Artykuły w czasopismach: „Mal du simulateur”

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Bhatti, J. S., N. W. Foster, T. Oja, M. H. Moayeri i P. A. Arp. "Modeling potentially sustainable biomass productivity in jack pine forest stands". Canadian Journal of Soil Science 78, nr 1 (1.02.1998): 105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s97-041.

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A steady-state mass balance model (ForSust), developed to simulate potentially sustainable levels of tree biomass growth and related nutrient uptake dynamics, was applied to 17 jack pine sites across Canada. The model simulates potential tree biomass growth based on nutrient inputs from estimated atmospheric deposition (N, Ca, Mg, K) and soil weathering (Ca, Mg, K), and matches the resulting nutrient supply rates with calculated nutrient demand. Nutrient demand calculations are based on nutrient concentrations in wood, bark, branches, and foliage. Specifically, the model simulates sustainable annual increment (SAI) of biomass growth for stem-only and whole-tree (aboveground biomass) harvesting, and for recurring forest fire conditions. Calculated SAI levels were compared with field-estimated mean annual increments for aboveground forest biomass (MAI). For recurring forest fires, it was found that SAI values, as simulated, corresponded with the MAI field estimates in general. For whole-tree harvesting, SAI was lower than MAI for most but not all sites. For stem-only harvesting, SAI corresponded with MAI, but there was a greater scatter between SAI and MAI values than what appeared to be the case for the recurring forest fire scenario. Key words: Jack pine; whole-tree, stem-only harvesting; steady-state mass balance; forest biomass; N, Ca, Mg, K growth limitations; atmospheric deposition

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Li, Li, Xiaoke Jin, Chenhe Lu, Zongbo Wei i Jin Li. "Modelling and Simulation on Acoustic Channel of Underwater Sensor Networks". Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2021 (29.11.2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8263600.

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The reliability of the modelling system mainly depends on the simulation of underwater acoustic channel characteristics. The reliability of simulator is improved because of the use of Bellhop in NS-Miracle. World Ocean Simulation System (WOSS) can retrieve the data of marine environment by accessing the database of seabed depth, sound speed profile and seabed sediment, and transmit them to Bellhop simulator automatically, so that the model is closer to the actual underwater acoustic transmission channel than not using WOSS. In order to verify the reliability of NS2/NS-Miracle simulation system with WOSS, a centralized underwater sensor network with five nodes is simulated on the integrated simulation system. The characteristic empirical model, Bellhop Ray-Tracing model, and WOSS combined with Bellhop model are, respectively, adopted to simulate underwater acoustic channel. The results of three types of simulation, such as average throughput, average delay, and packet error rate, and simulation time are very close under the same condition. It proves that the accuracy of integrated simulation system is as excellent as that of NS-Miracle. However, WOSS can automatically acquire the actual sea environment parameters and provide them to the simulator, which can improve the authenticity of the simulation system. Furthermore, three MAC protocols, Aloha-CS, CSMA/CA, and DACAP, are simulated on the integrated simulation system under the same condition including ocean environment, network topology, and parameters. The results show that the performance of CSMA/CA is greater than the other protocols in such networks. It also proves that the integrated simulation system can accurately simulate the relevant characteristics of the MAC protocol.

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Guo, Qiao Na, i Zhi Fang Zhou. "Hydrodynamics in the Luanhe River Alluvial Fan of the Piedmont Plain Zone, China". Advanced Materials Research 1065-1069 (grudzień 2014): 2948–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1065-1069.2948.

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This paper investigated the interaction of groundwater and river in an alluvial fan of the piedmont plain zone, China. Field observations of groundwater level were performed. The three-dimensional finite element model using the simulator Feflow was used to simulate the observed groundwater level. The model was auto-calibrated against observations of groundwater head from wells distributed across the region. Good correspondence between simulated and measured water level was found for the monitored wells. The relatively small magnitudes of RMSE and MAE indicate that the predictions of the numerical model are reasonable. The water balance difference is -49.9×104m3/d, which indicates that the water balance is negative balance.

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Zhong, Minxuan, Jinxia Xu, Yiyang Jiang i You Wu. "Corrosion Protection of Steel by NO3− and NO2− Intercalated Mg-Al Layered Double Hydroxides in Simulated Pore Solutions of Alkali-Activated Slag". Metals 14, nr 1 (17.01.2024): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met14010111.

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This paper aims to perform a comparative investigation on the corrosion protection of steel in the simulated pore solutions of alkali-activated slag (SH) by NO3− and NO2− intercalated Mg-Al layered double hydroxides (MAL) which were fabricated by the calcination rehydration method. The corrosion potential, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, potentiodynamic polarization and corrosion condition of steel were measured. Furthermore, changes in the microstructures of NO3− intercalated MAL (MAL-N3) and NO2− intercalated MAL (MAL-N2) before and after the adsorption of chloride ion were observed by X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results show that compared to the simulated concrete pore solution (OPCH), MAL-N3 and MAL-N2 exhibit lower chloride adsorption capacities and better corrosion inhibition effects in SH. The chloride adsorption capacity of MAL-N2 is lower compared with that of MAL-N3 due to the different volumes of intercalated anions. In contrast, MAL-N2 presents superior corrosion inhibition than MAL-N3. Furthermore, the decreases in [OH−] in SH due to the additions of MAL-N3 and MAL-N2 are more prominent than those in OPCH. The different synergistic effects due to the competitive anion-exchanges in the interlayers of NO3− and NO2− intercalated MAL in the two solutions contribute to the above effects.

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Ichise, Masanori, Hiroshi Toyama, Robert B. Innis i Richard E. Carson. "Strategies to Improve Neuroreceptor Parameter Estimation by Linear Regression Analysis". Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 22, nr 10 (październik 2002): 1271–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.wcb.0000038000.34930.4e.

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In an attempt to improve neuroreceptor distribution volume ( V) estimates, the authors evaluated three alternative linear methods to Logan graphical analysis (GA): GA using total least squares (TLS), and two multilinear analyses, MA1 and MA2, based on mathematical rearrangement of GA equation and two-tissue compartments, respectively, using simulated and actual PET data of two receptor tracers, [18F]FCWAY and [11C]MDL 100,907. For simulations, all three methods decreased the noise-induced GA bias (up to 30%) at the expense of increased variability. The bias reduction was most pronounced for MA1, moderate to large for MA2, and modest to moderate for TLS. In addition, GA, TLS, and MA1, methods that used only a portion of the data ( T > t*, chosen by an automatic process), showed a small V underestimation for [11C]MDL 100,907 with its slow kinetics, due to selection of t* before the true point of linearity. These noniterative methods are computationally simple, allowing efficient pixelwise parameter estimation. For tracers with kinetics that permit t* to be accurately identified within the study duration, MA1 appears to be the best. For tracers with slow kinetics and low to moderate noise, however, MA2 may provide the lowest bias while maintaining computational ease for pixelwise parameter estimation.

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Trinugroho, Muchamad Wahyu. "Evaluasi Pengaruh Jumlah dan Posisi Stasiun Curah Hujan pada Simulasi Aliran Limpasan Di Sungai Ping, Thailand". JURNAL SUMBER DAYA AIR 14, nr 1 (10.07.2018): 31–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.32679/jsda.v14i1.192.

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The number and distribution of rainfall stations areneeded to simulate rainfall-run off transformation on hydrologic model. However, the availability of stations varies in watershed. The study aims to assess theinfluence of numberand distribution rainfall stations by a modelling approachto simulate run-off process. The use of HEC-HMS model is tocalibrate model parameters and simulaterun-offon 4 scenarios in Mae Caem Watershed (3,826 km2), Northern Thailand. The result shows the calibrated model parameters of 13 stationsare very satisfied by 0.826 of Nash coefficient. Based on the simulation result, the condition of 6 stations demonstrate the best fit regarding observation data by R2 = 0.927; the lowest correlation is three rainfall stations by 0.795 of R2. Also, simulated runoff rainfall for six stations (condition2) show results close to the observation discharge. Condition 1 (all stations) is somewhat higher than condition tworegarding pattern and peak discharge. Another result shows simulation of peak discharge condition 3 (station number 2, 5, and 13) has overestimate of observation discharge and condition 5 shows underestimate result to observation discharge. Overall the simulation results have met Nash's criteria, while the best results are in simulation with 6 stations (condition 2). Thus the number and position of rainfall stations have an influence on the modeling of rainfall runoff in the Ping River, Mae Caem Watershed.

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Chambers, Spencer B., Clare E. Padmore, Stacy Fan, Ruby Grewal, James Johnson i Nina Suh. "The Impact of Scaphoid Malunion on Carpal Motion: An In-Vitro Analysis". Journal of Hand Surgery (Asian-Pacific Volume) 26, nr 03 (10.08.2021): 396–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2424835521500387.

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Background: The clinical significance of scaphoid malunion is debated and its effect on wrist kinematics is poorly understood. Alterations to scaphoid morphology in other pathologies result in significant sequelae and arthrosis. By understanding the impact of scaphoid malunion on carpal kinematics, better insight can be garnered to inform models of wrist motion and clinical treatment of this injury. Methods: Seven cadaveric upper extremities underwent active wrist flexion and extension in a custom motion wrist simulator with scaphoid kinematics being captured with respect to the distal radius. A three-stage protocol of progressive simulated malunion severity was performed [intact, 10° malunion (Mal 10°), 20° malunion (Mal 20°)] with data analyzed from 45° wrist extension to 45° wrist flexion. Scaphoid malunions were modelled by creating successive volar wedge osteotomies and reducing the resultant scaphoid fragments with two 0.062” Kirshner wires. Motion of the scaphoid, lunate, trapezium-trapezoid was recorded using optical trackers. Results: Increasing scaphoid malunion severity did not significantly affect scaphoid or trapezium-trapezoid motion (p > 0.05); however, it did significantly alter lunate motion (p < 0.001). Increasing malunion severity resulted in progressive lunate extension across wrist motion (Intact – Mal 10°: mean difference (mean dif.) = 7.1° ± 1.6, p < 0.05; Intact – Mal 20°: mean dif. = 10.2° ± 2.0, p < 0.05). Conclusions: In this in-vitro model, increasing scaphoid malunion severity was associated with progressive extension of the lunate in all wrist positions. The clinical significance of this motion change is yet to be elucidated, but this model serves as a basis for understanding the kinematic consequences of scaphoid malunion deformities.

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Chen, Yaohua, i Waixi Liu. "MAC Layer Energy Consumption and Routing Protocol Optimization Algorithm for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks". Complexity 2021 (9.02.2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6687189.

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Mobile ad hoc network is a network composed of mobile terminals without infrastructure. Due to its fast-networking ability, it is widely used in smart cities, car networking, military, agriculture, medicine, and other fields. Routing technology is a key technology in the field of MANET (mobile ad hoc network). The energy consumption is optimized through the technical network simulator NS-3, and the nodes in the MANET routing protocol can accurately simulate the problem, thereby optimizing the MAC layer of important research tools. This article combines the advantages of the lithium-ion (lithium) battery model. Compared with the KiBaM battery model, the effective charge in the KiBaM model simulates the output voltage well, which can reflect the battery capacity effect rate and the recovery effect of the lithium-ion-KiBaM battery model. The model can respond to the characteristics of the output voltage as the society gets lower and lower. In order to solve the problem that the analytic solution of differential equations cannot be obtained in the model, a numerical solution of the optimization algorithm is proposed based on the implicit Runge–Kutta method. The MAC layer energy consumption and routing protocol optimization algorithm proposed in this paper can be applied well in various fields.

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Biller, Beth A., Dániel Apai, Mickaël Bonnefoy, Silvano Desidera, Raffaele Gratton, Markus Kasper, Matthew Kenworthy i in. "A high-contrast search for variability in HR 8799bc with VLT-SPHERE". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 503, nr 1 (29.01.2021): 743–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab202.

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ABSTRACT The planets HR8799bc display nearly identical colours and spectra as variable young exoplanet analogs such as VHS 1256-1257ABb and PSO J318.5-22, and are likely to be similarly variable. Here we present results from a 5-epoch SPHERE IRDIS broadband-H search for variability in these two planets. HR 8799b aperture photometry and HR 8799bc negative simulated planet photometry share similar trends within uncertainties. Satellite spot lightcurves share the same trends as the planet lightcurves in the August 2018 epochs, but diverge in the October 2017 epochs. We consider Δ(mag)b − Δ(mag)c to trace non-shared variations between the two planets, and rule out non-shared variability in Δ(mag)b − Δ(mag)c to the 10–20 ${{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ level over 4–5 h. To quantify our sensitivity to variability, we simulate variable lightcurves by inserting and retrieving a suite of simulated planets at similar radii from the star as HR 8799bc, but offset in position angle. For HR 8799b, for periods <10 h, we are sensitive to variability with amplitude $\gt 5{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$. For HR 8799c, our sensitivity is limited to variability $\gt 25{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ for similar periods.

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Chang, Chia-Hao, Hsiang-Ning Wu, Ching-Han Hsu i Hsin-Hon Lin. "Virtual monochromatic imaging with projection-based material decomposition algorithm for metal artifacts reduction in photon-counting detector computed tomography". PLOS ONE 18, nr 3 (13.03.2023): e0282900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0282900.

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Metal artifacts present a major challenge to computed tomography (CT) because they reduce the image quality in medical diagnosis and treatment. Several metal artifact reduction (MAR) methods have been proposed to address this issue in previous studies. This study aimed to synthesize a virtual monochromatic image for MAR in CT images using projection-based material decomposition (MD) algorithms. We developed a spectral micro-CT prototype system equipped with a photon-counting detector (PCD) and PCD-CT imaging simulator to assess the performances of different MAR methods. Two projection-based MD algorithms were implemented and evaluated for their MAR performances in CT images and compared with conventional sinogram inpainting MAR methods. Different parts of digital 4D-extended cardiac torso (XCAT) phantoms with metal implants were designed to simulate various real scenarios. A homemade metal artifact evaluation (MAE) phantom was used to evaluate the MAR performance in experiments. The simulated results of the XCAT phantom indicated that the projection-based virtual monochromatic CT (VMCT) images provided better image quality than the conventional MAR images without blurring the normal tissues at the position of the metal artifacts. Various quantitative indicators support this conclusion. Additionally, the experimental results of the MAE phantom reveal that projection-based VMCT images can avoid image distortion caused by metal artifacts, unlike conventional MAR methods. In regards to the projection-based VMCT images, the simulated and experimental results demonstrated that using the linear maximum likelihood estimators with an error correction look-up table algorithm yielded better MAR performance compared to that obtained using a polynomial algorithm. Furthermore, projection-based VMCT images can not only reduce metal artifacts effectively but also simultaneously prevents object blurring at the metal artifact position and image distortion of the metal implants. Hence, the CT image quality can be further improved to increase the abilities for both preoperative and postoperative assessment of metal implants.

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Duca, John V., John Muellbauer i Anthony Murphy. "How Mortgage Finance Reform Could Affect Housing". American Economic Review 106, nr 5 (1.05.2016): 620–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.p20161083.

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Although major changes in mortgage finance have occurred since the subprime bust, several issues remain unresolved, centering on the roles of Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and the FHA. We analyze how some reforms might affect house prices in a framework rich enough to simulate the impact of several reforms which change mortgage interest rates and/or loan-to-value (LTV) ratios of first time home buyers, the key drivers of house prices in recent decades. Simulations suggest that ending the GSE interest rate subsidy would have small effects, while changes in capital requirements or maximum FHA loan size limits would have larger effects.

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Liu, Tong Qing, Guang Jie Han, Chuan Zhu i Chen Yu Zhang. "Application Research on Aqua-Sim for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks". Advanced Materials Research 605-607 (grudzień 2012): 1046–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.605-607.1046.

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In this paper, we present a simulator based on NS2 for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks (UASNs), named Aqua-Sim, which simulates the attenuation of underwater acoustic channels and the collision behaviors effectively. In addition, Aqua-Sim supports 3D network deployment and provides some MAC and routing protocols. Through communication between two nodes and localization of unknown nodes, the application examples of Aqua-Sim are shown. We also present the graphical user interface of Aqua-3D using an example application.

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Zhao, Chen, i Shi Bin Gao. "The Setting Calculation of the Current Increment Protection of the Traction Power Supply System for High-Speed Railways". Applied Mechanics and Materials 681 (październik 2014): 177–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.681.177.

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In order to study deeply the cause of mal-operation of the current increment protection and then redo the setting calculation, the all-parallel AT traction network model and the simulation model of Electric Multiple Units (EMU) are established. Using the model that has been established and Simulink simulation tool, the situation while the EMU is being started, passing neutral section or the traction network has grounding fault with interruption was simulated. The simulation result show that the current increment when the EMU starting is significantly different from that situation when fault occurring. While the situation when the EMU passing neutral section is the opposite. So we can draw a conclusion that the current increment protection will not appear mal-operation when the EMU starting and when passing neutral section may appear mal-operation. Finally, the current increment protection setting principle has been improved, and its feasibility has been verified.

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Raimann, Florian Jürgen, Philipp Edmund Dietze, Colleen Elizabeth Cuca, Dirk Meininger, Paul Kessler, Christian Byhahn, Daniel Gill-Schuster, Kai Zacharowski i Haitham Mutlak. "Prospective Trial to Compare Direct and Indirect Laryngoscopy Using C-MAC PM® with Macintosh Blade and D-Blade® in a Simulated Difficult Airway". Emergency Medicine International 2019 (1.04.2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1067473.

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Objective. Evaluation of C-MAC PM® in combination with a standard Macintosh blade size 3 in direct and indirect laryngoscopy and D-Blade® in indirect laryngoscopy in a simulated difficult airway. Primary outcome was defined as the best view of the glottic structures. Secondary endpoints were subjective evaluation and assessment of the intubation process. Methods. Prospective monocentric, observational study on 48 adult patients without predictors for difficult laryngoscopy/tracheal intubation undergoing orthopedic surgery. Every participant preoperatively received a cervical collar to simulate a difficult airway. Direct and indirect laryngoscopy w/o the BURP maneuver with a standard Macintosh blade and indirect laryngoscopy w/o the BURP maneuver using D-Blade® were performed to evaluate if blade geometry and the BURP maneuver improve the glottic view as measured by the Cormack-Lehane score. Results. Using a C-MAC PM® laryngoscope, D-Blade® yielded improved glottic views compared with the Macintosh blade used with either the direct or indirect technique. Changing from direct laryngoscopy using a Macintosh blade to indirect videolaryngoscopy using C-MAC PM® with D-Blade® improved the Cormack-Lehane score from IIb, III, or IV to I or II in 31 cases. Conclusion. The combination of C-MAC PM® and D-Blade® significantly enhances the view of the glottis compared to direct laryngoscopy with a Macintosh blade in patients with a simulated difficult airway. Trial Registration Number. This trial is registered under number NCT03403946.

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Sorensen, Mads Solvsten, Jesper Mosegaard i Peter Trier. "The Visible Ear Simulator". Otology & Neurotology 30, nr 4 (czerwiec 2009): 484–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mao.0b013e3181a5299b.

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Wulf, Hans Christian, Rami Nabil Al-Chaer, Martin Glud, Peter Alshede Philipsen i Catharina Margrethe Lerche. "A Skin Cancer Prophylaxis Study in Hairless Mice Using Methylene Blue, Riboflavin, and Methyl Aminolevulinate as Photosensitizing Agents in Photodynamic Therapy". Pharmaceuticals 14, nr 5 (5.05.2021): 433. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph14050433.

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The high incidence of sunlight-induced human skin cancers reveals a need for more effective photosensitizing agents. In this study, we compared the efficacy of prophylactic photodynamic therapy (PDT) when methylene blue (MB), riboflavin (RF), or methyl aminolevulinate (MAL) were used as photosensitizers. All mice in four groups of female C3.Cg/TifBomTac hairless immunocompetent mice (N = 100) were irradiated with three standard erythema doses of solar-simulated ultraviolet radiation (UVR) thrice weekly. Three groups received 2 × 2 prophylactic PDT treatments (days 45 + 52 and 90 + 97). The PDT treatments consisted of topical administration of 16% MAL, 20% MB, or 20% RF, and subsequent illumination that matched the photosensitizers’ absorption spectra. Control mice received no PDT. We recorded when the first, second, and third skin tumors developed. The pattern of tumor development after MB-PDT or RF-PDT was similar to that observed in irradiated control mice (p > 0.05). However, the median times until the first, second, and third skin tumors developed in mice given MAL-PDT were significantly delayed, compared with control mice (256, 265, and 272 vs. 215, 222, and 230 days, respectively; p < 0.001). Only MAL-PDT was an effective prophylactic treatment against UVR-induced skin tumors in hairless mice.

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Nath, Shantanu K., Sayera Aznabi, Nabila T. Islam, Annan Faridi i Wayesh Qarony. "Investigation and Performance Analysis of Some Implemented Features of the ZigBee Protocol and IEEE 802.15.4 Mac Specification". International Journal of Online Engineering (iJOE) 13, nr 01 (18.01.2017): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijoe.v13i01.5984.

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The manuscript represents wireless sensor networks using numerous topologies of ZigBee. Along with coordinator load, the uses of coordination with such networks were inspected. The investigation has been accomplished via the use of various plots in the OPNET Modeler simulator. The results of the simulation explore the use of coordination with mesh and tree routing to verify the suitability of the topology. It also demonstrates some of the implemented features of the ZigBee protocol and IEEE 802.15.4 MAC specification, using OPNET's ZigBee model suite, like: Mesh routing vs. tree routing, Roaming between Personal Area Network (PANs) & Failure and Recovery procedures. The simulation has been carried out for 20 minutes to investigate the response of routing topologies on the delay, coordinator load and the MAC Load and the data have been collected. The results indicate that the End to End delay, number of hops and MAC load for mesh routing is lower than the tree routing. The results also show that in case of failure and recovery procedures, the simulated networks perform according to the ZigBee Standard.

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Siedersleben, Simon K., Andreas Platis, Julie K. Lundquist, Bughsin Djath, Astrid Lampert, Konrad Bärfuss, Beatriz Cañadillas i in. "Turbulent kinetic energy over large offshore wind farms observed and simulated by the mesoscale model WRF (3.8.1)". Geoscientific Model Development 13, nr 1 (29.01.2020): 249–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-249-2020.

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Abstract. Wind farms affect local weather and microclimates; hence, parameterizations of their effects have been developed for numerical weather prediction models. While most wind farm parameterizations (WFPs) include drag effects of wind farms, models differ on whether or not an additional turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) source should be included in these parameterizations to simulate the impact of wind farms on the boundary layer. Therefore, we use aircraft measurements above large offshore wind farms in stable conditions to evaluate WFP choices. Of the three case studies we examine, we find the simulated ambient background flow to agree with observations of temperature stratification and winds. This agreement allows us to explore the sensitivity of simulated wind farm effects with respect to modeling choices such as whether or not to include a TKE source, horizontal resolution, vertical resolution and advection of TKE. For a stably stratified marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL), a TKE source and a horizontal resolution on the order of 5 km or finer are necessary to represent the impact of offshore wind farms on the MABL. Additionally, TKE advection results in excessively reduced TKE over the wind farms, which in turn causes an underestimation of the wind speed deficit above the wind farm. Furthermore, using fine vertical resolution increases the agreement of the simulated wind speed with satellite observations of surface wind speed.

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Patel, Shiv H., Wonjun Yim, Anupam K. Garg, Sahil H. Shah, Jesse V. Jokerst i Daniel L. Chao. "Assessing the Physiological Relevance of Cough Simulators for Respiratory Droplet Dispersion". Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, nr 9 (17.09.2020): 3002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9093002.

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Various breathing and cough simulators have been used to model respiratory droplet dispersion and viral droplets, in particular for SARS-CoV-2 modeling. However, limited data are available comparing these cough simulations to physiological breathing and coughing. In this study, three different cough simulators (Teleflex Mucosal Atomization Device Nasal (MAD Nasal), a spray gun, and GloGermTM MIST) that have been used in the literature were studied to assess their physiologic relevance. Droplet size, velocity, dispersion, and force generated by the simulators were measured. Droplet size was measured with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Slow-motion videography was used to 3D reconstruct and measure the velocity of each simulated cough. A force-sensitive resistor was used to measure the force of each simulated cough. The average size of droplets from each cough simulator was 176 to 220 µm. MAD Nasal, the spray gun, and GloGermTM MIST traveled 0.38 m, 0.89 m, and 1.62 m respectively. The average velocities for the MAD Nasal, spray gun, and GloGermTM MIST were 1.57 m/s, 2.60 m/s, and 9.27 m/s respectively, and all yielded a force of <0.5 Newtons. GloGermTM MIST and the spray gun most closely resemble physiological coughs and breathing respectively. In conclusion, none of the simulators tested accurately modeled all physiologic characteristics (droplet size, 3-D dispersion velocity, and force) of a cough, while there were various strengths and weaknesses of each method. One should take this into account when performing simulations with these devices.

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Moritani, S., T. Yamamoto, H. Andry, M. Inoue i T. Kaneuchi. "Using digital photogrammetry to monitor soil erosion under conditions of simulated rainfall and wind". Soil Research 48, nr 1 (2010): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr09058.

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We investigated a method to measure sheet erosion by characterising the soil erosion of an upland field in a dryland environment. Digital photogrammetry was used to measure the erosion rates of soil surfaces packed to different densities under simulated rainfall or wind conditions. The photogrammetry system consisted of 2 digital cameras, a rainfall simulator, a wind tunnel, and a computer program for 3-dimensional algorithm analysis. First, we assessed the accuracy of our method by comparing conventionally measured data to photogrammetric data under conditions of either no rainfall or no wind application. Two statistical parameters were used to evaluate the soil surface evolution: the mean absolute error (MAE) and the mean relative error (MRE). Their values were 0.21 mm and 15.8%, respectively. We then assessed the precision of our system under simulated rainfall conditions using 3 different dry bulk densities for the packed saturated soil surface. At densities of 0.91, 0.98, and 1.09 g/cm3, the MAE (MRE) values were 2.21 mm (392.5%), 1.07 mm (126.4%), and 0.59 mm (57.6%), respectively. It was possible to monitor and evaluate both the amount of eroded soil and the erosion mechanism in a specific area. Moreover, this system could be applied to measuring wind erosion with an MAE accuracy as high as 0.21 mm. The digital elevation models (DEMs) allowed for detailed analyses of soil surface evolution, and it was also possible to monitor sheet erosion with high spatial and temporal resolutions.

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Choi, Hyung Yun, Woo Jin Choi, Seungho Kwak i Sunguk Jun. "E2 Reach envelop and discomfort map construction under simulated driving task condition(English session)". Proceedings of the Symposium on sports and human dynamics 2010 (2010): 455–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeshd.2010.455.

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Tandjaoui, Djamel, Messaoud Doudou i Imed Romdhani. "FH-MAC". International Journal of Grid and High Performance Computing 1, nr 4 (październik 2009): 40–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jghpc.2009070804.

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In this article, the authors propose a new hybrid MAC protocol named H-MAC for wireless mesh networks. This protocol combines CSMA and TDMA schemes according to the contention level. In addition, it exploits channel diversity and provides a medium access control method that ensures the QoS requirements. Using ns-2 simulator, we have implemented and compared H-MAC with other MAC protocol used in Wireless Network. The results showed that H-MAC performs better compared to Z-MAC, IEEE 802.11 and LCM-MAC.

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Li, Chang, i Lian Fen Huang. "Research on Rate Adaptation Used Simulated Annealing Algorithm". Applied Mechanics and Materials 195-196 (sierpień 2012): 655–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.195-196.655.

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This paper analyzes the PHY layer of IEEE 802.11 standards for a variety of transmission rate, after learned that MAC layer does not provide for its adaptive approach. With the study of various adaptive algorithms, the SAARF protocol based on simulated annealing algorithm is proposed on MAC Layer rate adaptation, which can adaptively adjust transmitting rate. Compared with ARF (Auto Rate Fallback) protocol, SAARF can more effectively improve the throughput from the simulation results.

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Jayarathne, Y. G. Shamalee Wasana, Riitta Partanen i Jules Bennet. "Objective Simulated Bush Engagement Experience (OSBEE): A novel approach to promote rural clinical workforce." Asia Pacific Scholar 6, nr 2 (4.05.2021): 94–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.29060/taps.2021-6-2/cs2449.

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The mal-distributed Australian medical workforce continues to result in rural medical workforce shortages. In an attempt to increase rural medical workforce, the Australian Government has invested in the Rural Health Multidisciplinary Training (RHMT) program, involving 21 medical schools (RHMT program, 2020). This funding requires participating universities to ensure at least 25% of domestic students attend a year-long rural placement during their clinical years and 50% of domestic students experience a short-term rural clinical placement for at least four weeks.

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Angri, Ismail, Abdellah Najid i Mohammed Mahfoudi. "MAC Optimization Based on the Radio Resource Allocation in a 5G eMBB System Simulated in the MmWave Model". International Journal of Wireless Networks and Broadband Technologies 10, nr 2 (lipiec 2021): 32–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijwnbt.2021070103.

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5G NR (new radio) systems support multiple use cases, namely enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), ultra-reliable and low latency communications (URLLC), and massive machine-type communications (mMTC), to meet the needs of different types of applications. The multi users-downlink packet scheduling (MU-DLPS) is used for the 5G NR radio resource management (RRM). In this paper, the authors show that the radio resource scheduling algorithms, which have been applied to 4G, are also efficient and can be used in 5G networks. In this objective, the authors simulated scheduling schemes in a 5G eMBB environment. The algorithms were developed in C++ for the first time and were simulated using the mmWave model of the NS-3 simulator. Mobility scenarios with fixed and mobile nodes have been implemented. The comparison was made using python programs, newly and specifically developed for the data extraction. The results show that five strategies achieve remarkable values in terms of system throughput and downlink latency.

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Stolbov, Denys Volodymyrovych. "Development of software for teaching students safety work in e-mail". Theory and methods of learning mathematics, physics, informatics 13, nr 2 (4.09.2015): 201–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.55056/tmn.v13i2.787.

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This paper highlights the main aspects in development of e-mail simulator. The paper shows features of teaching students e-mail security and describes steps of development the simulator. The result of the paper includes an example of working the simulator. The research focus: to describe design and implementation features of the software for teaching students safety work in e-mail. Goals: 1) to reveal the need for teaching students safety work in e-mail; 2) determine the technical requirements of software for teaching students safety work in e-mail; 3) describe the software logical model and justify the choice of design tools; 4) implement the development software model. Object: the learning process of secondary school students. Subject: development of software for teaching students safety in e-mail. The research methods: study of specifics of teaching students safety work in e-mail, designing e-learning tools. The results: design and implemented of software for teaching students safety work in e-mail. The conclusion: reviewed the features of teaching students safety in e-mail, described main stages of the software design teaching students’ safety in e-mail.

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Ramlee, Muhammad Hanif, Mohammed Rafiq Abdul Kadir i Habibollah Harun. "Three-Dimensional Modelling and Finite Element Analysis of an Ankle External Fixator". Advanced Materials Research 845 (grudzień 2013): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.845.183.

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The use of ankle external fixator to treat pilon fracture Type III is popular amongst surgeons as it can reduce complications such as non-union and mal-union. Even though configurations of the connecting bars are important, the material also plays a major factor for a successful outcome. In this paper, the Delta external fixator with simulated ankle pilon fractures Type III were modelled and analysed under two different materials; titanium alloy and stainless steel. The finite element model includes tibia, fibula, talus, calcaneus, cuboid, navicular, three cuneiforms and five metatarsals bone. To simulate the pilon fractures Type III, a cutting segment was utilised. The ligaments were assigned with linear spring properties and cartilages were modelled using Mooney-Rivlin hyper-elastic behaviour. The Delta external fixator was designed using a three-dimensional software with two different material properties - titanium alloy and stainless steel. High von Mises stress concentrated at the pin-bone interface with the highest value observed for the titanium fixation. The results also showed less deformation for the stainless steel compared to titanium.

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Wang, Hui, Kun Yan, Hou Lei Gao i Xue Wei Chen. "Simulation and Analysis of Transformer Inrush Current and its Impact on Current Differential Protection". Advanced Materials Research 732-733 (sierpień 2013): 712–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.732-733.712.

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A transformer model was built using PSCAD. The generation mechanism, waveform characteristics and influence factors of inrush current were simulated and analyzed. Combined with transformer differential protection, this paper discussed the conventional methods to identify inrush current and the operation logic to prevent mal-operation caused by inrush current. The typical transformer differential protection operating criteria were also simulated under different fault conditions. The results show that digital simulation can properly present inrush current waveform characteristics, different kinds of transformer fault status and inrush current influence on differential protection.

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Keizer, Will P. M. N. "APAS: An Advanced Phased-Array Simulator". IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine 52, nr 2 (kwiecień 2010): 40–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/map.2010.5525565.

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Perdana, Doan, Albion Apta Zaim, Alfin Hikmaturokhman, Ananda Irsyad i Nindy Ayu Marthaliana. "Analysis of Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing Protocol Network Simulation using Bird Flocking Algorithm". JURNAL INFOTEL 14, nr 1 (26.02.2022): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.20895/infotel.v14i1.706.

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The purpose of this study is to simulate the GPSR protocol network on NS3 using the bird flocking algorithm and to analyze the comparison of performance measurements obtained from the simulation results. The Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing network was simulated using NS-3 in this simulation. The simulation area is created in length, width. The distance between nodes is 50 meters and is simulated in an area of 1000m x 300m for 30 seconds and 802.11 MAC protocol is used. This simulation was successfully implemented in finding the location of the nearest node using the GPSR protocol with the PSO / BFA algorithm. The number of nodes used in the simulation is 150 nodes and 2 nodes, so it can be concluded that the performance of Quality of Service (QoS) is greatly affected by the number of nodes and the algorithm used in the simulation.

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Monfared, Ashkan, Gerald Mitteramskogler, Simon Gruber, J. Kenneth Salisbury, Jurgen Stampfl i Nikolas H. Blevins. "High-Fidelity, Inexpensive Surgical Middle Ear Simulator". Otology & Neurotology 33, nr 9 (grudzień 2012): 1573–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mao.0b013e31826dbca5.

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Cutrì, Elena, Paola Bagnoli, Emanuela Marcelli, Federico Biondi, Laura Cercenelli, Maria Laura Costantino, Gianni Plicchi i Roberto Fumero. "A Mechanical Simulator of Cardiac Wall Kinematics". ASAIO Journal 56, nr 3 (maj 2010): 164–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mat.0b013e3181d7db0c.

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Lordkaew, Sittichai, Narit Yimyam, Anupong Wongtamee, Sansanee Jamjod i Benjavan Rerkasem. "Evaluating a heat-tolerant wheat germplasm in a heat stress environment". Plant Genetic Resources: Characterization and Utilization 17, nr 04 (8.02.2019): 339–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262119000054.

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AbstractHeat stress, a regular risk to wheat in the subtropics, is a growing threat in other wheat producing regions as the global temperature rises. This paper reports on three experiments evaluating 49 entries of the 13th High Temperature Wheat Yield Trial (13HTWYT) from the International Centre for Maize and Wheat Improvement (distributed in 2014), with Fang 60 as the local check, at two locations at Chiang Mai, Thailand, a designated representative of the wheat mega-environment 5, in which temperature for the coolest month averages >17.5 °C and the crop is subjected to high temperature for the entire growing season. The wheat was grown in the lowland (elevation 330 m) at Chiang Mai University in (i) sand culture to simulate the condition of non-limiting nutrient and water supply and (ii) in the field and (iii) as an on-farm trial in the highlands (elevation 800 m) at Mae Wang district of Chiang Mai province. Heat tolerance in the wheat germplasm, recently developed for adaptation to high temperature, was indicated by longer pre-heading duration, and the positive correlation between days to heading and grain yield all three experiments. The longer time before heading enabled development of larger spikes that produced more seeds from more and larger spikelets and more competent florets. However, with the number of spikes that was either lower than or similar to Fang 60, none of the recently developed 13HTWYT entries out-yielded the local check from the 1970s.

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Axford, David Timothy, Robert Potra, Richard Appleyard, Janos Tomka, Antonio Arenas-Miquelez, Desmond Bokor, Louis Ferreira i Sumit Raniga. "Development of a Cadaveric Shoulder Motion Simulator with Open-Loop Iterative Learning for Dynamic, Multiplanar Motion: A Preliminary Study". Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, nr 14 (10.07.2023): 4596. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm12144596.

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Ex vivo shoulder motion simulators are commonly used to study shoulder biomechanics but are often limited to performing simple planar motions at quasi-static speeds using control architectures that do not allow muscles to be deactivated. The purpose of this study was to develop an open-loop tendon excursion controller with iterative learning and independent muscle control to simulate complex multiplanar motion at functional speeds and allow for muscle deactivation. The simulator performed abduction/adduction, faceted circumduction, and abduction/adduction (subscapularis deactivation) using a cadaveric shoulder with an implanted reverse total shoulder prosthesis. Kinematic tracking accuracy and repeatability were assessed using maximum absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), and average standard deviation (ASD). During abduction/adduction and faceted circumduction, the RMSE did not exceed 0.3, 0.7, and 0.8 degrees for elevation, plane of elevation, and axial rotation, respectively. During abduction/adduction, the ASD did not exceed 0.2 degrees. Abduction/adduction (subscapularis deactivation) resulted in a loss of internal rotation, which could not be restored at low elevation angles. This study presents a novel control architecture, which can accurately simulate complex glenohumeral motion. This simulator will be used as a testing platform to examine the effect of shoulder pathology, treatment, and rehabilitation on joint biomechanics during functional shoulder movements.

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Suwarno, Suwarno, i Doni Pinayungan. "Solar power forecasting model as a renewable generation source on virtual power plants". Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 13, nr 2 (1.04.2024): 702–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v13i2.5870.

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This paper describes modeling solar power generation as a renewable energy generator by simulating the analytical approach mean absolute error and root mean square error (MAE and RMSE). This research estimates the error referring to long short-term memory (LSTM) network learning. Related to this, the Indonesian government is currently actively developing solar power plants without ignoring the surrounding environment. The integration of solar power sources without accurate power prediction can hinder the work of the grid and the use of new and renewable generation sources. To overcome this, virtual power plant modeling can be a solution to minimize prediction errors. This study proposes a method for on-site virtual solar power plant efficiency with a research approach using two models, namely RMSE and MAE to account for prediction uncertainty from additional information on power plants using virtual solar power plants. A prediction strategy verified against the output power of photovoltaic (PV) modules and a set based on data from meteorological stations used to simulate the virtual power plants (VPP) model. This forecast prediction refers to the LSTM network and provides forecast errors with other learning methods, where the approach simulated with 12.36% and 11.85% accuracy for MAE and RMSE, respectively.

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Wang, Ying, Zhi Gang Jin i Yi Shan Su. "Simulator-to-Emulator: Analysis and Design of Experiment Platform for Underwater Sensor Networks". Applied Mechanics and Materials 473 (grudzień 2013): 219–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.473.219.

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Researchers have proposed many protocols for underwater sensor networks (UWSN) in recent years. How to test the designed protocols accurately and effectively in a lab controlled environment has become an important problem. The existing simulators and emulators for UWSN are analyzed and how to design an experimental platform from simulator to emulator in a laboratory environment is proposed. It can accurately simulate the complex environment in water just using a computer, and test the algorithms and protocols for UWSN; it can also do the test in a real environment by the combination of hardware and software. Finally, a set of evaluation indexes for physical layer, MAC layer and network layer of the experimental platform are presented.

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Ersoy Cangir, Özge, Mustafa Yıldırım i Nurgül Bostan. "Faculty network system implementation using cisco packet tracer". Journal of Computer & Electrical and Electronics Engineering Sciences 1, nr 1 (28.04.2023): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.51271/jceees-0005.

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In this study, the faculty network system was designed using the Cisco Packet Tracer program without using any physical components. The aim was to simulate the network structure of the faculty and show the engineering faculty on the campus map, and to enable communication between the computers inside the faculty by configuring similar devices to real routers, switches, and servers. The management of the IP configuration of the devices in the network, and the configuration of the router, switch, and server used in the network (DNS, DHCP, FTP, HTTP, and MAIL) were carried out in the Cisco Packet Tracer environment, creating a simulated network system that can be applied in a real system.

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Nasir, Adnan, i Boon Hee Soong. "A Simulation Platform for Evaluating RFID and WSN’s Energy Efficiencies". Journal of Communications Software and Systems 9, nr 3 (23.09.2013): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.24138/jcomss.v9i3.148.

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Advances in the wireless, RFID and sensor technologies has given rise to a plethora of diverse WSN motes that can be used in association with numerous applications. Experimenting with new MAC algorithms and various functionalities on a real sensor network to obtain energy efficiency is both time consuming and expensive especially when these different mote platforms are deployed in one application. Generally Simulators are used to approximate the performance of MAC protocols. Out of the numerous simulators available, none can simulate the energy efficiencies given different types of motes and environments in one application. Hence, the need of a simulation platform for a mix deployment of different types of WSNs and RFIDs is felt to access application performance requirements while curtailing energy consumption to enhance application lifetime. In this paper, we presents an extension of our effort EnergySim [1], which is a simulation platform developed dedicatedly for evaluating energy efficiencies. In this paper we have discussed the simulation modes, methodology and architecture of our proposed simulator with some future extensions presented at the end of the paper.

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Huang, Caiwen, Horace Cheng, Yves Bureau, Hanif M. Ladak i Sumit K. Agrawal. "Automated Metrics in a Virtual-Reality Myringotomy Simulator". Otology & Neurotology 39, nr 7 (sierpień 2018): e601-e608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mao.0000000000001867.

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Alhussaini, Mohamed A., Renee M. Banakis Hartl, Victor Benichoux, Daniel J. Tollin, Herman A. Jenkins i Nathaniel T. Greene. "Intracochlear Pressures in Simulated Otitis Media With Effusion". Otology & Neurotology 39, nr 7 (sierpień 2018): e585-e592. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mao.0000000000001869.

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Pantalos, George M., Constantine Ionan, Steven C. Koenig, Kevin J. Gillars, Tim Horrell, Sarina Sahetya, Jeff Colyer i Laman A. Gray. "Expanded Pediatric Cardiovascular Simulator for Research and Training". ASAIO Journal 56, nr 1 (styczeń 2010): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mat.0b013e3181c838ae.

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César Cavalcanti Roza, Válber, i Octavian Adrian Postolache. "Multimodal Approach for Emotion Recognition Based on Simulated Flight Experiments". Sensors 19, nr 24 (13.12.2019): 5516. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19245516.

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The present work tries to fill part of the gap regarding the pilots’ emotions and their bio-reactions during some flight procedures such as, takeoff, climbing, cruising, descent, initial approach, final approach and landing. A sensing architecture and a set of experiments were developed, associating it to several simulated flights ( N f l i g h t s = 13 ) using the Microsoft Flight Simulator Steam Edition (FSX-SE). The approach was carried out with eight beginner users on the flight simulator ( N p i l o t s = 8 ). It is shown that it is possible to recognize emotions from different pilots in flight, combining their present and previous emotions. The cardiac system based on Heart Rate (HR), Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) and Electroencephalography (EEG), were used to extract emotions, as well as the intensities of emotions detected from the pilot face. We also considered five main emotions: happy, sad, angry, surprise and scared. The emotion recognition is based on Artificial Neural Networks and Deep Learning techniques. The Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) and Mean Absolute Error (MAE) were the main methods used to measure the quality of the regression output models. The tests of the produced output models showed that the lowest recognition errors were reached when all data were considered or when the GSR datasets were omitted from the model training. It also showed that the emotion surprised was the easiest to recognize, having a mean RMSE of 0.13 and mean MAE of 0.01; while the emotion sad was the hardest to recognize, having a mean RMSE of 0.82 and mean MAE of 0.08. When we considered only the higher emotion intensities by time, the most matches accuracies were between 55% and 100%.

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43

Satheeshkumar, M., M. R. Thansekhar, C. Anbumeenakshi i S. Suresh. "Effect of Geometrical Parameters on Flow Mal-Distribution in a Wavy Microchannel". Applied Mechanics and Materials 813-814 (listopad 2015): 674–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.813-814.674.

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Microchannels are of current interest for use in heat exchangers, where very high heat transfer performance is desired. Microchannels provide very high heat transfer coefficients because of their small hydraulic diameters. In this study, a numerical investigation of fluid flow in microchannels with varying hydraulic diameters is presented. Six channels with wavy shape are considered. Header is the major part in the microchannel, which supplies fluid into different channels. A CFD model was created to simulate the fluid flow in the header and microchannels. In this work, five different shapes of the header were considered namely circular, frustum conical, rectangular, triangular and trapezoidal. The results from these simulations are presented, and it is observed that the flow distribution is significantly affected by geometrical properties of the channel and the header.

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44

Vaidyanathan, Viswanath, i Jeffrey E. Fernandez. "Maf for Males Performing Drilling Tasks". Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 36, nr 10 (październik 1992): 692–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129203601011.

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A laboratory experiment was conducted using the psychophysical approach to determine maximum acceptable frequency (MAF) for a simulated sheet metal drilling task under varying angles of wrist flexion. Fifteen male students served as subjects for this study. The subjects were asked to perform a simulated drilling task in five different wrist flexion postures. Results indicated that MAF was significantly reduced (p<0.001) for deviated wrist postures in the transverse plane. It was noted that there was a 33% decrease in MAF values from 0 degree wrist flexion (neutral posture) to 40 degree wrist flexion. These results imply that industrial guidelines for drilling operations involving wrist flexion must consider the MAPs in order to reduce the risk of cumulative trauma disorders.

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45

ABDELMOUMENE, Abdelkader, Rachid BOUDERBALA i Hamid BENTARZI. "Design and Evaluation of a DSP Based Differential Relay of Power Transformer". Algerian Journal of Signals and Systems 1, nr 1 (2.02.2021): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.51485/ajss.v1i1.20.

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The problem of mal operation of differential protection of power transformer due to the inrush magnetizing current has long considered as a challenging problem. Several types of protection relays have been used to solve the issue (basic relay, percentage relay, multi slop ….). Each of them has its advantage and its limits. In this paper, a Digital differential relay has been developed and simulated. The logic used to distinguish between the inrush current and the internal fault is based on the theory of harmonic analysis. The behavior of the presented relay has been simulated versus various situations (inrush current, internal fault and external fault). The obtained results show that the proposed algorithm provides a good discrimination and a fast action.

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Kasarda R Mészáros, G., O. Kadlečík, E. Hazuchová, V. Šidlová i I. Pavlík. "Influence of mating systems and selection intensity on the extent of inbreeding and genetic gain in the Slovak Pinzgau cattle". Czech Journal of Animal Science 59, No. 5 (19.05.2014): 219–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/7402-cjas.

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The aim of the present paper was to simulate the scenarios for a maximum avoidance of inbreeding (MAI) mating strategy, and compare it with a random mating alternative, with the main focus on inbreeding and development of the genetic gain. The parameters of the simulation were based on the structure of the Slovak Pinzgau active population of 2868 animals (930 purebred cows). The selection under a total merit index (TMI) was simulated, covering the milk, survival, and live weight breeding value estimation results. The heritability of TMI (h<sup>2</sup> = 0.09) was estimated using a REML single trait animal model. Alternatives assumed a closed population structure, fixed number of mating per parent, and equal use of sires in insemination. Animals in generation 0 were set as founders without pedigree information. In separate simulation runs, the number of sires of sires was set at 2, 4, 5 or 10 mated with 40 dams of sires in all cases. The sex ratio of the offspring was assumed to be 50/50 male/female. Twenty consecutive generations were simulated for both random and maximum avoidance of inbreeding mating, which resulted in a total of 8 scenarios. Significant positive differences in genetic gain were observed in the MAI mating system with 2 (0.74**), 4 (0.24**), 5 (0.13**) or 10 (0.09**) sires in comparison to random mating design. When using MAI, significantly lower inbreeding was observed with 2 (5.44**), 4 (3.18**), 5 (2.43**) or 10 (1.16**) sires. Simulation results showed that the use of a maximum avoidance of inbreeding mating strategy would lead to significantly decreased rates of inbreeding while maintaining suitable levels of genetic gain in the

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47

Christner, Jennifer G., R. Brent Stansfield, Jocelyn H. Schiller, Arin Madenci, Patricia M. Keefer i Ken Pituch. "Use of Simulated Electronic Mail (E-mail) to Assess Medical Student Knowledge, Professionalism, and Communication Skills". Academic Medicine 85 (październik 2010): S1—S4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/acm.0b013e3181ed45f8.

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Alhassan, Ibrahim B., i Paul D. Mitchell. "Packet Flow Based Reinforcement Learning MAC Protocol for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks". Sensors 21, nr 7 (24.03.2021): 2284. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21072284.

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Medium access control (MAC) is one of the key requirements in underwater acoustic sensor networks (UASNs). For a MAC protocol to provide its basic function of efficient sharing of channel access, the highly dynamic underwater environment demands MAC protocols to be adaptive as well. Q-learning is one of the promising techniques employed in intelligent MAC protocol solutions, however, due to the long propagation delay, the performance of this approach is severely limited by reliance on an explicit reward signal to function. In this paper, we propose a restructured and a modified two stage Q-learning process to extract an implicit reward signal for a novel MAC protocol: Packet flow ALOHA with Q-learning (ALOHA-QUPAF). Based on a simulated pipeline monitoring chain network, results show that the protocol outperforms both ALOHA-Q and framed ALOHA by at least 13% and 148% in all simulated scenarios, respectively.

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Fernández-Sanjuán, Patricia, Marta Alcaraz, Gabriela Bosco, Nuria Pérez-Martín, Marta Morato, Rodolfo Lugo, Juan José Arrieta, Jaime Sanabria, Marcos Ríos-Lago i Guillermo Plaza. "Modifications in Upper Airway Collapsibility during Sleep Endoscopy with a Mandibular Positioner: Study in Snorers and Obstructive Sleep Apnea Patients". Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, nr 5 (20.02.2024): 1184. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm13051184.

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Background: Mandibular advancement devices (MADs) are an effective treatment for patients with sleep-related breathing disorders, with variable response. Increasingly more research points to the predictive value of Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) in patient selection. This study aims to analyze the changes in upper airway collapsibility using a titratable MAD simulator during DISE. Methods: This study included 104 patients with simple snoring and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). The VOTE scale was used to assess the presence of collapses during the DISE both without and with the MAD simulator. Results: In snorers, there was a decrease in collapses at the level of the soft palate and oropharynx when the advancement was achieved. Patients with mild OSA also showed a decrease in collapses at the base of the tongue. Patients with moderate/severe OSA exhibited significant amelioration at all levels. The levels at which there were residual collapses despite the maneuver were, in order, the velopharynx, oropharynx, epiglottis, and tongue. Conclusions: The MAD simulator reduces collapsibility at all levels and in all severity groups. Residual collapses suitable for combined treatments were able to be identified. This highlights the need for individualized patient selection, as upper airway collapsibility exhibits variable improvement or worsening with the MAD simulator regardless of the severity of the condition.

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Laidlaw, James, Roland Dix, Philip Slack, Chris Foy, Andy Hayward, Alan Metherall, Steve Ireland i in. "Searching for prohibited items in mental-health hospitals: A randomised controlled trial of two metal-detecting technologies". Medicine, Science and the Law 57, nr 4 (23.08.2017): 167–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0025802417725642.

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Weapons and other items with potential to cause harm are usually prohibited in mental-health hospitals and other psychiatric facilities. Detecting such prohibited items (PIs) can be problematic, particularly if concealed, and metal detectors are commonly used to search for such items. Our study compared two types of metal detection: continuous wave detection (CWD) by hand-held metal detector (HHMD) and magnetic anomaly detection (MAD) by a static pole device. In the study, real and dummy PIs were hidden on test subjects and in a simulated body cavity. The results showed MAD to be significantly superior to CWD in detecting small concealed PIs containing ferrous metal. The MAD pole found 100% of the real PIs on the test subjects and in the simulated body cavity. The CWD HHMD found only 5.2% of the real PIs, and these were limited to those on the test subjects, as it detected none in the simulated body cavity. In addition, the time taken to search by MAD pole was shorter than time taken to search by CWD HHMD.

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