Artykuły w czasopismach: „Manganese TWIP/TRIP Steels”

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Borek, Wojciech, Małgorzata Czaja, Krzysztof Labisz, Tomasz Tański, Mariusz Krupiński i Stanislav Rusz. "High Manganese Austenitic X6MnSiAlNbTi26-3-3 Steel - Characteristic, Structures and Properties". Advanced Materials Research 1036 (październik 2014): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1036.18.

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The aim of this paper is to determine the high-manganese austenite propensity to twinning induced by the cold working and its effect on structure and mechanical properties, and especially the strain energy per unit volume of new-developed high-manganese Fe – Mn – (Al, Si) investigated steel with various structures after their thermo-mechanical treatments. The new-developed high-manganese steel provides an extensive potential for automotive industries through exhibiting the twinning induced plasticity (TWIP) and transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) mechanisms. TWIP steels not only show excellent strength, but also have excellent formability due to twinning, thereby leading to excellent combination of strength, ductility, and formability over conventional dual phase steels or transformation induced plasticity TRIP steels. The microstructure evolution in successive stages of deformation was determined in metallographic investigations using light, scanning and transmission electron microscopies as well as X-ray diffraction methods.

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Wang, Li Hui, Di Tang, Hai Tao Jiang, Ji Bin Liu i Yu Chen. "Effects of Different Manganese Content on Microstructures and Properties of TWIP Steel". Advanced Materials Research 399-401 (listopad 2011): 254–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.399-401.254.

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By analysis of TWIP Steels with different manganese content, the results showed that the microstructures and properties had been changed with different Mn content. The elongation of the tested steel with 22.5% Mn was high for 55.5 % and n value of that reached to 0.360. When Mn content of the tested steel was 17.9%, the yield and tensile strength were higher and its elongation was lower for the tested steel than that of the tested steel with 22.5% Mn. The microstructures of the tested steel with high Mn content were austenite before and after being stretched at room temperature. Mn content was decreased and the microstructure of the tested steel after being stretched had a small amount of martensite transformation at room temperature. That is to say, double effect with TWIP and TRIP had occurred, but TWIP effect was dominant. TWIP effect increased plasticity and strain hardening capacity to improve formability. TRIP effect was mainly to improve strength so as to further attain the strength of the tested steel.

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Wietbrock, Burkhard, M. Bambach, S. Seuren i G. Hirt. "Homogenization Strategy and Material Characterization of High-Manganese TRIP and TWIP Steels". Materials Science Forum 638-642 (styczeń 2010): 3134–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.638-642.3134.

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In this work a hot forming strategy, consisting of forging and hot rolling, to homogenize casted blocks of high-manganese steels with 0.3 % carbon and 22 % manganese is introduced. The resulting distribution of carbon and manganese is evaluated by microprobe scans. The micro-segregation of manganese could be reduced from 7 weight percent to 2. To create the obtained hot forming strategy hot compression tests have been carried out. The deformation behavior has been characterized for two steels with 22 % manganese and between 0.3 and 0.7 % carbon content in the temperature range between 700 and 1200°C and strain rates between 0.1 and 10 s-1.

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Muskalski, Zbigniew, Sylwia Wiewiórowska i Marcin Pełka. "The Mechanical Properties and Structure Evolution for High-Manganese TWIP Steel Wires". Solid State Phenomena 199 (marzec 2013): 524–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.199.524.

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The increasing demand by the automotive industry has resulted in a search for materials of increasingly high mechanical properties and, at the same time, plastic deformability. These requirements are met by AHSS (Advanced High-Strength Steels) multiphase steels. The group of AHSS type steels may include: diphase (DP), TRIP-effect, hot formed (HF) martensitic, plastic formed heat treated (PFHT), and TWIP-effect steels.

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Kim, Sung Joon. "Effects of Manganese Content and Heat Treatment Condition on Mechanical Properties and Microstructures of Fine-Grained Low Carbon TRIP-Aided Steels". Materials Science Forum 638-642 (styczeń 2010): 3313–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.638-642.3313.

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The mechanical properties and microstructures of alternative low carbon TRIP-aided steels in which manganese contents mediate between conventional low-alloyed TRIP-aided steels and TWIP steel have been investigated. A variety of microstructures, from a single austenite phase to multiple phase mixtures, was attained according to chemical compositions as well as heat treatment schedule. By means of reverse transformation of martensite combined with controlled annealing, a remarkable grain refinement being responsible for stabilization of austenite could be achieved. In case of the duplex (+ ) microstructures in 6Mn and 7Mn alloys, large amount of retained austenite more than 30 % contributed to substantial improvement of ductility compared to the conventional TRIP-aided steels having similar tensile strength level. In nearly single austenitic 13Mn alloy, the annealed sheet steel exhibited high tensile strength of 1.3 GPa with sufficient ductility due to the stain induced martensite transformation of fine grained austenite.

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Dobrzański, Leszek Adam, Wojciech Borek i Janusz Mazurkiewicz. "Influence of Thermo-Mechanical Treatments on Structure and Mechanical Properties of High-Mn Steel". Advanced Materials Research 1127 (październik 2015): 113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1127.113.

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The aim of this paper is to determine the high-manganese austenite propensity to twinning induced by the cold working and its effect on structure and mechanical properties, and especially the strain energy per unit volume of new-developed high-manganese Fe – Mn – (Al, Si) investigated steel, containing about 24,5 % of manganese, 1% of silicon, 3 % of aluminium and microadditions Nb and Ti with various structures after their heat- and thermo-mechanical treatments. The new-developed high-manganese Fe – Mn – (Al, Si) steel provide an extensive potential for automotive industries through exhibiting the twinning induced plasticity (TWIP) mechanisms. TWIP steel not only show excellent strength, but also have excellent formability due to twinning, thereby leading to excellent combination of strength, ductility, and formability over conventional dual phase steels or transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) steels. Results obtained for high-manganese austenitic steel with the properly formed structure and properties in the thermo-mechanical processes indicate the possibility and purposefulness of their employment for constructional elements of vehicles, especially of the passenger cars to take advantage of the significant growth of their strain energy per unit volume which guarantee reserve of plasticity in the zones of controlled energy absorption during possible collision resulting from activation of twinning induced by the cold working as the fracture counteraction factor, which may result in significant growth of the passive safety of these vehicles' passengers.

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Kozłowska, Aleksandra, Barbara Grzegorczyk, Mateusz Morawiec i Adam Grajcar. "Explanation of the PLC Effect in Advanced High-Strength Medium-Mn Steels. A Review". Materials 12, nr 24 (12.12.2019): 4175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12244175.

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The paper reviews the recent works concerning the Portevin–Le Chatelier (PLC) effect in Advanced High-Strength Steels (AHSSs) with a special attention to high-strength medium-manganese steels. Theories explaining the mechanism of the plastic instability phenomenon in steels with medium- and high-Mn contents were discussed. The relationships between microstructural effects such as TRIP (Transformation-Induced Plasticity), TWIP (Twinning-Induced Plasticity) and the PLC effect were characterized. The effects of processing conditions including a deformation state (hot-rolled and cold-rolled) and strain parameters (deformation temperature, strain rate) were addressed. Factors affecting the value of critical strain for the activation of serrated flow behavior in particular in medium-manganese steels were described.

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Dobrzański, L. A., i W. Borek. "Structure and Properties of High-Manganese TWIP, TRIP and TRIPLEX Steels". Australian Journal of Multi-Disciplinary Engineering 9, nr 2 (styczeń 2013): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.7158/14488388.2013.11464849.

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Solana Reyes, Yadira, JOSE ANGEL RAMOS BANDERAS, PEDRO GARNICA GONZALEZ i Alondra Jacqueline BOCANEGRA HUERAMO. "MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF AN HIGH STRENGHT STEEL (AHSS) WITH MEDIUM MN CONTENT IN TWO ROLLING CONDITIONS: HOT AND WARM". DYNA 98, nr 5 (1.09.2023): 521–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.6036/10895.

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The microstructure before intercritical annealing of an AHSS (Advanced High Strength Steel) with medium Mn content plays an important role in the final mechanical properties, since the transformations occurring during annealing modify phases, composition, and morphology. The microstructural changes that occur during intercritical annealing treatment of a medium Mn steel were examined. Two starting material comes from different conditions, hot rolling at 1200°C and warm rolling (initial rolling at 1200°C and subsequent at 680°C). The mechanical properties were related to the transformation phenomena that occur in these steels, mainly TRIP (Transformation Induced Plasticity) and TWIP (Twinning Induced Plasticity) effects. The transformations were verified by SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) and X-RD (X-Ray Diffraction). Tensile strength values of 1111 MPa and 17% elongation were obtained by hot rolling route. For the warm rolling route, 35% deformation and a tensile strength of 1357 MPa were obtained. The strain hardening curve was analyzed, showing the presence of the TWIP effect subsequently "saw" behavior related to the discontinuous TRIP effect. The mechanic properties values are related to the difference in morphology phases present. An acicular morphology of a/? (ferrite/austenite) provides a higher value of tensile strength, but low elongation percentage, and a mixture of lamellar and globular morphologies, provides an optimized combination of strength and ductility. Key words: AHSS, medium manganese steel, rolling, heat treatment, discontinuous TRIP effect, TWIP.

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Bordone, Matías, Juan Perez-Ipiña, Raúl Bolmaro, Alfredo Artigas i Alberto Monsalve. "Mechanical Properties and Microstructural Aspects of Two High-Manganese Steels with TWIP/TRIP Effects: A Comparative Study". Metals 11, nr 1 (25.12.2020): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11010024.

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This article is focused on the mechanical behavior and its relationship with the microstructural changes observed in two high-manganese steels presenting twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) and transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP), namely Steel B and Steel C, respectively. Chemical compositions were similar in manganese, but carbon content of Steel B approximately doubles Steel C, which directly impacted on the stacking fault energy (SFE), microstructure and mechanical response of each alloy. Characterization of as-cast condition by optical microscope revealed a fully austenitic microstructure in Steel B and a mixed microstructure in Steel C consisting of austenite grains and thermal-induced (εt) martensite platelets. Same phases were observed after the thermo-mechanical treatment and tensile tests, corroborated by means of X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), which confirms no phase transformation in Steel B and TRIP effect in Steel C, due to the strain-induced γFCC→εHCP transformation that results in an increase in the ε-martensite volume fraction. Higher values of ultimate tensile strength, yield stress, ductility and impact toughness were obtained for Steel B. Significant microstructural changes were revealed in tensile specimens as a consequence of the operating hardening mechanisms. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) observations on the tensile and impact test specimens showed differences in fracture micro-mechanisms.

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Peng, Ru Lin, Xiao Peng Liu, Yan Dong Wang, Shu Yan Zhang, Yong Feng Shen i Sten Johansson. "In-Situ Neutron Diffraction Study of the Deformation Behaviour of Two High-Manganese Austenitic Steels". Materials Science Forum 681 (marzec 2011): 474–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.681.474.

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In-situ neutron diffraction experiments under tensile loading were carried out to study the micromechanical behaviour of two iron-manganese based steels, a TWIP (twinning induced plasticity) steel with 30 wt% Mn and a TRIP steel (transformation induced plasticity) with 20 wt% Mn. The former was loaded to 31.3% strain and the latter to 20% strain. The 30 wt.% Mn steel had a fully austenitic microstructure which remained stable over the loading range studied, while stress induced austenite to α´- and ε-martensite transformations occur in the 20 wt.% Mn steel which initially contained an α´-martensite in addition to the austenite. The evolution of lattice strains under tensile loading differs between the two steels, reflected their different plastic deformation mechanisms. A stronger grain-orientation dependent behaviour is observed during deformation for the 20 wt.% Mn in contrast to the 30wt.% Mn steel.

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Yan, Jingru, Muyuan Zhou, Hui Wu, Xiaojun Liang, Zhao Xing, Hongbin Li, Liang Zhao, Sihai Jiao i Zhengyi Jiang. "A Review of Key Factors Affecting the Wear Performance of Medium Manganese Steels". Metals 13, nr 7 (21.06.2023): 1152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met13071152.

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In recent years, medium manganese steels (MMSs) have garnered increased attention and interest due to their relatively low cost and superior combination properties compared to other steels. In particular, MMSs have been recognised as ideal wear-resistant materials employed in the mining industry. However, the studies on their wear performance have a lack of systematic documentation. This review provides an extensive overview of recent advances in the wear performance of MMSs, starting from discussions on applicable wear testing methods and typical wear testing results, followed by a further discussion on the wear mechanisms of MMSs based on five wear characteristics, including abrasive wear, adhesive wear, corrosive wear, fatigue wear and impact wear. The effects of hardness and hardened layers on the wear mechanisms are also discussed. Finally, the influence of phase constitution and microstructure on the wear performance of MMSs are comprehensively elaborated in terms of transformation induced plasticity (TRIP), twinning induced plasticity (TWIP), alloy elements and heat treatment. The key factors that affect the wear performance of MMSs include the elemental composition in MMSs and the phase transformation occurred during TRIP and TWIP as well as various heat treatment processes. The current review of key factors affecting the wear performance of MMSs sheds some light on new strategies to enhance the service performance and longevity of wear resistant steels in various engineering applications.

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Yang, Ping, Fa Yun Lu, Tong Yan Liu, Li Meng i Wei Min Mao. "Crystallographic Behaviors of Uni-Axial Deformed High Manganese Steels". Materials Science Forum 706-709 (styczeń 2012): 2668–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.706-709.2668.

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High manganese TRIP/TWIP steels with different Mn contents were subjected to uniaxial deformation. The textures, misorientations and orientation relationships were determined in austenite, HCP/BCC martensites and ferrite. It is observed that the mechanically stabilized austenite possesses mainly stable deformation texture, the intermediate HCP martensite possesses mainly unstable tilted basal texture and the BCC martensite possesses stable deformation texture which was actually mixed with transformation texture. Special misorientations due to either the inherence from austenite or due to twins or variant selection were main components in each phase. K-S relationship became much scattered due to slip-induced misorientations both in martensite and in parent austenite.

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Krüger, L., L. W. Meyer, U. Brûx, G. Frommeyer i O. Grässel. "Stress-deformation behaviour of high manganese (AI, Si) TRIP and TWIP steels". Journal de Physique IV (Proceedings) 110 (wrzesień 2003): 189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp4:20020692.

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Ye, Tie, Ping Yang, Zhi Wen Lu i Chun Hua Ma. "Research of Deformation Law on High Manganese Steel with Different Alloy Composition". Key Engineering Materials 727 (styczeń 2017): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.727.9.

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The organizations and phase composition after forging and heat treatment of the stacking fault energy for the three high manganese steel with 2.99 mJ/m2,7.9 mJ/m2and23 mJ/m2 were observed. It’s analysised that the microstructure and orientation change of three high manganese steel by SEM and EBSD and the effect of alloy elements and the composition of the material on microstructure of high manganese steel; Through Static compressive deformation of cylindrical specimen under different strain rates experimental, the effect of strain rate on the deformation mechanism of different components of high manganese steel was analysised. Cylindrical specimens by static compression at different strain rates, analysis of strain rate on the different components of high manganese steel impact deformation mechanism; The mechanical performance characteristics are analyzed under different strain rate of three components high-manganese steel by stress - strain curves. By Compressive Split-Hopkinson Pressure Bar experiments to study the mechanism of high manganese steel deformation at high strain rates. The study found: the exclusion of the impact of the martensitic transformation can produce 18Mn high manganese TRIP or TWIP effect after deformation. Through observation and calculation, it found C, Al's content of alloying elements on the grain sizes less affected, but the starting temperature of martensitic transformation and layer greatly affects high manganese wrong size possible. Through analysis, found C, Al decides that the high content of alloying elements manganese organization original phase composition and deformation mechanism; organizations γ + ε-M + α'-M high manganese TRIP effect occurs, organizations γ + ε-M's high manganese TRIP effect occurs, tissue TWIP effect of high manganese steel γ.

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Ghasri-Khouzani, Morteza, M. Bruhis i Joseph Robert McDermid. "Effect of Carbon Gradient on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Fe-22Mn-C TWIP/TRIP Steels". Advanced Materials Research 922 (maj 2014): 195–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.922.195.

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High-manganese austenitic steels are promising emerging automotive steels demonstrating high strength and ductility. The main deformation products observed in these steels are mechanical twins and ε-martensite, where the dominant deformation products vary quite strongly with stacking fault energy (SFE), which in turn is a very strong function of the alloy carbon content. In this research, a Fe-22Mn-0.6C sheet steel was decarburized to achieve a variety of through-thickness C gradients, thereby varying the dominant deformation products through the sheet thickness, with the overall objective of producing unique microstructures and mechanical properties. Microstructural analyses after interrupted tensile testing indicated that the amount of both mechanical twins and ε-martensite increased with increasing true strain, where the deformation products changed from mechanical twins at the higher-C core to ε-martensite at the lower-C surface. The spring-back properties of the C graded steels were also compared with reference to the effect of differential carbon concentration gradient.

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Bhattacharya, Debanshu. "Niobium Containing Advanced High Strength Steels for Automotive Applications – Processing, Microstructure, and Properties". Materials Science Forum 773-774 (listopad 2013): 325–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.773-774.325.

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Two major drivers for the use of advanced steels in the automotive industry are fuel efficiency and increased safety performance. Fuel efficiency is mainly a function of weight of steel parts, which in turn, is controlled by gauge and design. Safety is determined by the energy absorbing capacity of the steel used to make the part. All of these factors are incentives for the automobile manufacturers to use Advanced High Strength Steels (AHSS) to replace the conventional steels used to manufacture automotive parts in the past. AHSS is a general term used to describe various families of steels. The most common AHSS is the dual-phase steel that consists of a ferrite-martensite microstructure. These steels are characterized by high strength, good ductility, low tensile to yield strength ratio and high bake-hardenability. Another class of AHSS is the complex-phase or multi-phase steel which has a complex microstructure consisting of various phase constituents and a high yield to tensile strength ratio. Transformation Induced Plasticity (TRIP) steels is another class of AHSS steels finding interest among the U.S. automakers. These steels consist of a ferrite-bainite microstructure with significant amount of retained austenite phase and show the highest combination of strength and elongation, so far, among the AHSS in use. High level of energy absorbing capacity combined with a sustained level of high n value up to the limit of uniform elongation as well as high bake hardenability make these steels particularly attractive for safety critical parts and parts needing complex forming. A relatively new class of AHSS is the Quenching and Partitioning (Q&P) steels. These steels seem to offer higher ductility than the dual-phase steels of similar strengths or similar ductility as the TRIP steels at higher strengths. Finally, martensitic steels with very high strengths are also in use for certain parts. The most recent initiative in the area of AHSS is the so-called 3rd Generation AHSS. These steels are designed to fill the region between the dual-phase/TRIP and the Twin Induced Plasticity (TWIP) steels with very high ductility at strength levels comparable to the conventional AHSS. Enhanced Q&P steels may be one method to achieve this target. Other ideas include TRIP assisted dual phase steels, high manganese steels and higher carbon TRIP type steels. In this paper, some of the above families of advanced high strength steels for the automotive industry will be discussed with particular emphasis on the role of niobium.

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Leták, Radek, Hana Jirková, Ludmila Kučerová, Štěpán Jeníček i Josef Volák. "Effect of Forming and Heat Treatment Parameters on the Mechanical Properties of Medium Manganese Steel with 5% Mn". Materials 16, nr 12 (12.06.2023): 4340. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16124340.

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Medium manganese steels fall into the category of modern third-generation high-strength steels. Thanks to their alloying, they use a number of strengthening mechanisms, such as the TRIP and TWIP effects, to achieve their mechanical properties. The excellent combination of strength and ductility also makes them suitable for safety components in car shells, such as side reinforcements. Medium manganese steel with 0.2% C, 5% Mn, and 3% Al was used for the experimental program. Sheets with a thickness of 1.8 mm without surface treatment were formed in a press hardening tool. Side reinforcements require various mechanical properties in different parts. The change in mechanical properties was tested on the produced profiles. The changes in the tested regions were produced by local heating to an intercritical region. These results were compared with classically annealed specimens in a furnace. In the case of tool hardening, strength limits were over 1450 MPa with a ductility of about 15%.

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Reitz, Jan, Burkhard Wietbrock, Silvia Richter, Sascha Hoffmann, Gerhard Hirt i Bernd Friedrich. "Enhanced Homogenization Strategy by Electroslag Remelting of High-Manganese TRIP and TWIP Steels". Advanced Engineering Materials 13, nr 5 (17.01.2011): 395–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adem.201000322.

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Ding, Hao, Hua Ding, Chun-lin Qiu, Zheng-you Tang, Jian-min Zeng i Ping Yang. "Formability of TRIP/TWIP Steel Containing Manganese of 18.8%". Journal of Iron and Steel Research International 18, nr 1 (styczeń 2011): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1006-706x(11)60008-3.

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Sun, Qian, Hong-Shuang Di, Xiao-Nan Wang, Xia-Ming Chen, Xiao-Kang Nie, Dong-Liang Chen i Jian-Ping Li. "Effect of heat input on microstructure and properties of dissimilar laser welded joints between TWIP and TRIP steels". Metallurgical Research & Technology 116, nr 6 (2019): 616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2019043.

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In this present, the experimental steels were produced by different rolling and heat treatment processes. After that, dissimilar laser tailor welding was carried out with different heat inputs (40, 60 and 100 J/mm2) using IPG YLR 6000 fiber laser with Ar gas shielding. Hitachi SU5000 scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Zeiss Axio Vert.Al optical microscope were used to observe the microstructure of the welded joints after being polished and etched with 4% nital. HV-1000 microhardness tester was used to measure the microhardness of welded joints. Tensile test was carried out using DNS-100 universal material testing equipment, and Erichsen test was conducted using CTM604 Erichsen test machine. Five groups of repeated experiments were selected for the performance test. Tensile fracture surface morphology of welded joint was observed by SEM. The effect of heat input on microstructure and properties of dissimilar welded joints between high manganese TWIP steels and low manganese TRIP steels was studied. The results showed that weld width and penetration were increased and complete penetration was obtained when the heat input increased to 60 J/mm2. With heat input increased, the microstructure of welded seam was more inhomogeneous. The distribution of Mn content in welded seam was inhomogeneous such that columnar/equiaxed austenite was formed in rich Mn zone and lath martensite was formed in barren Mn zone. Heat input had no influence on the microstructure and hardness on the HAZ. The mechanical properties of welded joints of 60 J/mm2 were superior and its strength-ductility balance was greater than TRIP BM (23 GPa%) and was 82% of TWIP BM (36 GPa%). The formability of 60 and 100 J/mm2 was similar.

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Frommeyer, Georg, Udo Brüx i Peter Neumann. "Supra-Ductile and High-Strength Manganese-TRIP/TWIP Steels for High Energy Absorption Purposes." ISIJ International 43, nr 3 (2003): 438–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.43.438.

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Elliott, R., K. Coley, S. Mostaghel i M. Barati. "Review of Manganese Processing for Production of TRIP/TWIP Steels, Part 2: Reduction Studies". JOM 70, nr 5 (22.02.2018): 691–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11837-018-2773-8.

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Wang, Hui Zhen, Xiu Rong Sun, Ping Yang i Wei Min Mao. "Inspection of Adiabatic Shear Bands in High Manganese TRIP Steels". Materials Science Forum 753 (marzec 2013): 72–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.753.72.

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Adiabatic shear bands (ASBs) develop generally during high strain rates. This paper investigates the transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) effect during ASBs formation at high strain rates in high manganese TRIP steels containing initial austenite and ferrite by EBSD technique. Results show that TRIP effect takes place mainly before the formation of ASBs. After ASBs formation, TRIP effect is strongly restricted by the size effect, the increase of stacking fault energy (SFE) and even inverse martensitic transformation due to the rise of temperature. The TRIP effect before ASBs formation contributes to the resistance of adiabatic shear failure. Dynamic recrystallization driven by subgrains rotation occurs within ASBs, and ultrafine grains often show strong shear textures with twin relationship owing to slip mechanism.

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Lu, Fayun, Ping Yang, Li Meng, Fenge Cui i Hua Ding. "Influences of Thermal Martensites and Grain Orientations on Strain-induced Martensites in High Manganese TRIP/TWIP Steels". Journal of Materials Science & Technology 27, nr 3 (styczeń 2011): 257–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1005-0302(11)60059-5.

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Elliott, R., K. Coley, S. Mostaghel i M. Barati. "Review of Manganese Processing for Production of TRIP/TWIP Steels, Part 1: Current Practice and Processing Fundamentals". JOM 70, nr 5 (23.02.2018): 680–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11837-018-2769-4.

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Haferkamp, H., O. Meier i K. Harley. "Laser Beam Welding of New High Strength Steels for Auto Body Construction". Key Engineering Materials 344 (lipiec 2007): 723–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.344.723.

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With the regard to the development of modern car bodies the focus lies on low production costs, environmental sustainability and high security standards. In order to meet these requirements the weight of modern car bodies has to be reduced consistently. Amongst other things, this becomes possible by the use of new high and ultra high strength steels. These materials are characterised by their high strength, good ductility and a high absorption capacity. In addition they have a lower density in comparison to other steels. TRIP and TWIP steel belong to these high and ultra high strength steels as well as iron-manganese steel. The development of new materials also puts new demands on the joining technologies used for producing semi finished products and parts of car bodies. Due to its high flexibility, its good automation and the minor influence on the work piece, laser beam welding is an established procedure in the automotive series production. The high cooling rates in combination with a carbon equivalent of the new materials which is usually higher then 0.4% lead to a martensitic solidification of the weld seam. Martensite is characterized by its low ductility and thus affects the forming capability as well as the absorption capacity of the welded parts. In order to avoid this effect a new process has been developed within the scope of the collaborative research program 362 (SFB 362, 1993-2005) at the Laser Zentrum Hannover. Using that process the weld seam structure is inductively annealed directly after the welding process. Experiments with high strength steel like TRIP700 and H320LA have shown that the tempering leads to an increase of ductility. The process is suitable for butt joints and overlap joints and is to be transferred into industrial usage within the scope of the project “Laser Beam Welding of Car Body Parts Made of High and Ultra High Strength Steel”. Based on the results obtained in the SFB 362 continuous investigations will be made in order to qualify the process for boron alloyed steel and iron-manganese steel.

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Podany, Pavel, Christopher Reardon, Martina Koukolikova, Radek Prochazka i Ales Franc. "Microstructure, Mechanical Properties and Welding of Low Carbon, Medium Manganese TWIP/TRIP Steel". Metals 8, nr 4 (12.04.2018): 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met8040263.

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Sevsek, Simon, Frederike Brasche, Dmitri A. Molodov i Wolfgang Bleck. "On the influence of grain size on the TWIP/TRIP-effect and texture development in high-manganese steels". Materials Science and Engineering: A 754 (kwiecień 2019): 152–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2019.03.072.

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Latypov, Marat I., Sunmi Shin, Bruno C. De Cooman i Hyoung Seop Kim. "Micromechanical finite element analysis of strain partitioning in multiphase medium manganese TWIP+TRIP steel". Acta Materialia 108 (kwiecień 2016): 219–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2016.02.001.

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YANG, Ping, Fayun LU, Li MENG i Feng'e CUI. "CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC BEHAVIORS OF COMPRESSED HIGH MANGANESE TRIP/TWIP STEELS ANALYZED BY EBSD TECHNIQUES I. Transformation Characteristics, Twinning and the Influence of Austenitic Orientations". ACTA METALLURGICA SINICA 46, nr 6 (15.07.2010): 657–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1037.2010.00657.

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Schröder, Christina, Marco Wendler, Thilo Kreschel, Olena Volkova i Andreas Weiß. "Development of a Stainless Austenitic Nitrogen-Alloyed CrMnNiMo Spring Steel". Crystals 9, nr 9 (31.08.2019): 456. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst9090456.

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The generation of a nickel-reduced, stainless spring steel strip with a thickness of 0.2 mm, producible under industrial conditions, is the aim of a transfer project together with the Institute of Metal Forming/TU BAF and the Auerhammer Metallwerk GmbH within the DFG Collaborative Research Centre (CRC) 799. The spring steel strip should exhibit a tensile strength of ≥1700 MPa in work-hardened and partitioned state. The mechanical and corrosive properties of the steel strip should be equal or better than those given for 1.4310 steel (AISI 301). The article presents the results of laboratory alloys focused on the design of steel strips, which meet the requirements for a cost-effective production. The results presented relate to steel design, microstructure formation, temperature-dependent mechanical properties, and corrosion resistance. Four alloys of the type X5CrMnNiMoN16-x-4 with manganese contents of approximately 2 to 6 wt.-percent were investigated. The austenitic steel X5CrMnNiMoN16-4-4 with TRIP/TWIP effect was selected for deformation and partitioning treatments. Its deformation-induced α’-martensite formation significantly contributes to the work hardening of the steel. A short-time annealing treatment (partitioning) further increases the strength properties.

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Tisza, M. "High strength steels and aluminium alloys in lightweight body manufacturing". Archives of Materials Science and Engineering 2, nr 88 (1.12.2017): 68–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.8041.

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Purpose: of this paper: The main objectives of this paper are to give an overview about the application of various kinds of high strength steels and aluminium alloys in the automotive industry to produce lightweight car body elements to achieve significant reductions in harmful emissions to provide more environmental friendly vehicles which simultaneously fulfils the increased safety requirements, too. In these respects, both high strength automotive steels (e.g. DP, TRIP, TWIP and HPF steels), as well as high strength aluminium alloys (e.g. AA6082, AA7075, etc.) are more and more widely applied in the vehicle manufacturing. Design/methodology/approach: The contradiction between the increased strength and lower formability of these high strength metallic materials is one of the main issues in their application in the automotive industry. Therefore, in this paper primary focus will be placed on the formability properties of these materials, concerning first of all the limits of formability in various cold and hot forming conditions. To fully utilize the potentials of these materials in forming processes the numerical modelling of forming with FEM simulation is of utmost importance. Findings: Recently in the automotive industry the Hot Press Forming of high strength boron-alloyed manganese steels become an industrially established process, while the Hot Forming and Quenching (HFQ) of artificially ageing high strength aluminium alloys now become the focus of scientific research. The paper will analyse the main process parameters and gives comparisons of automotive applications. Research limitations/implications: There are still certain shortages of industrial applications, namely the limits of economic cycle times for economical mass production which needs further research activities in these fields. Practical implications: Since both the materials mentioned above and the forming processes usually applied, furthermore the available benefits are extremely important for the automotive industry these results have significant practical involvement. Originality/value: The applied research methods and the introduced new findings will show the originality of the paper.

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YANG, Ping, Fayun LU, Li MENG i Feng'e CUI. "CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC BEHAVIORS OF COMPRESSED HIGH MANGANESE TRIP/TWIP STEELS ANALYZED BY EBSD TECHNIQUES II. Martensitic Misorientations, the Evolution of Martensitic Orientations and the Influence of Austenitic Orientations". ACTA METALLURGICA SINICA 46, nr 6 (15.07.2010): 666–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1037.2010.00666.

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Razmpoosh, M. H., E. Biro, D. L. Chen, F. Goodwin i Y. Zhou. "Liquid metal embrittlement in laser lap joining of TWIP and medium-manganese TRIP steel: The role of stress and grain boundaries". Materials Characterization 145 (listopad 2018): 627–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2018.09.018.

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Liu, Qinglong, Qingjun Zhou, Jeffrey Venezuela, Mingxing Zhang, Jianqiu Wang i Andrej Atrens. "A review of the influence of hydrogen on the mechanical properties of DP, TRIP, and TWIP advanced high-strength steels for auto construction". Corrosion Reviews 34, nr 3 (1.06.2016): 127–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/corrrev-2015-0083.

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AbstractThe literature is reviewed regarding the influence of hydrogen on dual-phase (DP), transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP), and twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steels. Hydrogen influences DP steels by decreasing ductility while strengths are largely unaffected. TRIP steels may be susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement (HE) as indicated by the loss of ductility and some brittle fracture features. The literature on the influence of hydrogen on TWIP steels was inconsistent. Some researchers found no significant influence of hydrogen on TWIP steel properties and fully ductile fractures, whereas others found a significant loss of ductility and strength due to hydrogen and some brittle features. Possible countermeasures for HE are tempering for DP and TRIP steels and aluminum alloying for TWIP steels.

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Prosvirnin, D. V., M. D. Larionov, A. G. Kolmakov, A. V. Larionova, M. E. Pruckov i S. V. Pivovarchik. "Surface modification TRIP \ TWIP steels". IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 848 (28.05.2020): 012075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/848/1/012075.

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Benke, Marton, Valéria Mertinger i Ferenc Tranta. "In Situ Optical Microscope Examinations of the ε↔γ Transformations in FeMn(Cr) Austenitic Steels during Thermal Cycling". Materials Science Forum 738-739 (styczeń 2013): 257–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.738-739.257.

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A group of austenitic steels exhibit high deformability and strength due to TRansformation Induced Plasticity (TRIP) and/or TWinning Induced Plasticity (TWIP). The phase transformations of the TRIP and TWIP steels have been examined in details in many FeMnX alloy systems (X: Ni, Al, Si). However, less attention was given to the FeMn(Cr) alloys. The γ ↔ ε transformations in the austenitic FeMn(Cr) alloys have been examined during heat cycling by in situ optical microscopy and DSC measurements.

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Campagnoli, Elena, Paolo Matteis, Giovanni M. M. Mortarino i Giorgio Scavino. "Thermal Diffusivity of Traditional and Innovative Sheet Steels". Defect and Diffusion Forum 297-301 (kwiecień 2010): 893–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.297-301.893.

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The low carbon steels, used for the production of car bodies by deep drawing, are gradually substituted by high strength steels for vehicle weight reduction. The drawn car body components are joined by welding and the welded points undergo a reduction of the local tensile strength. In developing an accurate welding process model, able to optimized process parameters and to predict the final local microstructure, a significant improvement can be given by the knowledge of the welded steels thermal diffusivity at different temperatures. The laser-flash method has been used to compare the thermal diffusivity of two traditional deep drawing steels, two high strength steels already in common usage, i.e. a Dual Phase (DP) steel and a TRansformation Induced Plasticity (TRIP) steel, and one experimental high-Mn austenitic TWIP (Twinning Induced Plasticity) steel. The low carbon steels, at low temperatures, have a thermal diffusivity that is 4-5 times larger than the TWIP steel. Their thermal diffusivity decreases by increasing temperature while the TWIP steel shows an opposite behaviour, albeit with a lesser slope, so that above 700°C the TWIP thermal diffusivity is larger. The different behaviour of the TWIP steel in respect to the ferritic deep drawing steels arises from its non ferro-magnetic austenitic structure. The DP and TRIP steels show intermediate values, their diffusivity being lower than that of the traditional deep drawing steels; this latter fact probably arises from their higher alloy content and more complex microstructure.

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Kang, Mihyun, Wan Chuck Woo, Vyacheslav Em, Young Kook Lee i Baek Seok Seong. "In Situ Neutron Diffraction Measurements of the Deformation Behavior in High Manganese Steels". Materials Science Forum 772 (listopad 2013): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.772.73.

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Deformation behavior of high Mn TWIP (twinning induced plasticity) steels was observed using neutron diffraction. Two kinds of specimens were prepared; 0 and 2 wt% of Al TWIP steels. The lattice strains and peak widths of hkl grains were measured under tensile loading. The results provide an insight into the influence of the Al contents on the deformation behavior associated with the microstructure changes in TWIP steels.

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Mintz, Barrie, i Abdullah Qaban. "The Influence of Precipitation, High Levels of Al, Si, P and a Small B Addition on the Hot Ductility of TWIP and TRIP Assisted Steels: A Critical Review". Metals 12, nr 3 (16.03.2022): 502. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12030502.

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The hot ductility of Transformation Induced Plasticity (TRIP) and Twinning Induced Plasticity (TWIP) steels is reviewed, concentrating on the likelihood of cracking occurring on continuous casting during the straightening operation. In this review, the influence of high levels of Al, Si, P, Mn and C on their hot ductility will be discussed as well as the important role B can play in improving their hot ductility. Of these elements, Al has the worst influence on ductility but a high Al addition is often needed in both TWIP and TRIP steels. AlN precipitates are formed often as thin coatings covering the austenite grain surfaces favouring intergranular failure and making them difficult to continuous cast without cracks forming. Furthermore, with TWIP steels the un-recrystallised austenite, which is the state the austenite is when straightening, suffers from excessive grain boundary sliding, so that the ductility often decreases with increasing temperature, resulting in the RA value being below that needed to avoid cracking on straightening. Fortunately, the addition of B can often be used to remedy the deleterious influence of AlN. The influence of precipitation hardeners (Nb, V and Ti based) in strengthening the room temperature yield strength of these TWIP steels and their influence on hot ductility is also discussed.

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Hernández-Belmontes, Humberto, Ignacio Mejía i Cuauhtémoc Maldonado. "Ab Initio Study of Weldability of a High-Manganese Austenitic Twinning-Induced Plasticity (TWIP) Steel Microalloyed with Boron". MRS Proceedings 1812 (2016): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2016.15.

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ABSTRACTHigh-Mn Twinning-Induced Plasticity (TWIP) steels are advanced high-strength steels (AHSS) currently under development; they are fully austenitic and characterized by twinning as the predominant strengthening mechanism. TWIP steels have high strength and formability with an elongation up to 80%, which allows reduction in automotive components weight and fuel consumption. Since the targeted application field of TWIP steels is the automotive industry, steels need high mechanical performance with good weldability and excellent corrosion resistance. However, there is lack of information about the weldability behavior of these advanced steels. This research work aims to study the weldability of a new generation of high-Mn austenitic TWIP steels microalloyed with B. Weldability was examined using spot welds produced by Gas Tungsten Arc Welding. Microstructural changes were examined using light optical metallography. Segregation of elements in the weld joint was evaluated using point and elemental mapping chemical analysis by Scanning Electron Microscopy and Electron-Dispersive Spectroscopy; while the hardness properties were examined with Vickers microhardness testing (HV25). Experimental results show that the welded joint microstructure consists of austenitic dendritic grains in the fusion zone, and equiaxed grains in the heat affected zone. Notably, the boron microalloyed TWIP steel exhibited poor weldability, showing hot cracking. Additionally, the studied TWIP steels showed a high degree of segregation in the fusion zone; Mn and Si segregated into the interdendritic regions, while Al and C preferentially segregated in dendritic areas. Finally, the welded joints of the TWIP steels showed microhardness values lower than the base material. In general, the present TWIP steels have problems of weldability, which are corroborated with microstructural changes, elements segregation and microhardness loss.

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Seleznev, Mikhail, Christoph Renzing, Matthias Schmidtchen, Ulrich Prahl, Horst Biermann i Anja Weidner. "Deformation Lenses in a Bonding Zone of High-Alloyed Steel Laminates Manufactured by Cold Roll Bonding". Metals 12, nr 4 (30.03.2022): 590. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12040590.

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The combination of strength of transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) steel and ductility of twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steel can be achieved by manufacturing laminated composites via cold roll bonding (CRB). Work hardening of the surface before CRB produces deformation lenses (DLs), which play significant role in bonding, but are reported rarely in the literature. The present work aimed to study the DLs at the bonding interface of the laminated composite made of high-alloy TRIP and TWIP steels manufactured by CRB. The DLs and interfaces were investigated by means of scanning and transmission electron microscopy, roughness measurement, tensile and peel tests. Laminates showed ultimate tensile strength up to 900 MPa and elongation up to 45% maintaining the layer’s integrity up to failure. The TWIP–TWIP interface has shown higher maximum peel strength (up to 195 N/cm) than that of a TRIP–TWIP interface (up to 130 N/cm), which was found to be in direct proportion to the overall area of DLs. Bonding of the laminate layers was found to occur between DL fragments.

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Merwin, M. J. "Low-Carbon Manganese TRIP Steels". Materials Science Forum 539-543 (marzec 2007): 4327–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.539-543.4327.

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The development of TRansformation Induced Plasicity (TRIP) steels has seen much activity in recent years, due to the promise of very high formability combined with high strength. The accepted method for production of as-hot-rolled TRIP steel employs multistage runout table cooling and coiling in the bainitic transformation temperature regime. As an alternative to confronting the production difficulties the accepted strategy presents, a program was begun to evaluate the potential of 0.1C-6.0Mn steels processed in a more conventional manner. Three laboratory heats were melted to consider the effect of manganese content on processing and properties. The steels were found to be fully hardenable with conventional hot-strip mill processing and subsequent batch annealing simulations produced significant retained austenite levels. The combination of the prior martensitic microstructure in the as-hot-rolled condition, and austenite created during annealing, resulted in remarkable combinations of strength and ductility. In the as-hot-rolled condition, tensile strengths exceeding 1400 MPa were observed, with total elongations of approximately 10 percent. Optimum properties were found when samples were annealed at approximately 650°C. While this treatment reduced the tensile strength to 800-1000 MPa, the total elongation increased to between 30 percent and 40 percent. UTS*TE products exceeding 30,000 MPa-% were observed, making these materials attractive for high strength, high ductility applications.

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Prosvirnin, D. V., M. S. Larionov, S. V. Pivovarchik i A. G. Kolmakov. "Structural Features and Strength Behavior of TRIP/TWIP Steels". Inorganic Materials: Applied Research 12, nr 5 (wrzesień 2021): 1148–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s2075113321050324.

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Jung, Jong-Ku, Oh-Yeon Lee, Young-Koo Park, Dong-Eun Kim i Kwang-Geun Jin. "Hydrogen Embrittlement Behavior of High Mn TRIP/TWIP Steels". Korean Journal of Materials Research 18, nr 7 (27.07.2008): 394–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3740/mrsk.2008.18.7.394.

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Prosvirnin, D. V., M. S. Larionov, S. V. Pivovarchik i A. G. Kolmakov. "Structural features and strength behavior of TRIP/TWIP steels". Perspektivnye Materialy, nr 9 (2020): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.30791/1028-978x-2020-9-5-18.

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A review of the literature data on the structural features of TRIP / TWIP steels, their relationship with mechanical properties and the relationship of strength parameters under static and cyclic loading was carried out. It is shown that the level of mechanical properties of such steels is determined by the chemical composition and processing technology (thermal and thermomechanical processing, hot and cold pressure treatment), aimed at achieving a favorable phase composition. At the atomic level, the most important factor is stacking fault energy, the level of which will be decisive in the formation of austenite twins and / or the formation of strain martensite. By selecting the chemical composition, it is possible to set the stacking fault energy corresponding to the necessary mechanical characteristics. In the case of cyclic loads, an important role is played by the strain rate and the maximum load during testing. So at high loading rates and a load approaching the yield strength under tension, the intensity of the twinning processes and the formation of martensite increases. It is shown that one of the relevant ways to further increase of the structural and functional properties of TRIP and TWIP steels is the creation of composite materials on their basis. At present, surface modification and coating, especially by ion-vacuum methods, can be considered the most promising direction for the creation of such composites.

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Smaga, M., T. Beck, P. Arrabiyeh, I. Reichenbach, B. Kirsch i J. C. Aurich. "Characterization of micro machined surface from TRIP/TWIP steels". MATEC Web of Conferences 33 (2015): 07004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/20153307004.

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Benke, Marton, Adrienn Hlavacs, Ferenc Kristaly, Mate Sepsi i Valeria Mertinger. "Estimation of Phase Ratio in Bulk, Textured TWIP/TRIP Steels from Pole Figures". Materials 14, nr 15 (24.07.2021): 4132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14154132.

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The volume fraction of austenite (γ), ε martensite and α′ martensite is of key importance in the research of TWIP/TRIP steels. When mechanical loading is involved, the crystallographic texture also develops, which complicates X-ray diffraction-based phase ratio determination. The problem is more pronounced when only a couple, or only one Bragg-reflection can be measured. A solution for such cases is to determine the ratio of the phases based on the pole distribution function of a selected Bragg-reflection of the present phases. In this manuscript, this method is reconsidered for and applied to non-transmittable bulk specimens for the first time in the reflection mode of XRD pole figure measurements. First, the method was applied to a series of γ–α′ powder mixtures. The results were compared to those obtained by the Rietveld method. Afterwards, the technique was applied to strongly textured, bulk TWIP/TRIP steel specimens which were tensile tested at different temperatures. It was shown that the results of the presented method were close to those of the Rietveld technique in the case of powder mixtures. The results of the tensile-tested steels revealed that the α′ content increases with decreasing test temperatures, and the variation of the α′ ratio correlates very well with the ultimate tensile strength versus the temperature, confirming the contribution of the α′ content to the strength of TWIP/TRIP steels.

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Evin, Emil. "Selection of Materials for the Body Deformation Zones". Key Engineering Materials 635 (grudzień 2014): 182–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.635.182.

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Deformation characteristics are analyzed for stress components deformation zones to move and bend. To verify the appropriateness of the proposed model were experimentally determined strength and deformation characteristics of deep-drawing steel DX 57 D, microalloyed steel HSLA , high-strength multi-phase steels DP 600 and TRIP, anti-corrosive austenitic steels A304 2B and ferritic A 430 2B by three-point bending. The analysis of the results obtained Cause and Effect matrix shows that for front impact deformation zones are more suitable austenitic steels respectively TWIP and for zones flanking the passenger compartment (cab) are preferable DP and TRIP steels.

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