Rozprawy doktorskie: „Marijuana”

1

Jones, Joseph Timothy. "The Association between Medical Marijuana Laws and Maternal Marijuana Use". ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/3530.

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Marijuana is the most common illicit drug that is abused by pregnant women, and recently many states have adopted various levels of relaxed marijuana policies. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a potential association between residing in a state that allows medical marijuana use and maternal marijuana usage. Grounded in the theory of planned behavior, this study evaluated the prevalence and extent of maternal marijuana use in states that allow and states that do not allow medical marijuana use using the National Survey of Drug Use and Health (NSDUH). It was anticipated that more lenient subjective norms toward marijuana use and increased availability would support an increase of maternal marijuana use. The 2014 NSDUH was queried and analyzed using chi-square and logistic regression. The study revealed an increase of maternal marijuana use in states where medical marijuana was allowed, but the increase was not statistically significant. An increase of heavy users was observed in states where medical marijuana was allowed (54% versus 37%). Consistent with other research findings, this study revealed that young (OR = 3.56; 95% CI: 1.379, 9.213; p = 0.009) and unmarried (OR = 6.81; 95% CI: 2.485, 18.661; p < 0.001) pregnant woman were at higher risk for past month maternal marijuana use and had similar results for past year use. The unintended consequences of increased in utero marijuana exposure and its subsequent negative public health effects have been missing from the discussion of the relaxation of statewide marijuana policies. This study will provide policy makers responsible for changing marijuana policy with useful evidence on the unintended consequences of increased maternal marijuana use in areas where medical marijuana is allowed.

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2

Robbe, Hindrik Willem Jan. "Influence of marijuana on driving". Maastricht : Maastricht : Institute for Human Psychopharmacology, University of Limburg ; University Library, Maastricht University [Host], 1994. http://arno.unimaas.nl/show.cgi?fid=6810.

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Calhoun, McKenzie L. "Medical Marijuana, CBD and THC". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2019. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/6880.

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4

Bevier, Landon Shane. "Marijuana Users in Their Own Words: Explaining the Continuation and Cessation of Habitual Marijuana Use". TopSCHOLAR®, 2009. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/73.

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Thomas, Dawn M. "Marijuana and African American Youth: Exploring Parenting Behaviors and Characteristics of Acquisition associated with Marijuana Use". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1490350969669855.

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6

Swensen, Greg. "Reform of minor cannabis laws in Western Australia, the United Kingdom and New Zealand". Thesis, Swensen, Greg (2006) Reform of minor cannabis laws in Western Australia, the United Kingdom and New Zealand. Masters by Research thesis, Murdoch University, 2006. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/328/.

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The past three decades has been a period of intense and sustained debate in a number of major Western countries about the wisdom of police continuing to apply legislation which can severely punish offenders by fines and even imprisonment because of laws and policies that prohibit the use, possession and cultivation of cannabis. The large and growing number of young adults who have been exposed to the drug, some of whom have been charged and received criminal convictions with attendant deleterious effects on their employment and wellbeing, has forced policy makers to re-evaluate the justification for continuing to criminalise cannabis. This thesis examines in detail the law reforms that occurred in early 2004 with respect to cannabis offenders in Western Australia (WA) and the United Kingdom (UK) and what lessons these reforms may hold for other jurisdictions interested in decriminalisation of minor cannabis offences. A study was undertaken to compare the shortcomings and advantages of the different approaches to reform followed in WA and the UK. Reference to the reform in the UK, will be confined to meaning England, Wales and Northern Ireland as the necessary administrative guidelines have not so far been issued for Scotland. In WA the reforms required a substantial legislative effort to establish a complex framework that outlined in detail the circumstances when police may issue cannabis infringement notices (CINs), whereas in the UK the approach involved limited legislative activity by the reclassification of the legal status of cannabis and by providing police with administrative guidelines issued by the Association of Chief Police Commissioners as to how to exercise their discretion in issuing formal warnings for a minor cannabis offence. A comparison is made with New Zealand (NZ), where in spite of there being a similar process of deliberation and consultation as in WA and the UK, the government refused to implement formal reform because of a perception it was unable to decriminalise minor cannabis offences because of the restrictions imposed of agreement between the Clarke Labour Government and a minor political party. The example of the failure of government in NZ to achieve reform illustrates the importance that in some jurisdictions there will be a significant role for non parliamentary advisory bodies and lobby groups to argue for reform and to garner public support when reform has stalled or been frustrated. The thesis also includes a preliminary exploratory study using a number of indicators, such as prevalence and conviction data, to determine if the reforms implemented by the CIN scheme have resulted in or are likely to create unanticipated harms and to explore some of the issues in being to determine whether changes in law enforcement practices and priorities have impacted on the cannabis market or are likely to change the way cannabis may be transacted in WA.

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7

Swensen, Greg. "Reform of minor cannabis laws in Western Australia, the United Kingdom and New Zealand". Swensen, Greg (2006) Reform of minor cannabis laws in Western Australia, the United Kingdom and New Zealand. Masters by Research thesis, Murdoch University, 2006. http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/328/.

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The past three decades has been a period of intense and sustained debate in a number of major Western countries about the wisdom of police continuing to apply legislation which can severely punish offenders by fines and even imprisonment because of laws and policies that prohibit the use, possession and cultivation of cannabis. The large and growing number of young adults who have been exposed to the drug, some of whom have been charged and received criminal convictions with attendant deleterious effects on their employment and wellbeing, has forced policy makers to re-evaluate the justification for continuing to criminalise cannabis. This thesis examines in detail the law reforms that occurred in early 2004 with respect to cannabis offenders in Western Australia (WA) and the United Kingdom (UK) and what lessons these reforms may hold for other jurisdictions interested in decriminalisation of minor cannabis offences. A study was undertaken to compare the shortcomings and advantages of the different approaches to reform followed in WA and the UK. Reference to the reform in the UK, will be confined to meaning England, Wales and Northern Ireland as the necessary administrative guidelines have not so far been issued for Scotland. In WA the reforms required a substantial legislative effort to establish a complex framework that outlined in detail the circumstances when police may issue cannabis infringement notices (CINs), whereas in the UK the approach involved limited legislative activity by the reclassification of the legal status of cannabis and by providing police with administrative guidelines issued by the Association of Chief Police Commissioners as to how to exercise their discretion in issuing formal warnings for a minor cannabis offence. A comparison is made with New Zealand (NZ), where in spite of there being a similar process of deliberation and consultation as in WA and the UK, the government refused to implement formal reform because of a perception it was unable to decriminalise minor cannabis offences because of the restrictions imposed of agreement between the Clarke Labour Government and a minor political party. The example of the failure of government in NZ to achieve reform illustrates the importance that in some jurisdictions there will be a significant role for non parliamentary advisory bodies and lobby groups to argue for reform and to garner public support when reform has stalled or been frustrated. The thesis also includes a preliminary exploratory study using a number of indicators, such as prevalence and conviction data, to determine if the reforms implemented by the CIN scheme have resulted in or are likely to create unanticipated harms and to explore some of the issues in being to determine whether changes in law enforcement practices and priorities have impacted on the cannabis market or are likely to change the way cannabis may be transacted in WA.

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8

Yu, Sz-De Lucas Wayne L. "The potential impact of legalizing marijuana". Diss., UMK access, 2005.

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Thesis (M.S.)--Dept. of Sociology/Criminal Justice & Criminology. University of Missouri--Kansas City, 2005.
"A thesis in criminal justice and criminology." Typescript. Advisor: Wayne L. Lucas. Vita. Title from "catalog record" of the print edition Description based on contents viewed Nov. 12, 2007. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 98-110). Online version of the print edition.

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9

Ryan, Heather E. "Marijuana use and its cognitive effects". Virtual Press, 2006. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1337204.

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The present study compared three commonly used cognitive screeners: the Test of Cognitive Skills – Second Edition (TCS-2), the Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test (K-BIT), the Wide Range Achievement Test – Third editions (WRAT3) and the impact of marijuana use on these screeners in a population of juvenile delinquents. One hundred records (67 males and 33 females) were selected from archival data at the Allen County Juvenile Center. Results from this study found, that as predicted, individuals who tested positive for marijuana performed significantly worse on all subtests of the TCS-2, on the Verbal and Composite Score of the K-BIT, and the Spelling subtest of the WRAT3 than individuals who tested negative for marijuana use. The results of this study support the notion that marijuana can impair cognitive abilities in a group of adolescents.
Department of Psychological Science

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10

O'Rourke, Eric J. "Marijuana cultivation and the life-course". Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1528012.

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Life course criminology seeks to explain the factors that lead and deter individuals from engaging in persistent later-life criminality. However, the cultivation of marijuana has yet to be tested by life course related means. This thesis uses data from both the Marijuana Growers' Survey and the Belgian Marijuana Growers' Survey to examine the extent that life course related variables are associated with transitions within marijuana growers. Results suggest little support for life course related variables, and instead suggest that motivations are more important in dictating transitions associated with an increase in profit and operations. Implications of these results are discussed and policy recommendations are made.

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11

McQueeny, Timothy. "Amygdala Morphometry in Adolescent Marijuana Users". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1288378300.

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12

Crawford, Seth. "The Political Economy of Medical Marijuana". Thesis, University of Oregon, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/12986.

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This study aims to shed light on several vexing questions surrounding marijuana at various levels of analysis. Why have some states adopted medical laws when others have not, and what are the implications of these adoptions for elites at the federal level? Why are certain areas within states hotbeds of marijuana use and production? Why, in the face of serious penalties, do certain individuals continue to use, produce, and sell this particular drug? How is the marijuana market structured and how much economic impact does it have? Possible sociopolitical factors responsible for passage (or failure) of marijuana-related voter initiatives and legislation in states are examined and the process of policy diffusion occurring between states that adopt such measures is detailed. An analysis of geographic variations in medical cardholder rates in Oregon is conducted using longitudinal data. Using a Respondent-Driven Sample and a detailed survey of legal and illegal marijuana users in Oregon, I identify differences between the two groups, elucidate differences between marijuana users and the general population, and estimate the economic impact of marijuana on Oregon's informal economy. Overall, the study finds that innovative, Democratically dominated states tend to pass medical marijuana laws and are the most at risk of doing so in the future. Within Oregon, county-level participation in the medical marijuana program is associated with Democratic party members, unemployment rates, and timber harvest levels. The Oregon marijuana market consists of a robust network of small producers, with individual users primarily managing distribution of the drug. Economic estimates indicate that the legalization of marijuana could generate between $37 million and $153 million per year in taxes for the state. Finally, historical evidence suggests that legalization of this drug could lead to its control; however, doing so could structurally transition the market from a robust network of small producers into tight oligopolic control by a limited number of producers, thereby disenfranchising small, artisan growers, communities traditionally reliant on marijuana for revenue, consumers who seek variety, and the plant's genetic diversity.

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13

Cunningham, Paige N. "The Media and Marijuana Legalization| What Role do the Media Play in the California Marijuana Legalization Initiative?" Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10263467.

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Currently, 27 states have medicalized marijuana, and eight states plus the District of Columbia have legalized marijuana for recreational use. The media have played a central role in these campaigns by having a robust effect on perceptions of marijuana policy. The media have also been used throughout history to influence individual behavior, particularly surrounding marijuana and other drug use.

To analyze the media’s effects on voting on marijuana initiatives and shifts in perceptions of marijuana policy, risk, harm, and use, this study anonymously surveyed 664 undergraduates. The students were selected using multistage cluster sampling of all departments and courses at a diverse, large university. Findings indicate that the media do not have a significant impact on beliefs and behaviors when peers and social bonds are control variables. Implications include utilizing the media to target peers and parents, an interdisciplinary approach, and utilizing social media for drug reform and prevention efforts.

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14

Alfonso, Jacqueline. "EMPIRICAL MODELING OF A MARIJUANA EXPECTANCY MEMORY NETWORK IN CHILDREN AS A FUNCTION OF AGE AND MARIJUANA USE". Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2005. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/2994.

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The present investigation modeled the expectancy memory organization and likely memory activation patterns of marijuana expectancies of children across age and marijuana use. The first phase of the study surveyed 142 children to obtain their first associate to marijuana use. From their responses, the Marijuana Expectancy Inventory for Children and Adolescents (MEICA) was developed. The second phase of the study administered the MEICA to a second sample of 392 children to model marijuana expectancy organization and probable memory activation paths of marijuana users versus never-users. Results indicated that irrespective of age, adolescents who have used marijuana tend to emphasize positive-negative effects, whereas adolescents who have never used marijuana tend to emphasize psychological-physiological effects. Memory activation patterns also differed by marijuana use history such that users are more likely to begin their paths with short-term positive effects of marijuana, versus non-users who access long-term cognitive and physiological effects with more likelihood. This study is the first to examine specific marijuana outcome expectancies of children and adolescents as they relate to marijuana-using behavior. Implications for marijuana prevention and intervention programs, future research, and limitations of the current investigation are discussed.
M.S.
Department of Psychology
Arts and Sciences
Psychology

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15

Wei, Miao-Chuan. "The Marijuana Use of Youth (1960-1979)". Taipei, Taiwan : Tamkang University, Graduate Institute of American Studies, 2007. http://www.cetd.com.tw/ec/thesisdetail.aspx?etdun=U0002-2703200723182100.

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16

Richards, Ian J. "Marijuana use among tertiary students in Adelaide /". Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 1996. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09MPM/09mpmr515.pdf.

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17

Saieva, Anthony. "MARIJUANA LEGALIZATION: AMERICANS' ATTITUDES OVER FOUR DECADES". Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2008. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/3383.

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Americans have long held a variety of opinions when it comes to the legalization of marijuana. While previous research has mostly focused on use rates and behavior, the purpose of this examination is to specifically analyze people's attitudes towards marijuana legalization. Of particular importance was (1) the extent to which attitudes towards marijuana legalization have changed over the past four decades and (2) how the social factors often associated with marijuana legalization attitudes have changed over the same period. Results indicate that over one-third of Americans now believe marijuana should be made legal. These pro-legalization attitudes are at their highest levels in four decades. Being younger, more educated, and liberal have been associated with these positive attitudes towards marijuana legalization. Yet age and education has become slightly less significant. Greater church attendance has remained associated with negative attitudes. While being white once correlated with anti-legalization attitudes, it is now positively associated with marijuana legalization attitudes. Finally, this study describes the remaining findings and thoughts.
M.A.
Department of Sociology
Sciences
Applied Sociology MA

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18

Dema, Brunilda. "Consequences of Marijuana Use for Depressive Disorders". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/41632.

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The purpose of this study is to investigate the temporal order in the association between marijuana use and depression. There are two possible hypothesis examined, and for each of them is conducted a separate set of analyses. The dependent variable in the first hypothesis is current depression, predicted by previous and current marijuana use, abuse, and dependence. In the second hypothesis the dependent variables are current marijuana use, abuse, and dependence, predicted by previous and current depression. To conduct the analyses this study uses data from the National Comorbidity Survey (NCS). The NCS is an epidemiological research study of the prevalence, causes, and consequences of psychiatric disorders and comorbodity, analyzing data from a national sample of 8098 participants covering an age range from 15 to 54 years old. Results show that prior depression is the main predictor of current depression while marijuana use has a weak effect on current depression. Marijuana users are slightly more depressed than never users, but the lag of the effect is short. There is a strong association between marijuana use and abuse and other drug use and abuse. Findings show that prior marijuana and other drug use and abuse predict current marijuana use and abuse. There is a weak association between current depression and current marijuana use, and when controlled for prior marijuana use this association disappears. The results of this study provide no support for the coping theory. There is a clear pattern of comorbidity of both, mental disorders, and substance use and abuse.
Master of Science

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19

Blavos, Alexis Angela. "Medical Marijuana: The Impact on College Students". University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1439298235.

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Butler, Leah C. "Getting Stoned: Marijuana Use among University Students". Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1460203414.

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Aguilar, Jamie M. "Family Structure and Marijuana Use Among Adolescents". Thesis, University of North Texas, 2014. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc500045/.

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Family structure as a predictive variable of juvenile delinquency has been studied for the last hundred years. This relationship originated due to societal belief that divorce was detrimental to adolescents. Due to the changing societal roles in the United States, family structure has been changing. More children are growing up in non-intact families, such as single-parent households, households with stepparents, cohabitating families, and households without a parent present. To study the effect family structure has on juvenile delinquency, researchers have utilized social control theory, differential association, self-control theory and general strain theory to conceptualize variables to explain why family structure influences delinquent behavior. A review of previous literature on this topic indicates that living in intact households, which are households with two biological parents who are married, have, on average, the lowest rates of delinquency. This thesis investigates the relationship between family structure and lifetime marijuana use among eighth and tenth grade adolescents in the United States through the use of secondary data analysis of Monitoring the Future Study, 2012. The results provide support for the relationship between family structure and lifetime marijuana use.

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22

Kilaru, Aruna. "Marijuana to Moss: Discovery of Plant Endocannabinoids". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4772.

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The elucidation of the binding of marijuana’s psychoactive compound, (-)-D9- tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), to specific membrane receptors, in the early 1990s, led to the identification of endogenous arachidonate-based lipids that activate cannabinoid receptors in mammals. While the metabolic and signaling pathway for these 20 carbon N-acylethanolamines (NAE) and their derivatives has been well characterized in mammals, thus far, only 12-18 carbon NAEs have been identified in plants and their metabolic pathway has been partly characterized. In plants, NAEs have been shown to modulate a number of physiological processes, including seed and seedling development and ability to respond to stress; however, the mechanisms by which they function remain to be elucidated. Our recent identification of a 20C NAE (arachidonylethanolamide) in moss provided us with an exciting possibility to identify receptor-mediated endocannabinoid signaling responses in plants that is akin to mammals. In this seminar, I will provide insights into the past, present and future aspects of plant endocannabinoid research.

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Kilaru, Aruna. "Marijuana to Moss: Discovery of Plant Endocannabinoids". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2013. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4775.

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Hake, Mark Lewn. "Marijuana Legalization and Traffic Fatalities Involving Cannabinoids". ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/6330.

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Washington State and Colorado were the first states to legalize recreational marijuana. According to the Washington Traffic Safety Commission, the number of drivers who tested positive for marijuana in traffic fatalities increased 48% from 2013 to 2014, and marijuana legalization may have influenced this increase. Since marijuana legalization is new to the United States, the effects of this change in policy are untested in the literature. The purpose of this quantitative study using a regression point displacement design was to examine the relationship between traffic fatalities involving cannabinoids in Washington State before and after marijuana legalization. Rational choice theory and perceptual deterrence theory provided the framework for the study. Existing state level data of traffic fatalities from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's Fatality Analysis Reporting System were analyzed using regression point displacement. Pre and post legalization Washington state fatalities were compared against 43 control groups where marijuana has not been legalized for recreational use. Results from ANCOVA analysis indicated no statistical difference between Washington State and other nonlegalized states in traffic fatalities involving cannabinoids. This is one of the first studies exploring the effects of marijuana legalization on public safety. These results suggest marijuana legalization may not contribute to the increase in traffic fatalities. Findings may provide legislators and traffic safety stakeholders with information in creating legislation legalizing marijuana as well as strategy and a research agenda to address traffic fatalities.

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Schweinsburg, Alecia Denise. "fMRI response during spatial working memory in adolescent marijuana users what is the relationship to recency of marijuana use? /". Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2006. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3237553.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2006.
Title from first page of PDF file (viewed December 12, 2006). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 112-129).

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26

Peters, David C. II. "Qualitative reports of Michigan medical marijuana patients and caregivers including reduced opiate use, dispensary operations, legal concerns, and marijuana strains". Thesis, Wayne State University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3602589.

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After hundreds of years of use the medical properties of Marijuana have been marginalized in our society. Qualitative interview data was collected from medical marijuana patients and knowledgeable producers and activists in Michigan about their perceptions and observations on the medical use of marijuana. Patients consistently reported using marijuana to substitute or wean off prescription drugs. All patients and producers who were taking opiate narcotics claimed they reduced overall drug use, especially opiates, by using medical marijuana. Patients and caregivers also claimed medical marijuana was preferred over opiates, eased withdrawal from opiates, and in some cases was perceived as more effective at relieving pain. Other issues explored included the operation of the Michigan Medical Marijuana Act, the formation and operation of medical marijuana centers in the face of countervailing State and federal, opposition, and the varieties and effects of different strains of medical marijuana.

Keywords: Medical Marijuana, State and Federal Marijuana Laws, Michigan Marijuana, Controlled Substances, Drugs, Qualitative Interviews

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Sehularo, Leepile Alfred. "Exploring the perceptions of psychiatric patients regarding marijuana use / L.A. Sehularo". Thesis, North-West University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4893.

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There is little understanding of marijuana use by psychiatric patients, specifically regarding the issue why they continue smoking marijuana in spite of the negative consequences, such as being readmitted to psychiatric hospitals due to a diagnosis called marijuana–induced psychosis. Therefore, it is important to understand why psychiatric patients continue to use marijuana, despite experiencing its negative effects on their condition. From the above background, the researcher identified the need to explore and describe the perceptions of psychiatric patients regarding marijuana use in Potchefstroom, North–West Province. The exploration and description of these psychiatric patients' perceptions regarding marijuana use will provide insight into more appropriate care and treatment in order to reduce the readmissions of psychiatric patients due to marijuana–induced psychosis. A qualitative, exploratory, descriptive and contextual research design was followed in order to give 'voice' to the perceptions of psychiatric patients regarding marijuana use. Purposive sampling was utilised to identify participants who complied with the set selection criteria. The sample size was determined by data saturation, which was reached after ten individual interviews with psychiatric patients. Unstructured individual interviews were utilised to gather data after written approval from the research ethics committee of the North–West University (Potchefstroom campus), North–West Provincial Department of Health, the clinical manager of the psychiatric hospital where data were collected, as well as from the psychiatric patients. After the co–coder and the researcher of the study analysed the data independently, a meeting was scheduled to reach consensus on the categories and subcategories that emerged from the data. The findings of this study indicated perceptions that psychiatric patients have on: the use of marijuana, the negative effects of marijuana use, marijuana use and mental illness, and stopping the use of marijuana. From this results it seems that although some patients realise that stopping the use of marijuana might be difficult, some patients want to walk the extra mile by helping other people to stop smoking marijuana. It is of specific interest that psychiatric patients seem to expect external groups to take responsibility on their behalf to terminate the use of marijuana, namely: foreigners, the police and the Rastafarians. From the findings, literature and the conclusions of this study, recommendations in the fields of nursing education, nursing research as well as nursing practice were made.
Thesis (M.Cur.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

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McCann, Clayton. "A cellar tropic : elision and the marijuana worker". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/47532.

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The marijuana worker is absent from public discourse. The following thesis will illustrate this fact. While it is indeed difficult to collect data on illicit industries like (non-medical) marijuana production, it is curious that the default representation of marijuana workers and their employers or, for the purposes of this context, growers, is either that of a gang member or an invisible, non-subject. Ongoing, radical changes in marijuana production social labour and the surrounding socio-legal environment in Canada, the United States and beyond have wide-ranging effects in store for British Columbian industry workers and growers. Tracking relevant discourse and assessing typical representations of marijuana growers and workers in media and popular culture products reveal the ongoing construction of abject identities: malingering medical clients employing natural remedies of questionable efficacy, violent gangsters, community-destroying hooligans, and exoticized products of alterity, the hyper-racialized ethnic other. Extended periods of participant observation in multiple marijuana production sectors familiarize the ethnographer with an altogether different cast of characters: peaceful men and women working full or part time as entrepreneurial owner/operators or workers struggling to favorably balance the risk/reward ratio. The project of comparing the resulting divergent representations and discourse⎯the armed Hell’s Angels grower you meet in the newspaper versus the single mom grower you find in her garden⎯is important as nascent structural changes threaten this occupational category in both the illicit and legal sectors. Creative re-representations found throughout are a result of participant observation-based autobiography and autoethnography methods, intended to contribute to new understandings of these hidden peoples, their life-ways and communities.
Irving K. Barber School of Arts and Sciences (Okanagan)
Graduate

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29

Turner, Beth Marie Anderson. "Sex, drugs, and driving-- the effects of marijuana". Diss., University of Iowa, 2007. http://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/171.

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Ramos, Guilherme de Alencar. "Political ideology, groupness, and attitudes toward Marijuana legalization". reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/25655.

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Prior literature has demonstrated that liberals and conservatives often diverge on policy issues partly because they have different psychological characteristics and partly because they are influenced by in- and out-groups (e.g., parties). In the present work, we investigate a relatively under-investigated topic, namely marijuana legalization, and test whether groupness affect opinion toward this policy over and above potential differences in psychological traits and states (e.g., personality, cognitive processing). Additionally, building on literature on morality and divergence from reference groups, we propose that part of the right-wing’s opposition to this policy comes from moral repugnance against out-groups. Results are consistent with our predictions. Study 1 validated an important assumption: individuals strongly associate marijuana legalization as a leftist policy. Importantly, study 2 showed that when marijuana legalization was endorsed by a center-right politician, individuals along the political spectrum expressed similar support for the policy; nevertheless, political ideology became a significant predictor of policy support when a leftist politician was behind the policy. This interaction was mostly due to rightwing individuals becoming less favorable toward the policy when a left-wing politician was behind it. Left-wing individuals, in turn, did not significantly shift their opinion. Finally, we discuss limitations, alternative explanations, and avenues for future research, while also proposing a third study which could more precisely test our theory.

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31

Zaporozhets, Olga. "Evaluating the Effectiveness of the Adult Marijuana Program". University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1341351346.

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McDade, Rhyanne. "Parental Influences on African American Adolescent Marijuana Use". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1378113953.

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James, Tierra Akilah. "Adolescent Social Bonds, Race, and Adult Marijuana Use". Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent155655244796172.

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34

Janousek, Alyssa. "Systematic Review on the Relationship Between Marijuana Use". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/281180.

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A Thesis submitted to The University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Medicine.
Objective: To develop a systematic review on the association between marijuana use and cyclic vomiting sydrome for the Arizona Department of Health Services. The review attempted to answer the key question of whether there is an association between marijuana use and cyclic vomiting syndrome and if so, whether marijuana use causes cyclic vomiting syndrome. Methods: The databases MEDLINE (PubMed), The Chocrane Library, CINAHL (EBSCO), psycINFO, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched for the topics of marijuana use and cyclic vomiting syndrome multiple times from September 2012 – November 2012. The quality of each pertinent study was assessed by two reviewers. Case-control and cohort studies were assessed using the Newcastle-Ottowa Assessment Scale.45 Case series’ were assessed using the criteria laid out in Guise et al.’s systematic review which was adapted from Deeks et al. and Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.15,11,1 Literature reviews were assessed using the AMSTAR criteria.35 Overall quality of evidence and causation were determined using the GRADE methodology and the Bradford Hill criteria, respectively.16,18 Results: A total of 95 articles were identified and 37 of these were found to address the key question in some way. The study designs of identified articles were 1 case-control study, 3 cohort studies, 4 case series, 24 case reports, and 5 literature reviews. The majority of reviewed studies report an association between marijuana use and cyclic vomiting syndrome or cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome with marijuana use preceding the onset of vomiting symptoms. However, the overall body of evidence reviewed is of very low quality and does not meet criteria to demonstrate causation. Significance: The majority of reviewed studies suggest an association between marijuana use and cyclic vomiting syndrome or cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome though no studies suggested any evidence as to whether marijuana use causes cyclic vomiting syndrome or cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome. The entire body of evidence reviewed, however, is of very low quality and therefore no definitive conclusions can be drawn from this review about the association between marijuana and cyclic vomiting syndrome or whether marijuana use causes cyclic vomiting syndrome.

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Dias, Rodrigo da Silva. "Political views, morality, and attitudes toward marijuana legalization". reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/24098.

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In this paper, we examine why attitudes toward marijuana legalization are split along ideological lines. In a survey, we found that conservatives were more likely to oppose this policy partly because of their greater reliance on the authority and purity foundations of morality. Curiously, concerns about harm were found to play no role in determining attitudes toward marijuana legalization, even though those who were against this policy frequently explained their views with harm-related accounts. In an experiment, we found that opponents of legalization were more likely to adopt a more favorable view towards it when exposed to arguments and sources that were consistent with the authority and purity dimensions of morality. Precisely, subjects who initially opposed legalization were more likely to change their attitudes when exposed to arguments that were based on the purity (vs. harm) foundation of morality, and when they were led to believe that these arguments were given by religious (vs. business) leaders.

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Kim, Daehyeon. "Does Marijuana Decriminalization Make the Roads More Dangerous?" BYU ScholarsArchive, 2017. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/6490.

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As the movement to decriminalize marijuana has gained more support throughout the United States, as of early 2017, 21 states have decriminalized the possession of a small amount of marijuana for personal recreational use, and more states are expected to decriminalize marijuana (GOVERNING 2017). Despite this strong move toward decriminalizing marijuana, however, the consequences of implementing such a policy are still very much unknown. One of the concerns regarding this movement to decriminalize marijuana is its potential impact on road safety (Schrader 2015; Roberts 2017; Halsey 2015). Although there are a few studies that have examined the association between marijuana use and availability and traffic fatalities, these studies are correlational in nature and show divergent outcomes (Anderson and Ree 2011; Anderson et al. 2013). Furthermore, these studies do not examine the impact of decriminalizing marijuana on road safety. In order to fill this gap, my research investigates the causal association between marijuana decriminalization and traffic fatalities by using the synthetic control method, pioneered by Abadie et al. (2010). This study estimates the causal effects of 2009 Massachusetts's marijuana decriminalization on Massachusetts' total traffic fatalities by comparing Massachusetts's trends in total traffic fatalities and its synthetic counterpart. The results of this study show a temporary increase in the number of total traffic fatalities in Massachusetts compared to its synthetic counterpart between 2009 and 2012, suggesting marijuana decriminalization's detrimental effect on road safety. Future studies should consider investigating the heterogeneous effects of marijuana decriminalization on traffic fatalities based on age groups, gender, and residential density and the causal mechanism between marijuana decriminalization and traffic fatalities.

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Minervini, Henry Klyce. "First Movers in Marijuana: Tourism Boom or Bust?" Scholarship @ Claremont, 2019. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/2241.

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In 2014, Colorado and Washington legalized the cultivation, sale, and consumption of recreational marijuana for anyone over the age of 21. In doing so, the two states presented the first opportunities for marijuana-specific tourism in the United States. Direct benefits of legalization to these first movers, namely tax revenues generated through the sale of marijuana, have been quantified, but the indirect benefits in the tourism sector are as of yet unquantified. Although there is a large body of informal literature and popular media on marijuana tourism, academic study of the subject is scant. Working with a panel composed of 47 of the contiguous United States over the years 2005-2016, this study utilizes a synthetic control methodology to construct hypothetical time series for various tourism indicators for the cases of non-legalization in Colorado and Washington. Comparison of these hypothetical time series to the actual time series reveals the effects of legalization. A similar methodology is applied to all states to find the “placebo effects” and to establish significance. In traveler expenditures, traveler-generated taxes, tourism industry employment, and tourism industry payroll, Washington shows effects of legalization of greater magnitude and significance than those in Colorado. Only 8% of other states show an effect on tourism revenues as large as that of Washington. Additionally this study finds that each state can be approximated with a weighted average of a small group of peers and that weather, price, and an interacted migration and political orientation variable have low predictive power on tourism indicators. Lastly, this study suggests possible causes and policy implications of the discrepancy between the states.

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Zaharakis, Nikola. "Examining the Parent-Adolescent Bond and Parent-Offspring Marijuana Communication on Marijuana Use and Problems: A Test of Primary Socialization Theory". VCU Scholars Compass, 2015. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/4071.

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Marijuana use among American young adults is rising, and perceptions of harm are declining. Individual states continue to enact more lenient marijuana use and possession laws. Marijuana use is associated with many serious negative outcomes. Thus, marijuana use among this age group has become a public health concern. According to Primary Socialization Theory, parents exert their influence on youth behavior through the parent-adolescent bond and through communication. Previous researchers have identified parent-offspring communication about alcohol and tobacco as a potentially important target of prevention efforts. Little research has yet explored marijuana communication and its potential influence on use-related outcomes. This study sought to model the influence of the parent-adolescent bond and parent-offspring communication about marijuana on marijuana use and problems related to use. In order to model this influence, the Communication about Marijuana (CAM) measure first was developed. In Study 1, an initial pool of items tapping marijuana communication was tested using a sample of 18-25 year old (M=20.22) undergraduate students (N=433). Confirmatory factor analyses were performed to test the fit of the data to the proposed model. In Study 2, a revised CAM measure was tested with a second sample of 18-25 year old (M=20.40) undergraduate students (N=432). The final measure included four content topic factors comprising 9 items, and 3 descriptive items tapping communication context. Structural equation models were specified to model the parent-adolescent bond and marijuana communication content on student self-reported past year marijuana use and marijuana use problems. Results suggested that the parent-adolescent bond was protective on marijuana use frequency, while models including only the manifest variable parental support better fit the data with regard to marijuana use problems. Communication content was somewhat differentially related to outcomes. Discussions encouraging abstinence, offering advice on peer pressure and monitoring use were related to more frequent use. Communication that conveyed disappointment about marijuana use and offered advice about peer pressure and choosing non-using friends was related to more marijuana use problems. Positive relations between communication and use outcomes were unexpected, but may reflect reactive parenting. Results and implications for future research are discussed in the context of the extant literature.

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Thomson, Ian 1965. "Inhaling : the changing significations of marijuana in hegemonic and subcultural discourses, from antiquity through its prohibition". Thesis, McGill University, 1998. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21271.

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This thesis is an examination of the various ways in which marijuana, its use, and its users have historically been signified, within both hegemonic and subcultural discourses, from marijuana's origins in antiquity through its North American prohibition in the earlier part of the twentieth century. Attention is given to how this history, and prohibition in particular, has informed contemporary North American significations of the drug, its use and its users.

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40

Nimkar, Swateja. "Characteristics of Marijuana Users Compared to Multiple Drug Users". TopSCHOLAR®, 2006. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/255.

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This study examines drug use behavior in a self-described sample of users. Comparisons are made between subjects whose only illicit drug use is marijuana and those who use both marijuana and other drugs. Data are from the DRUGNET study (1996, 1998, 1999), a multi-panel study conducted over the internet from 1996 - 1998. This sample was predominately white, male, young, and college educated. The majority of respondents were employed with incomes in the $50,000 - $60,000 (USD) range. A subset of respondents to the DRUGNET survey was selected for this analysis. Respondents had to be at least 18 years of age, a US citizen and report marijuana drug use (n = 283). The major finding from this study is that there were no significant differences between the two groups on any variable measured other than gender, household income and the age of onset of marijuana use. Women are more likely to report using marijuana alone while males are more likely to report using marijuana and other drugs. The individuals having low and middle class household income were more likely to report the use of marijuana and other drugs compared to the upper middles class income groups who were more likely to report the use of marijuana alone. After Bonferroni's adjustment was done, it was observed that the mean age of onset for the group who used marijuana alone was greater in comparison to the group who used marijuana along with other drugs. While this study is the first one to make this comparison and may have implications for drug education, policy, and treatment. The result obtained from this study may be an artifact of the study design and/or sample.

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41

Wenner, Gemma Antonine. "Marijuana-tourism| Disruptive Innovation for Small Island Developing States". Thesis, University of Maryland University College, 2019. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=13428534.

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The Caribbean region consists of many small island developing states (SIDS) that are dependent on a sun, sea, and sand (3-S) tourism product. These SIDS are facing declining competitiveness vis-à-vis other tourism destinations and need to differentiate and rejuvenate their tourism product offerings. This study investigates the extent to which marijuana-tourism can lead to disruptive innovations (DI) in SIDS that are tourist dependent. A systematic review, using 53 research articles and a thematic synthesis analyzing seven different themes: (1) demographic profile of marijuana users and potential market size, (2) marijuana-tourism motivations, (3) common uses of marijuana, (4) types and structures of legal and regulatory frameworks, (5) cultivation, distribution, and marketing factors, (6) economic impacts of legalized recreational marijuana; and (7) adverse health and safety impacts were elaborated. The principal findings are that the regulatory framework for legalization acts as a mediating variable for defining the scope and structure of marijuana-related businesses and tourism niches that appear. When the recreational regulatory framework permits private competition, as evidenced in the early pioneering jurisdictions, significant economic benefits have resulted and at the same time social and health costs have been attenuated to date. In the context of SIDS, legal regimes are still largely prohibitionist, and in a few instances, partial liberalization has occurred. As liberalization progresses, structural and governance challenges exist that may moderate benefits. Further research is needed in many areas, given that the liberalization of marijuana laws is a recent phenomenon. More research is needed in areas, such as in-depth economic and social impacts analysis; the profile, composition, and expenditure patterns of marijuana tourists; the comparative advantages of different regulatory frameworks; and the public health and safety impacts for residents, marijuana tourists, and hospitality sector workers.

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42

Blevins, Claire Evelyn. "Situational Marijuana Use: Predicting Outcomes in Treatment-Seeking Adults". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/76985.

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Cognitive behavior theory indicates that situational determinants may have a substantial impact on substance use and relapse into use. The present study described situational use of marijuana in dependent individuals, analyzed relationships among various constructs in existing theory, determined their effects on treatment outcomes, and explored interactions with self-efficacy. Results were generally consistent with hypotheses. Use in negative affective situations was independently associated with psychological distress, maladaptive coping strategies, and poorer outcomes post-treatment. Additionally, negative affective use interacted with self-efficacy for psychologically distressing situations to produce differential outcomes. This study adds to the existing literature on situational marijuana use by establishing relationships with motives for use and lending support to the cognitive behavioral theory model.
Master of Science

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43

Gibbs, Benjamin G. "Sibling Influence on Adolescent Cigarette, Alcohol, and Marijuana Use". Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2005. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd927.pdf.

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Graham, Amy E. "Optimization of a Preconception E-intervention for Marijuana Use". Thesis, Wayne State University, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10931721.

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Introduction: Preconception interventions targeting substance use as well as effective contraception are important to improve the health of both the mother and her offspring, or to reduce unintended pregnancies. Computer-delivered interventions have been shown to be effective in the reducing the risk of alcohol-exposed pregnancies. However, little is known about the effect of specific computer-delivered intervention components and if/how they contribute to the desired intervention outcome. This study experimentally evaluated the contribution of two common intervention factors (empathy and video) of a motivational e-intervention for marijuana and contraception use.

Methods: One hundred sixty-six females who reported using marijuana in the last 6 months and having intercourse without reliable contraception in the last 12 months were recruited from a large urban university. Participants were randomly assigned to one of four intervention conditions: empathy, video, both empathy and video, or neither. The main and interaction effects of empathy and video on pre-post intervention change of intent to use marijuana in the next 30 days and intent to contact a physician about making an appointment to discuss contraception methods in the next 30 days was evaluated.

Results: The main effect of empathy and the main effect of video on mean change of intention to use marijuana in the next 30 days was not statistically significant, (F(1,162) = .063, p = .802, partial η² = .000, and _F(1,162) = .198, p = .657, partial η² = .001), respectively. The main effect of empathy and the main effect of video on mean change of intention to contact a physician to schedule an appointment to discuss contraception in the next 30 days were also not statistically significant, (F(1,162) = .004, p = .987, partial η² = .00 and F(1,162) = .540, _p = .464, partial η² = .003), respectively. The interaction between empathy and video for both the pre-post intervention change of intention to use marijuana in the next 30 days and for pre to post intervention change of intention to contact a physician to schedule an appointment to discuss LARC in the next 30 days was not significant.

Conclusion: Continued research is needed to evaluate the contributions of empathy and video in computer-delivered intervention in order to identify and optimize the factors that contribute to the videos effect. Examining the effectiveness of specific components will contribute to a greater understanding of how behavioral health interventions can employ technology in ways that are increasingly evidence-based and optimally effective.

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Turner, Emmitt, Darshan Shah, Kathryn L. Duvall, David L. Wood i Beth Bailey. "Perinatal Outcomes of Marijuana use on Opioid Exposed Pregnancy". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2019. https://dc.etsu.edu/asrf/2019/schedule/46.

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The prevalence of opioid use has increased in many populations including pregnant women, which has led to a substantial rise in infants born dependent on opioids due to in utero exposure. Many women use multiple substances aside from opioids during pregnancy, and their infants therefore present with a variety of symptoms. With increasing legalization and changing perception of marijuana, it has become one of the most commonly used substances during pregnancy. Few studies have evaluated concomitant use of marijuana and opioids in pregnancy despite both being implicated in adverse newborn outcomes. The primary aim of this study was to determine the association between marijuana use and pregnancy outcomes in opioid-exposed pregnancies. The secondary aim was to identify, in a sample of women already using opioids, maternal characteristics associated with marijuana use during pregnancy. A retrospective chart review was conducted from July 2011 to June 2016 of all births from 6 delivery hospitals in South-Central Appalachia to determine pregnancy and neonatal outcomes of pregnancies exposed to any form of opioid and positive urine drug screen for marijuana at the time of delivery. 2375 pregnancies met the inclusion criteria with 108 pregnancies positive for marijuana. Student t-test and Chi-Square test were used for group comparison for presence and absence of marijuana. Logistic regression was done for significant confounding variables to find aOR for marijuana exposure for neonatal abstinence syndrome diagnosis, premature birth, and low birth weight. Among opioid using women, marijuana positive women were more likely to be unmarried, nulliparous, and use tobacco and benzodiazepines. Infants born to the marijuana users were likely to be of earlier gestational age (3 days), lower birth weight, and preterm; with preterm birth and low birth weight (mean difference = 265 gms) increased two fold even after controlling for parity, marital status, tobacco and benzodiazepine use with aOR of 2.35 (1.30-4.23) and 2.02 (1.18-3.47) respectively. Ultimately, prenatal use of marijuana in opioid-exposed pregnancies carries significant risk of prematurity and low birth weight. For pregnant women continuing their American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommended medical assisted treatment for opioid use disorder, providers should counsel women to abstain from marijuana during pregnancy.

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46

Weissman, Jessica. "Addressing Alcohol and Marijuana use Disparities among Latino Adolescents". FIU Digital Commons, 2018. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3699.

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In the early 1990s, a series of seminal research studies were published on substance use disorders among Latino adolescent males in Miami-Dade County, Florida. Expanding upon these studies, the aims of the present dissertation project were to (1) Determine whether the following adolescents’ and parents’ characteristics/cultural values are associated with current (past 30 days) or lifetime (ever) alcohol or marijuana use among Latino adolescents: sex, age, country of birth, GPA, family’s socio-economic status, living with both parents, mother’s highest level of education, father’s highest level of education, Familism Support, Familism Obligations, Familism Referents, Respect, Religion, Traditional Gender Roles, Independence and Self-Reliance; (2) Assess if recreational activities (sports participation, after-school activities and volunteering) moderate the association between Latino adolescents’ friends’ age, sex, and ethnicity and Latino adolescents’ current alcohol or marijuana use and; (3) Assess if recreational activities moderate the association between Latino adolescents’ perceptions of their friends’ alcohol or marijuana use and Latino adolescents’ current alcohol or marijuana use. This cross-sectional dissertation study used survey data from 193 Latino adolescent males and females (15.7 ± 1.6 years old; 55.4% females, 44.6% males) in Miami-Dade County collected in 2016-2017. Analyses included t-tests, chi-square tests and logistic regressions. Being born in the U.S. increased the risk of current alcohol use. Identifying more strongly with the cultural value religion decreased risk of current alcohol use and current marijuana use. Participants who reported having no close friends who use alcohol were less likely to currently (within past 30 days) use alcohol themselves when compared to participants who reported having at least one close friend who uses alcohol. The interaction between participation in sports activities and reporting having friends who use alcohol on outcome currently using alcohol was significant. Participants who reported having no close friends who use marijuana were less likely to currently use marijuana themselves. Findings from this study suggest that factors contributing to substance use among Latino adolescents throughout the United States may be different than those which play a role among the unique Latino adolescent population in Miami-Dade County. This study further validated what has been shown in the general U.S. population: adolescents who perceive their friends to be using alcohol or marijuana are more likely to use alcohol or marijuana, respectively, themselves. Further research is suggested to determine the role of recreational activities in alcohol and marijuana use among Latino adolescents.

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Kilaru, Aruna. "Marijuana to Moss: Discovery and Implications of N-acylethanolamines". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4757.

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Romano, Joseph L. "A Study on the Effect of Marijuana Laws on Recidivism". Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1217.

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This study examines the effects of more lenient marijuana policy on recidivism rates. Using data of prisoners by state it examined the effect that more lenient drug laws by state on that state's recidivism rates.

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Johansson, Linnea. "The Marijuana Movement : Om attityder kring cannabisdebatten i svensk media". Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för statsvetenskap (ST), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-56475.

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The Swedish debate concerning cannabis legalisation is characterised by a largley politically widespread concensus regarding a zero tolerance policy. In the last five years several countries and states in the US have legalised or moved towards a legalisation of cannabis. This essay aims to map if the international debate along with Swedish activists have made an imprint on the debate in regard to a change in attitude towards cannabis in Swedish newspapers from 2010 to 2015. A quantative text analysis was adopted to complete this task, with four main variables at its basis. The results were inconclusive, but there might be a slight change during the period 2013 to 2015 in regard to how cannabis is referred to in the media. The results were discussed from a paternalistic and liberal point of view. Further studies are needed during a longer period of time for the results to be conclusive.

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Long, Megan N. "The Effects of Sugar on Mental Health in Marijuana Smokers". ScholarWorks@UNO, 2013. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/honors_theses/39.

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This research study examined the effects of high levels of sugar intake on mental health in marijuana smokers. Because the literature demonstrates a similarity between refined sugar and other commonly addictive drugs, those who ingest a higher percentage of dietary sugar will score more poorly on the DASS21, meaning that with higher levels of sugar ingestion, a greater deficit in mental health functioning will be measurable. Of 16 participants, nine were female and seven were male, and the participants ranged from a normal weight to obese. The results did support the hypothesis of sugar dependence. This has implications for future studies on the impact of sugar on mental health. The results to this study may provide insight into potential for greater understanding of eating disorders associated with sugar dependence, thereby potentially leading to the development of more effective treatment options.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Marijuana”

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