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Emeric, Erik E., Joshua W. Brown, Melanie Leslie, Pierre Pouget, Veit Stuphorn i Jeffrey D. Schall. "Performance Monitoring Local Field Potentials in the Medial Frontal Cortex of Primates: Anterior Cingulate Cortex". Journal of Neurophysiology 99, nr 2 (luty 2008): 759–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00896.2006.
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We describe intracranial local field potentials (LFP) recorded in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) of macaque monkeys performing a saccade countermanding task. The most prominent feature at ∼70% of sites was greater negative polarity after errors than after rewarded correct trials. This negative polarity was also evoked in unrewarded correct trials. The LFP evoked by the visual target was much less polarized, and the weak presaccadic modulation was insufficient to control the initiation of saccades. When saccades were cancelled, LFP modulation decreased slightly with the magnitude of response conflict that corresponds to the coactivation of gaze-shifting and -holding neurons estimated from the probability of canceling. However, response time adjustments on subsequent trials were not correlated with LFP polarity on individual trials. The results provide clear evidence that error- and feedback-related, but not conflict-related, signals are carried by the LFP in the macaque ACC. Finding performance monitoring field potentials in the ACC of macaque monkeys establishes a bridge between event-related potential and functional brain-imaging studies in humans and neurophysiology studies in non-human primates.
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Arbib, Michael, Varsha Ganesh i Brad Gasser. "Dyadic brain modelling, mirror systems and the ontogenetic ritualization of ape gesture". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 369, nr 1644 (5.06.2014): 20130414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0414.
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The paper introduces dyadic brain modelling, offering both a framework for modelling the brains of interacting agents and a general framework for simulating and visualizing the interactions generated when the brains (and the two bodies) are each coded up in computational detail. It models selected neural mechanisms in ape brains supportive of social interactions, including putative mirror neuron systems inspired by macaque neurophysiology but augmented by increased access to proprioceptive state. Simulation results for a reduced version of the model show ritualized gesture emerging from interactions between a simulated child and mother ape.
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Scholte, H. Steven, Jacob Jolij, Johannes J. Fahrenfort i Victor A. F. Lamme. "Feedforward and Recurrent Processing in Scene Segmentation: Electroencephalography and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging". Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 20, nr 11 (listopad 2008): 2097–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2008.20142.
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In texture segregation, an example of scene segmentation, we can discern two different processes: texture boundary detection and subsequent surface segregation [Lamme, V. A. F., Rodriguez-Rodriguez, V., & Spekreijse, H. Separate processing dynamics for texture elements, boundaries and surfaces in primary visual cortex of the macaque monkey. Cerebral Cortex, 9, 406–413, 1999]. Neural correlates of texture boundary detection have been found in monkey V1 [Sillito, A. M., Grieve, K. L., Jones, H. E., Cudeiro, J., & Davis, J. Visual cortical mechanisms detecting focal orientation discontinuities. Nature, 378, 492–496, 1995; Grosof, D. H., Shapley, R. M., & Hawken, M. J. Macaque-V1 neurons can signal illusory contours. Nature, 365, 550–552, 1993], but whether surface segregation occurs in monkey V1 [Rossi, A. F., Desimone, R., & Ungerleider, L. G. Contextual modulation in primary visual cortex of macaques. Journal of Neuroscience, 21, 1698–1709, 2001; Lamme, V. A. F. The neurophysiology of figure ground segregation in primary visual-cortex. Journal of Neuroscience, 15, 1605–1615, 1995], and whether boundary detection or surface segregation signals can also be measured in human V1, is more controversial [Kastner, S., De Weerd, P., & Ungerleider, L. G. Texture segregation in the human visual cortex: A functional MRI study. Journal of Neurophysiology, 83, 2453–2457, 2000]. Here we present electroencephalography (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging data that have been recorded with a paradigm that makes it possible to differentiate between boundary detection and scene segmentation in humans. In this way, we were able to show with EEG that neural correlates of texture boundary detection are first present in the early visual cortex around 92 msec and then spread toward the parietal and temporal lobes. Correlates of surface segregation first appear in temporal areas (around 112 msec) and from there appear to spread to parietal, and back to occipital areas. After 208 msec, correlates of surface segregation and boundary detection also appear in more frontal areas. Blood oxygenation level-dependent magnetic resonance imaging results show correlates of boundary detection and surface segregation in all early visual areas including V1. We conclude that texture boundaries are detected in a feedforward fashion and are represented at increasing latencies in higher visual areas. Surface segregation, on the other hand, is represented in “reverse hierarchical” fashion and seems to arise from feedback signals toward early visual areas such as V1.
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Nakahara, Kiyoshi, Yusuke Adachi, Takahiro Osada i Yasushi Miyashita. "Exploring the neural basis of cognition: multi-modal links between human fMRI and macaque neurophysiology". Trends in Cognitive Sciences 11, nr 2 (luty 2007): 84–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2006.11.006.
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Gardner, Esther P., K. Srinivasa Babu, Soumya Ghosh, Adam Sherwood i Jessie Chen. "Neurophysiology of Prehension. III. Representation of Object Features in Posterior Parietal Cortex of the Macaque Monkey". Journal of Neurophysiology 98, nr 6 (grudzień 2007): 3708–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00609.2007.
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Neurons in posterior parietal cortex (PPC) may serve both proprioceptive and exteroceptive functions during prehension, signaling hand actions and object properties. To assess these roles, we used digital video recordings to analyze responses of 83 hand-manipulation neurons in area 5 as monkeys grasped and lifted objects that differed in shape (round and rectangular), size (large and small spheres), and location (identical rectangular blocks placed lateral and medial to the shoulder). The task contained seven stages—approach, contact, grasp, lift, hold, lower, relax—plus a pretrial interval. The four test objects evoked similar spike trains and mean rate profiles that rose significantly above baseline from approach through lift, with peak activity at contact. Although representation by the spike train of specific hand actions was stronger than distinctions between grasped objects, 34% of these neurons showed statistically significant effects of object properties or hand postures on firing rates. Somatosensory input from the hand played an important role as firing rates diverged most prominently on contact as grasp was secured. The small sphere—grasped with the most flexed hand posture—evoked the highest firing rates in 43% of the population. Twenty-one percent distinguished spheres that differed in size and weight, and 14% discriminated spheres from rectangular blocks. Location in the workspace modulated response amplitude as objects placed across the midline evoked higher firing rates than positions lateral to the shoulder. We conclude that area 5 neurons, like those in area AIP, integrate object features, hand actions, and grasp postures during prehension.
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Bartsch, Felix, Bevil R. Conway i Daniel A. Butts. "Determining how color and form are integrated within macaque V1 neurons through combined neurophysiology and computational modeling". Journal of Vision 22, nr 14 (5.12.2022): 3991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/jov.22.14.3991.
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Gardner, Esther P., K. Srinivasa Babu, Shari D. Reitzen, Soumya Ghosh, Alice S. Brown, Jessie Chen, Anastasia L. Hall, Michael D. Herzlinger, Jane B. Kohlenstein i Jin Y. Ro. "Neurophysiology of Prehension. I. Posterior Parietal Cortex and Object-Oriented Hand Behaviors". Journal of Neurophysiology 97, nr 1 (styczeń 2007): 387–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00558.2006.
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Hand manipulation neurons in areas 5 and 7b/anterior intraparietal area (AIP) of posterior parietal cortex were analyzed in three macaque monkeys during a trained prehension task. Digital video recordings of hand kinematics synchronized to neuronal spike trains were used to correlate firing rates of 128 neurons with hand actions as the animals grasped and lifted rectangular and round objects. We distinguished seven task stages: approach, contact, grasp, lift, hold, lower, and relax. Posterior parietal cortex (PPC) firing rates were highest during object acquisition; 88% of task-related area 5 neurons and 77% in AIP/7b fired maximally during stages 1, 2, or 3. Firing rates rose 200–500 ms before contact, peaked at contact, and declined after grasp was secured. 83% of area 5 neurons and 72% in AIP/7b showed significant increases in mean rates during approach as the fingers were preshaped for grasp. Somatosensory signals at contact provided feedback concerning the accuracy of reach and helped guide the hand to grasp sites. In error trials, tactile information was used to abort grasp, or to initiate corrective actions to achieve task goals. Firing rates declined as lift began. 41% of area 5 neurons and 38% in AIP/7b were inhibited during holding, and returned to baseline when grasp was relaxed. Anatomical connections suggest that area 5 provides somesthetic information to circuits linking AIP/7b to frontal motor areas involved in grasping. Area 5 may also participate in sensorimotor transformations coordinating reach and grasp behaviors and provide on-line feedback needed for goal-directed hand movements.
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Rudd, Michael E. "Neurocomputational model explains spatial variations in perceived lightness induced by luminance edges in the image". Electronic Imaging 2021, nr 11 (18.01.2021): 151–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2352/issn.2470-1173.2021.11.hvei-151.
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Computer simulations of an extended version of a neural model of lightness perception [1,2] are presented. The model provides a unitary account of several key aspects of spatial lightness phenomenology, including contrast and assimilation, and asymmetries in the strengths of lightness and darkness induction. It does this by invoking mechanisms that have also been shown to account for the overall magnitude of dynamic range compression in experiments involving lightness matches made to real-world surfaces [2]. The model assumptions are derived partly from parametric measurements of visual responses of ON and OFF cells responses in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the macaque monkey [3,4] and partly from human quantitative psychophysical measurements. The model’s computations and architecture are consistent with the properties of human visual neurophysiology as they are currently understood. The neural model's predictions and behavior are contrasted though the simulations with those of other lightness models, including Retinex theory [5] and the lightness filling-in models of Grossberg and his colleagues [6].
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Seyedhosseini, Mojtaba, S. Shushruth, Tyler Davis, Jennifer M. Ichida, Paul A. House, Bradley Greger, Alessandra Angelucci i Tolga Tasdizen. "Informative features of local field potential signals in primary visual cortex during natural image stimulation". Journal of Neurophysiology 113, nr 5 (1.03.2015): 1520–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00278.2014.
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The local field potential (LFP) is of growing importance in neurophysiology as a metric of network activity and as a readout signal for use in brain-machine interfaces. However, there are uncertainties regarding the kind and visual field extent of information carried by LFP signals, as well as the specific features of the LFP signal conveying such information, especially under naturalistic conditions. To address these questions, we recorded LFP responses to natural images in V1 of awake and anesthetized macaques using Utah multielectrode arrays. First, we have shown that it is possible to identify presented natural images from the LFP responses they evoke using trained Gabor wavelet (GW) models. Because GW models were devised to explain the spiking responses of V1 cells, this finding suggests that local spiking activity and LFPs (thought to reflect primarily local synaptic activity) carry similar visual information. Second, models trained on scalar metrics, such as the evoked LFP response range, provide robust image identification, supporting the informative nature of even simple LFP features. Third, image identification is robust only for the first 300 ms following image presentation, and image information is not restricted to any of the spectral bands. This suggests that the short-latency broadband LFP response carries most information during natural scene viewing. Finally, best image identification was achieved by GW models incorporating information at the scale of ∼0.5° in size and trained using four different orientations. This suggests that during natural image viewing, LFPs carry stimulus-specific information at spatial scales corresponding to few orientation columns in macaque V1.
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JARVIS, JOHN R., i CHRISTOPHER M. WATHES. "Mechanistic modeling of vertebrate spatial contrast sensitivity and acuity at low luminance". Visual Neuroscience 29, nr 3 (maj 2012): 169–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523812000120.
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AbstractThe validity of the Barten theoretical model for describing the vertebrate spatial contrast sensitivity function (CSF) and acuity at scotopic light levels has been examined. Although this model (which has its basis in signal modulation transfer theory) can successfully describe vertebrate CSF, and its relation to underlying visual neurophysiology at photopic light levels, significant discrepancies between theory and experimental data have been found at scotopic levels. It is shown that in order to describe scotopic CSF, the theory must be modified to account for important mechanistic changes, which occur as cone vision switches to rod vision. These changes are divided into photon management factors [changes in optical performance (for a dilated pupil), quantum efficiency, receptor sampling] and neural factors (changes in spatial integration area, neural noise, and lateral inhibition in the retina). Predictions of both scotopic CSF and acuity obtained from the modified theory were found to be in good agreement with experimental values obtained from the human, macaque, cat, and owl monkey. The last two species have rod densities particularly suited for scotopic conditions.
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Mendoza, Skyler D., Yasmine El-Shamayleh i Gregory D. Horwitz. "AAV-mediated delivery of optogenetic constructs to the macaque brain triggers humoral immune responses". Journal of Neurophysiology 117, nr 5 (1.05.2017): 2004–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00780.2016.
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Gene delivery to the primate central nervous system via recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors (AAV) allows neurophysiologists to control and observe neural activity precisely. A current limitation of this approach is variability in vector transduction efficiency. Low levels of transduction can foil experimental manipulations, prompting vector readministration. The ability to make multiple vector injections into the same animal, even in cases where successful vector transduction has already been achieved, is also desirable. However, vector readministration has consequences for humoral immunity and gene delivery that depend on vector dosage and route of administration in complex ways. As part of optogenetic experiments in rhesus monkeys, we analyzed blood sera collected before and after AAV injections into the brain and quantified neutralizing antibodies to AAV using an in vitro assay. We found that injections of AAV1 and AAV9 vectors elevated neutralizing antibody titers consistently. These immune responses were specific to the serotype injected and were long lasting. These results demonstrate that optogenetic manipulations in monkeys trigger immune responses to AAV capsids, suggesting that vector readministration may have a higher likelihood of success by avoiding serotypes injected previously.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Adeno-associated viral vector (AAV)-mediated gene delivery is a valuable tool for neurophysiology, but variability in transduction efficiency remains a bottleneck for experimental success. Repeated vector injections can help overcome this limitation but affect humoral immune state and transgene expression in ways that are poorly understood. We show that AAV vector injections into the primate central nervous system trigger long-lasting and serotype-specific immune responses, raising the possibility that switching serotypes may promote successful vector readministration.
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Kong, Nathan C. L., Eshed Margalit, Justin L. Gardner i Anthony M. Norcia. "Increasing neural network robustness improves match to macaque V1 eigenspectrum, spatial frequency preference and predictivity". PLOS Computational Biology 18, nr 1 (7.01.2022): e1009739. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009739.
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Task-optimized convolutional neural networks (CNNs) show striking similarities to the ventral visual stream. However, human-imperceptible image perturbations can cause a CNN to make incorrect predictions. Here we provide insight into this brittleness by investigating the representations of models that are either robust or not robust to image perturbations. Theory suggests that the robustness of a system to these perturbations could be related to the power law exponent of the eigenspectrum of its set of neural responses, where power law exponents closer to and larger than one would indicate a system that is less susceptible to input perturbations. We show that neural responses in mouse and macaque primary visual cortex (V1) obey the predictions of this theory, where their eigenspectra have power law exponents of at least one. We also find that the eigenspectra of model representations decay slowly relative to those observed in neurophysiology and that robust models have eigenspectra that decay slightly faster and have higher power law exponents than those of non-robust models. The slow decay of the eigenspectra suggests that substantial variance in the model responses is related to the encoding of fine stimulus features. We therefore investigated the spatial frequency tuning of artificial neurons and found that a large proportion of them preferred high spatial frequencies and that robust models had preferred spatial frequency distributions more aligned with the measured spatial frequency distribution of macaque V1 cells. Furthermore, robust models were quantitatively better models of V1 than non-robust models. Our results are consistent with other findings that there is a misalignment between human and machine perception. They also suggest that it may be useful to penalize slow-decaying eigenspectra or to bias models to extract features of lower spatial frequencies during task-optimization in order to improve robustness and V1 neural response predictivity.
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Park, Mijung, J. Patrick Weller, Gregory D. Horwitz i Jonathan W. Pillow. "Bayesian Active Learning of Neural Firing Rate Maps with Transformed Gaussian Process Priors". Neural Computation 26, nr 8 (sierpień 2014): 1519–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_00615.
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A firing rate map, also known as a tuning curve, describes the nonlinear relationship between a neuron's spike rate and a low-dimensional stimulus (e.g., orientation, head direction, contrast, color). Here we investigate Bayesian active learning methods for estimating firing rate maps in closed-loop neurophysiology experiments. These methods can accelerate the characterization of such maps through the intelligent, adaptive selection of stimuli. Specifically, we explore the manner in which the prior and utility function used in Bayesian active learning affect stimulus selection and performance. Our approach relies on a flexible model that involves a nonlinearly transformed gaussian process (GP) prior over maps and conditionally Poisson spiking. We show that infomax learning, which selects stimuli to maximize the information gain about the firing rate map, exhibits strong dependence on the seemingly innocuous choice of nonlinear transformation function. We derive an alternate utility function that selects stimuli to minimize the average posterior variance of the firing rate map and analyze the surprising relationship between prior parameterization, stimulus selection, and active learning performance in GP-Poisson models. We apply these methods to color tuning measurements of neurons in macaque primary visual cortex.
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Gifford, Gordon W., Katherine A. MacLean, Marc D. Hauser i Yale E. Cohen. "The Neurophysiology of Functionally Meaningful Categories: Macaque Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex Plays a Critical Role in Spontaneous Categorization of Species-Specific Vocalizations". Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 17, nr 9 (wrzesień 2005): 1471–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/0898929054985464.
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Neurophysiological studies in nonhuman primates have demonstrated that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) plays a critical role in the acquisition of learned categories following training. What is presently unclear is whether this cortical area also plays a role in spontaneous recognition and discrimination of natural categories. Here, we explore this possibility by recording from neurons in the PFC while rhesus listen to species-specific vocalizations that vary in terms of their social function and acoustic morphology. We found that ventral prefrontal cortex (vPFC) activity, on average, did not differentiate between food calls that were associated with the same functional category, despite having different acoustic properties. In contrast, vPFC activity differentiated between food calls associated with different functional classes and specifically, information about the quality and motivational value of the food. These results suggest that the vPFC is involved in the categorization of socially meaningful signals, thereby both extending its previously conceived role in the acquisition of learned categories and showing the significance of using natural categorical distinctions in the study of neural mechanisms.
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Brovelli, Andrea. "Statistical Analysis of Single-Trial Granger Causality Spectra". Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2012 (2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/697610.
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Granger causality analysis is becoming central for the analysis of interactions between neural populations and oscillatory networks. However, it is currently unclear whether single-trial estimates of Granger causality spectra can be used reliably to assess directional influence. We addressed this issue by combining single-trial Granger causality spectra with statistical inference based on general linear models. The approach was assessed on synthetic and neurophysiological data. Synthetic bivariate data was generated using two autoregressive processes with unidirectional coupling. We simulated two hypothetical experimental conditions: the first mimicked a constant and unidirectional coupling, whereas the second modelled a linear increase in coupling across trials. The statistical analysis of single-trial Granger causality spectra, based ont-tests and linear regression, successfully recovered the underlying pattern of directional influence. In addition, we characterised the minimum number of trials and coupling strengths required for significant detection of directionality. Finally, we demonstrated the relevance for neurophysiology by analysing two local field potentials (LFPs) simultaneously recorded from the prefrontal and premotor cortices of a macaque monkey performing a conditional visuomotor task. Our results suggest that the combination of single-trial Granger causality spectra and statistical inference provides a valuable tool for the analysis of large-scale cortical networks and brain connectivity.
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Rolls, Edmund T., Martin J. Tovée i Stefano Panzeri. "The Neurophysiology of Backward Visual Masking: Information Analysis". Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 11, nr 3 (maj 1999): 300–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892999563409.
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Backward masking can potentially provide evidence of the time needed for visual processing, a fundamental constraint that must be incorporated into computational models of vision. Although backward masking has been extensively used psychophysically, there is little direct evidence for the effects of visual masking on neuronal responses. To investigate the effects of a backward masking paradigm on the responses of neurons in the temporal visual cortex, we have shown that the response of the neurons is interrupted by the mask. Under conditions when humans can just identify the stimulus, with stimulus onset asynchronies (SOA) of 20 msec, neurons in macaques respond to their best stimulus for approximately 30 msec. We now quantify the information that is available from the responses of single neurons under backward masking conditions when two to six faces were shown. We show that the information available is greatly decreased as the mask is brought closer to the stimulus. The decrease is more marked than the decrease in firing rate because it is the selective part of the firing that is especially attenuated by the mask, not the spontaneous firing, and also because the neuronal response is more variable at short SOAs. However, even at the shortest SOA of 20 msec, the information available is on average 0.1 bits. This compares to 0.3 bits with only the 16-msec target stimulus shown and a typical value for such neurons of 0.4 to 0.5 bits with a 500-msec stimulus. The results thus show that considerable information is available from neuronal responses even under backward masking conditions that allow the neurons to have their main response in 30 msec. This provides evidence for how rapid the processing of visual information is in a cortical area and provides a fundamental constraint for understanding how cortical information processing operates.
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Gardner, Esther P., Jin Y. Ro, K. Srinivasa Babu i Soumya Ghosh. "Neurophysiology of Prehension. II. Response Diversity in Primary Somatosensory (S-I) and Motor (M-I) Cortices". Journal of Neurophysiology 97, nr 2 (luty 2007): 1656–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01031.2006.
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Prehension responses of 76 neurons in primary somatosensory (S-I) and motor (M-I) cortices were analyzed in three macaques during performance of a grasp and lift task. Digital video recordings of hand kinematics synchronized to neuronal spike trains were compared with responses in posterior parietal areas 5 and AIP/7b (PPC) of the same monkeys during seven task stages: 1) approach, 2) contact, 3) grasp, 4) lift, 5) hold, 6) lower, and 7) relax. S-I and M-I firing patterns signaled particular hand actions, rather than overall task goals. S-I responses were more diverse than those in PPC, occurred later in time, and focused primarily on grasping. Sixty-three percent of S-I neurons fired at peak rates during contact and/or grasping. Lift, hold, and lowering excited fewer S-I cells. Only 8% of S-I cells fired at peak rates before contact, compared with 27% in PPC. M-I responses were also diverse, forming functional groups for hand preshaping, object acquisition, and grip force application. M-I activity began ≤500 ms before contact, coinciding with the earliest activity in PPC. Activation of specific muscle groups in the hand was paralleled by matching patterns of somatosensory feedback from S-I needed for efficient performance. These findings support hypotheses that predictive and planning components of prehension are represented in PPC and premotor cortex, whereas performance and feedback circuits dominate activity in M-I and S-I. Somatosensory feedback from the hand to S-I enables real-time adjustments of grasping by connections to M-I and updates future prehension plans through projections to PPC.
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Moiseeva, L. A. "Comparative neurophysiologic analysis of trace processes in delayed spatial choice and the trace conditioned reflex in rhesus macaques". Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology 21, nr 3 (maj 1991): 268–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01191668.
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Ng, Chi-Wing, Xochi Navarro, James R. Engle i Gregg H. Recanzone. "Age-related changes of auditory brainstem responses in nonhuman primates". Journal of Neurophysiology 114, nr 1 (lipiec 2015): 455–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00663.2014.
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Nonhuman primates, compared with humans and rodents, have historically been far less used for studies of age-related hearing loss, primarily because of their long life span and high cost of maintenance. Strong similarities in genetics, anatomy, and neurophysiology of the auditory nervous system between humans and monkeys, however, could provide fruitful opportunities to enhance our understanding of hearing loss. The present study used a common, noninvasive technique for testing hearing sensitivity in humans, the auditory brainstem response (ABR), to assess the hearing of 48 rhesus macaques from 6 to 35 yr of age to clicks and tone stimuli between 0.5 and 16.0 kHz. Old monkeys, particularly those above 21.5 yr of age, had missing ABR waveforms at high frequencies. Regression analyses revealed that ABR threshold increased as a function of age at peaks II and IV simultaneously. In the suprathreshold hearing condition (70 dB peak sound pressure level), ABR-based audiograms similarly varied as a function of age such that old monkeys had smaller peak amplitudes and delayed latencies at low, middle, and high frequencies. Peripheral hearing differences remained a major influence associated with age-related changes in audiometric functions of old monkeys at a comparable sensation level across animals. The present findings suggest that hearing loss occurs in old monkeys across a wide range of frequencies and that these deficits increase in severity with age. Parallel to prior studies in monkeys, we found weak effects of sex on hearing, and future investigations are necessary to clarify its role in age-related hearing loss.
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Wild, Benedict, Amr Maamoun, Yifan Mayr, Ralf Brockhausen i Stefan Treue. "Electrophysiological dataset from macaque visual cortical area MST in response to a novel motion stimulus". Scientific Data 9, nr 1 (19.04.2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41597-022-01239-z.
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AbstractEstablishing the cortical neural representation of visual stimuli is a central challenge of systems neuroscience. Publicly available data would allow a broad range of scientific analyses and hypothesis testing, but are rare and largely focused on the early visual system. To address the shortage of open data from higher visual areas, we provide a comprehensive dataset from a neurophysiology study in macaque monkey visual cortex that includes a complete record of extracellular action potential recordings from the extrastriate medial superior temporal (MST) area, behavioral data, and detailed stimulus records. It includes spiking activity of 172 single neurons recorded in 139 sessions from 4 hemispheres of 3 rhesus macaque monkeys. The data was collected across 3 experiments, designed to characterize the response properties of MST neurons to complex motion stimuli. This data can be used to elucidate visual information processing at the level of single neurons in a high-level area of primate visual cortex. Providing open access to this dataset also promotes the 3R-principle of responsible animal research.
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Feizpour, Azadeh, Piotr Majka, Tristan A. Chaplin, Decaln Rowley, Hsin-Hao Yu, Elizabeth Zavitz, Nicholas Seow Chiang Price, Marcello G. P. Rosa i Maureen A. Hagan. "Visual responses in the dorsolateral frontal cortex of marmoset monkeys". Journal of Neurophysiology, 16.12.2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00581.2020.
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The marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus) has gained attention in neurophysiology research as a new primate model for visual processing and behavior. In particular, marmosets have a lissencephalic cortex, making multi-electrode, optogenetic and calcium imaging techniques more accessible than other primate models. However, the degree of homology of brain circuits for visual behavior with those identified in macaques and humans is still being ascertained. For example, whereas the location of the frontal eye fields (FEF) within the dorsolateral frontal cortex has been proposed, it remains unclear whether neurons in the corresponding areas show visual responses - an important characteristic of FEF neurons in other species. Here, we provide the first description of receptive field properties and neural response latencies in the marmoset dorsolateral frontal cortex, based on recordings using Utah arrays in anaesthetized animals. We find brisk visual responses in specific regions of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, particularly in areas 8aV, 8C and 6DR. As in macaque FEF, the receptive fields were typically large (10-30˚ in diameter), and the median responses latency was brisk (60 ms). These results constrain the possible interpretations about the location of the marmoset FEF and suggest that the marmoset model's significant advantages for the use of physiological techniques may be leveraged in the study of visuomotor cognition.
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Young, Joseph, Valentin Dragoi i Behnaam Aazhang. "Precise measurement of correlations between frequency coupling and visual task performance". Scientific Reports 10, nr 1 (15.10.2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-74057-1.
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Abstract Functional connectivity analyses focused on frequency-domain relationships, i.e. frequency coupling, powerfully reveal neurophysiology. Coherence is commonly used but neural activity does not follow its Gaussian assumption. The recently introduced mutual information in frequency (MIF) technique makes no model assumptions and measures non-Gaussian and nonlinear relationships. We develop a powerful MIF estimator optimized for correlating frequency coupling with task performance and other relevant task phenomena. In light of variance reduction afforded by multitaper spectral estimation, which is critical to precisely measuring such correlations, we propose a multitaper approach for MIF and compare its performance with coherence in simulations. Additionally, multitaper MIF and coherence are computed between macaque visual cortical recordings and their correlation with task performance is analyzed. Our multitaper MIF estimator produces low variance and performs better than all other estimators in simulated correlation analyses. Simulations further suggest that multitaper MIF captures more information than coherence. For the macaque data set, coherence and our new MIF estimator largely agree. Overall, we provide a new way to precisely estimate frequency coupling that sheds light on task performance and helps neuroscientists accurately capture correlations between coupling and task phenomena in general. Additionally, we make an MIF toolbox available for the first time.
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Ferrucci, Lorenzo, Simon Nougaret, Rossella Falcone, Rossella Cirillo, Francesco Ceccarelli i Aldo Genovesio. "Dedicated Representation of Others in the Macaque Frontal Cortex: From Action Monitoring and Prediction to Outcome Evaluation". Cerebral Cortex, 25.08.2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhab253.
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Abstract Social neurophysiology has increasingly addressed how several aspects of self and other are distinctly represented in the brain. In social interactions, the self–other distinction is fundamental for discriminating one’s own actions, intentions, and outcomes from those that originate in the external world. In this paper, we review neurophysiological experiments using nonhuman primates that shed light on the importance of the self–other distinction, focusing mainly on the frontal cortex. We start by examining how the findings are impacted by the experimental paradigms that are used, such as the type of social partner or whether a passive or active interaction is required. Next, we describe the 2 sociocognitive systems: mirror and mentalizing. Finally, we discuss how the self–other distinction can occur in different domains to process different aspects of social information: the observation and prediction of others’ actions and the monitoring of others’ rewards.
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Sacchetti, Stefano, Francesco Ceccarelli, Lorenzo Ferrucci, Danilo Benozzo, Emiliano Brunamonti, Simon Nougaret i Aldo Genovesio. "Macaque monkeys learn and perform a non-match-to-goal task using an automated home cage training procedure". Scientific Reports 11, nr 1 (29.01.2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-82021-w.
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AbstractIn neurophysiology, nonhuman primates represent an important model for studying the brain. Typically, monkeys are moved from their home cage to an experimental room daily, where they sit in a primate chair and interact with electronic devices. Refining this procedure would make the researchers’ work easier and improve the animals’ welfare. To address this issue, we used home-cage training to train two macaque monkeys in a non-match-to-goal task, where each trial required a switch from the choice made in the previous trial to obtain a reward. The monkeys were tested in two versions of the task, one in which they acted as the agent in every trial and one in which some trials were completed by a “ghost agent”. We evaluated their involvement in terms of their performance and their interaction with the apparatus. Both monkeys were able to maintain a constant involvement in the task with good, stable performance within sessions in both versions of the task. Our study confirms the feasibility of home-cage training and demonstrates that even with challenging tasks, monkeys can complete a large number of trials at a high performance level, which is a prerequisite for electrophysiological studies of monkey behavior.
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Bonini, Luca, Monica Maranesi, Alessandro Livi, Stefania Bruni, Leonardo Fogassi, Tobias Holzhammer, Oliver Paul i Patrick Ruther. "Application of floating silicon-based linear multielectrode arrays for acute recording of single neuron activity in awake behaving monkeys". Biomedical Engineering / Biomedizinische Technik 59, nr 4 (1.01.2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bmt-2012-0099.
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AbstractOne of the fundamental challenges in behavioral neurophysiology in awake animals is the steady recording of action potentials of many single neurons for as long as possible. Here, we present single neuron data obtained during acute recordings mainly from premotor cortices of three macaque monkeys using a silicon-based linear multielectrode array. The most important aspect of these probes, compared with similar models commercially available, is that, once inserted into the brain using a dedicated insertion device providing an intermediate probe fixation by means of vacuum, they can be released and left floating in the brain. On the basis of our data, these features appear to provide (i) optimal physiological conditions for extracellular recordings, (ii) good or even excellent signal-to-noise ratio depending on the recorded brain area and cortical layer, and (iii) extreme stability of the signal over relatively long periods. The quality of the recorded signal did not change significantly after several penetrations into the same restricted cortical sector, suggesting limited tissue damage due to probe insertion. These results indicate that these probes offer several advantages for acute neurophysiological experiments in awake monkeys, and suggest the possibility to employ them for semichronic or even chronic studies.
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Sorscher, Ben, Surya Ganguli i Haim Sompolinsky. "Neural representational geometry underlies few-shot concept learning". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 119, nr 43 (17.10.2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2200800119.
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Understanding the neural basis of the remarkable human cognitive capacity to learn novel concepts from just one or a few sensory experiences constitutes a fundamental problem. We propose a simple, biologically plausible, mathematically tractable, and computationally powerful neural mechanism for few-shot learning of naturalistic concepts. We posit that the concepts that can be learned from few examples are defined by tightly circumscribed manifolds in the neural firing-rate space of higher-order sensory areas. We further posit that a single plastic downstream readout neuron learns to discriminate new concepts based on few examples using a simple plasticity rule. We demonstrate the computational power of our proposal by showing that it can achieve high few-shot learning accuracy on natural visual concepts using both macaque inferotemporal cortex representations and deep neural network (DNN) models of these representations and can even learn novel visual concepts specified only through linguistic descriptors. Moreover, we develop a mathematical theory of few-shot learning that links neurophysiology to predictions about behavioral outcomes by delineating several fundamental and measurable geometric properties of neural representations that can accurately predict the few-shot learning performance of naturalistic concepts across all our numerical simulations. This theory reveals, for instance, that high-dimensional manifolds enhance the ability to learn new concepts from few examples. Intriguingly, we observe striking mismatches between the geometry of manifolds in the primate visual pathway and in trained DNNs. We discuss testable predictions of our theory for psychophysics and neurophysiological experiments.
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Sedaghat-Nejad, Ehsan, Mohammad Amin Fakharian, Jay Pi, Paul Hage, Yoshiko Kojima, Robijanto Soetedjo, Shogo Ohmae, Javier F. Medina i Reza Shadmehr. "P-sort: an open-source software for cerebellar neurophysiology". Journal of Neurophysiology, 25.08.2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00172.2021.
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Analysis of electrophysiological data from Purkinje cells (P-cells) of the cerebellum presents unique challenges to spike sorting. Complex spikes have waveforms that vary significantly from one event to the next, raising the problem of misidentification. Even when complex spikes are detected correctly, the simple spikes may belong to a different P-cell, raising the danger of misattribution. To address these identification and attribution problems, we wrote an open-source, semi-automated software called P-sort, and then tested it by analyzing data from P-cells recorded in three species: marmosets, macaques, and mice. Like other sorting software, P-sort relies on nonlinear dimensionality reduction to cluster spikes. However, it also uses the statistical relationship between simple and complex spikes to merge disparate clusters and split a single cluster. In comparison with expert manual curation, occasionally P-sort identified significantly more complex spikes, as well as prevented misattribution of clusters. Three existing automatic sorters performed less well, particularly for identification of complex spikes. To improve development of analysis tools for the cerebellum, we provide labeled data for 313 recording sessions, as well as statistical characteristics of waveforms and firing patterns of P-cells in three species.
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Hansmeyer, Laura, Pinar Yurt, Naubahar Agha, Attila Trunk, Michael Berger, Antonino Calapai, Stefan Treue i Alexander Gail. "Home-enclosure based behavioral and wireless neural recording setup for unrestrained rhesus macaques". eneuro, 23.12.2022, ENEURO.0285–22.2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/eneuro.0285-22.2022.
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Electrophysiological studies with behaving non-human primates (NHP) often require the separation of animals from their social group as well as partial movement restraint to perform well controlled experiments. When the research goal per se does not mandate constraining the animals’ movements there are often still experimental needs imposed by tethered data acquisition. Recent technological advances meanwhile allow wireless neurophysiological recordings at high band-width in limited-size enclosures. Here, we demonstrate wireless neural recordings at single unit resolution from unrestrained Rhesus macaques while they performed self-paced, structured visuomotor tasks on our custom-built, stand-alone touchscreen system (XBI) in their home environment. We were able to successfully characterize neural tuning to task parameters, such as visuo-spatial selectivity during movement planning and execution, as expected from existing findings obtained via setup-based neurophysiology recordings. We conclude that when movement restraint and/or a highly controlled, insulated environment are not necessary for scientific reasons, cage-based wireless neural recordings are a viable option. We propose an approach that allows the animals to engage in a self-paced manner with our XBI device, both for fully automatized training and cognitive testing, as well as neural data acquisition in their familiar environment, maintaining auditory and sometimes visual contact with their conspecifics.Significance statementCage-based cognitive systems have previously been shown to be highly useful in cognitive assessment of non-human primates. These systems allow animals to engage with the task/system in an unrestrained and self-paced manner. We expanded the capabilities of our own cage-based testing device by combining cognitive testing with wireless neural recordings in the animals’ home environment, in an upscalable approach. When neither movement constraints nor specialized equipment are scientifically necessary, our approach allows for the combination of cognitive testing with intracranial electrophysiology without removing the animal from its home environment, potentially improving animal well-being.