case of the epidermis, discharge is probably triggered directly by the trauma of attack by a predator (effectively, holocrine discharge), but the other types of gland are discharged by contraction of a strong muscle sheath, without tissue damage. Cypraeid molluscs have extensive, mobile mantle lobes which can ensheath the massive shell temporarily. The epidermal acid glands are orientated within the mantle so as to discharge away from the shell. The lamellariid and philinid molluscs have internal shells, well protected from chemical attack, and the multicellular, subepidermal acid glands are situated over all the surfaces of the body. In the tunicates investigated, both blood and tunic were neutral in Ciona intestinalis, but they were both acid (pH 1) in Ascidiella aspersa. In Ascidiella scabra and Ascidia mentula the blood was neutral, and the tunic alone was acid. The acid tunics contained abundant blind lacunae. It is unlikely that these acid-filled lacunae correspond to the blind-ending arterial ampullae described by other workers. Discharge is probably brought about directly through the trauma of attack. The perennial species of the alga Desmarestia, D. aculeata, exhibited a pH near to neutrality. Two annual species, D. dresnayi and D. ligulata, contained acid of pH 1–2, and showed strong precipitation of BaSO4 after BaCl2 treatment. Sections confirmed that the acid is normally held within the swollen parenchymatous cells which pack the sporophyte frond. The cuticle is comparatively thin in the acidic species. In conclusion, it is argued that acid secretion may be the allelochemical analogue of warning or aposematic coloration.

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Nenadović, Tina, Tena Šarčević, Hrvoje Čižmek, Jelena Godrijan, Daniela Marić Pfannkuchen, Martin Pfannkuchen i Zrinka Ljubešić. "Development of periphytic diatoms on different artificial substrates in the Eastern Adriatic Sea". Acta Botanica Croatica 74, nr 2 (1.10.2015): 377–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/botcro-2015-0026.

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Abstract The settling of diatoms as fouling organisms on a certain substrate is greatly influenced by substrate characteristics and the preferences of a diatom community and diatom species. A distinction among substrates can be made by analysing the specific abundance and composition of diatoms on different substrates. In this study, 11 different artificial substrates were exposed to a marine environment for a period of 30 days. Abundance and taxonomic composition of periphytic diatoms was determined on each of the substrates and on shoots of the marine seagrass Posidonia oceanica. The aim was to compare diatom community structure on different newly colonized surfaces. On all surfaces examined, periphytic diatoms were the pioneering organisms with differences in quantitative and qualitative composition on the different substrates. Taxonomic analysis of diatom communities on the substrates examined revealed 41 diatom taxa, with the dominant genera Cylindrotheca, Amphora, Nitzschia, Cocconeis and Navicula. Given that all the examined artificial substrates were solid materials, differences in the abundance and species composition of diatoms found between the materials point to the substrates’ physical and chemical characteristics as a major influence on the final settling of diatoms. Knowledge from investigating the settlement of fouling organisms on anthropogenic substrates can have future use in management of waste materials that end up in the marine environment.

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Mo, Yanqiang, Peihong Xue, Qiang Yang, Hao Liu, Xu Zhao, Jiaqi Wang, Meihua Jin i Yuhong Qi. "Composite Slow-Release Fouling Release Coating Inspired by Synergistic Anti-Fouling Effect of Scaly Fish". Polymers 13, nr 16 (5.08.2021): 2602. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13162602.

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Inspired by the antifouling properties of scaly fish, the conventional silicone coating with phenylmethylsilicone oil (PSO/PDMS) composite coating was fabricated and modified with single layer polystyrene (PS) microsphere (PSO/PDMS-PS) arrays. The fish scale like micro-nano structures were fabricated on the surface of bio-inspired coating, which can reduce the contact area with the secreted protein membrane of fouling organisms effectively and prevent further adhesion between fouling organisms and bio-inspired coating. Meanwhile, PSO exuded to the coating surface has the similar function with mucus secreted by fish epidermis, which make the coating surface slithery and will be polished with the fouling organisms in turbulent waters. Compared to PSO/PDMS coating without any structure and conventional silicone coating, PSO/PDMS-PS showed better antiadhesion activity against both marine bacteria and benthic diatom (Navicula sp.). Additionally, the existence of PS microspheres can reduce the release rate of PSO greatly, which will extend the service life of coating. Compared to PSO/PDMS coating, the sustained release efficiency of PSO/PDMS-PS coating can reach 23.2%. This facile method for fabricating the bio-inspired composite slow-release antifouling coating shows a widely fabricating path for the development of synergistic anti-fouling coating.

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48

Pennati, Roberta, i Ute Rothbächer. "Bioadhesion in ascidians: a developmental and functional genomics perspective". Interface Focus 5, nr 1 (6.02.2015): 20140061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2014.0061.

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The development of bioadhesives inspired from marine animals is a promising approach to generate new tissue-compatible medical components. A number of marine species, through their adhesive properties, also represent significant foulers that become increasingly problematic to aquaculture, shipping or local biodiversity. In order to develop more sophisticated man-made glues and/or efficient fouling resistant surfaces, it is important to understand the mechanical, structural and molecular properties of adhesive organs in selected species. Ascidians are marine invertebrates with larvae that opportunistically attach to almost any type of submerged surface to undergo metamorphosis into permanently sessile adults. Not only do they represent a globally important fouling organism, but they are becoming increasingly popular as model organisms for developmental biology. The latter is due to their phylogenetic position as the sister group to the vertebrates and their cellular and molecular accessibility for experimentation. In this paper, we review the mechanisms of larval adhesion in ascidians and draw conclusions from comparative analyses of selected species. We further discuss how knowledge from a developmental and functional genomics point of view can advance our understanding of cellular and molecular signatures and their hierarchical usage in animal adhesive organs.

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Rifki, Ahmad, Arindana Dwi Prasasti, Adelia Septhiana D, Ardian Syahputra, Wazirotus Sakinah, Saifurridzal Saifurridzal i Anita Diah Pahlewi. "Identifikasi Jenis Fouling Organisme Wilayah Bahari Lestari di Desa Mayangan, Kecamatan Gumukmas, Kabupaten Jember". Jurnal Manajemen Pesisir dan Laut 2, nr 01 (31.05.2024): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.36841/mapel.v2i01.4579.

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this research to identify fouling organism types that can impact the sustainability of the Lestari marine region. In efforts to preserve the environment and support water resource management, the study aims to develop a comprehensive understanding of the dominant fouling organisms in this area and their potential impacts. Through this identification, it is hoped that suitable prevention and mitigation strategies can be developed to maintain the balance of the coastal ecosystem. The method used is sampling in the form of pictures and direct descriptive exploration, while identification of attached biota and mangrove types is carried out using descriptive information. The research results showed that the dominant biota came from bivalves with the type Saccostrea cucullata from the genus Ostreidae. Mangrove species are growing naturally or through replanting efforts in Mayangan Village, Gumukmas District, Jember Regency

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50

Yu, Xincheng, Jin Wang, Mingzhe Kou, Zongyi Shi i Yingshui Yu. "Research Progress and Prospect of Marine Antifouling Coatings". Studies in Social Science Research 4, nr 3 (9.08.2023): p152. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/sssr.v4n3p152.

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Marine biological pollution refers to activities such as a large number of barnacles, algae and other organisms or microorganisms gathering and damaging ships or other marine industries. Among them, the most effective way is to use degradable materials as the substrate and add antifouling agents that can destroy fouling organisms. Traditional marine antifouling coatings release toxic substances with broad spectrum, such as cuprous oxide and organotin, so as to achieve effective antifouling. However, with the adverse effects on the marine environment, it is a long way to go to study and prepare environment-friendly antifouling agents. This paper mainly introduces the traditional degradable materials PCL, PLA, etc., and also introduces the current low-toxic antifouling agent DCOIT composite materials and new natural antifouling agents, etc.

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