Gotowa bibliografia na temat „MAPREDUCE ARCHITECTURE”

Thesis (M.S.)--University of California, San Diego, 2010.<br>Title from first page of PDF file (viewed July 16, 2010). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 48-51).

Data is everywhere. The current Technological advancements in Digital, Social media and the ease at which the availability of different application services to interact with variety of systems are causing to generate tremendous volumes of data. Due to such varied services, Data format is now not restricted to only structure type like text but can generate unstructured content like social media data, videos and images etc. The generated Data is of no use unless been stored and analyzed to derive some Value. Traditional Database systems comes with limitations on the type of data format schema, access rates and storage sizes etc. Hadoop is an Apache open source distributed framework that support storing huge datasets of different formatted data reliably on its file system named Hadoop File System (HDFS) and to process the data stored on HDFS using MapReduce programming model. This thesis study is about building a Data Architecture using Hadoop and its related open source distributed frameworks to support a Data flow pipeline on a low commodity hardware. The Data flow components are, sourcing data, storage management on HDFS and data access layer. This study also discuss about a use case to utilize the architecture components. Sqoop, a framework to ingest the structured data from database onto Hadoop and Flume is used to ingest the semi-structured Twitter streaming json data on to HDFS for analysis. The data sourced using Sqoop and Flume have been analyzed using Hive for SQL like analytics and at a higher level of data access layer, Hadoop has been compared with an in memory computing system using Spark. Significant differences in query execution performances have been analyzed when working with Hadoop and Spark frameworks. This integration helps for ingesting huge Volumes of streaming json Variety data to derive better Value based analytics using Hive and Spark.

This dissertation maps various kernels and applications to a spectrum of programming models and architectures and also presents architecture-aware algorithms for different systems. The kernels and applications discussed in this dissertation have widely varying computational characteristics. For example, we consider both dense numerical computations and sparse graph algorithms. This dissertation also covers emerging applications from image processing, complex network analysis, and computational biology. We map these problems to diverse multicore processors and manycore accelerators. We also use new programming models (such as Transactional Memory, MapReduce, and Intel TBB) to address the performance and productivity challenges in the problems. Our experiences highlight the importance of mapping applications to appropriate programming models and architectures. We also find several limitations of current system software and architectures and directions to improve those. The discussion focuses on system software and architectural support for nested irregular parallelism, Transactional Memory, and hybrid data transfer mechanisms. We believe that the complexity of parallel programming can be significantly reduced via collaborative efforts among researchers and practitioners from different domains. This dissertation participates in the efforts by providing benchmarks and suggestions to improve system software and architectures.

Le cloud computing a été considéré comme une option pour exécuter des applications de calcul haute performance. Bien que les plateformes traditionnelles de calcul haute performance telles que les grilles et les supercalculateurs offrent un environnement stable du point de vue des défaillances, des performances, et de la taille des ressources, le cloud computing offre des ressources à la demande, généralement avec des performances imprévisibles mais à des coûts financiers abordables. Pour surmonter les limites d’un cloud individuel, plusieurs clouds peuvent être combinés pour former une fédération de clouds, souvent avec des coûts supplémentaires légers pour les utilisateurs. Une fédération de clouds peut aider autant les fournisseurs que les utilisateurs à atteindre leurs objectifs tels la réduction du temps d’exécution, la minimisation des coûts, l’augmentation de la disponibilité, la réduction de la consommation d’énergie, pour ne citer que ceux-Là. Ainsi, la fédération de clouds peut être une solution élégante pour éviter le sur-Approvisionnement, réduisant ainsi les coûts d’exploitation en situation de charge moyenne, et en supprimant des ressources qui, autrement, resteraient inutilisées et gaspilleraient ainsi de énergie. Cependant, la fédération de clouds élargit la gamme des ressources disponibles. En conséquence, pour les utilisateurs, des compétences en cloud computing ou en administration système sont nécessaires, ainsi qu’un temps d’apprentissage considérable pour maîtrises les options disponibles. Dans ce contexte, certaines questions se posent: (a) Quelle ressource du cloud est appropriée pour une application donnée? (b) Comment les utilisateurs peuvent-Ils exécuter leurs applications HPC avec un rendement acceptable et des coûts financiers abordables, sans avoir à reconfigurer les applications pour répondre aux normes et contraintes du cloud ? (c) Comment les non-Spécialistes du cloud peuvent-Ils maximiser l’usage des caractéristiques du cloud, sans être liés au fournisseur du cloud ? et (d) Comment les fournisseurs de cloud peuvent-Ils exploiter la fédération pour réduire la consommation électrique, tout en étant en mesure de fournir un service garantissant les normes de qualité préétablies ? À partir de ces questions, la présente thèse propose une solution de consolidation d’applications pour la fédération de clouds qui garantit le respect des normes de qualité de service. On utilise un système multi-Agents pour négocier la migration des machines virtuelles entre les clouds. En nous basant sur la fédération de clouds, nous avons développé et évalué une approche pour exécuter une énorme application de bioinformatique à coût zéro. En outre, nous avons pu réduire le temps d’exécution de 22,55% par rapport à la meilleure exécution dans un cloud individuel. Cette thèse présente aussi une architecture de cloud baptisée « Excalibur » qui permet l’adaptation automatique des applications standards pour le cloud. Dans l’exécution d’une chaîne de traitements de la génomique, Excalibur a pu parfaitement mettre à l’échelle les applications sur jusqu’à 11 machines virtuelles, ce qui a réduit le temps d’exécution de 63% et le coût de 84% par rapport à la configuration de l’utilisateur. Enfin, cette thèse présente un processus d’ingénierie des lignes de produits (PLE) pour gérer la variabilité de l’infrastructure à la demande du cloud, et une architecture multi-Cloud autonome qui utilise ce processus pour configurer et faire face aux défaillances de manière indépendante. Le processus PLE utilise le modèle étendu de fonction avec des attributs pour décrire les ressources et les sélectionner en fonction des objectifs de l’utilisateur. Les expériences réalisées avec deux fournisseurs de cloud différents montrent qu’en utilisant le modèle proposé, les utilisateurs peuvent exécuter leurs applications dans un environnement de clouds fédérés, sans avoir besoin de connaître les variabilités et contraintes du cloud<br>Cloud computing has been seen as an option to execute high performance computing (HPC) applications. While traditional HPC platforms such as grid and supercomputers offer a stable environment in terms of failures, performance, and number of resources, cloud computing offers on-Demand resources generally with unpredictable performance at low financial cost. Furthermore, in cloud environment, failures are part of its normal operation. To overcome the limits of a single cloud, clouds can be combined, forming a cloud federation often with minimal additional costs for the users. A cloud federation can help both cloud providers and cloud users to achieve their goals such as to reduce the execution time, to achieve minimum cost, to increase availability, to reduce power consumption, among others. Hence, cloud federation can be an elegant solution to avoid over provisioning, thus reducing the operational costs in an average load situation, and removing resources that would otherwise remain idle and wasting power consumption, for instance. However, cloud federation increases the range of resources available for the users. As a result, cloud or system administration skills may be demanded from the users, as well as a considerable time to learn about the available options. In this context, some questions arise such as: (a) which cloud resource is appropriate for a given application? (b) how can the users execute their HPC applications with acceptable performance and financial costs, without needing to re-Engineer the applications to fit clouds' constraints? (c) how can non-Cloud specialists maximize the features of the clouds, without being tied to a cloud provider? and (d) how can the cloud providers use the federation to reduce power consumption of the clouds, while still being able to give service-Level agreement (SLA) guarantees to the users? Motivated by these questions, this thesis presents a SLA-Aware application consolidation solution for cloud federation. Using a multi-Agent system (MAS) to negotiate virtual machine (VM) migrations between the clouds, simulation results show that our approach could reduce up to 46% of the power consumption, while trying to meet performance requirements. Using the federation, we developed and evaluated an approach to execute a huge bioinformatics application at zero-Cost. Moreover, we could decrease the execution time in 22.55% over the best single cloud execution. In addition, this thesis presents a cloud architecture called Excalibur to auto-Scale cloud-Unaware application. Executing a genomics workflow, Excalibur could seamlessly scale the applications up to 11 virtual machines, reducing the execution time by 63% and the cost by 84% when compared to a user's configuration. Finally, this thesis presents a product line engineering (PLE) process to handle the variabilities of infrastructure-As-A-Service (IaaS) clouds, and an autonomic multi-Cloud architecture that uses this process to configure and to deal with failures autonomously. The PLE process uses extended feature model (EFM) with attributes to describe the resources and to select them based on users' objectives. Experiments realized with two different cloud providers show that using the proposed model, the users could execute their application in a cloud federation environment, without needing to know the variabilities and constraints of the clouds

Nowadays, an increasing number of computational systems are equipped with heterogeneous compute resources, i.e., following different architecture. This applies to the level of a single chip, a single node and even supercomputers and large-scale clusters. With its impressive price-to-performance ratio as well as power efficiently compared to traditional multicore processors, graphics processing units (GPUs) has become an integrated part of these systems. GPUs deliver high peak performance; however efficiently exploiting their computational power requires the exploration of a multi-dimensional space of optimization methodologies, which is challenging even for the well-trained expert. The complexity of this multi-dimensional space arises not only from the traditionally well known but arduous task of architecture-aware GPU optimization at design and compile time, but it also arises in the partitioning and scheduling of the computation across these heterogeneous resources. Even with programming models like the Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA) and Open Computing Language (OpenCL), the developer still needs to manage the data transfer be- tween host and device and vice versa, orchestrate the execution of several kernels, and more arduously, optimize the kernel code. In this dissertation, we aim to deliver a transparent parallel programming environment for heterogeneous resources by leveraging the power of the MapReduce programming model and OpenCL programming language. We propose a portable architecture-aware framework that efficiently runs an application across heterogeneous resources, specifically AMD GPUs and NVIDIA GPUs, while hiding complex architectural details from the developer. To further enhance performance portability, we explore approaches for asynchronously and efficiently distributing the computations across heterogeneous resources. When applied to benchmarks and representative applications, our proposed framework significantly enhances performance, including up to 58% improvement over traditional approaches to task assignment and up to a 45-fold improvement over state-of-the-art MapReduce implementations.<br>Ph. D.

Nowadays, many applications are continuously generating large-scale geospatial data. Vehicle GPS tracking data, aerial surveillance drones, LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging), world-wide spatial networks, and high resolution optical or Synthetic Aperture Radar imagery data all generate a huge amount of geospatial data. However, as data collection increases our ability to process this large-scale geospatial data in a flexible fashion is still limited. We propose a framework for processing and analyzing large-scale geospatial and environmental data using a “Big Data” infrastructure. Existing Big Data solutions do not include a specific mechanism to analyze large-scale geospatial data. In this work, we extend HBase with Spatial Index(R-Tree) and HDFS to support geospatial data and demonstrate its analytical use with some common geospatial data types and data mining technology provided by the R language. The resulting framework has a robust capability to analyze large-scale geospatial data using spatial data mining and making its outputs available to end users.

La necesidad de analizar grandes conjuntos de datos de diferentes tipos de aplicaciones ha popularizado el uso de modelos de programación simplicados como MapReduce. La popularidad actual se justifica por ser una abstracción útil para expresar procesamiento paralelo de datos y también ocultar eficazmente la sincronización de datos, tolerancia a fallos y la gestión de balanceo de carga para el desarrollador de la aplicación. Frameworks MapReduce también han sido adaptados a los sistema multi-core y de memoria compartida. Estos frameworks proponen que cada core de una CPU ejecute una tarea Map o Reduce de manera concurrente. Las fases Map y Reduce también comparten una estructura de datos común donde se aplica el procesamiento principal. En este trabajo se describen algunas limitaciones de los actuales frameworks para arquitecturas multi-core. En primer lugar, se describe la estructura de datos que se utiliza para mantener todo el archivo de entrada y datos intermedios en la memoria. Los frameworks actuales para arquitecturas multi-core han estado diseñado para mantener todos los datos intermedios en la memoria. Cuando se ejecutan aplicaciones con un gran conjunto de datos de entrada, la memoria disponible se convierte en demasiada pequeña para almacenar todos los datos intermedios del framework, presentando así una grave pérdida de rendimiento. Proponemos un subsistema de gestión de memoria que permite a las estructuras de datos procesar un número ilimitado de datos a través del uso de un mecanismo de spilling en el disco. También implementamos una forma de gestionar el acceso simultáneo al disco por todos los threads que realizan el procesamiento. Por último, se estudia la utilización eficaz de la jerarquía de memoria de los frameworks MapReduce y se propone una nueva implementación de una tarea MapReduce parcial para conjuntos de datos de entrada. El objetivo es hacer un buen uso de la caché, eliminando las referencias a los bloques de datos que ya no están en uso. Nuestra propuesta fue capaz de reducir significativamente el uso de la memoria principal y mejorar el rendimiento global con el aumento del uso de la memoria caché.<br>The need of analyzing large data sets from many different application fields has fostered the use of simplified programming models like MapReduce. Its current popularity is justified by being a useful abstraction to express data parallel processing and also by effectively hiding synchronization, fault tolerance and load balancing management details from the application developer. MapReduce frameworks have also been ported to multi-core and shared memory computer systems. These frameworks propose to dedicate a different computing CPU core for each map or reduce task to execute them concurrently. Also, Map and Reduce phases share a common data structure where main computations are applied. In this work we describe some limitations of current multi-core MapReduce frameworks. First, we describe the relevance of the data structure used to keep all input and intermediate data in memory. Current multi-core MapReduce frameworks are designed to keep all intermediate data in memory. When executing applications with large data input, the available memory becomes too small to store all framework intermediate data and there is a severe performance loss. We propose a memory management subsystem to allow intermediate data structures the processing of an unlimited amount of data by the use of a disk spilling mechanism. Also, we have implemented a way to manage concurrent access to disk of all threads participating in the computation. Finally, we have studied the effective use of the memory hierarchy by the data structures of the MapReduce frameworks and proposed a new implementation of partial MapReduce tasks to the input data set. The objective is to make a better use of the cache and to eliminate references to data blocks that are no longer in use. Our proposal was able to significantly reduce the main memory usage and improves the overall performance with the increasing of cache memory usage.

Submitted by Setor de Tratamento da Informa??o - BC/PUCRS (tede2@pucrs.br) on 2016-06-22T19:44:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DIS_DANIEL_COUTO_ADORNES_COMPLETO.pdf: 1894086 bytes, checksum: f87c59fa92f43ed62efaafd9c724ed8d (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-22T19:44:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DIS_DANIEL_COUTO_ADORNES_COMPLETO.pdf: 1894086 bytes, checksum: f87c59fa92f43ed62efaafd9c724ed8d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-31<br>Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES<br>In order to improve performance, simplicity and scalability of large datasets processing, Google proposed the MapReduce parallel pattern. This pattern has been implemented in several ways for different architectural levels, achieving significant results for high performance computing. However, developing optimized code with those solutions requires specialized knowledge in each framework?s interface and programming language. Recently, the DSL-POPP was proposed as a framework with a high-level language for patternsoriented parallel programming, aimed at abstracting complexities of parallel and distributed code. Inspired on DSL-POPP, this work proposes the implementation of a unified MapReduce programming interface with rules for code transformation to optimized solutions for shared-memory multi-core and distributed architectures. The evaluation demonstrates that the proposed interface is able to avoid performance losses, while also achieving a code and a development cost reduction from 41.84% to 96.48%. Moreover, the construction of the code generator, the compatibility with other MapReduce solutions and the extension of DSL-POPP with the MapReduce pattern are proposed as future work.<br>Visando melhoria de performance, simplicidade e escalabilidade no processamento de dados amplos, o Google prop?s o padr?o paralelo MapReduce. Este padr?o tem sido implementado de variadas formas para diferentes n?veis de arquitetura, alcan?ando resultados significativos com respeito a computa??o de alto desempenho. No entanto, desenvolver c?digo otimizado com tais solu??es requer conhecimento especializado na interface e na linguagem de programa??o de cada solu??o. Recentemente, a DSL-POPP foi proposta como uma solu??o de linguagem de programa??o de alto n?vel para programa??o paralela orientada a padr?es, visando abstrair as complexidades envolvidas em programa??o paralela e distribu?da. Inspirado na DSL-POPP, este trabalho prop?e a implementa??o de uma interface unificada de programa??o MapReduce com regras para transforma??o de c?digo para solu??es otimizadas para arquiteturas multi-core de mem?ria compartilhada e distribu?da. A avalia??o demonstra que a interface proposta ? capaz de evitar perdas de performance, enquanto alcan?a uma redu??o de c?digo e esfor?o de programa??o de 41,84% a 96,48%. Ademais, a constru??o do gerador de c?digo, a compatibilidade com outras solu??es MapReduce e a extens?o da DSL-POPP com o padr?o MapReduce s?o propostas para trabalhos futuros.

Des quantités de données colossalles sont générées quotidiennement. Traiter de grands volumes de données devient alors un véritable challenge pour les logiciels d'analyse des données multidimensionnelles. De plus, le temps de réponse exigé par les utilisateurs de ces logiciels devient de plus en plus court, voire intéractif. Pour répondre à cette demande, une approche basée sur le calcul parallèle est une solution. Les approches traditionnelles reposent sur des architectures performantes, mais coûteuses, comme les super-calculateurs. D'autres architectures à faible coût sont également disponibles, mais les méthodes développées sur ces architectures sont souvent bien moins efficaces. Dans cette thèse, nous utilisons un modèle de programmation parallèle issu du Cloud Computing, dénommé MapReduce, pour paralléliser le traitement des requêtes d'analyse de données multidimensionnelles afin de bénéficier de mécanismes de bonne scalabilité et de tolérance aux pannes. Dans ce travail, nous repensons les techniques existantes pour optimiser le traitement de requête d'analyse de données multidimensionnelles, y compris les étapes de pré-calcul, d'indexation, et de partitionnement de données. Nous avons aussi résumé le parallélisme de traitement de requêtes. Ensuite, nous avons étudié le modèle MapReduce en détail. Nous commençons par présenter le principe de MapReduce et celles du modèle étendu, MapCombineReduce. En particulier, nous analysons le coût de communication pour la procédure de MapReduce. Après avoir présenté le stockage de données qui fonctionne avec MapReduce, nous présentons les caractéristiques des applications de gestion de données appropriées pour le Cloud Computing et l'utilisation de MapReduce pour les applications d'analyse de données dans les travaux existants. Ensuite, nous nous concentrons sur la parallélisation des Multiple Group-by query, une requête typique utilisée dans l'exploration de données multidimensionnelles. Nous présentons la mise en oeuvre de l'implémentation initiale basée sur MapReduce et une optimisation basée sur MapCombineReduce. Selon les résultats expérimentaux, notre version optimisée montre un meilleur speed-up et une meilleure scalabilité que la version initiale. Nous donnons également une estimation formelle du temps d'exécution pour les deux implémentations. Afin d'optimiser davantage le traitement du Multiple Group-by query, une phase de restructuration de données est proposée pour optimiser les jobs individuels. Nous re-definissons l'organisation du stockage des données, et nous appliquons les techniques suivantes, le partitionnement des données, l'indexation inversée et la compression des données, au cours de la phase de restructuration des données. Nous redéfinissons les calculs effectués dans MapReduce et dans l'ordonnancement des tâches en utilisant cette nouvelle structure de données. En nous basant sur la mesure du temps d'exécution, nous pouvons donner une estimation formelle et ainsi déterminer les facteurs qui impactent les performances, telles que la sélectivité de requête, le nombre de mappers lancés sur un noeud, la distribution des données " hitting ", la taille des résultats intermédiaires, les algorithmes de sérialisation adoptée, l'état du réseau, le fait d'utiliser ou non le combiner, ainsi que les méthodes adoptées pour le partitionnement de données. Nous donnons un modèle d'estimation des temps d'exécution et en particulier l'estimation des valeurs des paramètres différents pour les exécutions utilisant le partitionnement horizontal. Afin de soutenir la valeur-unique-wise-ordonnancement, qui est plus flexible, nous concevons une nouvelle structure de données compressées, qui fonctionne avec un partitionnement vertical. Cette approche permet l'agrégation sur une certaine valeur dans un processus continu.

Cloud Computing represents a recent paradigm shift that enables users to share and remotely access high-powered computing resources (both infrastructure and software/services) contained in off-site data centers thereby allowing a more efficient use of hardware and software infrastructures. This growing trend in cloud computing, combined with the demands for Big Data and Big Data analytics, is driving the rapid evolution of datacenter technologies towards more cost-effective, consumer-driven, more privacy conscious and technology agnostic solutions. This dissertation is dedicated to taking a systematic approach to develop system-level techniques and algorithms to tackle the challenges of large-scale data processing in the Cloud and scaling and delivering privacy-aware services with anytime-anywhere availability. We analyze the key challenges in effective provisioning of Cloud services in the context of MapReduce-based parallel data processing considering the concerns of cost-effectiveness, performance guarantees and user-privacy and we develop a suite of solution techniques, architectures and models to support cost-optimized and privacy-preserving service provisioning in the Cloud. At the cloud resource provisioning tier, we develop a utility-driven MapReduce Cloud resource planning and management system called Cura for cost-optimally allocating resources to jobs. While existing services require users to select a number of complex cluster and job parameters and use those potentially sub-optimal per-job configurations, the Cura resource management achieves global resource optimization in the cloud by minimizing cost and maximizing resource utilization. We also address the challenges of resource management and job scheduling for large-scale parallel data processing in the Cloud in the presence of networking and storage bottlenecks commonly experienced in Cloud data centers. We develop Purlieus, a self-configurable locality-based data and virtual machine management framework that enables MapReduce jobs to access their data either locally or from close-by nodes including all input, output and intermediate data achieving significant improvements in job response time. We then extend our cloud resource management framework to support privacy-preserving data access and efficient privacy-conscious query processing. Concretely, we propose and implement VNCache: an efficient solution for MapReduce analysis of cloud-archived log data for privacy-conscious enterprises. Through a seamless data streaming and prefetching model in VNCache, Hadoop jobs begin execution as soon as they are launched without requiring any apriori downloading. At the cloud consumer tier, we develop mix-zone based techniques for delivering anonymous cloud services to mobile users on the move through Mobimix, a novel road-network mix-zone based framework that enables real time, location based service delivery without disclosing content or location privacy of the consumers.