Artykuły w czasopismach: „Marijuana”

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Choi, Namkee G., Diana M. DiNitto i C. Nathan Marti. "Older Adults Driving Under the Influence: Associations With Marijuana Use, Marijuana Use Disorder, and Risk Perceptions". Journal of Applied Gerontology 38, nr 12 (4.12.2017): 1687–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0733464817745379.

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Despite increasing marijuana use among the 50+ age group, little research has been done on marijuana’s impact on older adults’ driving under the influence (DUI). Using the 2013 to 2014 National Survey on Drug Use and Health data, this study examined the association of older adults’ self-reported DUI with marijuana use, marijuana abuse/dependence, and marijuana risk perception. The findings show that one third of past-year marijuana users aged 50+ reported past-year DUI, two thirds of which involved drugs. Those with marijuana abuse/dependence were 2.6 times more likely than those without the disorder to report DUI, controlling for alcohol abuse/dependence, other illicit drug use, and sociodemographic and health/mental health statuses. As safe driving is key to prolonging independence in late life, clinicians need to educate older adults about the risk of marijuana use, alone and with other substances, on their driving capacity and provide age-appropriate treatment for marijuana use disorder.

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Choi, Namkee G., Diana M. DiNitto i C. Nathan Marti. "Older marijuana users’ marijuana risk perceptions: associations with marijuana use patterns and marijuana and other substance use disorders". International Psychogeriatrics 30, nr 9 (10.12.2017): 1311–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610217002794.

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ABSTRACTBackground:Compared to their non-using age peers, older marijuana users are known to have lower marijuana risk perceptions. We examined associations of older marijuana users’ risk perceptions with their marijuana use patterns and substance use disorders.Methods:Data are from 2013 to 2015 National Survey of Drug Use and Health (N = 24,057 respondents aged 50+ years). Bivariate logistic regression was used to compare risk perceptions among never users, former users, and past-year users aged 50+ years. Multivariable logistic regression was used to test associations between risk perception and marijuana use status and between risk perception and marijuana use patterns.Results:Among the total sample, former (AOR = 0.30, 95% CI = 0.27–0.32) and past-year (AOR = 0.05, 95% CI = 0.04–0.06) marijuana users had significantly lower odds of moderate/great risk perception (as opposed to no/slight risk perception) than never users. Among past-year users, odds of moderate/great risk perception were lower among those who used marijuana more frequently (AOR = 0.14, 95% CI = 0.07–0.28 for 300+ days of use compared to 1–11 days of use) and who reported any medical marijuana use (AOR = 0.27, 95% CI = 0.14–0.51). However, those who had marijuana use disorder were 3.5 times more likely to report moderate/great risk perception (AOR = 3.50, 95% CI = 1.62–7.58). Those who had a college education, had higher incomes, and resided in states with medical marijuana laws also had lower risk perceptions.Conclusions:Public health education on scientific evidence about marijuana's benefits and harms and age-appropriate treatment for older adults with substance use problems are needed. Research on risk perception formation using longitudinal data among older adults is also needed.

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Pujazon-Zazik, Melissa, i M. Jane Park. "Marijuana: Use Among Young Males and Health Outcomes". American Journal of Men's Health 3, nr 3 (25.08.2009): 265–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988309340577.

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Marijuana is the most commonly used illicit drug by adolescents and young adults, with more males than females reporting marijuana use. The adolescent and young adult years represent a critical period for interventions to prevent marijuana use and abuse. This article reviews relevant literature, including trends in young males’ marijuana use and health effects of marijuana use. By most measures, there has been little net change in marijuana use among 12th graders and young adults since the 1990s. Despite males’ greater use, little research has examined gender differences in areas such as metabolism of marijuana and long-term impact of marijuana use. In many areas, including dental health, fertility, and respiratory function, research is either sparse or has yielded conflicting results. Similarly, research on marijuana’s carcinogenic effects has yielded conflicting results; however, a small but consistent literature indicates that marijuana use is linked to cancers unique to males. A stronger literature has identified an association between marijuana use and psychiatric problems. Clinical and program interventions for adolescents have potential to prevent marijuana use, as well as screen for and treat marijuana abuse. Improved research is needed, such as research with greater consistency in defining levels of use and greater emphasis on gender differences. Such research would help clinical and program interventions focus on those most at risk for adverse outcomes.

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Tulipana, Kevin F., Kathleen Wilson i Caroline Walker. "Responsible Research on Medical Marijuana". Ethics & Medics 43, nr 7 (2018): 2–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/em201843712.

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There is little evidence to support the prescribing of marijuana as a sound medical practice, but there is also a general lack of research. Officially changing marijuana from a schedule I to a schedule II drug would promote controlled study, eliminate medical marijuana shops, and avoid a possible “cannabis epidemic” in the near future. Questions regarding marijuana’s medicinal value will not be answered until there is extensive, reputable research, complete with required phases of clinical trials.

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Metrik, Jane, Christopher W. Kahler, John E. McGeary, Peter M. Monti i Damaris J. Rohsenow. "Acute Effects of Marijuana Smoking on Negative and Positive Affect". Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 25, nr 1 (2011): 31–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.25.1.31.

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Human studies and animal experiments present a complex and often contradictory picture of the acute impact of marijuana on emotions. The few human studies specifically examining changes in negative affect find either increases or reductions following delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) administration. In a 2 × 2, instructional set (told THC vs. told no THC) by drug administration (smoked marijuana with 2.8% THC vs. placebo) between-subjects design, we examined the pharmacologic effect of marijuana on physiological and subjective stimulation, subjective intoxication, and self-reported negative and positive affect with 114 weekly marijuana smokers. Individuals were first tested under a baseline/no smoking condition and again under experimental condition. Relative to placebo, THC significantly increased arousal and confusion/bewilderment. However, the direction of effect on anxiety varied depending on instructional set: Anxiety increased after THC for those told placebo but decreased among other participants. Furthermore, marijuana users who expected more impairment from marijuana displayed more anxiety after smoking active marijuana, whereas those who did not expect the impairment became less anxious after marijuana. Both pharmacologic and stimulus expectancy main effects significantly increased positive affect. Frequent marijuana users were less anxious after smoking as compared to less frequent smokers. These findings show that expectancy instructions and pharmacology play independent roles in effects of marijuana on negative affect. Further studies examining how other individual difference factors impact marijuana’s effects on mood are needed.

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Tan, Wan C., Jean Bourbeau, Shawn D. Aaron, James C. Hogg, François Maltais, Paul Hernandez, Darcy D. Marciniuk i in. "The effects of marijuana smoking on lung function in older people". European Respiratory Journal 54, nr 6 (19.09.2019): 1900826. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00826-2019.

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BackgroundPrevious studies have associated marijuana exposure with increased respiratory symptoms and chronic bronchitis among long-term cannabis smokers. The long-term effects of smoked marijuana on lung function remain unclear.MethodsWe determined the association of marijuana smoking with the risk of spirometrically defined chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (post-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1)/forced vital capacity ratio <0.7) in 5291 population-based individuals and the rate of decline in FEV1 in a subset of 1285 males and females, aged ≥40 years, who self-reported use (or non-use) of marijuana and tobacco cigarettes and performed spirometry before and after inhaled bronchodilator on multiple occasions. Analysis for the decline in FEV1 was performed using random mixed effects regression models adjusted for age, sex and body mass index. Heavy tobacco smoking and marijunana smoking was defined as >20 pack-years and >20 joint-years, respectively.Results∼20% of participants had been or were current marijuana smokers with most having smoked tobacco cigarettes in addition (83%). Among heavy marijuana users, the risk of COPD was significantly increased (adjusted OR 2.45, 95% CI 1.55–3.88). Compared to never-smokers of marijuana and tobacco, heavy marijuana smokers and heavy tobacco smokers experienced a faster decline in FEV1 by 29.5 mL·year−1 (p=0.0007) and 21.1 mL·year−1 (p<0.0001), respectively. Those who smoked both substances experienced a decline of 32.31 mL·year−1 (p<0.0001).InterpretationHeavy marijuana smoking increases the risk of COPD and accelerates FEV1 decline in concomitant tobacco smokers beyond that observed with tobacco alone.

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Garriott, William. "Change Is in the Air: The Smell of Marijuana, after Legalization". Law & Social Inquiry 45, nr 4 (24.04.2020): 995–1026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/lsi.2020.6.

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Marijuana continues to be legalized throughout the world. In the United States, a unique approach to legalization is taking hold that focuses on the creation of commercial marijuana markets. This article examines the everyday realities of this approach to legalization through a focus on one of marijuana’s most legally significant attributes: its smell. In the context of prohibition, the smell of marijuana was a key tool of criminal law enforcement. In the context of legalization, its significance has expanded to include nuisance laws governing the presence of unwanted odors and commercial laws that facilitate economic activity in the marijuana market. By focusing on the sense of smell in the context of marijuana legalization, this article shows the implications of the market-based approach for drug policy reform. More broadly, this focus highlights the importance of the senses to sociolegal change and the ongoing construction of legality in the context of capitalism.

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Campbell, Alexander W. "The Medical Marijuana Catch-22". American Journal of Law & Medicine 41, nr 1 (marzec 2015): 190–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0098858815591513.

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As of April 2015, twenty-three states and the District of Columbia permit the therapeutic use of marijuana1 to treat various illnesses or conditions, with legalization statutes currently pending in eight other states. Despite the growing number of states that allow for the prescription and use of medicinal marijuana, the federal government still classifies the drug as a Schedule I controlled substance, the strictest classification of controlled substances and the only type healthcare providers may not legally prescribe. As states continue to deliberate the merits of allowing access to marijuana for therapeutic use, it is useful to examine the structural and political forces that have prevented a similar movement at the federal level. This Note does so, and argues that proactive changes—either legislative or administrative—are necessary to remove the handicap that the current regulatory system places on attempts to change federal marijuana policy.

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Fortin-Camacho, Cielo. "Red-Handed Without a Defense". Texas A&M Journal of Property Law 3, nr 2 (marzec 2016): 91–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/jpl.v3.i2.1.

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Lawful marijuana tenants (“LMT”), or tenants who lease property for the purpose of operating a marijuana-related business in compliance with the applicable marijuana provisions of their state, are demanding property and offering big bucks—leaving property owners in a precarious situation. This Article discusses the problem faced by property owners wishing to lease premises to growers, processors, and sellers of marijuana in states that have adopted marijuana provisions and established regulatory frameworks. In these states, marijuana provisions do not alter the respective state’s landlord-tenant statutes, despite the various property-related requirements marijuana businesses must adhere to for licensure to operate. Licensing requirements in states with regulatory frameworks in place have lured marijuana-related businesses from the shadows, leaving property owners unable to meet the requirements of any statutory or common law defense to civil forfeiture. Part II of this Article discusses the history of civil forfeiture, focusing on the origin of the guilty property model and its introduction to America. Part III will introduce modern civil forfeiture statutes, their legislative history, and rationalize the government’s use of civil proceedings over criminal proceedings before explaining the forfeiture process. Part IV briefly narrates marijuana’s long history of legality in the United States before discussing its controlling federal statutes. Part V of this Article reveals the possible consequences of leasing property to marijuana-related businesses; the focus then turns to the unavailability of suitable defenses for real property owners who lease to LMTs. Part VI briefly describes the inadequacies of boilerplate provisions currently in standard lease agreements and suggests respective lease modifications property owners should be prepared to discuss with counsel and negotiate with prospective LMTs. Lastly, this Article concludes by reminding property owners that despite marijuana prohibition’s significant progress over the last few years, it could all be undone when the next president takes office in 2017.

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Al-Saghir, Tala, Alexander Vraa, Kinan Sawar, Gordon Jacobsen, Maristella S. Evangelista i Dunya Atisha. "Effects of Marijuana Use in Patients Undergoing Abdominal Free Flap Breast Reconstruction". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery - Global Open 12, nr 3 (marzec 2024): e5657. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/gox.0000000000005657.

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Background: Marijuana use has been associated with vascular inflammation and clotting, resulting in endothelial damage and arteritis. As marijuana use rises in the United States, few studies have evaluated its impact on surgical outcomes and wound healing in free flap breast reconstruction. Methods: A retrospective cohort study of patients undergoing abdominal free flap breast reconstruction between 2016 and 2022 at a large metropolitan healthcare system was performed. Patient demographics, comorbidities, procedural details, and complications were analyzed. Minor complications were defined as skin or fat necrosis not requiring intervention, nipple loss, any wound requiring management in the clinic, hematoma, and seroma. Major complications were defined as reoperation, flap loss, cardiac or thromboembolic events, and hospital readmission. Active marijuana users were those with marijuana use within 12 weeks of surgery. Results: In total, 168 patients underwent 276 deep inferior epigastric artery-based flaps for breast reconstruction. There were 21 active marijuana users. There were no significant differences in patient demographics, cancer treatment, or minor and major complications. However, there were higher rates of active nicotine use (P = 0.001) and anxiety/depression amongst active marijuana users (P = 0.002). Active users had higher rates of bilateral breast reconstruction (P = 0.029), but no significant differences in other operative details. Conclusions: Active marijuana use of unknown frequency may be safe in patients undergoing breast free flap reconstruction. Advising marijuana abstinence preoperatively may not alter patient outcomes. Further studies of greater sample size are needed to evaluate marijuana’s impact on outcomes associated with breast reconstruction using free flap.

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Hoffman, M. Camille, Sharon K. Hunter, Angelo D'Alessandro, Kathleen Noonan, Anna Wyrwa i Robert Freedman. "Interaction of maternal choline levels and prenatal Marijuana's effects on the offspring". Psychological Medicine 50, nr 10 (31.07.2019): 1716–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003329171900179x.

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AbstractBackgroundThis study investigated whether higher maternal choline levels mitigate effects of marijuana on fetal brain development. Choline transported into the amniotic fluid from the mother activates α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on fetal cerebro-cortical inhibitory neurons, whose development is impeded by cannabis blockade of their cannabinoid-1(CB1) receptors.MethodsMarijuana use was assessed during pregnancy from women who later brought their newborns for study. Mothers were informed about choline and other nutrients, but not specifically for marijuana use. Maternal serum choline was measured at 16 weeks gestation.ResultsMarijuana use for the first 10 weeks gestation or more by 15% of mothers decreased newborns' inhibition of evoked potentials to repeated sounds (d’ = 0.55, p < 0.05). This effect was ameliorated if women had higher gestational choline (rs = −0.50, p = 0.011). At 3 months of age, children whose mothers continued marijuana use through their 10th gestational week or more had poorer self-regulation (d’ = −0.79, p < 0.05). This effect was also ameliorated if mothers had higher gestational choline (rs = 0.54, p = 0.013). Maternal choline levels correlated with the children's improved duration of attention, cuddliness, and bonding with parents.ConclusionsPrenatal marijuana use adversely affects fetal brain development and subsequent behavioral self-regulation, a precursor to later, more serious problems in childhood. Stopping marijuana use before 10 weeks gestational age prevented these effects. Many mothers refuse to cease use because of familiarity with marijuana and belief in its safety. Higher maternal choline mitigates some of marijuana's adverse effects on the fetus.

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Baird, Carolyn. "Marijuana and Medicinal Marijuana". Journal of Addictions Nursing 30, nr 2 (2019): 125–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/jan.0000000000000280.

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&NA;. "Marijuana see Alcohol/cocaine/marijuana". Reactions Weekly &NA;, nr 316 (wrzesień 1990): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-199003160-00051.

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Pacula, Rosalie Liccardo, i Rosanna Smart. "Medical Marijuana and Marijuana Legalization". Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 13, nr 1 (8.05.2017): 397–419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032816-045128.

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Brown, Olen R. "Marijuana: Forensics of Abuse, Medical Uses, Controversy, and AI". Forensic Sciences 3, nr 4 (7.11.2023): 571–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/forensicsci3040040.

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Motor vehicle accidents are a significant consequence of marijuana abuse. Limitations of its roadside detection and the forensic problems with establishing impairment require innovations that are scientifically achievable. Marijuana abuse currently is at an all-time high in the United States and its physiological effects make it a popular recreational drug that is reported to be a leading cause of preventable morbidity and mortality among the youth in the 18 most affluent nations. The medical benefits of drugs derived from marijuana complicate its forensic regulation. In an extensive 2017 report by The American Academy of Sciences, the evidence for the medical benefits of delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol (derived from marijuana) were stated to be conclusive or substantial for the treatment of chronic pain in adults, as an antiemetic for treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and for improving patient-reported multiple sclerosis spasticity symptoms. The benefits from treatment for many other medical conditions were inconclusive or absent. The evidence is clear that safely driving a motor vehicle is significantly impaired while under the influence of marijuana. However, there is no roadside forensic test that reliably detects impairment, and there is an urgent need for such to protect the public while insuring the legal rights of users. There is strong societal pressure to relax marijuana’s forensic regulation, including removing it from Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act. Artificial intelligence (AI) should be implemented with appropriate human control to resolve controversies.

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Lusk, Stephanie L., Teresia M. Paul i Raylon Wilson. "The Potential Impact of the Legalization and Decriminalization of Marijuana on the Vocational Rehabilitation Process. Why the Buzz?" Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling 46, nr 2 (1.06.2015): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0047-2220.46.2.3.

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The medicinal use of marijuana has been legalized in 23 states and the District of Columbia to date. Of these states, Colorado, Washington, Oregon, and most recently Alaska have legalized the recreational use of marijuana for individuals 21 and older as well. There are also 18 states that have decriminalized its use while all other states have some form of prohibition laws. Because individuals with disabilities are at an increased risk for developing substance use disorders or have ailments (e.g., multiple sclerosis, neuropathic pain) that can possibly be treated using marijuana, this could potentially create an unwelcomed challenge through which counselors and consumers alike must navigate. As a result, it is important that counselors, service providers, and policy makers be proactive in thinking about and preparing for any and all consequences particularly as it relates to the vocational rehabilitation process. Engaging in dialogue and addressing the issues surrounding the use of marijuana beforehand allows for the development of an action plan that has been thoroughly considered and can then be administered in an efficient and streamlined fashion. This paper hopes to serve as the impetus for such dialogue while also providing information on marijuana’s pharmacological properties, the positive and negative benefits of its use, legal considerations, and training and educational implications for counselors.

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Ramesh, Divya, Margaret Haney i Ziva D. Cooper. "Marijuana’s dose-dependent effects in daily marijuana smokers." Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology 21, nr 4 (2013): 287–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0033661.

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Selden, Brad S., Richard F. Clark i Steven C. Curry. "Marijuana". Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America 8, nr 3 (sierpień 1990): 527–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0733-8627(20)30257-1.

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Neuspiel, D. R., i J. R. Serwint. "Marijuana". Pediatrics in Review 28, nr 4 (1.04.2007): 156–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.28-4-156.

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Neuspiel, D. R. "Marijuana". Pediatrics in Review 33, nr 7 (1.07.2012): 333–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.33-7-333.

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Schonberg, S. K. "Marijuana". Pediatrics in Review 18, nr 1 (1.01.1997): 26–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.18-1-26.

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Neuspiel, Daniel R. "Marijuana". Pediatrics In Review 28, nr 4 (1.04.2007): 156–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.28.4.156.

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Schonberg, S. Kenneth. "Marijuana". Pediatrics In Review 18, nr 1 (1.01.1997): 26–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.18.1.26.

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&NA;. "Marijuana". Reactions Weekly &NA;, nr 1307 (czerwiec 2010): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-201013070-00098.

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CUSACK, JOHN R. "Marijuana". American Journal of Psychiatry 148, nr 5 (maj 1991): 671—a—672. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.148.5.671-a.

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Clifford, Theresa. "Marijuana". Journal of PeriAnesthesia Nursing 31, nr 6 (grudzień 2016): 547–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jopan.2016.08.004.

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Kolena, Branislav, Ida Petrovičová, Tomáš Trnovec, Tomáš Pilka i Gabriela Bičanová. "Marijuana". Journal of Drug Education 46, nr 1-2 (czerwiec 2016): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047237916646442.

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Twichell, Chase. "Marijuana". Yale Review 92, nr 1 (28.06.2008): 52–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0044-0124.2004.00775.x.

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Takkar, Chandandeep, i Rajeswari Anaparthy. "Marijuana". American Journal of Gastroenterology 103 (wrzesień 2008): S357—S358. http://dx.doi.org/10.14309/00000434-200809001-00911.

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Van Hoozen, Brent E., i Carroll E. Cross. "Marijuana". Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology 15, nr 3 (wrzesień 1997): 243–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02737700.

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Krueger, Alan L. "Marijuana". JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 263, nr 1 (5.01.1990): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1990.03440010122047.

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Nayak, Biswa Prakash, i Himanshu Khajuria. "Synthetic marijuana is no more marijuana". Asian Journal of Psychiatry 43 (czerwiec 2019): 211–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2017.11.002.

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Borowicz, Kinga K., Paulina Kaczmarska i Barbara Szalewska. "Medical use of marijuana". Archives of Physiotherapy and Global Researches 18, nr 1 (1.12.2014): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15442/apgr.18.1.20.

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Berg, Carla J., David B. Buller, Gillian L. Schauer, Michael Windle, Erin Stratton i Michelle C. Kegler. "Rules regarding Marijuana and Its Use in Personal Residences: Findings from Marijuana Users and Nonusers Recruited through Social Media". Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2015 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/476017.

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Recent changes in policy and social norms related to marijuana use have increased its use and concern about how/where marijuana should be used. We aimed to characterize rules regarding marijuana and its use in homes. We recruited 1,567 US adults aged 18–34 years through Facebook advertisements to complete an online survey assessing marijuana use, social factors, perceptions of marijuana, and rules regarding marijuana and its use in the home, targeting tobacco and marijuana users to ensure the relevance of this topic. Overall, 648 (41.6%) were current marijuana users; 46.0% of participants reported that “marijuana of any type is not allowed in their home or on their property.” Of those allowing marijuana on their property, 6.4% prohibiteduseof marijuana in their home. Of the remainder, 29.2% prohibitedsmokingmarijuana, and 11.0% prohibitedvaping, eating, or drinkingmarijuana. Correlates of more restrictive rules included younger age, being female, having <Bachelor’s degree, not having parents or people living with them who use marijuana, perceiving use to be less socially acceptable and more harmful, and being a nonuser (p’s<.05). Attitudes and subjective norms regarding marijuana are correlates of allowing marijuana in residential settings. Future work should examine areas of risk regarding household marijuana rules.

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Smit, Ellen, i Carlos J. Crespo. "Dietary intake and nutritional status of US adult marijuana users: results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey". Public Health Nutrition 4, nr 3 (czerwiec 2001): 781–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/phn2000114.

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AbstractObjectives:This study examined dietary intakes and nutritional status of marijuana users and non-current marijuana users in US adults aged 20 to 59 years.Methods:We used data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 1988–1994. Information on self-reported drug use, including marijuana, was obtained as part of the NHANES III physical examination component. Nutritional status was assessed using height and weight, and blood biochemistries. Dietary intake was assessed using a 24-hour recall and a food-frequency questionnaire.Results:Among adults 20–59 years of age, 45% reported ever having used marijuana in their lifetime. A total of 8.7% reported using marijuana in the past month. Current marijuana users had higher intakes of energy and nutrients than non-current marijuana users; however, body mass index (BMI) was slightly lower. We found higher cigarette-smoking rates and higher consumption of sodas and alcohol, specifically beer, among marijuana users than among non-current marijuana users. Marijuana users also consumed more sodium, fewer fruits, and more pork, cheese, and salty snacks. Nutritional status, using indicators of serum nutrients, serum albumin, haematocrit and haemoglobin, was similar between marijuana users and non-current marijuana users. Serum carotenoid levels were lower among marijuana users, independent of cigarette smoking.Conclusion:Dietary intake was different among marijuana users than among non-current marijuana users. Although overall nutritional status was similar, serum carotenoid levels were lower in marijuana users. The long-term health effects of these differences in marijuana users deserve careful consideration in future research.

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Kim, Yoonsang, Lisa Vera, Jidong Huang i Sherry Emery. "Marijuana Content on Digital Media and Marijuana Use among Young People in the United States". Cannabis 5, nr 2 (11.07.2022): 74–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis/2022.02.007.

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Health behavior theory establishes that exposure to media messages about a topic influences related knowledge, attitudes, and behavior. Marijuana-related messages proliferating on digital media likely affect attitudes and behavior about marijuana. Most research studying marijuana-related media effects on behavior relies on self-reported survey measures, which are subject to bias; people find it difficult to recall timing, frequency, and sources of messages. We calculated an exogenous measure of exposure to marijuana-related messages on digital media based on emerging public communication environment (PCE) theory. Aggregated online searches and social media posts related to marijuana for a given place reflect the marijuana-related PCE, where people are exposed to and engage with messages from multiple sources. Exogenous measures overcome bias in self-reported exposure and outcome data: simultaneity bias and endogeneity. The PCE reflects both potential exposure and relative importance of the topic in the local community, which may influence real-world marijuana use. Using 2017 Twitter and Google Search data, we measured the marijuana-related PCE to quantify where opportunities for exposure to marijuana-related posts were high and examined relationships between potential exposure and current marijuana use among youth and young adults in 2018. We found that marijuana-related online search and tweeting at the media market level are associated with offline marijuana use, controlling for demographics and state marijuana policy. The marijuana-related digital media environment may reflect and/or influence youth and young adult marijuana use. Social media and online search data offer platforms to monitor the marijuana-related PCE and supplement survey data to study media exposure and marijuana use behavior.

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Lo, Celia C., i Gerald Globetti. "The Effects of Internal and External Control Factors on College Students' Marijuana Use and Cessation of Use". Journal of Drug Education 25, nr 4 (grudzień 1995): 357–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/ga8m-3xbf-xyrw-9j27.

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The purpose of this study was to examine how selected internal and external control variables influence lifetime use, frequency of use, and cessation of use of marijuana. The internal control factor, comprising the variables 1) perceived risk of marijuana use and 2) attitudes toward prohibition of marijuana use, refers to a built-in personal tendency toward conventionality. The external control factor refers to social-environmental forces which discourage marijuana use. External control is indicated by factors including the number of extra-curricular activities in which an individual is involved; place of residence; the availability of marijuana; peer attitudes toward marijuana use; the number of an individual's friends who use marijuana; and the number of occasions on which an individual has observed others using marijuana. The study's results show that both internal and external control factors are significant predictors of the frequency of marijuana use. The external control factor, however, plays a more important role in explaining lifetime marijuana use and cessation of marijuana use.

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Donnelly, Joseph, Michael Young, Brenda Marshall, Michael L. Hecht i Elena Saldutti. "Public Health Implications of Cannabis Legalization: An Exploration of Adolescent Use and Evidence-Based Interventions". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, nr 6 (11.03.2022): 3336. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063336.

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This article examines the relaxation of state marijuana laws, changes in adolescent use of marijuana, and implications for drug education. Under federal law, use of marijuana remains illegal. In spite of this federal legislation, as of 1 June 2021, 36 states, four territories and the District of Columbia have enacted medical marijuana laws. There are 17 states, two territories and the District of Columbia that have also passed recreational marijuana laws. One of the concerns regarding the enactment of legislation that has increased access to marijuana is the possibility of increased adolescent use of marijuana. While there are documented benefits of marijuana use for certain medical conditions, we know that marijuana use by young people can interfere with brain development, so increased marijuana use by adolescents raises legitimate health concerns. A review of results from national survey data, including CDC’s YRBS, Monitoring the Future, and the National Household Survey on Drug Use, allows us to document changes in marijuana use over time. Increased legal access to marijuana also has implications for educational programming. A “Reefer Madness” type educational approach no longer works (if it ever did). We explore various strategies, including prevention programs for education about marijuana, and make recommendations for health educators.

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Rosenberg, Ettie. "Interpretation of California's Marijuana Regulations after Proposition 64 and Pharmacy Practice Roles in Medical Marijuana Dispensing against Federal Enforcement Risks". Journal of Contemporary Pharmacy Practice 65, nr 1 (1.03.2018): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.37901/jcphp17-00015.

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California was the first state in the union to pass medical marijuana legislation with Proposition 215, the voter enacted California Compassionate Use Act (CCUA, 1996), though regulatory oversight for the medical marijuana industry was negligible over the next 20 years. In 2015, California legislators passed the Medical Marijuana Regulation and Safety Act (MMRSA), providing a new and comprehensive regulatory framework for medical marijuana, subsequently renaming it the Medical Cannabis Regulation and Safety Act (MCRSA), with a planned implementation of January 1, 2018. In 2016, California's marijuana landscape dramatically changed with the Adult Use of Marijuana Act (AUMA), also known as Proposition 64 (“Prop 64”), a voter initiative successful in legalizing recreational marijuana, where many prior similar initiatives had failed. In 2017, California lawmakers merged the two Acts (MCRSA and AUMA) into the Medical and Adult Use of Cannabis Regulation and Safety Act, (MAUCRSA), known as Senate Bill 94 (SB 94), which passed overwhelmingly and created a single comprehensive marijuana regulatory scheme for California by integrating the 2015 recreational marijuana law with the state's longstanding medical marijuana program, also effective in January 2018. Given the current national marijuana landscape and political climate, California's novel unified model for regulating and taxing marijuana will likely influence how other states proceed to regulate and tax the emerging legal marijuana industry, which has an estimated value of $7 billion. Part One of this article provides an overview of the soon to be effective “harmonized” regulatory scheme for California's medicinal and recreational marijuana industries, touching on its potential to influence other states. Part Two surveys the changed national marijuana landscape within which three states have already implemented a role for pharmacists in medical marijuana dispensing, despite that under the federal Controlled Substances Act, as a Schedule I substance, marijuana remains illegal for any purpose. The recent developments have not surprisingly triggered questions about a pharmacist's liability vis a vis marijuana dispensing and federal enforcement risks. Part Two also attempts to answer those questions through an informative discussion of the national marijuana landscape, the current political climate, and their respective influences on federal marijuana policy and enforcement.

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Kan, Emily, Jordan Beardslee, Paul J. Frick, Laurence Steinberg i Elizabeth Cauffman. "Marijuana Use Among Justice-Involved Youths After California Statewide Legalization, 2015–2018". American Journal of Public Health 110, nr 9 (wrzesień 2020): 1386–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2020.305797.

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Objectives. To determine the impact of California’s recreational marijuana legalization on marijuana use among justice system–involved (JSI) adolescents and young adults, and to distinguish whether any changes resulted from legalization (passing the law) or from implementation of the law. Methods. We compared changes in JSI youths’ marijuana use in 2 states: California (n = 504), where recreational marijuana use was recently legalized, and Pennsylvania (n = 478), where recreational use is still prohibited. Furthermore, we examined changes in marijuana use across 3 key time periods (October 2015–June 2018): before legalization, after legalization but before implementation, and after implementation. Results. California JSI youths did not demonstrate a significant increase in marijuana use after legalization (b = −0.010; P = .950) or implementation (b = −0.046; P = .846). However, in Pennsylvania, rates of marijuana use increased significantly after legalization (b = 0.602; P = .001) but not after implementation (b = 0.174; P = .533). Conclusions. Although recreational marijuana legalization was not associated with changes in marijuana use among youths in California, we observed increased rates of use in Pennsylvania after legalization in California. Recreational marijuana laws may be indirectly related to youths’ marijuana use by supporting more permissive national attitudes toward marijuana.

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Balouch, Bailey, Ghiath Alnouri i Robert Sataloff. "The Effect of Marijuana on the Voice". Journal of Singing 80, nr 1 (15.08.2023): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.53830/zpsi4234.

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Marijuana is derived from the cannabis sativa plant originating in central and southeast Asia. In recent years, there was increasing popularity and use of marijuana in addition to the legalization of its recreational use in parts of the United States. Singing teachers should be fam iliar with the voice effects of marijuana so that they may counsel students about marijuana usage. The authors sent a web-based questionnaire to adult voice center patients. The survey was designed to collect relevant demographic data, past laryngeal history, marijuana use history, and beliefs about effects of marijuana on voice. Those who used marijuana reported voice symptoms that they attributed to marijuana use, including hoarseness, breathiness and weakness. Smoking marijuana may cause immediate and long-term voice dysfunction. No positive changes to the voice have been identified. Further research is necessary to evaluate changes to the voice and safety of marijuana use, but voice teachers should be aware of the common adverse effects.

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Saadeh, Claire E., i Danielle R. Rustem. "Medical Marijuana Use in a Community Cancer Center". Journal of Oncology Practice 14, nr 9 (wrzesień 2018): e566-e578. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jop.18.00057.

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Purpose: The primary purpose of this study was to compare the incidence of marijuana use between patients with early- versus advanced-stage cancers. Differences in adverse effects, drug-drug interactions, and drug-disease interactions between those who use marijuana and those who do not were also compared. Methods: Patients age 18 years and older who were receiving chemotherapy were asked to complete an electronic self-reported questionnaire. In addition to questions about patient demographics, current adverse effects, cancer type and stage, comorbidities, performance status, treatment regimen, and general marijuana use, those patients who used marijuana within the last 30 days (current marijuana users) were asked additional questions about the route and frequency of marijuana administration, about reason(s) for use, about possession of a marijuana card, and if they had received any counseling about marijuana. Drug-drug and drug-disease interactions were also analyzed. Results: The overall incidence of marijuana use was 18.3% (32 of 175 patients). The incidence of marijuana use in patients with early- versus advanced-stage cancers was 19.6% (11 of 56 patients) versus 17.6% (21 of 119 patients; P = .75). Patients who use marijuana reported more pain, nausea, appetite issues, and anxiety. There were more drug-drug interactions associated with marijuana use, primarily with concurrent CNS depressants. The frequency of drug-disease interactions between those who use marijuana versus those who do not was similar. Conclusion: Approximately one in five patients with cancer who were receiving chemotherapy were using marijuana, and the frequency was equal in early- and advanced-stage cancer groups. The risks versus benefits should be discussed with all patients who use marijuana.

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Moores, G., A. Lockey i A. Attar. "A.04 High times? Prevalence and perceptions of marijuana use among patients with epilepsy". Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 45, s2 (czerwiec 2018): S10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cjn.2018.121.

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Background: Despite medical advances, almost a third of people with epilepsy have medically refractory epilepsy (MRE). With failure of pharmaceutical options, patients are turning to alternative treatment options. Marijuana use in epilepsy has received extensive attention. Two recent studies evaluated the opinions of marijuana use in individuals with epilepsy, but had discrepant marijuana use rates. Methods: The first 200 adult patients with a known diagnosis of epilepsy seen at Hamilton General Hospital after June 1, 2017 were invited to participate. Standardized paper questionnaires gathered information about demographics, epilepsy history, and marijuana use. Results: One hundred forty participants returned questionnaires; 29.5% were active marijuana users; 24.5% had consumed marijuana in the past. Increased seizure frequency was significantly associated with marijuana use. There was a non-significant trend towards increased marijuana use with males and MRE. Almost half the active marijuana users noted improvement in seizure frequency. No participants experienced worsening of epilepsy with marijuana use. Side effects were common (30%), most frequent being mood. Conclusions: Prevalence of marijuana use among people with epilepsy is higher in our study population compared to an Australian cohort, but similar to Canadian studies. Marijuana use was significantly associated with increased seizure frequency. The majority of patients perceived benefit with regard to seizure control.

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Miech, Richard. "Marijuana Legalization and Marijuana Prevalence Among Adolescents". American Journal of Public Health 110, nr 9 (wrzesień 2020): 1268–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2020.305847.

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Hicks, Joshua A., Sarah L. Pedersen, Denis M. McCarthy i Ronald S. Friedman. "Marijuana Primes, Marijuana Expectancies, and Arithmetic Efficiency". Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 70, nr 3 (maj 2009): 391–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2009.70.391.

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Mark Anderson, D., Benjamin Hansen i Daniel I. Rees. "Medical Marijuana Laws and Teen Marijuana Use". American Law and Economics Review 17, nr 2 (24.04.2015): 495–528. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aler/ahv002.

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Miller, Norman S., Redon Ipeku i Thersilla Oberbarnscheidt. "A Review of Cases of Marijuana and Violence". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, nr 5 (29.02.2020): 1578. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051578.

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Marijuana is the most consumed illicit drug in the world, with over 192 million users. Due to the current legalization push of marijuana in the United States, there has been a lack of oversight regarding its public health policies, as marijuana advocates downplay the drug’s negative effects. This paper’s approach is from a public health perspective, focusing specifically on the cases of violence amongst some marijuana users. Here, we present 14 cases of violence with chronic marijuana users that highlight reoccurring consequences of: marijuana induced paranoia (exaggerated, unfounded distrust) and marijuana induced psychosis (radical personality change, loss of contact with reality). When individuals suffering from pre-existing medical conditions use marijuana in an attempt to alleviate their symptoms, ultimately this worsens their conditions over time. Although marijuana effects depend on the individual’s endocannabinoid receptors (which control behavioral functions, like aggression) and the potency level of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in the drug, scientifically documented links between certain marijuana users and violence do exist. Wider public awareness of the risks and side effects of marijuana, as well as a more prudent health policy, and government agency monitoring of the drug’s composition, creation, and distribution, are needed and recommended.

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Washburn, Isaac J., i Deborah M. Capaldi. "Heterogeneity in men's marijuana use in the 20s: Adolescent antecedents and consequences in the 30s". Development and Psychopathology 27, nr 1 (14.07.2014): 279–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579414000686.

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AbstractAdolescent psychopathology is commonly connected to marijuana use. How changes in these adolescent antecedents and in adolescent marijuana use are connected to patterns of marijuana use in the 20s is little understood. Another issue not clearly understood is psychopathology in the 30s as predicted by marijuana use in the 20s. This study sought to examine these two issues and the associations with marijuana disorder diagnoses using a longitudinal data set of 205 men with essentially annual reports. Individual psychopathology and family characteristics from the men's adolescence were used to predict their patterns of marijuana use across their 20s, and aspects of the men's psychopathology in their mid-30s were predicted from these patterns. Three patterns of marijuana use in the 20s were identified using growth mixture modeling and were associated with diagnoses of marijuana disorders at age 26 years. Parental marijuana use predicted chronic use for the men in adulthood. Patterns of marijuana use in the 20s predicted antisocial behavior and deviant peer association at age 36 years (controlling for adolescent levels of the outcomes by residualization). These findings indicate that differential patterns of marijuana use in early adulthood are associated with psychopathology toward midlife.

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Jalilian, Farzad, Mehdi Mirzaei-Alavijeh, Mohammad Ahmadpanah, Shayan Mostafaei, Mehdi Kargar, Razieh Pirouzeh, Dena Sadeghi Bahmani i Serge Brand. "Extension of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to Predict Patterns of Marijuana Use among Young Iranian Adults". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, nr 6 (17.03.2020): 1981. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17061981.

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Background: Marijuana use is increasing among adolescents and young adults. Long-term marijuana use magnifies the risk of a wide variety of behavioral, cognitive-emotional, and neurological problems, and can be a gateway to use of other drugs. In the present study, we investigated the cognitive-emotional and behavioral predictors of marijuana use. To this end, young Iranian adults answered questions based on an extended Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and related it to marijuana use. We hypothesized that cognitive-emotional and behavioral factors would predict intention to use marijuana, and that this, in turn, would predict actual consumption. Methods: A total of 166 young Iranian adults (mean age: 20.51 years; 15.7% females) attending a walk-in center for drug use took part in this cross-sectional study. Participants completed questionnaires covering sociodemographic information, frequency of marijuana use per week, along with questionnaires assessing the following dimensions of the TPB: attitude towards marijuana use, subjective norms, self-efficacy to resist marijuana use, environmental constraints, problem-solving skills, and behavioral intention for marijuana use. Results: Mean marijuana use was found to be 4.6 times/week. Attitude towards marijuana use, subjective norms, environmental constraints, and behavioral intention to use marijuana were positively correlated to each other and with marijuana use/week. In contrast, higher self-efficacy and problem-solving skills were associated with lower marijuana use/week. The multiple regression analysis showed that a positive attitude to marijuana use, lower self-efficacy in resisting its use, higher behavioral intention, and poorer problem-solving skills predicted actual use. Conclusion: The pattern of results suggests that dimensions of TPB can explain marijuana use among young Iranian adults self-admitted to a walk-in center for drug use. Specifically, poor problem-solving skills, low self-efficacy in resisting marijuana use, and positive labelling of its use appeared to be the best predictors of actual use. It follows that prevention programs aimed at improving problem-solving skills and raising self-efficacy, along with educational interventions aimed at highlighting the negative effects of marijuana might decrease the risk of its use among young adults in Iran.

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Wojciechowski, Thomas. "Development of Marijuana Use Among Juvenile Offenders and Its Relevance for Predicting Problematic Binge Drinking: A Dual Trajectory Analysis Approach". Journal of Drug Issues 48, nr 3 (14.03.2018): 377–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022042618762730.

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This study builds on past research to examine the association of engagement in consistently high binge drinking behavior in adolescence with the concurrent development of marijuana use and to better understand the development of marijuana use during adolescence among a sample of juvenile offenders. This research used group-based trajectory analysis to examine heterogeneity in the development of marijuana use and dual trajectory analysis to examine the relevance of trajectories for predicting concurrent problematic binge drinking. A seven-group model best fit the marijuana use data. Marijuana use in adolescence predicted increased odds of assignment to the heavy chronic binge drinking group. The heavy chronic marijuana use group was overwhelmingly the best predictor of assignment to this group. Juvenile offenders are at risk of engagement in marijuana use and problematic levels of marijuana use. Engagement in marijuana use predicts higher odds of problematic binge drinking behavior during adolescence.

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