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Avgar, T., G. Street i J. M. Fryxell. "On the adaptive benefits of mammal migration". Canadian Journal of Zoology 92, nr 6 (czerwiec 2014): 481–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2013-0076.
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Migration is well developed among mammals, but there has been little attempt to date to review common ecological constraints that may guide the evolution of migration among mammals, nor to consider its prevalence across different taxa. Here we review several alternate hypotheses for the evolution of migration in mammals based on improvements in energetic gain and mate-finding contrasted with reduction in energetic costs or the risk of predation and parasitism. While there are well-documented examples of each across the order Mammalia, the available evidence to date most strongly supports the energy gain and predation risk hypotheses in the terrestrial realm, whereas a combined strategy of reducing energetic costs in one season but improving energetic gain in another season seems to characterize aquatic mammal species, as well as bats. We further discuss behavioral and physiological specialization and provide a taxonomic cross section of mammalian migration.
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Raphela, Tlou D., i Kevin J. Duffy. "Effects of the Density of Invasive Lantana camara Plants on the Biodiversity of Large and Small Mammals in the Groenkloof Nature Reserve (GNR) in South Africa". Biology 12, nr 2 (13.02.2023): 296. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology12020296.
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Multi-scale approaches have been used to determine scales at which mammal species are responding to habitat destruction due to invasion, but the impacts of weeds on mammals have not been extensively studied, especially in Africa. Inside the Groenkloof Nature Reserve (GNR), we assessed how mammals are affected by an invasive weed Lantana camara. A series of models were applied to determine the differences in species abundance as well as richness, separated for large and small mammals. When diversity indices were used, an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) revealed no statistically significant difference between treatments (F5 = 0.233, p = 0.945) for large mammals. The results of a Generalised Linear Mixed Model (GLMM) showed that vegetation type (Wald χ22 = 120.156; p < 0.01) and foraging guilds (Wald χ23 = 76.771; p < 0.01) were significant predictors of large mammal species richness. However, for small mammals, the results of a GLMM showed that only treatment type (Wald χ25 = 10.62; p = 0.050) was a significant predictor of the number of small mammals trapped. In addition, the ANOVA revealed statistically significant differences in species diversity between treatments (F5 = 0.934; p < 0.001) and by season (F1 = 9.122 p = 0.003) for small mammals. The presence of L. camara coupled with other predictors was associated with differences in large mammal abundances and diversity, and differences in how these large mammals were distributed across the landscape. Furthermore, the highest species diversity was found in the spring for small mammals. Therefore, for all the mammals studied, the presence of L. camara negatively affected species abundance, richness, and diversity, as well as how these species were distributed across the invaded and cleared areas.
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Renfree, Marilyn B., Shunsuke Suzuki i Tomoko Kaneko-Ishino. "The origin and evolution of genomic imprinting and viviparity in mammals". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 368, nr 1609 (5.01.2013): 20120151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0151.
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Genomic imprinting is widespread in eutherian mammals. Marsupial mammals also have genomic imprinting, but in fewer loci. It has long been thought that genomic imprinting is somehow related to placentation and/or viviparity in mammals, although neither is restricted to mammals. Most imprinted genes are expressed in the placenta. There is no evidence for genomic imprinting in the egg-laying monotreme mammals, despite their short-lived placenta that transfers nutrients from mother to embryo. Post natal genomic imprinting also occurs, especially in the brain. However, little attention has been paid to the primary source of nutrition in the neonate in all mammals, the mammary gland. Differentially methylated regions (DMRs) play an important role as imprinting control centres in each imprinted region which usually comprises both paternally and maternally expressed genes ( PEG s and MEG s). The DMR is established in the male or female germline (the gDMR). Comprehensive comparative genome studies demonstrated that two imprinted regions, PEG10 and IGF2-H19 , are conserved in both marsupials and eutherians and that PEG10 and H19 DMRs emerged in the therian ancestor at least 160 Ma, indicating the ancestral origin of genomic imprinting during therian mammal evolution. Importantly, these regions are known to be deeply involved in placental and embryonic growth. It appears that most maternal gDMRs are always associated with imprinting in eutherian mammals, but emerged at differing times during mammalian evolution. Thus, genomic imprinting could evolve from a defence mechanism against transposable elements that depended on DNA methylation established in germ cells.
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Whitehead, Tegan, Miriam Goosem i Noel D. Preece. "Use by small mammals of a chronosequence of tropical rainforest revegetation". Wildlife Research 41, nr 3 (2014): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr14082.
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Context The conversion of tropical rainforest to grazing pasture results in a drastic change in small-mammal community composition. Restoring the landscape through ecological revegetation is thus an increasingly important management technique to conserve rainforest mammals. Aims This study aimed to determine the habitat ages at which species of small mammals recolonised revegetated habitats on the southern Atherton Tablelands, north-eastern Queensland, Australia. We focussed on changes in rainforest mammal abundance and diversity with increasing habitat age. Methods Small-mammal trapping and mark–recapture techniques investigated mammal diversity, abundance and community composition within remnant rainforest, three age classes of ecological revegetation and abandoned grazing pasture. Key results Small-mammal community composition differed between remnant rainforest and abandoned grazing pasture. The pasture and 3-year old revegetated sites were similar in composition, both lacking rainforest small mammals. Six- and 7-year old revegetation plantings provided suboptimal habitat for both rainforest and grassland mammals, whereas 16- and 22-year old revegetated habitats were dominated by rainforest species, with some individuals being frequently recaptured. Conclusions As revegetated habitats aged, the small-mammal community composition transitioned from a grassland-like composition to a community dominated by rainforest species. Implications Although rainforest small mammals were very occasionally captured within the 6- and 7-year old habitats, revegetated plantings were not dominated by rainforest species until the habitat was 16 years old. This highlights the importance of commencing revegetation as early as possible to minimise future population declines and maximise the conservation of rainforest mammals.
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Paglia, Adriano P., Maria Olímpia G. Lopes, Fernando A. Perini i Heitor M. Cunha. "Mammals of the Estação de Preservação e Desenvolvimento Ambiental de Peti (EPDA-Peti), São Gonçalo do Rio Abaixo, Minas Gerais, Brazil". Lundiana: International Journal of Biodiversity 6, sup. (4.11.2005): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.35699/2675-5327.2005.22129.
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This study presents the results of an inventory of the mammal fauna of the Estação de Preservação e Desenvolvimento Ambiental de Peti (EPDA-Peti) a reserve in the transition between the Atlantic Forest and the Cerrado. Eight field campaigns (including trapping for small mammals and mist-netting for bats) were conducted between May 2002 and July 2004. Forty-six mammals belonging to eight orders were recorded. Fifteen species not recorded in previous inventories at the Station were identified; on the other hand, 14 mammals listed in previous studies were not recorded now. The most abundant small mammals at the EPDAPeti were Oligorizomys flavescens, Akodon cursor, Trinomys setosus and Bolomys lasiurus. The small mammal community from the campo rupestre (high altitude, rocky grassland) habitat is distinct from that found in the forest. In spite of the reserve’s small size, mammal species’ richness is relatively high. Possible reasons for this are the diversity of habitats and the fact that EPDA-Peti is located in a transitional zone between the Atlantic Forest and the Cerrado.
Key words - Mammals, conservation, diversity, ecology, small mammals, Atlantic Forest, Cerrado.
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Pratiwi, Zulia, Diva Novi Sandrian, Ayu Octavia, Nisa Luthfiah, Riska Rahmawati, Silvia Riskina Said i Neneng Nuraliah. "Inventory of Large Mammals in Ujung Kulon National Park, Banten Province". Jurnal Natur Indonesia 21, nr 2 (30.10.2023): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/jnat.21.2.134-143.
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The National Park has a diverse ecosystem for the preservation of flora and fauna, making Ujung Kulon National Park a habitat for endemic and protected fauna. Large mammals are one of the many animals found in TNUK, especially those with protected status. This study aims to determine the diversity of large mammal species in Ujung Kulon National Park. The research was conducted on September 27–29, 2022, in Ujung Kulon National Park, which is located at the western tip of Java Island, precisely in Sumur and Cimanggu Districts, Pandeglang Regency, Banten Province. The method used was the cruising method using exploratory descriptive data analysis. The results showed that there were two types of large mammals, namely ungulate mammals and primate mammals. The number obtained was 10 types of mammal species belonging to 7 different families. Large mammals found include Rhinoceros sondaicus, Muntiacus muntjak, Cervus timorensis, Hyolobates moloch, Presbytis comata, Trachypitecus auratus, Macaca fascicularis, Sus scrofa, Tragulus javanicus, and Bubalus bubalis. Most of the large mammals found are endemic mammals with protected status. Of the large mammals found, the most common were hoofed mammals. With this study, the public has an awareness of the importance of maintaining the diversity of fauna and flora in Ujung Kulon National Park
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Perry, Justin J., Eric P. Vanderduys i Alex S. Kutt. "More famine than feast: pattern and variation in a potentially degenerating mammal fauna on Cape York Peninsula". Wildlife Research 42, nr 6 (2015): 475. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr15050.
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Context Global mammal populations continue to be threatened by environmental change, and recent decadal monitoring in northern Australia suggests a collapse in mammal abundance in key locations. Cape York Peninsula has globally significant natural values but there is very little published about the status and distribution of mammals in this region. Aims Following an extensive field survey we investigated two key questions: (i) what is the composition, spatial variation and change from previous regional surveys in the mid to late 1900s in the native terrestrial and arboreal mammal fauna recorded; and (ii) which landscape and site factors best predict mammal richness and abundance. Methods We sampled 202 one-hectare sites across seven locations from 2009 to 2012 in woodlands, closed forestand dune scrub and tussock grasslands. We collected landscape and site-based environmental data for each location, representing fire, weather and vegetation factors. We used generalised linear mixed models to examine the relationship between mammals and these factors. Key results Mammals were generally scarce across the sites and were more abundant and species rich in wet coastal grasslands or closed forests then tropical savanna woodlands. Fire frequency data and the surrounding vegetation complexity were consistent landscape-scale predictors of mammals; ground cover and woody complexity were significant at the site scale. Conclusions Notwithstanding interpretational constraints related to the limited evidence base of historic sampling, the mammal fauna recorded in this study for Cape York Peninsula was similar in composition to the mammal fauna described from 1948–1980 and surveys in 1985, with some species seemingly declining (e.g. Melomys burtoni, Dasyurus hallucatus, Sminthopsis virginiae) and others stable (e.g. Rattus sordidus) or more common (e.g. Rattus tunneyi); however, across all sites abundance was low, and many sites had few or no mammals. Implications In the absence of consistent long-term systematic monitoring it is difficult to determine if this survey and historical surveys represent pre-European patterns for mammals. The absence or low abundance of mammals in most sites suggest that cotemporary patterns may not represent an intact mammal fauna. Due to the equivocal nature of these findings a critical next step is to establish robust monitoring and experimental work to reveal the response of mammals to management interventions.
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Wilson B, A., i J. Wolrige. "Assessment of the Diet of the Fox, Vulpes vulpes, in Habitats of the Eastern Otway Ranges, Victoria." Australian Mammalogy 21, nr 2 (1999): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am00201.
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The Eastern Otway Ranges, Victoria have highly diverse native mammal communities. Although the Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes) has been recorded in the area the extent of its distribution and effects on native mammals are unclear. The aims of this study were to analyse the diet of the Red Fox in the study area, to compare the diet between seasons and habitats (woodland, forest, heathland) and to assess the diet in the habitat of the New Holland Mouse (Pseudomys novaehollandiae) which is endangered in Victoria. Fox scats collected monthly in each habitat were analysed to determine the composition of the diet and small mammal trapping was carried out in each habitat to determine potential small mammal prey species. Overall, mammals (42%) constituted the highest proportion in the fox scats and sixteen species, including nine native species were recorded. Large-sized native mammals including Swamp Wallaby (Wallabia bicolor) and the Eastern Grey Kangaroo (Macropus giganteus) constituted 60% of the mammal diet category. The occurrence of plant material was significantly different between seasons, being more abundant in winter. There was a significant difference in the frequency of large introduced mammals in the diet between seasons, with consumption being higher in winter. The occurrence of large, native mammalian prey increased from 15% in winter to 47% in autumn. The frequency of occurrence of the major dietary categories (plant material, invertebrates, reptiles, birds, mammals) was similar across habitats. Large introduced mammals occurred in higher proportions in the diet from woodland habitat. Small mammals were more numerous in scats of heathland and scats from the forest contained the highest abundance of medium-sized mammals. There was no evidence of the endangered New Holland Mouse in scats collected from habitat where a population of the species was present.
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Asher, S. C., i V. G. Thomas. "Analysis of temporal variation in the diversity of a small mammal community". Canadian Journal of Zoology 63, nr 5 (1.05.1985): 1106–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z85-166.
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The validity of using single-sample surveys to measure small mammal diversity was assessed by measuring the effect of short-term, temporal variation in species diversity on the spatial diversity of small mammals occupying fencerow habitats. The diversity of small mammals varied seasonally. Interaction between changes in richness and evenness accounted for the temporal variation in diversity. Temporal variation was attributed to the response of the small mammals to seasonal changes in the vegetation, to the fluctuation in meadow vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus) captures among seasons, and to the appearance of small numbers of several mammal species during the summer. Significant spatial variation in species diversity existed, but was masked by the effect of seasonal changes in habitat on the small mammals. Erroneous conclusions could therefore be drawn from the pooling of many single-sample surveys of small mammal diversity.
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Miller, James L., Alexandra Reddy, Rebecca M. Harman i Gerlinde R. Van de Walle. "A xenotransplantation mouse model to study physiology of the mammary gland from large mammals". PLOS ONE 19, nr 2 (28.02.2024): e0298390. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0298390.
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Although highly conserved in structure and function, many (patho)physiological processes of the mammary gland vary drastically between mammals, with mechanisms regulating these differences not well understood. Large mammals display variable lactation strategies and mammary cancer incidence, however, research into these variations is often limited to in vitro analysis due to logistical limitations. Validating a model with functional mammary xenografts from cryopreserved tissue fragments would allow for in vivo comparative analysis of mammary glands from large and/or rare mammals and would improve our understanding of postnatal development, lactation, and premalignancy across mammals. To this end, we generated functional mammary xenografts using mammary tissue fragments containing mammary stroma and parenchyma isolated via an antibody-independent approach from healthy, nulliparous equine and canine donor tissues to study these species in vivo. Cryopreserved mammary tissue fragments were xenotransplanted into de-epithelialized fat pads of immunodeficient mice and resulting xenografts were structurally and functionally assessed. Preimplantation of mammary stromal fibroblasts was performed to promote ductal morphogenesis. Xenografts recapitulated mammary lobule architecture and contained donor-derived stromal components. Mammatropic hormone stimulation resulted in (i) upregulation of lactation-associated genes, (ii) altered proliferation index, and (iii) morphological changes, indicating functionality. Preimplantation of mammary stromal fibroblasts did not promote ductal morphogenesis. This model presents the opportunity to study novel mechanisms regulating unique lactation strategies and mammary cancer induction in vivo. Due to the universal applicability of this approach, this model serves as proof-of-concept for developing mammary xenografts for in vivo analysis of virtually any mammals, including large and rare mammals.
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Baker, Troy L., Jim Jeansonne, Charlie Henry i John Tarpley. "NOAA OFFICE OF RESPONSE AND RESTORATION'S ROLE DURING OIL SPILLS WHERE MARINE MAMMALS ARE INVOLVED". International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2008, nr 1 (1.05.2008): 991–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2008-1-991.
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ABSTRACT Providing rapid and humane care for distressed or threatened marine mammals is crucial to the ultimate success of such actions. Recently, in the southeast United States, marine mammals were observed in the vicinity of several oil spills. Proper coordination of marine mammal rescue or recovery actions with the Unified Command (UC) is essential for response personnel safety and increased probability of saving the affected animals. In the event of animal mortalities, effective coordination between the marine mammal resource agencies and the UC helps ensure the preservation of causal evidence. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration'S (NOAA'S) Office of Response and Restoration (OR&R), generally through the NOAA Scientific Support Coordinator (SSC), is able to assist the Federal On-Scene Coordinator (FOSC) and UC in addressing the threat of spilled oil on potentially affected marine mammals. Response actions during recent spills included: documenting the animals’ type and location, notification of the marine mammal agencies and teams responsible for their recovery and care, and coordination between the spill response and the marine mammal response. The actions of responders during recent spills involving marine mammals are summarized and relevant issues discussed, including properly characterizing the threat to marine mammals from spilled oil. The recent oil spill responses involving marine mammals in the southeastern U.S. are applicable to future spills throughout the United States and potentially worldwide. These recent incidents underscore the need to fully understand and plan for high profile wildlife issues during oil spill responses.
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Cameron, Victor, i Anna L. Hargreaves. "Spatial distribution and conservation hotspots of mammals in Canada". FACETS 5, nr 1 (1.01.2020): 692–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/facets-2020-0018.
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High-latitude countries often contain the polar range edge of species that are common farther south, potentially focusing national conservation efforts toward range-edge populations. The global conservation value of edge populations is controversial, but if they occur where biodiversity is high, there need not be trade-offs in protecting them. Using 152 of 158 terrestrial mammal species in Canada, we tested how species’ distributions relate to their national conservation status and total mammal richness. We found that half of “Canadian” mammals had <20% of their global range in Canada. National threat status was strongly associated with range area; mammals considered “at risk” had 42% smaller Canadian ranges than mammals considered secure. However, after accounting for range area, taxa with smaller proportions of their global range in Canada were not more likely to be considered at risk, suggesting edge populations are not inherently more vulnerable. When we calculated mammal diversity across Canada (100 × 100 km grid cells), we found that hotspots of at-risk or range-edge mammals were twice as species rich as nonhotspot cells, containing up to 44% of Canadian mammal diversity per grid cell. Our results suggest that protecting areas with the most at-risk or range-edge mammals would simultaneously protect habitat for many species currently deemed secure.
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Susdiyanti, Tun, Ken Dara Cita i Annisa Izzatin Widawardani Kusno. "DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS AND HABITAT OF MAMMALS IN MANDALAWANGI RESORT OF MOUNT GEDE PANGRANGO NATIONAL PARK". Indonesian Journal of Applied Research (IJAR) 1, nr 1 (9.06.2020): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.30997/ijar.v1i1.35.
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Distribution pattern and habitat quality of mammals is essential to keep the existing of mammals which depends on interactions between its intrinsic evolutionary and ecological system. Mandalawangi Resort aside from being a conservation area, it is also a tourist area. Tourism activities carried out in the region, will directly and indirectly affect the sustainability of mammal diversity. The benefits of mammals are to stabilize the food chain, the spread of plant seeds, as an object of research and education. The study aims to determine the distribution patterns and habitat of mammals in Mandalawangi Resort . Research on mammal diversity was carried out using 4 methods: rapid assessment, line transect, animal footprint. Habitat data obtained using vegetation analysis and field observation methods. The diversity of mammals in the Mandawalangi Resort consists of 7 types of mammals from 6 families, namely kekes squirrel (Tupaia javanica), langur (Trachypithecus auratus), wild cats (Felis domesticus), wild boar (Sus scrofa), leopard (Panthera pardus melas) , civet mongoose (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus) and house gutters (Suncus murinus). Species wealth index is low (0.50). The diversity index of mammals is included in the low diversity category (0.25). The highest level of mammal species meeting is kekes squirrel (Tupaia javanica) with a value of 29.4%. Evenness index is included in the unstable community category (0.15). Mammalian habitat is divided into tropical rain forests and open land with dominating trees namely Damar (Agathis damara) and Rasamala (Altingia excelsa).
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Mamayu Utami, Ikha Jayanti, Tri Retnaningsih Soeprobowati i Denny Nugroho Sugianto. "An Overview of Marine Mammals in Eastern Indonesia 2016: Implications for Marine Mammals Research and Conservation". E3S Web of Conferences 73 (2018): 04017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20187304017.
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Eastern Indonesia is known as the center of marine biodiversity of the world as well as habitat and marine mammal migration path. Not all marine mammal events in eastern Indonesia are well documented. The purpose of this study was to determine the occurrence of marine mammals in eastern Indonesia in 2016. Data collection done through observation, indepth interview with the community and experts. The results of this study were 8 (eight) occurrences of marine mammals which were in Mollucas, North Mollucas and West Papua Provinces with the highest incidence in August. That marine mammals were Duyung (Dugong dugon), Sperm Whale (Physetermacrocephalus), Risso’s Dolphin (Grampus griseus), and 2 types of unidentified Whales. The marine mammals exist were deliberately netted by people, stranded, trapped in fishing nets or deliberately commercialized. This marine mammals stranded occurence indicate the requirement of strategies development for handling these protected marine ‘biota’ to store their population.
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Legese, Kabeta, i Afework Bekele. "Spatiotemporal changes in small mammal community of Wenchi highlands, central Ethiopia". SINET: Ethiopian Journal of Science 46, nr 1 (30.04.2023): 81–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sinet.v46i1.7.
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Small mammals show prominent spatial and temporal fluctuations. A study was conducted to assess the spatiotemporal dynamics of small mammals in Wenchi highlands, central Ethiopia. Sherman and snap traps were used to capture small mammals from four forests (Qibate, Lakeshore, Erica and Albesa), Hagenia woodland and Erica scrub in two dry and wet seasons between August 2019 and January 2021. A total of 959 small mammals represented by 12 rodent species (Arvicanthis abyssinicus, Desmomys yaldeni, Mastomys natalensis, M. awashensis, Stenocephaylemys albipes, Lophuromys flavopunctatus, L. brevicaudus, L. chrysopus, Dendromus lovati, Lophiomys imhausi, Graphirius murinus and an unidentified murid rodent), and 3 shrew species (Crocidura bailey, C. fumosa and C. olivieri) were recorded. Small mammals showed spatiotemporal variations. More individuals were trapped during the dry (58.29%) than the wet (41.71%) season. Lakeshore Forest yielded the highest number of small mammals, whereas Erica Forest contributed the least during both seasons. More small mammal individuals were trapped in the second (52.24%) than the first (47.75%) trapping year. Small mammals also showed significant variations between the trapping periods (P<0.05). High number of small mammals was trapped during the morning (84.98%) than evening traps. Seasonal differences in sexes and age groups were non-significant (P>0.05). The density of small mammals varied between seasons and habitats. Small mammals had higher density during the dry (83.33 ha-1) than the wet (59.35 ha-1) season. In conclusion, Wenchi highlands supported a diverse small mammal community that displayed spatiotemporal changes. As a result, priority should be given to conserve the area.
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Burbidge, A. A. "Conservation Values and Management of Australian Islands for Non-Volant Mammal Conservation." Australian Mammalogy 21, nr 1 (1999): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am99067.
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At least 16 species of Australian mammals have become extinct over the past 200 years. Without islands, however, this figure would be even worse as nine species that were formerly widespread on mainland Australia were or are restricted to land-bridge islands. In addition, 13 species and subspecies of endangered and vulnerable mainland mammals that still occur on the mainland have island populations, reducing their chance of extinction. In all, 43 islands protect 29 taxa of Australian threatened mammals. Since European settlement some island mammal populations have become extinct, while many new populations, of both Australian and exotic mammals, have been established. The extinction of island native mammal populations is significantly correlated with the introduction of exotic mammals. Management of islands needs to concentrate on four areas: quarantine, monitoring (of both native mammals and possible introduction of exotics), eradication of exotics and translocations of native species. Prevention of introduction and establishment of further exotics to important islands through quarantine procedures is vital, especially for islands with permanent or temporary human habitation. Eradication or control of existing exotics is required for many islands and eradication of further introductions, as soon after detection as possible, should be a high priority action for nature conservation agencies. Past exotic mammal eradications and needs for the future are discussed. Translocations of island mammal populations to the mainland should take place only where the species is extinct on the mainland. Translocation to islands, where translocation to or on the mainland is not feasible, is an important conservation technique. Islands with exotics can be of value for re-introduction of locally extinct mammals or introductions (marooning) of threatened species that are at risk from feral predators on the mainland once the exotics have been eliminated.
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Naulak, Thangsuanlian, i Sunita Pradhan. "A checklist of mammals with historical records from Darjeeling-Sikkim Himalaya landscape, India". Journal of Threatened Taxa 12, nr 11 (26.08.2020): 16434–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.6062.12.11.16434-16459.
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A region-specific species checklist is an important resource for biodiversity documentation and conservation. This review provides an updated mammal species checklist for the biodiversity hotspots of the Darjeeling-Sikkim landscape in Eastern Himalaya. The list was compiled by systematically reviewing 94 available publications spanning 178 years from 1841 to 2019, for mammals from the region. The species checklist is envisioned to aid in understanding the current status of mammal records, historical distribution, ranked conservation status of mammals, and research gaps. A total of 173 mammal species under 11 orders and 33 families, including the recently upgraded taxon, Sikkim Pika Ochotona sikimaria was enlisted. There are 25 species included in the IUCN threatened categories, 58 species listed in the CITES Appendices, and 112 species included in the schedules of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 in India. Although mammals receive the maximum research attention in the landscape, small mammals and bats have rarely been subjected to systematic studies in recent years.
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Amoroso, Victor, Alma Mohagan, Fulgent Coritico, Socorro Laraga, Noel Lagunday, Kim Lee Domingo, Ruel Colong i Roy Ponce. "Status of Mammals in the Expansion Sites of the Mt. Hamiguitan Range Wildlife Sanctuary, Mindanao, Philippines". Journal of Environmental Science and Management 22, nr 2 (29.12.2019): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.47125/jesam/2019_2/02.
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Mt. Hamiguitan Range Wildlife Sanctuary is one of the biodiversity hotspots in the Mindanao faunal region, which is home to about 21 species of mammals. This study provides data on mammal assemblage and assessment on the added value of the ca. 2.99 km2 MHRWS expansion sites to the already protected zone. Faunistic inventory and assessment documented 19 species of mammals belonging to 16 genera, eight families and five orders. This adds nine species to the previously reported mammals of Mt. Hamiguitan range making it a home to 30 species. Relatively low diversity of mammals (H’=0.615) in the expansion sites is attributed to poor soil resulting to low forest productivity and habitat loss due to mining, logging and shifting cultivation. This unique assemblage of vulnerable and endemic species of bats and mammals in Mt. Hamiguitan Range Wildlife Sanctuary expansion sites calls for more sampling effort and conservation strategies to maintain its bat and mammal assemblage.
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Grant, Robyn A., Vicki Breakell i Tony J. Prescott. "Whisker touch sensing guides locomotion in small, quadrupedal mammals". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, nr 1880 (13.06.2018): 20180592. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.0592.
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All small mammals have prominent facial whiskers that they employ as tactile sensors to guide navigation and foraging in complex habitats. Nocturnal, arboreal mammals tend to have the longest and most densely packed whiskers, and semi-aquatic mammals have the most sensitive. Here we present evidence to indicate that many small mammals use their whiskers to tactually guide safe foot positioning. Specifically, in 11, small, non-flying mammal species, we demonstrate that forepaw placement always falls within the ground contact zone of the whisker field and that forepaw width is always smaller than whisker span. We also demonstrate commonalities of whisker scanning movements (whisking) and elements of active control, associated with increasing contact with objects of interest, across multiple small mammal species that have previously only been shown in common laboratory animals. Overall, we propose that guiding locomotion, alongside environment exploration, is a common function of whisker touch sensing in small, quadrupedal mammals.
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Obuch, Ján. "On the diet of owls (Strigiformes) in Jordan". Slovak Raptor Journal 12, nr 1 (1.12.2018): 9–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/srj-2018-0003.
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Abstract Between 2005 and 2015 I undertook eight trips to Jordan during which I collected pellets from seven owl species. In them 14,203 food items were identified. Mammals (Mammalia, 46 species, 37.9% of prey items) formed the most numerous component, invertebrates (Evertebrata) made up 33.4%, birds (Aves, 25.4%) were represented with at least 104 species, reptiles (Reptilia) came to 3.2%, and two species of amphibian were identified (Amphibia, 0.2%). Pharoah eagle owls (Bubo ascalaphus) and Byzantine eagle owls (Bubo bubo interpositus) primarily hunt larger mammals and birds, although Agamidae and Scorpiones were also represented more frequently among B. ascalaphus. Mammals predominated among tawny owls (Strix aluco wilkonskii) (Mammalia, 58.9%), mainly the eastern rock mouse (Apodemus mystacinus) (24.9%). For wintering long-eared owls Asio otus otus the most important food was small birds (Aves, 78.3%), especially house sparrows (Passer domesticus), Fringillidae and Sylviidae. For barn owls (Tyto alba erlangeri) the principal prey was small mammals (83.1%), mainly mice (Mus sp.), Günther’s vole (Microtus guentheri), grey hamster (Cricetulus migratorius) and shrews (Soricidae). Hume’s tawny owl (Strix butleri) pellets contained mostly invertebrates (58.9%) and lizards, and their most frequent mammal prey were Wagner’s gerbil (Gerbillus dasyurus) and spiny mice (Acomys sp.). There was an even higher propostion of invertebrates (86.4%) among lilith owlets (Athene lilith). In addition to the insect orders Coleoptera, Orthoptera and Hymenoptera, remains of Scorpiones and Solifugae were also frequently found. The summarized results from individual owl species are compared with those gathered by the author in the surrounding Middle Eastern countries: Israel, Syria, Lebanon and Egypt.
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Mikula, Peter, Jiří Hadrava, Tomáš Albrecht i Piotr Tryjanowski. "Large-scale assessment of commensalistic–mutualistic associations between African birds and herbivorous mammals using internet photos". PeerJ 6 (19.03.2018): e4520. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4520.
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Birds sitting or feeding on live large African herbivorous mammals are a visible, yet quite neglected, type of commensalistic–mutualistic association. Here, we investigate general patterns in such relationships at large spatial and taxonomic scales. To obtain large-scale data, an extensive internet-based search for photos was carried out on Google Images. To characterize patterns of the structural organization of commensalistic–mutualistic associations between African birds and herbivorous mammals, we used a network analysis approach. We then employed phylogenetically-informed comparative analysis to explore whether features of bird visitation of mammals, i.e., their mean number, mass and species richness per mammal species, are shaped by a combination of host mammal (body mass and herd size) and environmental (habitat openness) characteristics. We found that the association web structure was only weakly nested for commensalistic as well as for mutualistic birds (oxpeckers Buphagus spp.) and African mammals. Moreover, except for oxpeckers, nestedness did not differ significantly from a null model indicating that birds do not prefer mammal species which are visited by a large number of bird species. In oxpeckers, however, a nested structure suggests a non-random assignment of birds to their mammal hosts. We also identified some new or rare associations between birds and mammals, but we failed to find several previously described associations. Furthermore, we found that mammal body mass positively influenced the number and mass of birds observed sitting on them in the full set of species (i.e., taking oxpeckers together with other bird species). We also found a positive correlation between mammal body mass and mass of non-oxpecker species as well as oxpeckers. Mammal herd size was associated with a higher mass of birds in the full set of species as well as in non-oxpecker species, and mammal species living in larger herds also attracted more bird species in the full set of species. Habitat openness influenced the mass of birds sitting on mammals as well as the number of species recorded sitting on mammals in the full set of species. In non-oxpecker species habitat openness was correlated with the bird number, mass and species richness. Our results provide evidence that patterns of bird–mammal associations can be linked to mammal and environmental characteristics and highlight the potential role of information technologies and new media in further studies of ecology and evolution. However, further study is needed to get a proper insight into the biological and methodological processes underlying the observed patterns.
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Modesto, Thiago C., Flávia S. Pessôa, Tassia Jordão-Nogueira, Maria C. Enrici, Luciana M. Costa, Nina Attias, Juliana Almeida i in. "Mammals, Serra da Concórdia, state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil". Check List 4, nr 3 (1.09.2008): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/4.3.341.
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The Atlantic Forest in the state of Rio de Janeiro is extremely fragmented and reduced in its original extension. Although there are a great number of studies related to the biome, few lists are available for this region. The present study seeks to get information on the mammals of a remnant forest in Serra da Concórdia, an area from which no information is currently available. The rapid mammal's survey was accomplished by use of pitfalls, live traps, transects, mist nets, and camera traps. We recorded 37 terrestrial species that represent 22.3 % of Rio de Janeiro state mammal species. Among the recorded species, six are endemic of the Atlantic Forest, one is endemic of the state, and eight are in the state list of threatened or presumably threatened species. The area presents great mammal richness and an increasing effort will probably reveal the presence of additional species.
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Kuiper, T. R., i D. M. Parker. "Grass height is the determinant of sheep grazing effects on small mammals in a savanna ecosystem". Rangeland Journal 35, nr 4 (2013): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj13063.
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Small mammals play an important role in many ecosystems; hence, the factors that influence their community structure are of interest. Ungulate grazing is one such factor, and this study focussed on the effect of sheep (Ovis aries) grazing in a savanna ecosystem on small-mammal community structure. In a landscape-scale assessment, small-mammal community structure was compared at three different levels of grazing on a sheep farm in the Sub-Escarpment Savanna of the Eastern Cape, South Africa. In total, 97 small-mammal individuals across seven species were trapped. Of these individuals, 81.4% were trapped on the no-grazing control, whereas 15.5% and 3.1% were trapped on the medium- and high-grazing treatments, respectively. The results showed that the only significant differences in abundance, diversity, evenness, and richness of small mammals among grazing treatments were those mediated by the effect of grazing on grass height. It is proposed that the reduction in grass height associated with grazing is the primary mechanism by which sheep adversely affect small mammals in this ecosystem. This could be explained by the increased exposure of small mammals to predators after grazing of grass by sheep, and food competition between sheep and small mammals. The data also suggest that small mammals may persist in small and isolated patches of suitable habitat (long grass) within heavily grazed pastures subjected to rotational grazing. In the broader context of community ecology, this study sheds light on cryptic and dynamic interactions between two quite different grazing guilds. Experimental work of this kind may help to determine the role of introduced sheep in biodiversity loss of small mammals across the globe.
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Alves, Francisco de Assis, Carlos Roberto Teixeira, Luciano Barbosa i Jairo Alves Júnior. "NON-VOLANT MAMMALS OF THE SERRA DA MACACA PARK ROAD (SP-139), SOUTHEASTERN BRAZIL". Oecologia Australis 26, nr 03 (15.09.2022): 494–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.4257/oeco.2022.2603.08.
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The objective of this study was to survey non-volant mammals at Serra da Macaca Park Road (SP-139), particularly during road daily closure. Visual searches and camera traps were used to record mammals, and estimator Jackknife to estimate the expected richness. Differences in diversity were calculated using the Shannon-Wiener index (H’). In total, 12 species of non-volant mammals, four of them considered threatened, were sampled. Additionally, roadkills of the non-volant mammals were recorded too. The absence of some predominantly nocturnal species from the list of the roadkilled non-volant mammals was noticeable. The results highlight the importance of the temporary road closures, during periods of high mammal activity.
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Lu, Wenbo, Yaqin Zhao, Jin Wang, Zhaoxiang Zheng, Liqi Feng i Jiaxi Tang. "MammalClub: An Annotated Wild Mammal Dataset for Species Recognition, Individual Identification, and Behavior Recognition". Electronics 12, nr 21 (2.11.2023): 4506. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12214506.
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Mammals play an important role in conserving species diversity and maintaining ecological balance, so research on mammal species composition, individual identification, and behavioral analysis is of great significance for optimizing the ecological environment. Due to their great capabilities for feature extraction, deep learning networks have gradually been applied to wildlife monitoring. However, training a network requires a large number of animal image samples. Although a few wildlife datasets contain many mammals, most mammal images in these datasets are not annotated. In particular, selecting mammalian images from vast and comprehensive datasets is still a time-consuming task. Therefore, there is currently a lack of specialized datasets of images of wild mammals. To address these limitations, this article created a mammal image dataset (named MammalClub), which contains three sub-datasets (i.e., a species recognition sub-dataset, an individual identification sub-dataset, and a behavior recognition sub-dataset). This study labeled the bounding boxes of the images used for species recognition and the coordinates of the mammals’ skeletal joints for behavior recognition. This study also captured images of each individual from different points of view for individual mammal identification. This study explored novel intelligent animal recognition models and compared and analyzed them with the mainstream models in order to test the dataset.
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Roshier, David A., Felicity L. Hotellier, Andrew Carter, Leah Kemp, Joanne Potts, Matt W. Hayward i Sarah M. Legge. "Long-term benefits and short-term costs: small vertebrate responses to predator exclusion and native mammal reintroductions in south-western New South Wales, Australia". Wildlife Research 47, nr 8 (2020): 570. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr19153.
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Abstract ContextThe success of conservation fences at protecting reintroduced populations of threatened mammals from introduced predators has prompted an increase in the number and extent of fenced exclosures. Excluding introduced species from within conservation fences could also benefit components of insitu faunal assemblages that are prey for introduced predators, such as reptiles and small mammals. Conversely, reintroduced mammals may compete with smaller mammals and reptiles for resources, or even prey on them. AimsIn a 10-year study from 2008, we examine how small terrestrial vertebrates respond to the exclusion of introduced predators, the feral cat (Felis catus) and red fox (Vulpes Vulpes), introduced herbivores and the reintroduction of regionally extinct mammal species. MethodsDifferences in the yearly relative abundance of reptiles and mammals according to habitat type and whether sites were fenced or not, were tested using multivariate generalised linear models. Next, we calculated univariate P-values to identify individual species that showed significant relationships, positive and negative, with any of the explanatory variables. Key resultsTotal captures of reptiles were lower inside the conservation fence in all years, whereas total captures of small mammals were markedly higher inside the fenced area, notably in dasyurids. ConclusionOur results showed that conservation fences can deliver benefits for some fauna (but not all) beyond facilitating the reintroduction of highly threatened mammals. ImplicationsOur results demonstrated the consequential impacts of introduced predators on the Australian small mammal fauna, and showed that predator-exclusion fences can be an effective conservation intervention for this guild.
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Lavigne, D. M., S. Innes, G. A. J. Worthy, K. M. Kovacs, O. J. Schmitz i J. P. Hickie. "Metabolic rates of seals and whales". Canadian Journal of Zoology 64, nr 2 (1.02.1986): 279–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z86-047.
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A critical review of metabolic rate determinations for pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, fur seals, and walrus) and cetaceans (whales, dolphins, and porpoises) does not support the widely accepted generalization that they have higher metabolic rates than terrestrial mammals of similar size. This finding necessitates a rethinking of the thermoregulatory adaptations of these marine mammals for an aquatic existence and has important implications in comparative studies of mammals, which frequently omit marine forms because they are perceived to be "different" from other mammals. It also suggests that numerous studies have overestimated food consumption by marine mammal populations.
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Guo, Jincao. "The Prediction of Evolutionary Trend for Coloration of Mammals under the Influence of Climate Change". Theoretical and Natural Science 4, nr 1 (28.04.2023): 447–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-8818/4/20220619.
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Like humans getting tanned after sunbath, mammals around the world may also change their coloration according to the dynamic environment. Such changes primarily aim for better camouflage, but it also comes with some linked physiological changes for mammals to potentially have better fitness. The article predicts the overall evolutionary trend of mammal coloration using case studies across different species in distinct geographical locations. The article focuses on the explanation of animal coloration mechanism and the comparison between the potential fitness of the same species of mammals with different colorations. As demonstrated by most case studies, the evolutionary trend of mammal coloration is to become darker. Such an evolutionary trend is promoted in which darker coloration brings better fitness for the mammal for the purpose of better camouflage and more adapted physiology to the environment under the influence of climate change.
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Samuels, Mark E., Sophie Regnault i John R. Hutchinson. "Evolution of the patellar sesamoid bone in mammals". PeerJ 5 (21.03.2017): e3103. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3103.
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The patella is a sesamoid bone located in the major extensor tendon of the knee joint, in the hindlimb of many tetrapods. Although numerous aspects of knee morphology are ancient and conserved among most tetrapods, the evolutionary occurrence of an ossified patella is highly variable. Among extant (crown clade) groups it is found in most birds, most lizards, the monotreme mammals and almost all placental mammals, but it is absent in most marsupial mammals as well as many reptiles. Here, we integrate data from the literature and first-hand studies of fossil and recent skeletal remains to reconstruct the evolution of the mammalian patella. We infer that bony patellae most likely evolved between four and six times in crown group Mammalia: in monotremes, in the extinct multituberculates, in one or more stem-mammal genera outside of therian or eutherian mammals and up to three times in therian mammals. Furthermore, an ossified patella was lost several times in mammals, not including those with absent hindlimbs: once or more in marsupials (with some re-acquisition) and at least once in bats. Our inferences about patellar evolution in mammals are reciprocally informed by the existence of several human genetic conditions in which the patella is either absent or severely reduced. Clearly, development of the patella is under close genomic control, although its responsiveness to its mechanical environment is also important (and perhaps variable among taxa). Where a bony patella is present it plays an important role in hindlimb function, especially in resisting gravity by providing an enhanced lever system for the knee joint. Yet the evolutionary origins, persistence and modifications of a patella in diverse groups with widely varying habits and habitats—from digging to running to aquatic, small or large body sizes, bipeds or quadrupeds—remain complex and perplexing, impeding a conclusive synthesis of form, function, development and genetics across mammalian evolution. This meta-analysis takes an initial step toward such a synthesis by collating available data and elucidating areas of promising future inquiry.
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Ramírez-Chaves, Héctor, Darwin M. Morales-Martínez, Miguel E. Rodríguez-Posada i Andrés Felipe Suárez-Castro. "Checklist of the mammals (Mammalia) of Colombia". Mammalogy Notes 7, nr 2 (19.04.2022): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.47603/mano.v7n2.253.
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La actualización de la lista de especies presentes en un país es una tarea continua que llena vacíos de información y apoya la toma de decisiones. En los últimos cinco años, ha habido un aumento del número de especies de mamíferos descritas como nuevas en Colombia, así como primeros registros y cambios taxonómicos. Con el fin de actualizar la información de las especies de mamíferos de Colombia, realizamos una revisión exhaustiva de los cambios taxonómicos de las 528 especies registradas en listas previas. Agregamos nuevas especies descritas, así como nuevos registros de especies ya descritas. Discutimos especies cuya presencia ha sido sugerida recientemente en Colombia, pero que no es respaldada por especímenes de museo. La lista actual de mamíferos en Colombia tiene 543 especies, con cuatro descritas en el último año. Esperamos que la lista sea una herramienta apoyar las necesidades de investigación, en especial las extensiones de distribución, los problemas taxonómicos y la conservación de los mamíferos del país. Finalmente, recomendamos que las actualizaciones de la lista sigan estándares nacionales e internacionales como Darwin Core, utilizado por el Repositorio de Información Global sobre Biodiversidad - GBIF, y el Sistema de Información sobre Biodiversidad de Colombia – SiB.
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Veron, Geraldine, Bruce D. Patterson i Randall Reeves. "Global diversity of mammals (Mammalia) in freshwater". Hydrobiologia 595, nr 1 (18.12.2007): 607–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-007-9122-1.
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Martin, Karl J., i William C. McComb. "Small Mammal Habitat Associations at Patch and Landscape Scales in Oregon". Forest Science 48, nr 2 (1.05.2002): 255–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/48.2.255.
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Abstract To investigate multiscale habitat associations, we examined patterns of capture rates of small mammals in thirty 250–300 ha landscapes in the central Oregon Coast Range. We compared capture rates of 14 species within ≥7 patch types to expected capture rates based on sampling effort. We used landscape level capture rates to test for associations with percent area (composition) and 8 pattern indices at the landscape scale. Capture rates of 10 of 14 small mammal species were higher in conifer and/or mixed large sawtimber patch types. At the landscape scale, capture rates of 6 of 14 species of small mammals were positively associated with the area of patch types. The pattern of patches on the landscape may influence the distribution of 5 small mammal species in this region. We conclude that some small mammals may respond to landscape pattern and/or composition, while other small mammals may not respond to either landscape pattern or composition. Our results suggest that mature forest habitat, patch richness, pattern, and composition are key landscape features that should be considered in management plans, particularly when biodiversity of forest floor mammals is a management objective. FOR. SCI. 48(2):255–264.
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Hamilton, Marian I., B. Lee Drake, W. H. Wills, Emily Lena Jones, Cyler Conrad i Patricia L. Crown. "STABLE OXYGEN ISOTOPE SOURCING OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL FAUNA FROM CHACO CANYON, NEW MEXICO". American Antiquity 83, nr 1 (16.11.2017): 163–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aaq.2017.61.
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Modern datasets provide the context necessary for accurate interpretations of isotopic data from archaeological faunal assemblages. In this study, we use the oxygen isotope ratios (δ18O) of modern small mammals from Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, to quantify expected isotopic variation in a local population. The δ18O values of local, modern small mammals encompass a broad range (−6.0‰ to 4.8‰ VPDB), which is expected given the extreme seasonal variation in the δ18O of precipitation on the Colorado Plateau (−11‰ to −3‰ VPDB). Isotopic ratios of small mammals obtained from excavated archaeological sites in Chaco Canyon (ca. AD 800 to 1200) show no significant differences with their modern counterparts, suggesting that there is no difference in the origins of the archaeological small-mammal collection and the modern, local Chaco Canyon small-mammal collection. In contrast, δ18O values of large mammals from Chaco archaeological sites are significantly different from those of modern specimens, reflecting a nonlocal, but also nonspecific, source in the past.
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Hulbert, AJ, i PL Else. "Mammalian metabolism: insights from arid zone reptiles." Australian Mammalogy 26, nr 1 (2004): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am04111.
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Mammals, being endotherms have very high metabolic rates compared to ectothermic reptiles. Similarly, small mammals have high rates of mass-specific metabolism compared to larger mammals. This review examines the mechanistic basis of why particular mammal species have a specific metabolic rate. Initial studies compared mammals with arid zone reptile species of the same size and Tb. Mammals have larger internal organs, with more mitochondrial membrane surface area than the reptiles. The cells of mammals are leakier to Na+ ions and their mitochondrial membranes are leakier to H+ ions than in reptile cells. These leakier membranes have membrane lipids that are polyunsaturated and less monounsaturated than their less leaky counterparts. Examination of the cellular basis of allometric variation in metabolism in mammals reveals very similar findings with polyunsaturated membranes associated with the high mass-specific metabolic rates of small mammal species and monounsaturated membranes with low rates of metabolism of large mammals. These findings have resulted in the development of the ?membrane pacemaker? theory of metabolism, which proposes that membrane bilayer composition is regulated in animals and that highly polyunsaturated membranes result in enhanced molecular activity of membrane proteins and in turn this results in an elevated metabolic rate of cells, tissues and consequently whole animals. This theory is also supported by the recent examination of the basis of body-size variation in the metabolic rates of birds. The ?membrane pacemaker? theory of metabolism is currently the only explanation of the mechanisms determining the metabolic rate and thus the cost of living of animals. It has implications for the effect of food habits on metabolism and the relationship between metabolism and lifespan.
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Meheretu, Yonas, Åsa Granberg, Gebregiorgis Berhane, Hussein Khalil, Olivia Wesula Lwande, Mengistu Mitiku, Kiros Welegerima i in. "Prevalence of Orthohantavirus-Reactive Antibodies in Humans and Peri-Domestic Rodents in Northern Ethiopia". Viruses 13, nr 6 (2.06.2021): 1054. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13061054.
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In 2012, Tigray orthohantavirus was discovered in Ethiopia, but its seasonal infection in small mammals, and whether it poses a risk to humans was unknown. The occurrence of small mammals, rodents and shrews, in human inhabitations in northern Ethiopia is affected by season and presence of stone bunds. We sampled small mammals in two seasons from low- and high-density stone bund fields adjacent to houses and community-protected semi-natural habitats in Atsbi and Hagere Selam, where Tigray orthohantavirus was first discovered. We collected blood samples from both small mammals and residents using filter paper. The presence of orthohantavirus-reactive antibodies in blood was then analyzed using immunofluorescence assay (human samples) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (small mammal samples) with Puumala orthohantavirus as antigen. Viral RNA was detected by RT-PCR using small mammal blood samples. Total orthohantavirus prevalence (antibodies or virus RNA) in the small mammals was 3.37%. The positive animals were three Stenocephalemys albipes rats (prevalence in this species = 13.04%). The low prevalence made it impossible to determine whether season and stone bunds were associated with orthohantavirus prevalence in the small mammals. In humans, we report the first detection of orthohantavirus-reactive IgG antibodies in Ethiopia (seroprevalence = 5.26%). S. albipes lives in close proximity to humans, likely increasing the risk of zoonotic transmission.
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Catling, PC, i RJ Burt. "Studies of the ground-dwelling mammals of eucalypt forests in south-eastern New South Wales: the species, their abundance and distribution". Wildlife Research 21, nr 2 (1994): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9940219.
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We examined the distribution and abundance of ground-dwelling mammals in the major eucalypt communities within 500 000 ha of eucalypt forest in south-eastern New South Wales. Data for 22 species of mammal are presented from 13 areas comprising 42 eucalypt communities. Two features were the abundance and widespread distribution of the introduced red fox and cat, and the absence of small wallabies (potoroo size) and low abundance of other medium-sized native mammals such as bandicoots. Six mammal species occurred in all areas and in most eucalypt communities. Although there were differences in the distribution and abundance of species between areas there was no significant difference between areas in the number of native and introduced species. Some mammal species were absent from some eucalypt communities, but no eucalypt community was devoid of ground-dwelling mammals and each had native and introduced species present. The E. fastigata group had the highest number of species (14) and one community (E. fastigata-E. cypellocarpa) contained the highest number of native (9) and introduced (4) species. The E. maculata group contained the lowest number of native species with eastern grey kangaroos absent and common wombats present in one community only. The results of this study suggest that management options for arboreal mammals may not apply to the ground-dwelling mammals. The ground-dwelling mammals present today in south-eastern New South Wales appear to be remnants of a more diverse fauna left after clearing, forestry activities and predation by introduced species. Some species are in urgent need of protection and management if they are to persist.
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Wartzok, Douglas, Arthur N. Popper, Jonathan Gordon i Jennifer Merrill. "Factors Affecting the Responses of Marine Mammals to Acoustic Disturbance". Marine Technology Society Journal 37, nr 4 (1.12.2003): 6–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/002533203787537041.
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The issues surrounding marine mammals and noise cannot be managed effectively without an understanding of the effects of that noise on individual mammals and their populations. In the spring of 2003 the National Research Council released Ocean Noise and Marine Mammals, a report that reviewed sources of ocean noise (natural and anthropogenic), the effects of noise on marine mammals, patterns and long-term trends in ocean noise, and included recommendations intended to improve understanding of the sources and impacts of anthropogenic marine noise. This paper provides a brief summary of observed effects of ocean noise on marine mammals and the factors that can change the response of the animal to the noise exposure. It introduces the reader to short- and long-term behavior changes that have been observed in marine mammals in response to ocean noise, and discusses future directions for marine mammal research.
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Annisa, Sajidah Salsabila, Rachmat Budiwijaya Suba i Jusmaldi. "The Diversity of Mammals in the Wehea-Kelay Landscape, East Kalimantan". International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation 09, nr 09 (2022): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.51244/ijrsi.2022.9905.
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The Wehea-Kelay landscape is an area with a tropical rainforest ecosystem which is the habitat for various types of mammals. Ecologically, the existence of mammal species plays role in maintaining the balance of the forest ecosystem, thus the balance of a forest ecosystem can be measured by the level of species diversity. The aim of this study is to determine the diversity, conservation status, relative abundance of mammal species, and the sepan conditions in the Wehea-Kelay landscape. The research was conducted from January to June 2020. The data collection method was the direct observation, signs searching, camera traps, and data analysis. The results of this study are 12 species, 9 families, and 4 orders of mammals were found. Based on the conservation status, 6 species as protected animals, 1 species is critically endangered, and 2 species are in appendix I. Overall, the highest relative abundance of mammals based on the presence frequency of the camera traps is M. muntjak and the lowest is T. kanchil. The species of mammals found based on the encounter rate in the Wehea Protected Forest were more than PT. Gunung Gajah Abadi, and the highest abundance of mammals is 1.67±1.529 individuals/km in Wehea Protected Forest and 1.00±1.00 individuals/km in PT. Gunung Gajah Abadi of H. malayanus. The feeding class of mammals found consisted of 9 species of Omnivores and 3 species of Herbivores. The sepan area in the Wehea Protected Forest is an area that must be conserved because it is a source of minerals for mammals.
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Zamora-Espinoza, Mayra, Juan Carlos López-Acosta i Eduardo Mendoza. "Anthropogenic perturbation modifies interactions between mammals and fruits in a tropical forest of southern Mexico". Animal Biology 71, nr 3 (30.08.2021): 311–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15707563-bja10056.
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Abstract Studies of tropical mammal defaunation highlight the loss of species as well as their reduction in abundance and diversity; however, there is a complex series of effects associated with this anthropogenic disruption, including increases in the relative abundance of disturbance-tolerant mammals and the arrival of alien mammals whose effects on biotic interactions have been poorly studied. We compared the species richness, composition, interaction strength, and patterns of daily activity of mammals that consume the fruits of Pouteria sapota on the forest floor, both inside and outside of the Los Tuxtlas Field Station (LTFS) in Veracruz, southern Mexico. Using camera traps, we recorded eight mammal species interacting with the fruits inside the LTFS ( trees) and nine species interacting outside ( trees). Alien species such as Canis lupus familiaris were recorded both inside and outside of the LTFS, whereas Bos taurus was only recorded outside. Medium-sized generalist mammals were overrepresented both inside and outside of the LTFS, evidencing an impoverishment of the fauna, when compared to the mammal assemblage reported to interact with P. sapota fruits in a more intact forest. The daily activity patterns of the mammals that interacted strongly with P. sapota fruits were different inside and outside the LTFS, particularly in the case of Cuniculus paca. Our results show that the impact of human activity is highly pervasive, directly affecting the mammalian fauna at different levels and indirectly affecting the biotic interactions in which these animals are involved.
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Boltnev, Alexander I., Sergey A. Zagrebelny, Vladimir B. Zagrebelny, Roman N. Klepikovsky, Sergey I. Kornev, Vasiliy V. Kuznetsov, Maxim V. Chakilev i in. "State of stocks and harvesting of marine mammals in Russia in 2000–2020". Trudy VNIRO 195, nr 1 (29.02.2024): 205–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.36038/2307-3497-2024-195-205-231.
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Purpose: analysis of stocks and harvest of marine mammals in the coastal waters of Russia in 2000–2020.Method: collection and analysis of statistics data on the harvest of marine mammals provided by the territorial bodies of the Federal Agency for Fishery, as well as the results of a survey of the indigenous population about their harvest. The capture of marine mammals to ensure the traditional way of life of the indigenous population of the coastal regions of Russia continues to this day.Novelty: presents new data on the state of stocks and harvest of marine mammals in the coastal waters of Russia in 2000–2020.Results: By the beginning of the 21st century, commercial harvest for marine mammals had practically ceased for economic reasons. The trapping of marine mammals to ensure the traditional way of life of the indigenous population of the coastal regions of Russia continues to this day. The most intensive use of marine mammals is observed in Chukotka, where cetaceans, walruses and true seals are hunted. The meat and fat of marine mammals is used by the indigenous population for food purposes, as well as food for domestic dogs and fur-bearing animals when they are kept in cages. In Kamchatka, Sakhalin and along the entire mainland coast of the Sea of Okhotsk, the harvest of marine mammals by the indigenous population is significantly lower than in Chukotka. In these areas, seal fat is used for medical purposes. In remote villages of the Far North, hunted seals and beluga whales are also used for food, but collecting statistics on their production in these areas is difficult and is based on expert estimates. For a long time after the cessation of commercial fishing, the stocks of marine mammals were not assessed. Only thanks to federal funding of environmental projects of the Russian Academy of Sciences, thanks to Russian-A merican cooperation in the field of marine mammal research and the support of environmental organizations, new information has been obtained about marine mammal stocks in the last two decades of the 21st century. It is shown that despite the cessation of industrial harvesting of marine mammals, there is no significant increase in their stocks.
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Haussmann, Natalie S. "Soil movement by burrowing mammals". Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 41, nr 1 (24.09.2016): 29–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133316662569.
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Mammal burrowing plays an important role in soil translocation and habitat creation in many environments. As a consequence, many burrowing mammals have at some point been studied in an ecosystem engineering context. From a geomorphological point of view, one of the focus areas of burrowing mammal research is on the amount of soil that is excavated and the rate at which this happens. As such, reviews exist on the volumes and rates of sediment removal by burrowing mammals in specific environments or for specific groups of species. Here, a standardised comparison of mammal burrowing across a broad range of burrowing mammal species and environments is provided, focussing on both burrow volume and excavation rate. Through an ISI Web of Science-based literature search, articles presenting estimates of burrow volumes and/or excavation rate were identified. Relationships between species body size and burrow volume/excavation rate were explored and the influence of sociality and method of burrow volume estimation were assessed. The results show that, although larger species construct larger burrows, it is the smaller species that remove more sediment per unit time at larger, site-level spatial scales. Burrow volume estimates are, however, independent of species sociality (solitary versus group-living) and method of burrow volume estimation (excavation-based versus mound-based). These results not only confirm previously established relationships between species body size and burrow volume, but, more importantly, they also add to this, by exploring larger scale impacts of burrowing mammals along a body size gradient.
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Briones-Salas, Miguel, Rosa E. Galindo-Aguilar, Graciela E. González i María Delfina Luna-Krauletz. "Diversity and conservation of mammals in indigenous territories of southern Mexico: proposal for an “Archipelago Reserve”". PeerJ 11 (7.11.2023): e16345. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.16345.
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Southern Mexico’s tropical forests are home to the country’s highest richness of mammal species; La Chinantla region is situated within this area, its name from the indigenous group residing in the area and holding territorial ownership, namely the Chinantecos. In La Chinantla, there are no Protected Areas; instead, there are Areas Destined Voluntarily for Conservation (ADVC) and “Voluntary Conservation Areas” (VCA), that are managed by local inhabitants through social consensus. These ADVC may function as an archipelago reserve, which represents regional diversity, including the social context, through complementarity. To verify its biodiversity, we analyzed the richness, composition, distribution, and conservation of wild mammals in the region. Records were obtained from four sources—primary data collection, databases, scientific literature, and community monitoring—and were organized into four zones based on altitudinal and vegetation gradients. We compared the diversity between zones for three categories of mammals: small (<100 gr.), bats, and medium and large (>100 gr.). 134 species were identified comprising 11 orders, 26 families and 86 genera. The zone with highest elevation presented the greatest species richness for the assemblage of mammals and terrestrial mammals, while the zone with the lowest elevation had the highest richness of bats. For each mammal category, the zone with the most species also registered the highest number of exclusive species. For the assemblage of mammals and for medium and large mammals, the similarity index was highest between the two intermediate zones, while for small mammals and bats, the greatest similarity occurred between the areas of higher altitude. The study region was found to have the second highest richness of mammals in Mexico. Finally, we suggest that the conservation proposals by indigenous people could function as a set of “islands” that promote the conservation of biodiversity, possibly as an Archipelago Reserve.
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Yuan, Yuan, Yaolei Zhang, Peijun Zhang, Chang Liu, Jiahao Wang, Haiyu Gao, A. Rus Hoelzel i in. "Comparative genomics provides insights into the aquatic adaptations of mammals". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, nr 37 (9.09.2021): e2106080118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2106080118.
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The ancestors of marine mammals once roamed the land and independently committed to an aquatic lifestyle. These macroevolutionary transitions have intrigued scientists for centuries. Here, we generated high-quality genome assemblies of 17 marine mammals (11 cetaceans and six pinnipeds), including eight assemblies at the chromosome level. Incorporating previously published data, we reconstructed the marine mammal phylogeny and population histories and identified numerous idiosyncratic and convergent genomic variations that possibly contributed to the transition from land to water in marine mammal lineages. Genes associated with the formation of blubber (NFIA), vascular development (SEMA3E), and heat production by brown adipose tissue (UCP1) had unique changes that may contribute to marine mammal thermoregulation. We also observed many lineage-specific changes in the marine mammals, including genes associated with deep diving and navigation. Our study advances understanding of the timing, pattern, and molecular changes associated with the evolution of mammalian lineages adapting to aquatic life.
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Mills, Charlotte H., i Mike Letnic. "Reversing functional extinction of mammals prompts a rethink of paradigms about seed fate in arid Australia". Royal Society Open Science 5, nr 1 (styczeń 2018): 171977. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.171977.
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Functional extinction of once abundant species has frequently preceded understanding of their ecological roles. Consequently, our understanding of ecosystems is prone to shifting baselines because it often relies on observations made on depauperate species assemblages. In Australian deserts, current paradigms are that ants are the dominant granivores, mammals are unimportant seed predators and that myrmecochory in many Australian shrubs is an adaptation to increase dispersal distance and direct seeds to favourable germination sites. Here, we ask whether these paradigms could be artefacts of mammal extinction. We take advantage of a predator-proof reserve within which locally extinct native mammals have been reintroduced to compare seed removal by ants and mammals. Using foraging trays that selectively excluded mammals and ants we show that a reintroduced mammal, the woylie ( Bettongia penicillata ) was at least as important as ants in the removal of seeds of two shrub species ( Dodonaea viscosa and Acacia ligulata ). Our results provide evidence that the dominance of ants as granivores and current understanding of the adaptive benefit of myrmecochory in arid Australia may be artefacts of the functional extinction of mammals. Our study shows how reversing functional extinction can provide the opportunity to rethink contemporary understanding of ecological processes.
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Cloutier, Véronique B., Yves Piché, J. André Fortin, Jean A. Bérubé, Hélène Glémet i André Desrochers. "A novel approach for tracing mycophagous small mammals and documenting their fungal diets". Botany 97, nr 9 (wrzesień 2019): 475–785. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2018-0222.
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We developed a method combining passive baiting (animals that are not trapped) with DNA meta-barcoding of the feces acquired, to study fungi in the diet of small mammals. Mammal and fungal species were identified using genomic DNA of 596 fecal samples collected in five regions of the eastern Canadian boreal forest. For identification of the small mammal species, the cytochrome b region was used. A total of eight species of small mammals displayed hypogeous fungi consumption, with northern flying squirrels (Glaucomys sabrinus) and red-backed voles (Myodes gapperi) as the top consumers. For identification of their fungal diets, the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was used. We recovered 722 taxa of Ascomycota, 429 Basidiomycota, 81 Zygomycota, 4 Chytridiomycota, 1 Glomeromycota, and 44 unidentified fungal taxa. Of these, 28 were hypogeous sequestrate fungi (underground fructification), which presumably are dug out by small mammals for consumption. Otherwise, for the remaining fungi [epigeous (above ground fructification) or microscopic fungal species], it is unclear which ones are selected by the animal as a dietary source or result from incidental contamination. Our paper presents a promising approach for tracing mycophagy in small mammals, and our results suggest that fungal diversity is important for the diet of some small mammals.
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Imre, István, i Darren Derbowka. "Major Threats Facing Terrestrial Mammals in Canada". Canadian Field-Naturalist 125, nr 3 (1.07.2011): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v125i3.1223.
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Largely due to influences related to dramatic human population growth, threats to many species are on the rise globally. An examination of mammals assessed by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) determined the major threats facing terrestrial mammal populations in Canada. Significant threats were associated with habitat loss and overall mortality caused directly by humans. Carnivores and rodents differed substantially in mortality caused directly by humans and loss of food resources. Large mammals were more affected by climate change than small mammals.
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O'Dell, William, Raychel Watkins i Aelita Pinter. "Giardia and Other Parasites of Small Mammals in Grand Teton National Park". UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 13 (1.01.1989): 125–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.1989.2805.
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The objectives of this study are to document the effects of parasitism on vole (Microtus spp.) population dynamics and to determine the potential of small mammals in Grand Teton National Park to serve as reservoirs of human parasites. Immediate goals for 1989 were to (1) continue the documentation of the incidence and prevalence of small mammal parasites, (2) determine the age at which Giardia infections are contracted by the Microtus host, (3) identify ticks associated with small mammals, and (4) survey small mammals for Babesia infections.
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May-Collado, Laura J., C. William Kilpatrick i Ingi Agnarsson. "Mammals from ‘down under’: a multi-gene species-level phylogeny of marsupial mammals (Mammalia, Metatheria)". PeerJ 3 (26.02.2015): e805. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.805.
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M. J. S. Bowman, D., i J. C. Z. Woinarski. "Biogeography of Australian monsoon rainforest mammals: implications for the conservation of rainforest mammals". Pacific Conservation Biology 1, nr 2 (1994): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc940098.
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Monsoon rainforests form an archipelago of small habitat fragments throughout the wet-dry tropics of northern Australia. According to the definition of Winter (1988) the current monsoon rainforest mammal assemblage contains only one rainforest specialist mammal species (restricted to Cape York Peninsula), and is dominated by eutherian habitat generalists (murids and bats) that mostly occur in surrounding savannah habitats. The mammal assemblages in monsoon rainforests across northern Australia (Cape York Peninsula, Northern Territory and the Kimberley) are essentially regional subsets of the local savannah and mangrove mammal assemblages, and consequently share only a limited number of species in common (most of which are bats). The lack of rainforest specialists in northwestern Australia is thought to be due to: (i) the lack of large tracts (> 1 000 ha) of monsoon rainforest habitat; (ii) the possible substantial contraction of these habitats in the past; and (iii) the limited extent of gallery rainforests, such rainforests being important habitats for rainforest mammals in South American savannahs. Unfortunately it is not possible to identify the threshold of habitat area required to maintain populations of monsoon rainforest specialist mammal species because of an impoverished fossil record pertaining to the past spatial distribution of monsoon rainforests. The implications of the lack of a specialist mammal fauna in Australian monsoon rainforests for the future of heavily fragmented tropical rainforests elsewhere in the world is briefly discussed. It is concluded that the analogy of habitat fragments to true islands is weak, that rainforest plant species are less vulnerable to local extinction than mammals, that the loss of mammal rainforest specialists may not result in a dramatic loss of plant species, and that corridors of rainforest may be critical for maintenance of rainforest mammal assemblages in areas currently subject to forest clearance.
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Kornev, S. I., i A. M. Mironova. "Interactions between marine mammals and high seas fisheries in Kamchatka waters (based on monitoring data for 2012–2022)". Researches of the aquatic biological resources of Kamchatka and the North-West Part of the Pacific Ocean, nr 71 (7.03.2024): 92–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.15853/2072-8212.2023.71.92-109.
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Occurrence of marine mammals in different types of fisheries and interactions between marine mammals and fisheries in the Okhotsk and Bering Seas and the Pacific waters adjacent to the eastern coast of Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands was analyzed. Classification of marine mammal species on their dependence from the fisheries has been made.