Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Magpies”
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Bolen, Ginger M., Stephen I. Rothstein i Charles H. Trost. "Egg Recognition in Yellow-Billed and Black-Billed Magpies in the Absence of Interspecific Parasitism: Implications for Parasite-Host Coevolution". Condor 102, nr 2 (1.05.2000): 432–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/102.2.432.
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AbstractYellow-billed Magpies (Pica nuttalli) ejected 100% of nonmimetic eggs placed in their nests despite such behavior having no detectable present day benefits. They are not currently parasitized, nor is there any evidence of a recently extinct brood parasite. Furthermore, there was no molecular evidence of conspecific parasitism, and Yellow-billed Magpies accepted eight of nine conspecific eggs transferred between nests, so recognition would rarely be of benefit if conspecific parasitism occurred. Thus, we suggest that egg recognition in Yellow-billed Magpies is a plesiomorphic trait, a primitive character inherited from a remote ancestor, its nearest relative, the Black-billed Magpie (Pica pica). The latter suffers from parasitism by Great Spotted Cuckoos (Clamator glandarius) in Eurasia and displays rejection behavior throughout Europe in populations that are allopatric and sympatric with this cuckoo. As would be expected if Yellow-billed Magpies inherited rejection behavior from the Black-billed Magpie, or the common ancestor of both species, we found that North American Black-billed Magpies also have well developed egg recognition despite being unaffected by interspecific parasitism. The long-term retention of host defenses as is indicated by magpies has major implications for the coevolutionary interactions between brood parasites and their hosts.
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Ruiz-Rodríguez, Magdalena, Manuel Martín-Vivaldi, Manuel Martínez-Bueno i Juan José Soler. "Gut Microbiota of Great Spotted Cuckoo Nestlings is a Mixture of Those of Their Foster Magpie Siblings and of Cuckoo Adults". Genes 9, nr 8 (27.07.2018): 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes9080381.
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Diet and host genetic or evolutionary history are considered the two main factors determining gut microbiota of animals, although studies are scarce in natural populations. The system of great spotted cuckoos (Clamator glandarius) parasitizing magpies (Pica pica) is ideal to study both effects since magpie adults feed cuckoo and magpie nestlings with the same diet and, consequently, differences in gut microbiota of nestlings of these two species will mainly reflect the importance of genetic components. Moreover, the diet of adults and of nestling cuckoos drastically differ from each other and, thus, differences and similarities in their microbiotas would respectively reflect the effect of environmental and genetic factors. We used next-generation sequencing technologies to analyze the gut microbiota of cuckoo adults and nestlings and of magpie nestlings. The highest α-diversity estimates appeared in nestling cuckoos and the lowest in nestling magpies. Moreover, despite the greatest differences in the microbiome composition of magpies and cuckoos of both ages, cuckoo nestlings harbored a mixture of the Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) present in adult cuckoos and nestling magpies. We identified the bacterial taxa responsible for such results. These results suggest important phylogenetic components determining gut microbiome of nestlings, and that diet might be responsible for similarities between gut microbiome of cuckoo and magpie nestlings that allow cuckoos to digest food provided by magpie adults.
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Dorzhiev, Tsydypzhap Zayatuevich, Evgeniya Nikolaevna Badmaeva, Tsogtbaatar Dayanzhav, Uuganbaya Enkhsaikhan i Ariyana Tomur-oolovna Saaya. "Use of corvids’ nests by other bird species in Baikal Siberia and Mongolia". Samara Journal of Science 8, nr 3 (5.08.2019): 38–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv201983105.
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The paper presents the species composition of corvids in Baikal Siberia and Mongolia. More than 700 nests of 8 species of corvids in Transbaikalia, Baikal and Mongolia were examined. 133 cases of using nests of 5 species of corvids (Magpies, Eastern Carrion Crow, Rooks and Daurian Jackdaws) by other species of birds were noted. Nests of small corvids do not attract other birds. Nests of magpies are most commonly used; they are characterized by a specific structure. Of the 8 species that use corvid nests for nesting, Amur red-footed Falcon and long-eared owl are obligate tenants. Then goes Kestrel that prefers magpie nests. The number of these types in many places is determined by the abundance of magpies and crows. In recent years, due to the high number of magpies, the number of Amur falcons in the region is growing. They began following magpies to penetrate the outskirts of Ulan-Ude. Three species (Mallard, hobby, tree sparrows) are considered optional to be the tenants and three other species (Ruddy Shelduck, Long-eared Owl and House Sparrow) are considered to be random. Tree sparrows often nest in the magpie nests in natural habitats. Almost all types of tenants use old nests of the owners. Regional features in the use of corvid nests are revealed. Some species in different regions do not prefer the same nests of different types of corvids.
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Found, Rob. "Interactions between cleaner-birds and ungulates are personality dependent". Biology Letters 13, nr 11 (listopad 2017): 20170536. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0536.
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While a growing body of literature explores the ecological implications of consistent individual variation in the behaviour of wildlife, few studies have looked at the reciprocal influences of personality within interspecific interactions, despite the potentially significant impacts on biodiversity. Here I used two species involved in cleaner-bird behaviour—black-billed magpies ( Pica pica ) and Rocky mountain elk ( Cervus canadensis )—to show that the exhibition of mutualistic behaviour can depend on the personality of the individual involved. I recorded suites of correlated behaviours in both elk and magpies to derive personality gradients from ‘shy’ to ‘bold’, which I compared with observations of interspecific interactions. I measured each half of this mutualistic relationship separately. I found that bold elk were more likely to aggressively reject magpie landings, while shy elk allowed magpies to land and groom them. Contrastingly, I found it was bold magpies that were willing to risk landings, while shy magpies rarely attempted landings. These results show that the exhibition of interspecific behaviour is predicated on the personality of the individuals, and thus likely contributes to the selection and maintenance of personality variation within populations.
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Horn, Lisa, Clara Scheer, Thomas Bugnyar i Jorg J. M. Massen. "Proactive prosociality in a cooperatively breeding corvid, the azure-winged magpie ( Cyanopica cyana )". Biology Letters 12, nr 10 (październik 2016): 20160649. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2016.0649.
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One of the contemporary hypotheses concerning the evolution of human altruism is the cooperative breeding hypothesis (CBH) which has recently been tested in non-human primates. Using a similar paradigm, we investigated prosociality in a cooperatively breeding corvid, the azure-winged magpie. We found that the magpies delivered food to their group members at high rates, and unlike other corvids, they did so without any cues provided by others. In two control conditions, the magpies stopped participating over time, indicating that they learned to discriminate prosocial tests from controls. Azure-winged magpies are thus the first birds that experimentally show proactive prosociality. Our findings are in line with the CBH; however, additional corvid species need to be tested in this promising paradigm.
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Waas, Joseph, John Innes i Dai Morgan. "Can redirected aggression explain interspecific attacks by Australian magpies on other birds?" Behaviour 144, nr 7 (2007): 767–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853907781476391.
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AbstractAttacks by participants of conflicts against a third party are referred to as redirected aggression. Usually the third party is a conspecific — few documented cases of redirected aggression against other species exist. The Australian magpie (Gymnorhina tibicen), however, often attacks other species; the reasons for attacks are largely unknown. Some attacks occur after territorial disputes with conspecifics, suggesting that attacks are the result of redirected aggression. We subjected eight Australian magpie groups to simulated territorial intrusions. In one treatment an Australian magpie and rock dove (Columba livia) were presented in cages next to one another (5 m apart) on the territory for 30 min; the Australian magpie decoy was then covered and aggressive responses toward the rock dove by residents were recorded for a further 30 min (Treatment 1). Two additional treatments were presented in an identical manner on each territory where both decoys were either Australian magpies (Treatment 2) or rock doves (Treatment 3). We predicted that if Australian magpies regularly redirect aggression onto benign species after conspecific territorial intrusions, attack rates on the rock dove decoy in Treatment 1 would be higher than attack rates on the rock dove decoy in Treatment 3. Residents were seldom recorded close (<1 m) and not seen attacking rock dove decoys during tests. In contrast, Australian magpie decoys were often approached and attacked by residents. After a decoy was covered (following the first 30 min phase), residents spent little time in close proximity (on cage, <0.3 m, or 0.3-1 m) to the rock dove decoy in either Treatment 1 or Treatment 3; in contrast, residents were often recorded close to the Australian magpie decoy in Treatment 2. We found no evidence that Australian magpies redirect aggression onto other birds after territorial intrusions. The true proportion of territorial disputes leading to redirected attacks may be small, or only occur under highly specific contexts.
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Wang, Yanping, Shuihua Chen, Pingping Jiang i Ping Ding. "Black-billed Magpies (Pica pica) adjust nest characteristics to adapt to urbanization in Hangzhou, China". Canadian Journal of Zoology 86, nr 7 (lipiec 2008): 676–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z08-045.
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Although many bird species worldwide are colonizing urban environments, the ecological processes underlying the responses to urbanization remain unclear. Here we examined the responses of Black-billed Magpies ( Pica pica (L., 1758)) to urbanization across an urban–rural gradient by assessing nest locations, nest height, and available nest sites at six habitats (mountains, farmlands, riparians, urban parks, strips of street trees, building areas) in Hangzhou, China. In each habitat, we categorized used and available nest sites as urban (e.g., chimneys, antenna or cable poles, ledges, and open roofs on buildings) or natural (e.g., trees) nest sites. We found 147 magpie nests in five of the six habitats, and no nests in mountains. The use of urban nest sites by magpies differed significantly across habitats, and it increased significantly with the availability of urban nest sites along the urban gradients. Nest height of magpies differed significantly across habitats, and it increased significantly with urbanization intensity. The increase in nest height in urban environments can be attributed to the increases in human disturbance (the number of pedestrians). Our results indicate that magpies can adjust their nest characteristics in response to urbanization, and that nesting behavior shifts may aid them to adapt to urban systems.
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Jones, Darryl N., i Thomas Nealson. "Management of aggressive Australian magpies by translocation". Wildlife Research 30, nr 2 (2003): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr01102.
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Attacks on humans by Australian magpies (Gymnorhina tibicen) cause a significant human–wildlife conflict in suburban environments throughout Australia. Community opposition to lethal control methods generally has, in part, led to an increase in the use of translocation as an alternative. We assessed the effectiveness and implications of using this approach in the management of aggressive magpie in south-eastern Queensland during 1999 and 2000. A total of 968 (1999) and 707 (2000) magpies were reported by the public, of which 39–45% were able to be investigated by a two-person team working three days per week. A total of 141 magpies were translocated, 31.7% of all birds investigated. Of these, only five (3.5%) returned to the place of capture, and 22 (15.6%) were resighted elsewhere; there was no evidence of 'homing'. Only three translocated birds were subsequently reported as being aggressive towards humans. While extremely effective in reducing the conflict locally, we caution against the indiscriminate use of this method, and suggest that it be seen as one of many options available to wildlife managers.
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Soler, J. J., D. Martín-Gálvez, J. G. Martínez, M. Soler, D. Canestrari, J. M. Abad-Gómez i A. P. Møller. "Evolution of tolerance by magpies to brood parasitism by great spotted cuckoos". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, nr 1714 (grudzień 2010): 2047–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.2218.
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Hosts may use two different strategies to ameliorate negative effects of a given parasite burden: resistance or tolerance. Although both resistance and tolerance of parasitism should evolve as a consequence of selection pressures owing to parasitism, the study of evolutionary patterns of tolerance has traditionally been neglected by animal biologists. Here, we explore geographical covariation between tolerance of magpies ( Pica pica ) and brood parasitism by the great spotted cuckoo ( Clamator glandarius ) in nine different sympatric populations. We estimated tolerance as the slope of the regression of number of magpie fledglings (i.e. host fitness) on number of cuckoo eggs laid in non-depredated nests (which broadly equals parasite burden). We also estimated prevalence of parasitism and level of host resistance (i.e. rejection rates of mimetic model eggs) in these nine populations. In accordance with the hypothetical role of tolerance in the coevolutionary process between magpies and cuckoos we found geographical variation in tolerance estimates that positively covaried with prevalence of parasitism. Levels of resistance and tolerance were not associated, possibly suggesting the lack of a trade-off between the two kinds of defences against great spotted cuckoo parasitism for magpies. We discuss the results in the framework of a mosaic of coevolutionary interactions along the geographical distribution of magpies and great spotted cuckoos for which we found evidence that tolerance plays a major role.
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Ciebiera, Olaf, Paweł Czechowski, Federico Morelli, Robert Piekarski, Marcin Bocheński, Justyna Chachulska-Serweta i Leszek Jerzak. "Selection of Urbanized Areas by Magpie Pica pica in a Medium Size City in Poland". Animals 11, nr 6 (10.06.2021): 1738. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11061738.
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The Magpie Pica pica occurs all over open agricultural areas in Poland, especially near human settlements (particularly in western Poland). The aim of this study was to estimate the size of the local Magpie population and characterize, in detail, nest site selection in a medium size city Górzów Wlkp. in the XXI century. For this study, the whole city was divided into a total of 114 squares of 1 × 1 km. Data were collected in spring 2014. A total of 474 Magpie pairs were recorded. The average density was 5.5 pairs/km2 (min = 0, max = 22 nests/square), in the non-urbanized habitat type—3.7 p/km2, and in the urbanized habitat type—13.5 p/km2. Magpie nests were found most often on Spruces Picea sp. and Poplars Populus sp. The mean height of the nest site was 11.5 m, while the mean height of trees used for nesting was 13.4 m. The type of tree arrangement most frequently used for nesting was tree rows (26.3%), followed by single trees (24.6%) and clusters of 4–10 trees (20.1%). The results for the Magpie’s environmental preferences do not differ from the general patterns described earlier. The study shows that magpies can adapt to changing urbanization factors, and changes in the choice of conifers help the species to adapt to highly anthropogenic habitats.
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Iemmi, Tiziano, Alessandro Menozzi, Marcos Pérez-López, Giuseppina Basini, Francesca Grasselli, Simonetta Menotta, Paolo Serventi i Simone Bertini. "Heavy Metal Assessment in Feathers of Eurasian Magpies (Pica pica): A Possible Strategy for Monitoring Environmental Contamination?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, nr 6 (14.03.2021): 2973. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18062973.
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In the present study, the Eurasian magpie (Pica pica), was evaluated as a possible bioindicator of environmental pollution by heavy metals (HMs). Levels of Ni, Pb, Cd, and Hg in feathers of 64 magpies (31 males and 33 females) were measured by ICP-MS technique. Plasmatic biomarkers of oxidative stress (OS) were also assessed. The birds were captured in the province of Parma (Italy), in different capture sites within 1 km from urban area (UZ), and farther than 5 km from urban area (RZ). Median HM levels were 0.68 mg/kg (0.18–2.27), 2.80 mg/kg (0.41–17.7), <limit of detection (LOD) mg/kg (<LOD–0.25), 3.90 mg/kg (1.35–85.9) for Ni, Pb, Cd and Hg, respectively. No significant differences in HM levels were found according to sex, while Ni and Pb were significantly higher in adult compared to young birds (p = 0.047, p = 0.004). Conversely, Cd and Hg levels in young magpies resulted higher than those of adults (p = 0.001 and p = 0.004). No correlation was found between OS biomarkers and HM levels. No differences were found in HM levels according to capture area, except for Hg level, which resulted higher in magpies of RZ (4.05 mg/kg (1.35–12.7)) compared to UZ (2.99 mg/kg (1.54–85.9)). Further experiments are needed to establish whether magpie feathers could represent a suitable non-invasive tool for biomonitoring HMs in the environment.
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Soler, Manuel, Anders Pape Moller i Juan Jose Soler. "EFFECT OF GREAT SPOTTED CUCKOO PRESENCE ON MAGPIE REJECTION BEHAVIOUR". Behaviour 137, nr 2 (2000): 213–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853900502033.
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AbstractSoler & Moller (1990) reported that egg rejection of great spotted cuckoo Clamator glandarius eggs by magpies Pica pica varies between populations depending on the duration of sympatry. Here, we test experimentally the idea that differences in ejection rates between areas of presumably different duration of sympatry could be due to a conditional response by magpies to the presence of adult parasites near the nest. The rate of ejection of mimetic cuckoo egg models was identical in both treatment groups, independently of whether or not the cuckoo was presented at the same time as the model egg. Thus, we conclude that the presence of a great spotted cuckoo near the magpie nest does not increase the probability of egg rejection.
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Dhindsa, Manjit S., Petr E. Komers i David A. Boag. "Nest height of Black-billed Magpies: is it determined by human disturbance or habitat type?" Canadian Journal of Zoology 67, nr 1 (1.01.1989): 228–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z89-032.
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The impact of human disturbance on the choice of trees in which to nest and the heights at which to place the nests by Black-billed Magpies (Pica pica) was studied by comparing nest placement in three areas: A, urban with frequent human disturbance at the nest; B, urban with occasional disturbance; and C, suburban with minimal disturbance. Magpies nested in conifers more frequently than expected, based on availability, in all three areas. Neither absolute nor relative nest height (nest height/tree height) changed over the 2 years of this study, despite frequent human disturbance. The relative nest height did not differ from that 12 years before the current study was initiated. Moreover, nest height (absolute and relative) did not change when 10 pairs renested at new sites in 1987 in area A (after their original nests failed because of a spring snowstorm) even though the original nest sites had been periodically climbed to examine nest contents. Magpies used taller trees in area B than in area A but maintained the same relative nest height, which suggests that they either nested at an optimum height in the trees for ecological reasons or placed their nests as high as they could in the urban environment. Birds in suburban area C nested in shorter trees and at relatively lower levels than those in the urban areas, probably in response to the habitat type. The relative height of magpie nests was significantly greater in urban than in suburban habitat for conifers but not for deciduous trees, this variable being relatively constant within each habitat. Thus, habitat type seemed to have the greatest influence on nest height of magpies, but human disturbance did cause magpies to change trees for renesting in the same season.
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Imeri, Miranda, i Krisztián Katona. "Sexual differences in morphology and winter diet of the Eurasian magpie (Pica pica) in Hungary". Columella : Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences 9, nr 2 (30.12.2022): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.18380/szie.colum.2022.9.2.113.
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Eurasian magpie (Pica pica) is a widely distributed, common species of the Corvidae family. Since magpies have lived close to humans for centuries, we have much information about the species. However, there are few data about morphological and dietary differences between sexes, primarily due to their monomorphic and omnivorous, and opportunistic characteristics. The aim of the study was to analyse the sexual differences in the morphological characteristics, simultaneously provide the body measurements for both sexes with a high level of accuracy and determine the diet composition through stomach content analysis during the winter. The samples were taken from hunting in February of 2020, in Hungary. The linear measurements of body parts (eight variables considered) have been done for all individuals (n=30), and the values were compared between the sexes. The stomach contents were categorized among five main food components, and comparisons of stomach contents and their weights were also performed between males and females. The results concluded that there were no significant differences between the sexes in the studied morphological variables. The dietary analysis revealed that during the winter magpies fed on a range of different food types, with seeds, invertebrates, and vertebrates being the most frequently consumed food. We revealed slight differences between sexes in the consumption of the two latter categories. Our investigations supported earlier findings on the high morphological and dietary similarities of the two sexes also in case of a Hungarian magpie population. These results can serve as a potential basis for further research on magpies in Europe.
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Bogen, D. "Magpies". Tikkun 26, nr 4 (1.10.2011): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/08879982-2011-4003.
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Stothart, Robert. "Magpies". New England Review 37, nr 4 (2016): 161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ner.2016.0119.
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Jasiūnaitė, Birutė. "Magpie in Lithuanian and Slavic Ethnic Culture". Slavistica Vilnensis 66, nr 1 (17.11.2021): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/slavviln.2021.66(1).61.
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The article, based on a variety of ethnolinguistic material, especially folklore texts, aims to reveal the main similarities and differences in the interpretation of the image of the magpie in the ethnic culture of Lithuanians and Slavs. This bird in two traditions, in Lithuanian and in Slavonic, is treated ambivalently, more often negatively. This is due to the peculiarities of the bird’s appearance, and in particular the variegation of its plumage. This characteristic feature in the ethnic culture of many peoples is traditionally associated with evil spirits. Too talkative people, most often women, are compared with this bird. Common is the motive of the thief magpie. The name of the bird in all the languages is feminine, therefore, in both Lithuanian and Slavic mythopoetic texts, the social roles of a peasant woman are attributed to it: a daughter-in-law, a mother, a hostess, a cook, a nanny. Another common feature is the image of a magpie as a sorceress, herald of good or evil news and future events. These functions are associated with the tendency to depict witches and other mythical characters in the form of a magpie. The most striking differences in the interpretation of the magpie are the following ones: it is unusual for Lithuanians to associate the idea of procreation with it, and some Slavs (for example, the Czechs) believe that magpies bring children into the house. Lithuanians are also unaware of some features of the “working” behavior of a magpie, for example, the threshing motive. In their turn, Lithuanians attribute such crafts as shoemaking, brewing, and agriculture to magpies.
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Khan, Iqbal Ali, Anil Kumar, Dinesh Bhatt i Prakhar Rawal. "Tree cover and built-up area regulate the territory size in Eurasian Magpie Pica pica in Ladakh, India". Journal of Threatened Taxa 15, nr 7 (26.07.2023): 23521–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.8214.15.7.23521-23528.
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Eurasian Magpie Pica pica is one of the well-studied corvids, but the majority of our understanding of this species is from Europe. In India, its distribution is restricted to some valleys of Ladakh such as the northwestern part of the Indus, Nubra, Zanskar, Drass, and Suru. The present study aimed at understanding the territorial behavior of this species in small urban settlements of Ladakh region. Twenty-five pairs were studied in March 2020–April 2021. Territories were outlined for each color-banded individual, and data on habitat variables (namely built-up, agriculture, and green cover) was extracted. Generalized linear mixed models were used to study the effect of the habitat structure on territory size. The territory size (Mean ± SD) was 0.042 ± 0.025 km2, with tree cover comprising the highest proportion (24.36 ± 15.41 %) of area within territories. Built-up area was a feature of all territories, highlighting the affinity of magpies towards human presence. Presence of tree cover and built-up area significantly (~ <0.002) reduced territory size. High adaptability, foraging, and nesting opportunities, and protection from predators have been recognized as the reasons for magpies’ affinity with human habitation. Foraging opportunities are minimal outside human settlements in this region, magpies’ territories are largely shaped by the fulfilment of foraging requirements.
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Underwood, Todd J., Spencer G. Sealy i Celia M. McLaren. "Experiments on egg discrimination in two North American corvids: further evidence for retention of egg ejection". Canadian Journal of Zoology 82, nr 9 (1.09.2004): 1399–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z04-118.
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In the absence of brood parasitism in North America, black-billed magpies, Pica hudsonia (Sabine, 1822), and yellow-billed magpies, Pica nuttalli (Audubon, 1837), may have retained egg-discrimination behaviour that evolved in Eurasian magpies, Pica pica (L., 1758), in response to parasitism by Old World cuckoos. We further examined this hypothesis by testing the egg-discrimination abilities of black-billed magpies and the American crow, Corvus brachyrhynchos Brehm, 1822, which has no history of brood parasitism. In addition, we tested an alternative hypothesis that black-billed magpies evolved or retained egg discrimination to counter conspecific parasitism by testing their ability to eject foreign conspecific eggs and by using a signal detection model to estimate the level of conspecific parasitism required for ejection to be favoured. Black-billed magpies ejected all non-mimetic eggs and 62% of mimetic eggs. Significantly more mimetic eggs were ejected during the incubation stage than during the laying stage. Magpies ejected significantly more non-mimetic eggs than mimetic eggs overall, but there was no difference in ejection frequency during incubation. American crows ejected 21% of non-mimetic eggs and 8% of mimetic eggs. There was no significant difference in ejection frequency of the two egg types. Black-billed magpies ejected 11% of conspecific eggs and a relatively high level of conspecific parasitism (22%49%) would be required to select for conspecific ejection, which provides little support for conspecific parasitism as a current selection pressure for maintaining egg discrimination. Thus, black-billed magpies appear to have retained egg rejection in the absence of parasitism through speciation from Eurasian magpies.
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Kallioinen, RUO, JM Hughes i PB Mather. "Significance of Back Colour in Territorial Interactions in the Australian Magpie". Australian Journal of Zoology 43, nr 6 (1995): 665. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9950665.
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In eastern Australia, two forms of the Australian magpie occur: a white-backed form and a black-backed form. These two forms hybridise across northern Victoria and into South Australia. In this study the response of territorial magpies to caged intruders was examined. Pairs of adult male magpies were introduced into territories. Both were adult black-backed birds, but in each case one of them had its back painted white. The pair was introduced to each territory twice, with the bird that was painted white differing between times. The experiment was run in a population of black-backed birds and a population in the hybrid zone containing white-backed, black-backed and hybrid birds. In both cases, the residents were more aggressive towards the intruder with the white-back than they were to the black-backed intruder. We suggest that this may be because a white-backed bird posed more of a threat to residents than a black-backed bird.
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Vogrin, Milan. "Density and flock size of the Magpie Pica pica on the agricultural landscape during winter period". Ornis Svecica 8, nr 4 (1.10.1998): 167–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.34080/os.v8.22941.
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On the agricultural landscape (346 ha) in northeastern Slovenia (46°25'N, 15°45'E) the Magpie Pica pica was studied during the winter period (December–February) 1997/98. The average density was 8.38 individuals/km2. The Magpies foraged mainly single or in pairs. Differences in flock size between months were significant only on arable land (Kruskal-Wallis test, Chi-square = 7.98, df = 2, P < 0.05) but not in urban areas.
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Johnsson, Robin D., Farley Connelly, John A. Lesku i Timothy C. Roth. "Australian magpies". Current Biology 34, nr 2 (styczeń 2024): R41—R43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2023.12.017.
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Airola, Daniel A., Lily A. Douglas i Layla Airola. "Yellow-billed Magpie Population Status and Habitat Characteristics in Urban Sacramento, California". Western Birds 52, nr 3 (2.08.2021): 222–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21199/wb52.3.3.
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Most research on the ecology of the Yellow-billed Magpie (Pica nuttalli) has been focused in oak woodlands and savannas in California’s Coast Ranges; urban and suburban populations, some of which are sizable, have received little attention. In 2020, we studied eight colonies in six parks around Sacramento and in 2021 expanded the survey to 43 sites, detecting 827 breeding magpies. Population estimates based on nest counts were generally higher than those from direct counts, and nest counts were more repeatable and efficient. Counts of recently fledged young in family groups yielded reproductive rates similar to those observed near the coast before arrival of West Nile virus in 2003, suggesting that the virus is not currently affecting nestlings’ survival. Sacramento magpies nested in the upper canopy of a wide variety of large trees, both native and non-native. They foraged preferentially in low herbaceous habitat—irrigated turf and unirrigated annual grassland that was mowed or grazed. The presence of rivers and streams influenced occupancy strongly. Colony size was strongly related to the amount of low herbaceous foraging habitat within 0.5 km of colony sites with nearby flowing water. Our results suggest that at least 4 ha of low herbaceous foraging habitat is needed to support a small nesting colony. Retention of herbaceous habitat near large trees and flowing water, plus mowing or grazing to keep herbaceous growth low, should benefit urban Yellow-billed Magpies.
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Wang, Lin, Jinxin Guo, Heng jiu Tian i Jinling Sui. "The ability of oriental magpies (Pica serica) to solve baited multiple-string problems". PeerJ 8 (19.05.2020): e9200. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9200.
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Background Baited multiple-string problems are commonly used in avian laboratory studies to evaluate complex cognition. Several bird species possess the ability to use a string pull for obtaining food. Methods We initially tested and trained 11 magpies to determine whether the oriental magpie (Pica sericia) possesses the ability to solve baited multiple-string problems. Eight of the birds obtained the bait by pulling, and were selected for formal multiple-string tasks in the second stage. Second stage tests were divided into seven tasks based on string configurations. Results Only two magpies were able to solve two tasks: one solved the task of parallel strings, and the other solved the task of slanted strings with the bait farther from the middle point between the two strings and selected the short string in the task of long-short strings. When faced with more difficult tasks (i.e., the task of slanted strings with the bait closer to the middle point between the two strings, the task with two crossing strings, and the task of continuity and discontinuity), the birds initially observed the tasks and chose instead to adopt simpler strategies based on the proximity principle, side bias strategies and trial-and-error learning. Our results indicate that the oriental magpie had a partial understanding of the principle of multiple-string problems but adopted simpler strategies.
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Jones, Darryl N., i Paul G. Finn. "Translocation of aggressive Australian magpies: a preliminary assessment of a potential management action". Wildlife Research 26, nr 3 (1999): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr98062.
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Australian magpies are the cause of a major wildlife-management conflict in suburban areas throughout Australia. Mitigation of this conflict is becoming increasingly difficult in some locations because of community opposition to the destruction of the birds involved, which remains a common management solution of many wildlife agencies. Translocation – the capture and release elsewhere – of offending birds has been advocated but never seriously evaluated. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of translocation as a means of eliminating magpie attacks. We also attempted to assess the impact of the approach on both the translocated birds and those remaining in the territory. A total of 20 aggressive magpies, all males, were captured and released at distances 17–150 km from the place of capture. Most birds released more than 30 km away were not seen again; two birds released less than 30 km away returned quickly and were recaptured. A single bird re-established itself on its original territory several months after capture. In many cases, new males had replaced the captured birds within days. There was no evidence of negative behavioural interactions between these males and the resident females or chicks. While the technique is effective in reducing the human–magpie conflict at specific locations, our lack of knowledge of the fate of translocated males, as well as several other issues, suggests that this approach be used only in extreme circumstances.
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Tarasovskaya, Natalia Evgenievna, Lyazzat Toksanovna Bulekbaeva, Ayaulym Arystanbai i Lena Meyramkhan. "FERTILITY OF OFFSPRING OF A FORTY IN OUTSKRITS OF PAVLODAR". Chronos 6, nr 4(54) (13.04.2021): 4–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.52013/2658-7556-54-4-1.
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In the article, the authors shared the results of their research on the fertility of the offspring of magpies, which are one of the most common species of synanthropic birds in the northern regions of Kazakhstan, including in Pavlodar and its environs. The authors attempt to reveal the main reasons for changes in the reproduction rate and population dynamics of magpies. It is concluded that the number and activity of enemies that destroy eggs and chicks in magpies can vary in different periods of the year. The purpose of their research was to analyze changes in the reproduction rate and the dynamics of the number of magpies for 2018-2019. The researchers note that the parental behavior of magpies in different birds is significantly different, often even polar opposites, and the work of the observer with the magpies ‘ nests can serve as a model of the situation when the offspring is threatened by potential danger.
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Karolewski, Krzysztof, Marcin Bocheński, Olaf Ciebiera, Damian Markulak i Leszek Jerzak. "New Year’s Eve Fireworks Impact On The Number Of Magpies On The Roosting Place". International Studies on Sparrows 38, nr 1 (1.12.2014): 27–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/isspar-2015-0029.
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Abstract Roost sites play a very important role in magpie’s life cycle. Frightening birds away may have disadvantageous influence on its population. There have been conducted researches concerning changes in roosting birds number for intense use of fireworks on New Year’s Eve. The researches took place on magpies’ roosting sites in Zielona Góra, W Poland. The results suggest there should be ban on using fireworks or there should be marked certain town areas (after consulting with ornithologists) where fireworks could be used.
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Mo, Matthew. "A white-backed Australian Magpie Gymnorhina tibicen in Sydney, New South Wales". Australian Field Ornithology 40 (2023): 56–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.20938/afo40056058.
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Australian Magpies in the coastal Sydney region of New South Wales are generally the subspecies Gymnorhina tibicen tibicen, which exhibits black-backed plumage. I report 14 sightings between June 2018 and March 2020 of a whitebacked Magpie within a 150-m radius in a suburban area of southern Sydney, 350 km from where white-backed plumage forms are typically observed. Two plausible explanations for the occurrence of this individual are: natural dispersal or the individual originating from a captive source.
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Linley, G. D., K. Kostoglou, R. Jit i M. A. Weston. "Australian magpies exhibit increased tolerance of aircraft noise on an airport, and are more responsive to take-off than to landing noises". Wildlife Research 45, nr 3 (2018): 282. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr18039.
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Context On airports, birds often exhibit escape behaviour in response to aircraft. Avian escape behaviours can enable birds to effectively avoid collisions with aircraft, although some are maladaptive and may increase the risk of collision (e.g. erratic flying). Habituation and habituation-like processes among birds potentially mediate the likelihood of aircraft-bird collisions. Moreover, because managers exploit avian escape behaviour to reduce bird–aircraft collision risks, habituation may decrease the efficiency of bird-hazard management. Aims Our aim was to better understand avian behavioural responses to approaching aircraft, which may inform bird-hazard management. Methods We examined the response of Australian magpie, Cracticus tibicen, a species commonly involved in collisions with aircraft, to the noise associated with take-off and landing in three areas: airside, on airport but not airside, and off airport. Key results Magpies responded to aircraft noise in a nuanced way. Take-off produced more responses, and more intense responses, than did landing; both resulted in more frequent, and more intense, responses than did a ‘silent’ control. Responses were least likely, and response latencies were longer, airside, followed by on airport but not airside, and off airport. Intensity of responses was similar across these areas. Conclusions Magpies on the airside were least responsive, and this might influence their strike risk. Implications Given that most wildlife collisions occur during take-off and landing and at low altitudes, and that take-off has greatest overall strike risk, the lack of responsiveness of airside-inhabiting magpies may contribute to collision risk.
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Napp, Montalvo, Piñol-Baena, Gómez-Martín, Nicolás-Francisco, Soler i Busquets. "Usefulness of Eurasian Magpies (Pica pica) for West Nile virus Surveillance in Non-Endemic and Endemic Situations". Viruses 11, nr 8 (5.08.2019): 716. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11080716.
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: In September 2017, passive surveillance allowed the detection of West Nile virus (WNV) lineage 2 for the first time in northern Spain in a northern goshawk (Accipiter gentilis). However, a cross sectional study carried out in Eurasian magpies (Pica pica) in a nearby area evidenced that WNV had been circulating two months earlier. Therefore, active surveillance in Eurasian magpies proved its effectiveness for the early detection of WNV in a non-endemic area. Further surveys in 2018 and the beginning of 2019 using young magpies (i.e., born after 2017) showed the repeated circulation of WNV in the same region in the following transmission season. Therefore, active surveillance in Eurasian magpies as well proved to be useful for the detection of WNV circulation in areas that may be considered as endemic. In this manuscript we present the results of those studies and discuss reasons that make the Eurasian magpies an ideal species for the surveillance of WNV, both in endemic and non-endemic areas.
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Mancianti, Francesca, Giuliana Terracciano, Camilla Sorichetti, Giuseppe Vecchio, Daniele Scarselli i Stefania Perrucci. "Epidemiologic Survey on Toxoplasma gondii and Trichinella pseudospiralis Infection in Corvids from Central Italy". Pathogens 9, nr 5 (30.04.2020): 336. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9050336.
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Free-ranging corvids—678 magpies (Pica pica) and 120 hooded crows (Corvus cornix) from nine protected areas of the Pisa province (central Italy)—were examined for Toxoplasma gondii and Trichinella pseudospiralis. The intracardiac blood clots from 651 magpies and 120 hooded crows were serologically examined for T. gondii. The DNA extracted from the hearts of seropositive birds was then used to perform a nested PCR for the amplification of the T. gondii B1 gene and for genotyping for SAG genetic markers. Breast muscle samples from 678 magpies and 91 hooded crows were tested by an artificial digestion method for Trichinella. Data were statistically analyzed. Forty-five (5.8%—41 magpies and four hooded crows) out of the 771 examined animals scored seropositive for T. gondii, with titers ranging from 1:25 to 1:100. T. gondii DNA was detected in 15 of the 45 positive birds and T. gondii genotypes II and III were identified. No positivity for T. pseudospiralis was found. No significant differences between the two species of corvids and among the different areas of origin were observed for seropositivity to T. gondii. This is the first extensive study on both T. gondii and T. pseudospiralis in magpies and hooded crows, as well as the first detection of T. gondii SAG genotypes in magpies.
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Escribano-Romero, Estela, Nereida Jiménez de Oya, María-Cruz Camacho, Ana-Belén Blázquez, Miguel A. Martín-Acebes, Maria A. Risalde, Laura Muriel, Juan-Carlos Saiz i Ursula Höfle. "Previous Usutu Virus Exposure Partially Protects Magpies (Pica pica) against West Nile Virus Disease But Does Not Prevent Horizontal Transmission". Viruses 13, nr 7 (20.07.2021): 1409. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13071409.
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The mosquito-borne flaviviruses USUV and WNV are known to co-circulate in large parts of Europe. Both are a public health concern, and USUV has been the cause of epizootics in both wild and domestic birds, and neurological cases in humans in Europe. Here, we explore the susceptibility of magpies to experimental USUV infection, and how previous exposure to USUV would affect infection with WNV. None of the magpies exposed to USUV showed clinical signs, viremia, or detectable neutralizing antibodies. After challenge with a neurovirulent WNV strain, neither viremia, viral titer of WNV in vascular feathers, nor neutralizing antibody titers of previously USUV-exposed magpies differed significantly with respect to magpies that had not previously been exposed to USUV. However, 75% (6/8) of the USUV-exposed birds survived, while only 22.2% (2/9) of those not previously exposed to USUV survived. WNV antigen labeling by immunohistochemistry in tissues was less evident and more restricted in magpies exposed to USUV prior to challenge with WNV. Our data indicate that previous exposure to USUV partially protects magpies against a lethal challenge with WNV, while it does not prevent viremia and direct transmission, although the mechanism is unclear. These results are relevant for flavivirus ecology and contention.
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Wright, Anthony A., John F. Magnotti, Jeffrey S. Katz, Kevin Leonard, Alizée Vernouillet i Debbie M. Kelly. "Corvids Outperform Pigeons and Primates in Learning a Basic Concept". Psychological Science 28, nr 4 (1.02.2017): 437–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797616685871.
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Corvids (birds of the family Corvidae) display intelligent behavior previously ascribed only to primates, but such feats are not directly comparable across species. To make direct species comparisons, we used a same/different task in the laboratory to assess abstract-concept learning in black-billed magpies ( Pica hudsonia). Concept learning was tested with novel pictures after training. Concept learning improved with training-set size, and test accuracy eventually matched training accuracy—full concept learning—with a 128-picture set; this magpie performance was equivalent to that of Clark’s nutcrackers (a species of corvid) and monkeys (rhesus, capuchin) and better than that of pigeons. Even with an initial 8-item picture set, both corvid species showed partial concept learning, outperforming both monkeys and pigeons. Similar corvid performance refutes the hypothesis that nutcrackers’ prolific cache-location memory accounts for their superior concept learning, because magpies rely less on caching. That corvids with “primitive” neural architectures evolved to equal primates in full concept learning and even to outperform them on the initial 8-item picture test is a testament to the shared (convergent) survival importance of abstract-concept learning.
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Reynolds, M. D., K. Clarkson, W. D. Koenig i T. R. Birkhead. "Copulation and Mate Guarding in the Yellow-Billed Magpie Pica Nuttalli and a Comparison With the Black-Billed Magpie P. Pica". Behaviour 121, nr 1-2 (1992): 110–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853992x00462.
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AbstractYellow-billed magpies breed in loose colonies. Extra-pair courtship is frequent, and a comparison (I) between two adjacent areas with different inter-nest distances, and (2) with solitary, territorial European black-billed magpies, indicates that either an aggregated distribution of nests, or a relatively loose territorial system in yellow-billed magpies increases opportunities for extra-pair behaviour. Male yellow-billed magpies guard their partner by closely following them from five days before the first egg is laid. Pair copulations were infrequent, occurring 3 or 4 times per clutch, and mainly over days -5 to -3. Territoriality, which is most pronounced during the female's fertile period, may enable the male to guard his partner while simultaneously foraging to provide her with food.
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Kang, Ki-Ho, Ki-Baek Nam, Ji-Sub Kim i Jeong-Chil Yoo. "Nest characteristics and composition of the colonial nesting Azure-winged magpie Cyanopica cyanus in South Korea". PeerJ 10 (29.06.2022): e13637. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13637.
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Bird nests are crucial for reproductive success since they serve as structures to hold the eggs and nestlings safely. Therefore, the structural characteristics of bird nests have optimally evolved to maximize reproductive success, which are known to be affected by various factors. We gathered information on the nest characteristics such as nest structure and constituent materials in the colonial breeding Azure-winged magpie (Cyanopica cyanus) and investigated the relationship between ecologically relevant factors and the size and mass of the nests. The Azure-winged magpie nest can be deconstructed into an outer nest and an inner cup, and the type and mass of materials used for the construction of each part varies. Compared to the inner cup, the outer nest, which constitutes the overall shape of the nest, is composed of relatively harder materials, such as branches and soil. In contrast, the inner cup, which is the part where birds directly incubate eggs and raise nestlings, is composed of more flexible and softer materials, such as fiber and moss. We found that there was no relationship between nest characteristics and ecologically relevant factors. However, as the breeding season progressed, the volume of the inner cup decreased with increasing ambient temperatures. Our results show that Azure-winged magpies use differing materials for structurally distinct parts of the nests during construction. The results also indirectly suggest that the choice regarding the amount of insulating materials relative to changing temperatures during the breeding season may be one of the more significant adaptive strategies in the nest-building behaviors of Azure-winged magpies.
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Chakrabarty, Dipesh. "Communing with Magpies". History Australia 11, nr 3 (styczeń 2014): 194–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14490854.2014.11668540.
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Gross, Michael. "Dances with magpies". Current Biology 21, nr 22 (listopad 2011): R905—R907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2011.11.008.
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Sullivan, Karen. "Raising little magpies". Early Years Educator 8, nr 10 (styczeń 2007): 28–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/eyed.2007.8.10.22615.
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Mérő, Thomas, Antun Žuljević i Katalin Varga. "Nest-site characteristics and breeding density of Magpie Pica pica in Sombor (NW Serbia)". Acrocephalus 31, nr 145-146 (1.01.2010): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10100-010-0006-5.
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Nest-site characteristics and breeding density of Magpie Pica pica in Sombor (NW Serbia) In March 2009, active Magpie Pica pica nests were censused in the town of Sombor (Vojvodina, NW Serbia) to study nest-site characteristics, breeding density and spatial distribution. The area of the town can be divided into two parts according to different urban landscapes, i.e. the town centre (150 ha) and the residential area (2,224 ha). In total, 222 Magpie nests were found and their height, tree species and nest-site type determined. Nests were found in 25 tree and two shrub species, the most of them (31.1%) being placed in the commonest tree species in the town, the Common Hackberry Celtis occidentalis. The majority of the nests were found in tree avenues (39.6%) and groups of trees (31.5%). Nests in the town centre with a mean height (± SD) of 15.2 ± 4.05 m were significantly higher than those in the residential area with a mean height (± SD) of 11.4 ± 5.13 m. The mean distance of nests from the top of the canopy (± SD) was 1.5 ± 1.33 m, demonstrating the Magpie's tendency to place its nests in the very tops of trees in the urban areas. In the residential area, nests were present in every height class, while in the town centre they were not found lower than 5 m. This difference can be explained by denser human population in the town centre and hence greater disturbance (e.g. pedestrians), as found in several other studies, but also by the negative effect of high buildings that prevail there. Thus, the height of surrounding buildings, too, might play an important role in nest-site selection in Magpies breeding in urban habitats, especially in densely built-up areas. Breeding density of Magpie in Sombor was 0.94 pairs/10 ha, with almost twice as high in the town centre as in the residential area. The findings of this study are compared to those obtained in other studies in Serbia and abroad.
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Dhindsa, Manjit S., i David A. Boag. "Patterns of nest site, territory, and mate switching in black-billed magpies (Pica pica)". Canadian Journal of Zoology 70, nr 4 (1.04.1992): 633–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z92-095.
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A colour-marked population of black-billed magpies (Pica pica) was studied in Edmonton, Alberta, from 1982 to 1988. Between years, magpies changed nest sites within their territories significantly more often than they remained in the same site. Both sexes showed equally strong territory fidelity, with 72% of the males and 70% of the females nesting within their territories of the previous year. Breeding success in the previous year did not determine whether magpies switched nest sites within territories or changed territories, or how far they moved between years. In 1 year (1987), breeding failure (during a snowstorm) influenced the switching of neither nest sites nor territories. Although there was remarkable mate fidelity in some pairs (paired for 5–7 years), other magpies changed mates up to three times over the 7 years of the study. Both sexes showed a similar tendency to switch mates; 50% of the males and 63% of the females changed mates at least once in 7 years. Mate switching was independent of reproductive success in the previous year. There was a positive association between mate fidelity and territory fidelity in males: males that changed territories were also likely to change mates. These results are compared with those from other studies of black-billed magpies and discussed in the context of life-history strategies.
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J. Cox, S., i J. J. Bauer. "Species interactions between the White-winged Chough and Australian Magpie in a fragmented landscape". Pacific Conservation Biology 3, nr 3 (1997): 289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc970289.
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We studied the ecology of the White-winged Chough and its interaction with the Australian Magpie on the Central Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia, over seven months. Both species are ground foragers and significant prey overlap was assumed. Invertebrate biomass as an index of habitat quality, showed grasslands to be the most valuable of the three habitats, followed by edge and forest habitats. Magpie territories were positioned around the grasslands and therefore were of higher quality than chough territories which were dominated by forest and edge. Magpies actively exclude chough groups from most of the highly valuable grassland habitat, through repeated and persistent attacks. Despite an apparently effective defensive strategy we concluded that the chough was largely excluded from the most attractive habitat in our study area by the magpie. This study highlights the implications of species interactions on the responses of individual species to habitat fragmentation across a landscape. Implications of this study for the validity of present vertebrate habitat models, which ignore the dynamic nature of population behaviour are discussed.
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Carter, Susan. "The methodology of magpies". International Journal of Research & Method in Education 37, nr 2 (27.09.2013): 125–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1743727x.2013.843074.
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Dombrowski, Daniel A. "Magpies, Monkeys, and Morals". Teaching Philosophy 23, nr 2 (2000): 213–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/teachphil200023232.
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Steele, William K., i Michael A. Weston. "Sex and Age Bias in Australian Magpies Struck by Aircraft". Birds 4, nr 4 (27.10.2023): 295–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/birds4040025.
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Wildlife–aircraft collisions represent a safety and financial challenge, necessitating site-specific hazard assessments, which are generally based on species’ attributes and collision frequencies. However, for many bird species, collision probability and risk may not be distributed equally among individuals, with sex and age differences possible but rarely examined. We examine Australian Magpies, a resident, grassland species of bird in southeastern Australia frequently involved in collisions with aircraft at airports, and which can be sexed (adults) and aged. We compared collision rates recorded at Melbourne Airport, Victoria, Australia, with airside counts of magpies, recording, when observable, the sex and age of the birds. Adult females and males were similarly abundant at the airport (46.6% female), but females were struck relatively more frequently than males (78.1% female). Juvenile (first-year) magpies were struck more frequently than expected based on their representation in bird counts. We show an example of where some demographic groups within species represent higher hazard potential to aircraft than others, and management which manipulates demography of magpies at and near the airport (such as discouraging local breeding and targeted harassment/dispersal) may be fruitful.
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Warne, Rowena M., i Darryl N. Jones. "Evidence of target specificity in attacks by Australian magpies on humans". Wildlife Research 30, nr 3 (2003): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr01108.
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Although attacks on humans by Australian magpies (Gymnorhina tibicen) are a source of significant wildlife–human conflict in urban areas of Australia, little is known about the patterns of attack by these birds. Such information is essential for the development of sound management plans for this species. We examined the attack behaviour of 48 aggressive magpies from Brisbane during September–October 1999, paying particular attention to the types of intruders targeted. All attacking birds were male. A clear majority (71%) of birds attacked only one intruder type, with about half attacking pedestrians only; similar proportions targeted cyclists (8%) only and mail deliverers (10%) only. While all intruding cyclists and mail deliverers were attacked, magpies did not attack all pedestrian intruders, suggesting possible discrimination within this category. Management implications for these intruder types are discussed.
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Verstappen, M., P. Aerts i R. Van Damme. "Terrestrial locomotion in the black-billed magpie: kinematic analysis of walking, running and out-of-phase hopping". Journal of Experimental Biology 203, nr 14 (15.07.2000): 2159–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.203.14.2159.
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The inter-limb kinematic patterns of walking, running and out-of-phase hopping in black-billed magpies (Pica pica) were studied using high-speed video recordings. The flexion/extension patterns of the joints were similar between the gait types, suggesting that the within-leg control of the angular excursions is similar. This result is further supported by the fact that running and hopping are alternative gaits at speeds higher than walking; however, magpies show a preference for hopping. Moreover, only small differences occur between the kinematic patterns of the two limbs during out-of-phase hopping, during which the legs are believed to have different functions. The hindlimb kinematic patterns of magpies are like those of other flying and more terrestrial bird species; however, striking differences are found in comparison with humans at the level of the internal angles. This is probably due to the differences in the morphology and configuration of their legs.
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Jerzak, Leszek, Olaf Ciebiera i Joerg Boehner. "Seasonal Changes In Group Size And Foraging Activity In An Urban Population Of Magpies (Pica Pica)". International Studies on Sparrows 36, nr 1 (1.12.2012): 80–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/isspar-2015-0016.
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Abstract We studied seasonal variation in group size and feeding activity in an urban population of Magpies in Zielona Góra, Western Poland. Each month from 1984 to 1987 we counted the species along a 10 km transect across the city and noted the number of single birds, pairs and flocks as well as flock size. In 1999 and 2000 we regularly observed Magpies foraging on the lawns of a park of Zielona Góra and recorded the number of pecks, as a measure for feeding activity. Magpies were most often encountered as single birds in April and May, as pairs in March, and in flocks in August. This pattern is predominantly dictated by the constraints of the breeding season and by reproductive success. The mean flock size was highest in August. Pecking rate showed a minimum in the summer months, with no sex-specific difference. However, males were much more active in foraging during winter, probably due to their larger body size and the respective higher energetic requirements.
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Boggs, D., F. Jenkins i K. Dial. "The effects of the wingbeat cycle on respiration in black-billed magpies (Pica pica)". Journal of Experimental Biology 200, nr 9 (1.01.1997): 1403–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.200.9.1403.
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Interclavicular and posterior thoracic airsac pressures, tracheal airflows and pectoralis muscle activity were recorded simultaneously to determine the effect of the wingbeat cycle upon the function of the respiratory system. The effects of the wingbeat cycle on the relative positions of thoraco-abdominal skeletal structures were also assessed using high-speed X-ray cinematography of magpies Pica pica flying in a windtunnel. We found that the furcula bends laterally on the downstroke and recoils medially on the upstroke, as previously described for starlings, and that the coraco-sternal joint (the most consistently visible point on the sternum for digitization) is displaced dorsally during the downstroke and ventrally, with respect to the vertebral column, during the upstroke. In magpies, there are generally three wingbeat cycles during a respiratory cycle. When downstroke occurs during inspiration, its compressive effect reduces the inspiratory subatmospheric airsac pressure by an average of 92 % (0.35 kPa), whereas when upstroke occurs during expiration its expansive effect can reduce the expiratory supra-atmospheric airsac pressure by 63 % (0.23 kPa). Corresponding changes occur in tracheal airflow. Changes in respiratory parameters during short flights with respect to resting values include a doubling of tidal volume and a tripling of respiratory frequency. We conclude that the wingbeat cycle can have a substantial impact on respiratory system function in the flying magpie, and that this represents a mechanical basis for breathing patterns and patterns of phasic coordination between wingbeat and respiratory cycles that may result in minimal interference and maximal assistance from the wingbeat upon the respiratory cycle.
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Lee, Jia, Jiyoung Yun, Kahyun Lee i Ha-cheol Sung. "Sex determination by morphological measurements of the monomorphic Azure-winged magpie (Cyanopica cyanus)". Korea National Park Research Institute 13, nr 2 (30.11.2022): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.54406/jnpr.2022.13.2.025.
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Most sexually monomorphic species, including the family Corvidae, are visually indistinguishing in field investigations. We investigated intersexaul morphological differences of the Azure-winged magpie (Cyanopica cyanus). We caught 86 adults (67 males, 14 females, and 5 unidentified), measured their morphological characteristics (head-bill length, bill length, maximum and minimum wing length, tarsus length, body length, tail length, and weight), and collected blood samples. Sex was determined by PCR amplification using the previously used P2/P8 (Griffiths et al. 1998) primers. Statistical analysis was used to compare morphological differences between sexes. Males were longer in body length and maximum wing length, and discriminant function analysis using the two variables showed the sex was distinguished with an accuracy of 71.7%. We discussed the significance of the two variables in the monomorphic Azure-winged magpies.
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Wang, Xiao-Hong, i Charles H. Trost. "TRAPPING TERRITORIAL BLACK-BILLED MAGPIES". Journal of Field Ornithology 71, nr 4 (październik 2000): 730–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1648/0273-8570-71.4.730.
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