Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Marijuana

Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Marijuana”

Autor: Grafiati
Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021
Data aktualizacji: 29 lipca 2024

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Marijuana"

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Choi, Namkee G., Diana M. DiNitto i C. Nathan Marti. "Older Adults Driving Under the Influence: Associations With Marijuana Use, Marijuana Use Disorder, and Risk Perceptions". Journal of Applied Gerontology 38, nr 12 (4.12.2017): 1687–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0733464817745379.

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Despite increasing marijuana use among the 50+ age group, little research has been done on marijuana’s impact on older adults’ driving under the influence (DUI). Using the 2013 to 2014 National Survey on Drug Use and Health data, this study examined the association of older adults’ self-reported DUI with marijuana use, marijuana abuse/dependence, and marijuana risk perception. The findings show that one third of past-year marijuana users aged 50+ reported past-year DUI, two thirds of which involved drugs. Those with marijuana abuse/dependence were 2.6 times more likely than those without the disorder to report DUI, controlling for alcohol abuse/dependence, other illicit drug use, and sociodemographic and health/mental health statuses. As safe driving is key to prolonging independence in late life, clinicians need to educate older adults about the risk of marijuana use, alone and with other substances, on their driving capacity and provide age-appropriate treatment for marijuana use disorder.
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Choi, Namkee G., Diana M. DiNitto i C. Nathan Marti. "Older marijuana users’ marijuana risk perceptions: associations with marijuana use patterns and marijuana and other substance use disorders". International Psychogeriatrics 30, nr 9 (10.12.2017): 1311–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610217002794.

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ABSTRACTBackground:Compared to their non-using age peers, older marijuana users are known to have lower marijuana risk perceptions. We examined associations of older marijuana users’ risk perceptions with their marijuana use patterns and substance use disorders.Methods:Data are from 2013 to 2015 National Survey of Drug Use and Health (N = 24,057 respondents aged 50+ years). Bivariate logistic regression was used to compare risk perceptions among never users, former users, and past-year users aged 50+ years. Multivariable logistic regression was used to test associations between risk perception and marijuana use status and between risk perception and marijuana use patterns.Results:Among the total sample, former (AOR = 0.30, 95% CI = 0.27–0.32) and past-year (AOR = 0.05, 95% CI = 0.04–0.06) marijuana users had significantly lower odds of moderate/great risk perception (as opposed to no/slight risk perception) than never users. Among past-year users, odds of moderate/great risk perception were lower among those who used marijuana more frequently (AOR = 0.14, 95% CI = 0.07–0.28 for 300+ days of use compared to 1–11 days of use) and who reported any medical marijuana use (AOR = 0.27, 95% CI = 0.14–0.51). However, those who had marijuana use disorder were 3.5 times more likely to report moderate/great risk perception (AOR = 3.50, 95% CI = 1.62–7.58). Those who had a college education, had higher incomes, and resided in states with medical marijuana laws also had lower risk perceptions.Conclusions:Public health education on scientific evidence about marijuana's benefits and harms and age-appropriate treatment for older adults with substance use problems are needed. Research on risk perception formation using longitudinal data among older adults is also needed.
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Pujazon-Zazik, Melissa, i M. Jane Park. "Marijuana: Use Among Young Males and Health Outcomes". American Journal of Men's Health 3, nr 3 (25.08.2009): 265–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988309340577.

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Marijuana is the most commonly used illicit drug by adolescents and young adults, with more males than females reporting marijuana use. The adolescent and young adult years represent a critical period for interventions to prevent marijuana use and abuse. This article reviews relevant literature, including trends in young males’ marijuana use and health effects of marijuana use. By most measures, there has been little net change in marijuana use among 12th graders and young adults since the 1990s. Despite males’ greater use, little research has examined gender differences in areas such as metabolism of marijuana and long-term impact of marijuana use. In many areas, including dental health, fertility, and respiratory function, research is either sparse or has yielded conflicting results. Similarly, research on marijuana’s carcinogenic effects has yielded conflicting results; however, a small but consistent literature indicates that marijuana use is linked to cancers unique to males. A stronger literature has identified an association between marijuana use and psychiatric problems. Clinical and program interventions for adolescents have potential to prevent marijuana use, as well as screen for and treat marijuana abuse. Improved research is needed, such as research with greater consistency in defining levels of use and greater emphasis on gender differences. Such research would help clinical and program interventions focus on those most at risk for adverse outcomes.
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Tulipana, Kevin F., Kathleen Wilson i Caroline Walker. "Responsible Research on Medical Marijuana". Ethics & Medics 43, nr 7 (2018): 2–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/em201843712.

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There is little evidence to support the prescribing of marijuana as a sound medical practice, but there is also a general lack of research. Officially changing marijuana from a schedule I to a schedule II drug would promote controlled study, eliminate medical marijuana shops, and avoid a possible “cannabis epidemic” in the near future. Questions regarding marijuana’s medicinal value will not be answered until there is extensive, reputable research, complete with required phases of clinical trials.
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Metrik, Jane, Christopher W. Kahler, John E. McGeary, Peter M. Monti i Damaris J. Rohsenow. "Acute Effects of Marijuana Smoking on Negative and Positive Affect". Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 25, nr 1 (2011): 31–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.25.1.31.

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Human studies and animal experiments present a complex and often contradictory picture of the acute impact of marijuana on emotions. The few human studies specifically examining changes in negative affect find either increases or reductions following delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) administration. In a 2 × 2, instructional set (told THC vs. told no THC) by drug administration (smoked marijuana with 2.8% THC vs. placebo) between-subjects design, we examined the pharmacologic effect of marijuana on physiological and subjective stimulation, subjective intoxication, and self-reported negative and positive affect with 114 weekly marijuana smokers. Individuals were first tested under a baseline/no smoking condition and again under experimental condition. Relative to placebo, THC significantly increased arousal and confusion/bewilderment. However, the direction of effect on anxiety varied depending on instructional set: Anxiety increased after THC for those told placebo but decreased among other participants. Furthermore, marijuana users who expected more impairment from marijuana displayed more anxiety after smoking active marijuana, whereas those who did not expect the impairment became less anxious after marijuana. Both pharmacologic and stimulus expectancy main effects significantly increased positive affect. Frequent marijuana users were less anxious after smoking as compared to less frequent smokers. These findings show that expectancy instructions and pharmacology play independent roles in effects of marijuana on negative affect. Further studies examining how other individual difference factors impact marijuana’s effects on mood are needed.
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Tan, Wan C., Jean Bourbeau, Shawn D. Aaron, James C. Hogg, François Maltais, Paul Hernandez, Darcy D. Marciniuk i in. "The effects of marijuana smoking on lung function in older people". European Respiratory Journal 54, nr 6 (19.09.2019): 1900826. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00826-2019.

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BackgroundPrevious studies have associated marijuana exposure with increased respiratory symptoms and chronic bronchitis among long-term cannabis smokers. The long-term effects of smoked marijuana on lung function remain unclear.MethodsWe determined the association of marijuana smoking with the risk of spirometrically defined chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (post-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1)/forced vital capacity ratio <0.7) in 5291 population-based individuals and the rate of decline in FEV1 in a subset of 1285 males and females, aged ≥40 years, who self-reported use (or non-use) of marijuana and tobacco cigarettes and performed spirometry before and after inhaled bronchodilator on multiple occasions. Analysis for the decline in FEV1 was performed using random mixed effects regression models adjusted for age, sex and body mass index. Heavy tobacco smoking and marijunana smoking was defined as >20 pack-years and >20 joint-years, respectively.Results∼20% of participants had been or were current marijuana smokers with most having smoked tobacco cigarettes in addition (83%). Among heavy marijuana users, the risk of COPD was significantly increased (adjusted OR 2.45, 95% CI 1.55–3.88). Compared to never-smokers of marijuana and tobacco, heavy marijuana smokers and heavy tobacco smokers experienced a faster decline in FEV1 by 29.5 mL·year−1 (p=0.0007) and 21.1 mL·year−1 (p<0.0001), respectively. Those who smoked both substances experienced a decline of 32.31 mL·year−1 (p<0.0001).InterpretationHeavy marijuana smoking increases the risk of COPD and accelerates FEV1 decline in concomitant tobacco smokers beyond that observed with tobacco alone.
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Garriott, William. "Change Is in the Air: The Smell of Marijuana, after Legalization". Law & Social Inquiry 45, nr 4 (24.04.2020): 995–1026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/lsi.2020.6.

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Marijuana continues to be legalized throughout the world. In the United States, a unique approach to legalization is taking hold that focuses on the creation of commercial marijuana markets. This article examines the everyday realities of this approach to legalization through a focus on one of marijuana’s most legally significant attributes: its smell. In the context of prohibition, the smell of marijuana was a key tool of criminal law enforcement. In the context of legalization, its significance has expanded to include nuisance laws governing the presence of unwanted odors and commercial laws that facilitate economic activity in the marijuana market. By focusing on the sense of smell in the context of marijuana legalization, this article shows the implications of the market-based approach for drug policy reform. More broadly, this focus highlights the importance of the senses to sociolegal change and the ongoing construction of legality in the context of capitalism.
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Campbell, Alexander W. "The Medical Marijuana Catch-22". American Journal of Law & Medicine 41, nr 1 (marzec 2015): 190–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0098858815591513.

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As of April 2015, twenty-three states and the District of Columbia permit the therapeutic use of marijuana1 to treat various illnesses or conditions, with legalization statutes currently pending in eight other states. Despite the growing number of states that allow for the prescription and use of medicinal marijuana, the federal government still classifies the drug as a Schedule I controlled substance, the strictest classification of controlled substances and the only type healthcare providers may not legally prescribe. As states continue to deliberate the merits of allowing access to marijuana for therapeutic use, it is useful to examine the structural and political forces that have prevented a similar movement at the federal level. This Note does so, and argues that proactive changes—either legislative or administrative—are necessary to remove the handicap that the current regulatory system places on attempts to change federal marijuana policy.
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Fortin-Camacho, Cielo. "Red-Handed Without a Defense". Texas A&M Journal of Property Law 3, nr 2 (marzec 2016): 91–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/jpl.v3.i2.1.

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Lawful marijuana tenants (“LMT”), or tenants who lease property for the purpose of operating a marijuana-related business in compliance with the applicable marijuana provisions of their state, are demanding property and offering big bucks—leaving property owners in a precarious situation. This Article discusses the problem faced by property owners wishing to lease premises to growers, processors, and sellers of marijuana in states that have adopted marijuana provisions and established regulatory frameworks. In these states, marijuana provisions do not alter the respective state’s landlord-tenant statutes, despite the various property-related requirements marijuana businesses must adhere to for licensure to operate. Licensing requirements in states with regulatory frameworks in place have lured marijuana-related businesses from the shadows, leaving property owners unable to meet the requirements of any statutory or common law defense to civil forfeiture. Part II of this Article discusses the history of civil forfeiture, focusing on the origin of the guilty property model and its introduction to America. Part III will introduce modern civil forfeiture statutes, their legislative history, and rationalize the government’s use of civil proceedings over criminal proceedings before explaining the forfeiture process. Part IV briefly narrates marijuana’s long history of legality in the United States before discussing its controlling federal statutes. Part V of this Article reveals the possible consequences of leasing property to marijuana-related businesses; the focus then turns to the unavailability of suitable defenses for real property owners who lease to LMTs. Part VI briefly describes the inadequacies of boilerplate provisions currently in standard lease agreements and suggests respective lease modifications property owners should be prepared to discuss with counsel and negotiate with prospective LMTs. Lastly, this Article concludes by reminding property owners that despite marijuana prohibition’s significant progress over the last few years, it could all be undone when the next president takes office in 2017.
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Al-Saghir, Tala, Alexander Vraa, Kinan Sawar, Gordon Jacobsen, Maristella S. Evangelista i Dunya Atisha. "Effects of Marijuana Use in Patients Undergoing Abdominal Free Flap Breast Reconstruction". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery - Global Open 12, nr 3 (marzec 2024): e5657. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/gox.0000000000005657.

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Background: Marijuana use has been associated with vascular inflammation and clotting, resulting in endothelial damage and arteritis. As marijuana use rises in the United States, few studies have evaluated its impact on surgical outcomes and wound healing in free flap breast reconstruction. Methods: A retrospective cohort study of patients undergoing abdominal free flap breast reconstruction between 2016 and 2022 at a large metropolitan healthcare system was performed. Patient demographics, comorbidities, procedural details, and complications were analyzed. Minor complications were defined as skin or fat necrosis not requiring intervention, nipple loss, any wound requiring management in the clinic, hematoma, and seroma. Major complications were defined as reoperation, flap loss, cardiac or thromboembolic events, and hospital readmission. Active marijuana users were those with marijuana use within 12 weeks of surgery. Results: In total, 168 patients underwent 276 deep inferior epigastric artery-based flaps for breast reconstruction. There were 21 active marijuana users. There were no significant differences in patient demographics, cancer treatment, or minor and major complications. However, there were higher rates of active nicotine use (P = 0.001) and anxiety/depression amongst active marijuana users (P = 0.002). Active users had higher rates of bilateral breast reconstruction (P = 0.029), but no significant differences in other operative details. Conclusions: Active marijuana use of unknown frequency may be safe in patients undergoing breast free flap reconstruction. Advising marijuana abstinence preoperatively may not alter patient outcomes. Further studies of greater sample size are needed to evaluate marijuana’s impact on outcomes associated with breast reconstruction using free flap.
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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Marijuana"

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Jones, Joseph Timothy. "The Association between Medical Marijuana Laws and Maternal Marijuana Use". ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/3530.

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Marijuana is the most common illicit drug that is abused by pregnant women, and recently many states have adopted various levels of relaxed marijuana policies. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a potential association between residing in a state that allows medical marijuana use and maternal marijuana usage. Grounded in the theory of planned behavior, this study evaluated the prevalence and extent of maternal marijuana use in states that allow and states that do not allow medical marijuana use using the National Survey of Drug Use and Health (NSDUH). It was anticipated that more lenient subjective norms toward marijuana use and increased availability would support an increase of maternal marijuana use. The 2014 NSDUH was queried and analyzed using chi-square and logistic regression. The study revealed an increase of maternal marijuana use in states where medical marijuana was allowed, but the increase was not statistically significant. An increase of heavy users was observed in states where medical marijuana was allowed (54% versus 37%). Consistent with other research findings, this study revealed that young (OR = 3.56; 95% CI: 1.379, 9.213; p = 0.009) and unmarried (OR = 6.81; 95% CI: 2.485, 18.661; p < 0.001) pregnant woman were at higher risk for past month maternal marijuana use and had similar results for past year use. The unintended consequences of increased in utero marijuana exposure and its subsequent negative public health effects have been missing from the discussion of the relaxation of statewide marijuana policies. This study will provide policy makers responsible for changing marijuana policy with useful evidence on the unintended consequences of increased maternal marijuana use in areas where medical marijuana is allowed.
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Robbe, Hindrik Willem Jan. "Influence of marijuana on driving". Maastricht : Maastricht : Institute for Human Psychopharmacology, University of Limburg ; University Library, Maastricht University [Host], 1994. http://arno.unimaas.nl/show.cgi?fid=6810.

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Calhoun, McKenzie L. "Medical Marijuana, CBD and THC". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2019. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/6880.

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Bevier, Landon Shane. "Marijuana Users in Their Own Words: Explaining the Continuation and Cessation of Habitual Marijuana Use". TopSCHOLAR®, 2009. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/73.

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Thomas, Dawn M. "Marijuana and African American Youth: Exploring Parenting Behaviors and Characteristics of Acquisition associated with Marijuana Use". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1490350969669855.

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Swensen, Greg. "Reform of minor cannabis laws in Western Australia, the United Kingdom and New Zealand". Thesis, Swensen, Greg (2006) Reform of minor cannabis laws in Western Australia, the United Kingdom and New Zealand. Masters by Research thesis, Murdoch University, 2006. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/328/.

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The past three decades has been a period of intense and sustained debate in a number of major Western countries about the wisdom of police continuing to apply legislation which can severely punish offenders by fines and even imprisonment because of laws and policies that prohibit the use, possession and cultivation of cannabis. The large and growing number of young adults who have been exposed to the drug, some of whom have been charged and received criminal convictions with attendant deleterious effects on their employment and wellbeing, has forced policy makers to re-evaluate the justification for continuing to criminalise cannabis. This thesis examines in detail the law reforms that occurred in early 2004 with respect to cannabis offenders in Western Australia (WA) and the United Kingdom (UK) and what lessons these reforms may hold for other jurisdictions interested in decriminalisation of minor cannabis offences. A study was undertaken to compare the shortcomings and advantages of the different approaches to reform followed in WA and the UK. Reference to the reform in the UK, will be confined to meaning England, Wales and Northern Ireland as the necessary administrative guidelines have not so far been issued for Scotland. In WA the reforms required a substantial legislative effort to establish a complex framework that outlined in detail the circumstances when police may issue cannabis infringement notices (CINs), whereas in the UK the approach involved limited legislative activity by the reclassification of the legal status of cannabis and by providing police with administrative guidelines issued by the Association of Chief Police Commissioners as to how to exercise their discretion in issuing formal warnings for a minor cannabis offence. A comparison is made with New Zealand (NZ), where in spite of there being a similar process of deliberation and consultation as in WA and the UK, the government refused to implement formal reform because of a perception it was unable to decriminalise minor cannabis offences because of the restrictions imposed of agreement between the Clarke Labour Government and a minor political party. The example of the failure of government in NZ to achieve reform illustrates the importance that in some jurisdictions there will be a significant role for non parliamentary advisory bodies and lobby groups to argue for reform and to garner public support when reform has stalled or been frustrated. The thesis also includes a preliminary exploratory study using a number of indicators, such as prevalence and conviction data, to determine if the reforms implemented by the CIN scheme have resulted in or are likely to create unanticipated harms and to explore some of the issues in being to determine whether changes in law enforcement practices and priorities have impacted on the cannabis market or are likely to change the way cannabis may be transacted in WA.
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Swensen, Greg. "Reform of minor cannabis laws in Western Australia, the United Kingdom and New Zealand". Swensen, Greg (2006) Reform of minor cannabis laws in Western Australia, the United Kingdom and New Zealand. Masters by Research thesis, Murdoch University, 2006. http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/328/.

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The past three decades has been a period of intense and sustained debate in a number of major Western countries about the wisdom of police continuing to apply legislation which can severely punish offenders by fines and even imprisonment because of laws and policies that prohibit the use, possession and cultivation of cannabis. The large and growing number of young adults who have been exposed to the drug, some of whom have been charged and received criminal convictions with attendant deleterious effects on their employment and wellbeing, has forced policy makers to re-evaluate the justification for continuing to criminalise cannabis. This thesis examines in detail the law reforms that occurred in early 2004 with respect to cannabis offenders in Western Australia (WA) and the United Kingdom (UK) and what lessons these reforms may hold for other jurisdictions interested in decriminalisation of minor cannabis offences. A study was undertaken to compare the shortcomings and advantages of the different approaches to reform followed in WA and the UK. Reference to the reform in the UK, will be confined to meaning England, Wales and Northern Ireland as the necessary administrative guidelines have not so far been issued for Scotland. In WA the reforms required a substantial legislative effort to establish a complex framework that outlined in detail the circumstances when police may issue cannabis infringement notices (CINs), whereas in the UK the approach involved limited legislative activity by the reclassification of the legal status of cannabis and by providing police with administrative guidelines issued by the Association of Chief Police Commissioners as to how to exercise their discretion in issuing formal warnings for a minor cannabis offence. A comparison is made with New Zealand (NZ), where in spite of there being a similar process of deliberation and consultation as in WA and the UK, the government refused to implement formal reform because of a perception it was unable to decriminalise minor cannabis offences because of the restrictions imposed of agreement between the Clarke Labour Government and a minor political party. The example of the failure of government in NZ to achieve reform illustrates the importance that in some jurisdictions there will be a significant role for non parliamentary advisory bodies and lobby groups to argue for reform and to garner public support when reform has stalled or been frustrated. The thesis also includes a preliminary exploratory study using a number of indicators, such as prevalence and conviction data, to determine if the reforms implemented by the CIN scheme have resulted in or are likely to create unanticipated harms and to explore some of the issues in being to determine whether changes in law enforcement practices and priorities have impacted on the cannabis market or are likely to change the way cannabis may be transacted in WA.
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Yu, Sz-De Lucas Wayne L. "The potential impact of legalizing marijuana". Diss., UMK access, 2005.

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Thesis (M.S.)--Dept. of Sociology/Criminal Justice & Criminology. University of Missouri--Kansas City, 2005.
"A thesis in criminal justice and criminology." Typescript. Advisor: Wayne L. Lucas. Vita. Title from "catalog record" of the print edition Description based on contents viewed Nov. 12, 2007. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 98-110). Online version of the print edition.
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Ryan, Heather E. "Marijuana use and its cognitive effects". Virtual Press, 2006. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1337204.

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The present study compared three commonly used cognitive screeners: the Test of Cognitive Skills – Second Edition (TCS-2), the Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test (K-BIT), the Wide Range Achievement Test – Third editions (WRAT3) and the impact of marijuana use on these screeners in a population of juvenile delinquents. One hundred records (67 males and 33 females) were selected from archival data at the Allen County Juvenile Center. Results from this study found, that as predicted, individuals who tested positive for marijuana performed significantly worse on all subtests of the TCS-2, on the Verbal and Composite Score of the K-BIT, and the Spelling subtest of the WRAT3 than individuals who tested negative for marijuana use. The results of this study support the notion that marijuana can impair cognitive abilities in a group of adolescents.
Department of Psychological Science
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O'Rourke, Eric J. "Marijuana cultivation and the life-course". Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1528012.

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Life course criminology seeks to explain the factors that lead and deter individuals from engaging in persistent later-life criminality. However, the cultivation of marijuana has yet to be tested by life course related means. This thesis uses data from both the Marijuana Growers' Survey and the Belgian Marijuana Growers' Survey to examine the extent that life course related variables are associated with transitions within marijuana growers. Results suggest little support for life course related variables, and instead suggest that motivations are more important in dictating transitions associated with an increase in profit and operations. Implications of these results are discussed and policy recommendations are made.

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Książki na temat "Marijuana"

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Gold, Mark S. Marijuana. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3493-2.

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Goodwin, William. Marijuana. San Diego, Calif: Lucent Books, 2002.

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Schleichert, Elizabeth. Marijuana. Springfield, N.J., U.S.A: Enslow Publishers, 1996.

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Merino, Noël. Marijuana. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2011.

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Christine, Van Tuyl, red. Marijuana. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2007.

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Stwertka, Eve. Marijuana. Wyd. 2. New York: F. Watts, 1986.

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Gold, Mark S. Marijuana. New York: Plenum Medical Book, 1989.

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Ingram, Scott. Marijuana. New York: Chelsea House, 2008.

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Ohlms, David L. Marijuana. Cahokia, Ill: GWC, Inc., 1993.

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Center, Oregon Prevention Resource, i National Institute on Drug Abuse., red. Marijuana. Salem, Or: Oregon Prevention Resource Center, Office of Alcohol and Drug Abuse Programs, Dept. of Human Resources, 1991.

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Części książek na temat "Marijuana"

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Nemergut, Greta. "Marijuana". W Pain, 315–19. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99124-5_69.

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Daniulaityte, Raminta. "Marijuana". W Encyclopedia of Women’s Health, 760–62. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-306-48113-0_254.

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Johnson, Timothy P. "Marijuana". W Encyclopedia of Immigrant Health, 1048–50. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-5659-0_485.

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Petersen, Robert C. "Marijuana". W Abnormal States of Brain and Mind, 65–66. Boston, MA: Birkhäuser Boston, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-6768-8_29.

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Herkenham, Miles. "Marijuana." W Encyclopedia of psychology, Vol. 5., 108–9. Washington: American Psychological Association, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/10520-050.

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Kuhn, Cynthia, Scott Swartzwelder i Wilkie Wilson. "Marijuana". W Strafatti, 109–31. Milano: Springer Milan, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-1451-0_10.

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Gold, Mark S. "Marijuana Use and Abuse". W Marijuana, 1–33. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3493-2_1.

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Gold, Mark S. "Cannabinoid Pharmacology". W Marijuana, 35–58. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3493-2_2.

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Gold, Mark S. "Medical Problems Associated with Marijuana Use". W Marijuana, 59–82. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3493-2_3.

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Gold, Mark S. "Psychiatric Problems Associated with Marijuana Use". W Marijuana, 83–92. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3493-2_4.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Marijuana"

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Fairlie, Anne, Christine Lee i Mary Larimer. "Differences in Marijuana Use, Consequences, and Motives based on Young Adults’ Interest in Reducing their Marijuana Use or Consequences: May 2021 Data from a High-risk Community Sample". W 2021 Virtual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2022.01.000.09.

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Purpose. This study contributes to our understanding of the factors associated with young adults’ interest in reducing their marijuana use or consequences during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study compared high-risk young adults who indicated they were open to or thinking about changing their marijuana use to those who were satisfied with their marijuana use. These two groups were compared on biological sex, age, marijuana use, consequences, and 12 motives. Method. The data were part of a larger longitudinal study that recruited a community sample of young adults from the Seattle WA area (ages 18-25 at recruitment), who reported recent alcohol use and also simultaneous alcohol and marijuana use. Participants were recruited through various methods including social media and Craigslist advertisements. Participants completed a baseline survey and six 2-week bursts of online daily surveys across two years as well as other follow-up surveys. Data presented here were collected in May 2021, the final follow-up assessment point. May 2021 data were collected from 376 participants (92% of the original recruited sample), and the current analyses focus on the 265 participants who reported using marijuana in the past month (50.6% females, 48.68% non-Hispanic/Latinx White, mean age = 24.58 (SD = 2.20). Results. Over one-third (37.7%, n = 100) indicated they were open to changing or currently thinking about changing their marijuana use by using less or by reducing marijuana’s negative effects. Almost two-thirds (60.4%, n = 160) indicated they were satisfied with their use of marijuana, 1.5% (n = 4) indicated they were currently seeking or in treatment for marijuana use, and 0.4% (n = 1) did not provide a response. More men (44.60%) than women (32.30%) indicated they were open to changing or currently thinking about changing their marijuana use by using less or by reducing marijuana’s negative effects. Young adults who indicated they were open to or thinking about changing their use reported significantly more hours high in a typical week and more marijuana consequences than those who were satisfied with their use of marijuana. Finally, young adults who indicated they were open to or thinking about changing their use reported significantly higher scores for the following seven marijuana motives: coping, boredom, altered perceptions, social anxiety, perceived low risk, sleep, and availability. No differences were found for five marijuana motives: enjoyment, conformity, experimentation, alcohol-related, and celebration. Conclusions. Findings underscore the potential role of negative consequences as a motivator for young adults’ interest in reducing their marijuana use. Coping motives, social anxiety motives, and sleep motives may be of particular importance with respect to young adults’ self-motivation to change and facilitating the process of change.
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Weinstein, Andrew, i Clayton Neighbors. "Marijuana Beliefs". W 2022 Annual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2022.02.000.10.

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Cannabis has routinely been identified as one of the most frequently used illicit substances among adolescents, young adults, and the general adult population in the United States by epidemiological studies. Recent policy changes in legal status have inspired calls for replication and further research on the biopsychosocial relationships between cannabis use and related outcomes. Theoretical psychological perspectives of behavior, such as outcome expectancies, social norms, and motivation, have found success in explaining aspects of why substance use occurs. Previous studies suggest that there are also underlying motivations, expectancies, and social norms for discontinuing use and maintaining abstinence-oriented behaviors. The present study sought to identify beliefs about cannabis as a substance in the process of constructing a measure of cannabis-related beliefs able to evaluate populations of cannabis users and non-users. We will examine two important types of validity for new measures in unique content areas; distinguishing them from existing measures, (i.e. construct validity) and evaluating the ability to predict meaningful scores on other measures (i.e. predictive validity). We will examine the relationships among cannabis-related beliefs in the context of social norms, expectancies, and motivation as well as the associations with indicators of psychosocial well-being and cannabis-related consequences. Thus, results will indicate if the proposed cannabis beliefs scale possesses validity as another approach to evaluating this area of substance-related perceptions among more general populations than substance users alone.
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Chavez, Jude, i Matthew Pearson. "Marijuana Use Grid: A Brief, Comprehensive Measure of Marijuana Use". W 2020 Virtual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2021.01.000.14.

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The present study introduces a brief, yet comprehensive retrospective self-report measure of frequency and quantity of marijuana use: the Marijuana Use Grid (MUG). Using two large samples of college student marijuana users recruited from several universities throughout the United States, we characterized how various indicators of marijuana use frequency and quantity relate to consequences and symptoms of cannabis use disorder (CUD), and whether marijuana use frequency and quantity as assessed by the MUG predict outcomes above and beyond the effect(s) of a simple measure of marijuana use frequency. Typical frequency and quantity estimates from the MUG interacted to predict marijuana-related outcomes. The MUG has shown utility in its association with important outcomes and given its brief nature, the MUG can easily be integrated in future marijuana studies. Additional work is needed to examine the predictive utility of the MUG in the context of other marijuana-related assessments.
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Schultz, Nicole, Elizabeth Aston, Jane Metrik i Jason Ramirez. "Validation of the Marijuana Purchase Task Among Adolescent Marijuana Users". W 2021 Virtual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2022.01.000.43.

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Marijuana is the most commonly used illicit substance, with daily use rising among 8th and 10th graders. Adolescents view marijuana use as carrying minimal risk despite a host of associated psychosocial consequences. Within the behavioral economic framework, the Marijuana Purchase Task (MPT) has been used to understand demand (i.e., relative value) for marijuana. The MPT is a hypothetical purchase task that produces five demand indices reflective of the relative reinforcing value of marijuana and include intensity (i.e., amount consumed at zero cost), Omax (i.e., maximum expenditure), Pmax (i.e., price at maximum expenditure), breakpoint (i.e., cost at which consumption is suppressed to zero), and elasticity (i.e., rate at which consumption decreases as price increases). To date, the MPT has only been validated with adult samples; thus, the current study aimed to validate the MPT with a late adolescent sample who presumably have less experience in purchasing and using marijuana relative to adult users. Convergent validity was established via correlations between demand indices and marijuana outcomes (i.e., marijuana use, consequences, craving, and recent marijuana expenditures). Divergent validity was established via t-tests to examine group differences between hazardous and non-hazardous users as differentiated by the Cannabis Use Disorders Identification Test-Revised (CUDIT-R; scores of 8 or greater indicate hazardous use). Participants were 115 adolescents (Mage = 16.94, SDage = 0.88; 52% female; 64% high school student) between the ages of 15-18 who reported lifetime marijuana use and current marijuana demand. As expected, results showed that as price increased, hypothetical marijuana use decreased. Convergent validity was established via significant associations between demand indices and marijuana outcomes. Omax, breakpoint, and elasticity were significantly correlated with marijuana use outcomes in predicted directions such that greater demand was associated with more use, consequences, craving, and recent expenditures (ps <.05). Intensity was positively correlated with craving and expenditures (ps < .05). Pmax was not significantly correlated with any marijuana use outcome. Divergent validity was also established; compared to non-hazardous users (n = 39), hazardous users (n = 76) exhibited significantly higher Omax (t = 3.11, p <.01), Pmax (t = 2.08, p <.05), breakpoint (t = 3.71, p < .001), and elasticity (t = 3.11, p <.01). There was no difference in intensity across user types. Findings from the current study are unique in several ways. First, in contrast with previous literature, intensity was less consistently associated with marijuana outcomes. However, indices related to price sensitivity are important metrics in this age group, as evidenced by significant associations between Omax, breakpoint, and elasticity and marijuana outcomes. These findings are further evidenced by the ability of Omax, Pmax, breakpoint, and elasticity to differentiate non-hazardous versus hazardous users. Together, these findings suggest that the MPT is a valid measure for assessing the reinforcing value of marijuana among adolescents. Future research should replicate these findings, as well as examine the factor structure of the MPT among adolescents.
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Cortés, Víctor D., Juan D. Velásquez i Carlos F. Ibáñez. "Twitter for marijuana infodemiology". W WI '17: International Conference on Web Intelligence 2017. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3106426.3106541.

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García-Ramírez, Grisel, M. J. Paschall i Joel Grube. "State marijuana and alcohol policies and co-use among adolescents". W 2022 Annual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2022.02.000.49.

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Introduction. Liberalization of marijuana laws raises concerns regarding greater availability, more favorable norms, and increased use by adolescents. Previous studies have examined associations of marijuana laws with marijuana use by youth with mixed results, but few studies have investigated the effects of marijuana and alcohol laws on marijuana and alcohol co-use. A study in Oregon found an increase in marijuana and alcohol co-use among adolescents after recreational marijuana legalization in 2015, particularly in counties with greater retail marijuana and alcohol availability. No studies, however, have investigated the combined effects of state marijuana and alcohol policies on co-use. Objective. The goal was to examine associations between variations of state-level marijuana and alcohol policies restrictiveness and marijuana and alcohol co-use among adolescents. We hypothesized that youth living in states with more liberal policies will have higher rates of marijuana and alcohol co-use and that marijuana and alcohol policies will interact such that co-use would be significantly higher when both were less restrictive. Method. We analyzed data from 13,702 students living in 25 states who participated in the 2019 Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS). Students were asked about marijuana and alcohol use frequency in the past 30-days. Those who engaged in marijuana and alcohol use at least once in the past 30-days were classified as marijuana and alcohol co-users (1=yes, 0=no). We assessed the restrictiveness of state-level alcohol regulatory policy environments using the 2018 Alcohol Policy Scale (APS) and created an overall Marijuana Policy Score (MPS) for each state for 2018 with higher scores representing a more liberal marijuana policy environment. Policy domains in the MPS included recreational legalization (0=no, 4=yes), medical legalization (0=no, 1=CBD only, 2=no restriction), minimum legal age for medical marijuana use (0=21 years old, 2=18 years old), decriminalization (0=no, 2=yes), retail sales (0=no, 1=off-premise, 2=on/off-premise) and home deliveries (0=not allowed 1=with restrictions, 2=no restrictions). We performed multilevel mixed logistic regression analyses using Stata version 17, accounting for nesting of schools within states and students within schools. Covariates included age, sex, ethnicity, and race. Results. Less restrictive policy environments were associated with a greater likelihood of marijuana and alcohol co-use (MPS OR=1.50, 95% CI: 1.21, 1.87; APS OR=1.03, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.05). The interaction of the state marijuana and alcohol policies showed that the least restrictive combination of these policies was marginally associated with lower odds of marijuana and alcohol co-use (OR=.99, 95% CI: 0.99, 1.00), but this association was not substantively meaningful beyond the independent effects of the two policy measures. Conclusion. Our findings show that less restrictive state-level marijuana and alcohol policy environments, especially for marijuana policies, are associated with increased prevalence of marijuana and alcohol co-use among adolescents. These findings suggest that additional prevention efforts are needed as more states liberalize their marijuana laws. Future studies should consider other negative consequences associated with less restrictive policies and resulting from co-use, and changes in marijuana and alcohol co-use among adolescents over time.
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Chentsova, Victoria, Adrian Bravo i Emily Norton. "From Adverse Childhood Experiences to Problematic Marijuana Use: Examining the Role of Distress Tolerance and Coping Motives on Negative Marijuana Use Consequences". W 2022 Annual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2022.02.000.13.

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Background: Problematic marijuana use is highly prevalent globally, particularly in young adults, with marijuana use disorder affecting 5.8%, or 2.0 million, of young adults (ages 18 – 25) in the United States alone (SAMHSA, 2020). Previous research has reported a significant association between Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and later marijuana use (Scheidell et al., 2018). Though existing research reports an association between exposure to ACEs and marijuana use outcomes, the underlying mechanisms that could explain these associations are unclear. In previous research, general drug use coping motives have been shown to significantly mediate the relationship between childhood emotional, physical, and sexual abuse and later drug use problems (Hogarth et al., 2019). Other research has suggested that the factors like distress tolerance, typically negatively associated with childhood trauma (Robinson et al., 2021) and maladaptive coping strategies (Zvolensky et al., 2010), can also play a role in specifically predicting future problematic marijuana use (Buckner et al., 2018). Objective: The present study aimed to probe this relationship by exploring the associations between ACEs, distress tolerance, marijuana use coping motives, and negative marijuana-related consequences. Specifically, we hypothesized that greater experiences of ACEs would relate to more negative marijuana-related consequences via lower distress tolerance and higher coping motives. Method: Participants were 752 marijuana-using (i.e., used marijuana in the past month) U.S. college students (66.0% female) who completed an online survey including measures of basic marijuana use patterns, marijuana use consequences (Brief Marijuana Consequences Questionnaire (MACQ); Simons et al., 2012), marijuana use motivations (Marijuana Motives Questionnaire (MMQ); Simons et al., 1998), ACEs (Adverse Childhood Experiences International Questionnaire (ACE-IQ); WHO, 2018), and distress tolerance (Distress Tolerance Scale, Simons et al., 2005). To address study aims, path analysis was performed within the whole sample to test the serial unique associations between ACEs → distress tolerance → using marijuana to cope → negative marijuana-related consequences. Results: Within our analytic sample, we found that only marijuana coping motives uniquely indirectly influenced the relationship between ACEs and negative marijuana-related consequences (indirect β = .079, 99% CIs = .042, .121). Distress tolerance did not significantly uniquely indirectly influence the relationship between ACEs and negative marijuana-related consequences. However, a significant double-mediation effect was found illustrating that a higher endorsement of ACEs was associated with lower distress tolerance, which in turn was associated with higher using marijuana to cope motives, which in turn was associated with more negative marijuana-related consequences (indirect β = .011, 99% CIs = .002, .026). Conclusions: These findings provide support for the relevance of distress tolerance and coping motives as potential factors in linking ACEs to problematic marijuana use among college students. Our preliminary findings encourage further exploration of these associations in longitudinal or experimental studies. Further these results lend support to the therapeutic targeting of distress tolerance and using marijuana to cope to mitigate harms stemming from ACEs and its impact on problematic marijuana use.
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Hasan, Khaled, Olufisayo Oluwafemi i Wilde Ketchatang. "Pharmacy Students’ knowledge, Attitudes, and Awareness toward Marijuana use". W 2022 Annual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2022.02.000.50.

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Introduction: This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and awareness of pharmacy students toward marijuana use. Methods: Pharmacy students were asked to complete a survey that assessed students’ knowledge, attitudes, and awareness toward marijuana use. This study compared students’ awareness about the harmful effects of marijuana in comparison with alcohol and smoking tobacco. Participants were asked about the possibilities of marijuana-induced cancer and addiction. Results: Twenty-three percent of pharmacy students reported having used marijuana at some point in their lives. In comparison with tobacco and alcohol, most of the students agreed that tobacco (49%) and alcohol (42%) are more harmful than marijuana (p <0.0001). More than sixty percent of students considered marijuana as an addictive substance (p <0.02). A 45% of students opposed the possibility of marijuana-induced cancer. Thirty-six percent of the students agreed that marijuana should be legalized for both medical and recreational use with a similar percentage of the students (30 – 32%) believing that marijuana should be legalized for medical use only. Conclusion: Pharmacy schools need to consider coverage of marijuana use in different sections of their curriculum. This will allow pharmacy students to be better prepared for current and future practice regarding the increased prevalence of marijuana use.
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Wallace, Elliot, Li-Hui Chu i Jason Ramirez. "An Examination of Relationships Between Mental Health Symptoms, Marijuana Use Motives, and Marijuana Use Outcomes Among Late Adolescents in Washington State". W 2020 Virtual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2021.01.000.13.

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Adolescence is a critical period of development which can be affected by the initiation and escalation of marijuana use. Examining risk factors of marijuana misuse among adolescents is a public health priority. Previous research examining depression and anxiety as risk factors for marijuana use among young adults is mixed. Some studies found a positive relationship between mental health symptoms and marijuana use, while other studies have found gender-specific relationships or no relationship at all. Despite this research, little is known regarding mental health symptoms and marijuana use among adolescents. The aims of current analysis were to 1) examine associations between mental health symptoms and marijuana use behavior among adolescents, and 2) examine coping motives as a moderator of the relationship between mental health symptoms and marijuana outcomes. The current study included 170 late adolescents (15-18 years old, Mage = 16.86, SDage = 0.94, 50% female) recruited from Washington State. The sample was stratified by gender and marijuana use such that participants ranged from never using marijuana to reporting heavy, regular marijuana use. Participants were asked to complete three online assessments over the course of six months. Data described here come from the first online assessment. This included a 4-item measure of mental health symptoms (depression and anxiety) in the past 2 weeks, in addition to measures of marijuana use, marijuana-related consequences, and marijuana use motives. A series of initial linear regression models that controlled for age and sex found that mental health symptoms were not significantly associated with typical marijuana use (p > .05) but were significantly positively associated with marijuana-related consequences (β = 0.33, p < .001). Additional models that also included coping motives found that stronger endorsement of using marijuana to cope with negative affect was associated with more hours high in a typical week (β = 0.25, p < .05) and more marijuana-related consequences (β = 0.24, p < .05). There were no significant interactions between coping motives and mental health symptoms in predicting either marijuana use or consequences (ps > .05). The findings suggest that adolescents who report more mental health symptoms do not necessarily use more marijuana than those who report fewer symptoms, but may be at greater risk for experiencing negative consequences as a result of their usage. Additionally, the results suggest a stronger endorsement of using marijuana to cope with negative affect is related to greater marijuana use and risk for experiencing negative consequences. No evidence of moderation was found suggesting the relationships between mental health symptoms and marijuana use outcomes do not vary as a function of coping motives. Screening during adolescence for early signs of mental health symptoms to predict risk may be beneficial towards preventing negative outcomes and providing early interventions for marijuana misuse.
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Egan, Kathleen, i Melissa Cox. "Variations in likelihood to use protective behavioral strategies for marijuana across physical and social contexts of use". W 2022 Annual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2022.02.000.29.

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Protective behavioral strategies for marijuana (PBSM) are intended to reduce harms associated with use of marijuana. Harms may vary based on the physical and social contexts in which individuals use marijuana resulting in people employing PBSM differentially across contexts. We examined where and with whom young adults are likely to employ PBSM when using marijuana. In Fall 2021, we conducted an online survey with 506 young adults who were current users of marijuana and lived in the U.S. (N=506; 55.6% female, 62.6% White). Participants were evenly distributed across states according to marijuana policy (33% each in recreational, medicinal, or neither). Participants rated their likelihood (‘not at all,’ ‘somewhat,’ or ‘extremely/very likely’) to engage in 8 strategies derived from the PBSM Scale that focused on using marijuana only with trusted peers, minimizing intoxication, and driving a vehicle after using marijuana. Participants indicated their likelihood to use each strategy in 4 physical contexts (own home, friend’s home, someone else’s home, public location) and 3 social contexts (alone, one or few closest friends, large group). We conducted generalized logit mixed models with a multinomial dependent variable, treating the respondent as a random effect, to assess differences in likelihood to use PBSM across physical and social contexts. Separate models were run for each PBSM by physical (referent: at own home) and social (referent: alone) context. Physical context: Odds of being ‘somewhat likely’ or ‘extremely likely’ (referent: ‘not at all likely’) to ‘use marijuana only among trusted peers’ were lower when using marijuana at someone else’s home or in a public location compared to their own home. Odds of being ‘somewhat likely’ or ‘extremely likely’ (referent: ‘not at all likely’) to ‘use a little marijuana and then wait to see how you feel before using more,’ ‘avoid mixing marijuana with other drugs,’ and ‘avoid driving a car after using marijuana’ were lower when using marijuana in public settings compared to their own home. Odds of being ‘somewhat likely’ (referent: ‘not at all likely’) to ‘limit the amount of marijuana they use in one setting’ were lower when using marijuana in public settings compared to their own home. Social context: Odds of being ‘somewhat likely’ (referent: ‘not at all likely’) to ‘avoid mixing marijuana with other alcohol’ were greater when using marijuana with a few close friends than alone. Odds of being ‘extremely likely’ (referent: ‘not at all likely’) to ‘use a little marijuana and then wait to see how you feel before using more’ and ‘avoid driving a car after using marijuana’ were lower when using marijuana at an event with a large number of people compared to alone. Our findings suggest that people differentially utilize PBSM based on the physical and social contexts in which they are using marijuana. People may be less likely to engage in PBSM in public locations and large groups of people compared to when they use marijuana at their home or alone. Interventions for young adult marijuana use should consider the context of use when providing behavioral intervention strategies.
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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Marijuana"

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Anderson, D. Mark, Benjamin Hansen i Daniel Rees. Medical Marijuana Laws and Teen Marijuana Use. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, lipiec 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w20332.

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Pacula, R., M. Grossman, F. Chaloupka, P. O'Malley, L. Johnston i M. Farrelly. Marijuana and Youth. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, maj 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w7703.

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Wen, Hefei, Jason Hockenberry i Janet Cummings. The Effect of Medical Marijuana Laws on Marijuana, Alcohol, and Hard Drug Use. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, maj 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w20085.

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Maclean, Johanna Catherine, Keshar Ghimire i Lauren Hersch Nicholas. Marijuana legalization and disability claiming. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, wrzesień 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w23862.

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Mathur, Neil, i Christopher Ruhm. Marijuana Legalization and Opioid Deaths. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, luty 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w29802.

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Metzger, Pamela R., Victoria Smiegocki i Kristin Meeks. Budding Change. SMU Dedman School of Law, lipiec 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25172/dc.5.

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Budding Change explores what happened when Dallas County District Attorney John Creuzot (DA Creuzot) radically changed his office’s policies about the prosecution of first-time misdemeanor marijuana cases. The report concludes that DA Creuzot’s 2019 policies were associated with significant reductions in police enforcement of marijuana misdemeanor laws. As a result, marijuana screening caseloads within the District Attorney’s Office declined substantially. Budding Change shows that prosecutorial policies can have a profound impact on policing behaviors.
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Anderson, D. Mark, Kyutaro Matsuzawa i Joseph Sabia. Cigarette Taxes and Teen Marijuana Use. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, luty 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w26780.

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Meinhofer, Angélica, Allison Witman, Jesse Hinde i Kosali Simon. Marijuana Liberalization Policies and Perinatal Health. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, wrzesień 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w29296.

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Smiegocki, Victoria, Pamela R. Metzger i Andrew L. B. Davies. Fewer, Not Fairer. SMU Dedman School of Law, listopad 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25172/dc.4.

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In 2019, police across Dallas County asked the District Attorney to prosecute fewer marijuana cases than the year before. This report examines whether the racial disparity in those cases improved at the same time. Fewer, Not Fairer shows that while the number of referrals declined, police were still more likely to refer a Black person for marijuana prosecution than a non-Black person. However, some cities achieved more fairness when their police departments almost entirely stopped requesting marijuana prosecutions altogether.
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Pacula, Rosalie Liccardo, Karen Ross i Jeanne Ringel. Does Marijuana Use Impair Human Capital Formation? Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, wrzesień 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w9963.

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