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McGinley, Susan. "The Weighing Lysimeter Project". College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/622350.
Pełny tekst źródłaStanley, Mary Helen. "Suction Cup Lysimeter Method for Extracting Pine Bark Substrate Solution". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/42244.
Pełny tekst źródłaMaster of Science
Amter, Steven 1956. "Injection/recovery lysimeter technique for unsaturated zone soil-water extraction". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/191933.
Pełny tekst źródłaGoldenfum, Joel Avruch. "Soil water flow processes : a critical evaluation using numerical simulations and lysimeter data". Thesis, Imperial College London, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.339212.
Pełny tekst źródłaTirado-Corbala, Rebecca. "A Lysimeter Study of Vadose Zone Porosity and Water Movement in Gypsum Amended Soils". The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1290111537.
Pełny tekst źródłaAmankwah, Edward Akwasi. "Predictive Modeling of Organic Pollutant Leaching and Transport Behavior at the Lysimeter and Field Scales". Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2007. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:swb:14-1195122485300-99209.
Pełny tekst źródłaSeit dem Beginn der Industrialisierung und der mechanisierten Landwirtschaft wurde die Boden- und Grundwasserverschmutzung zu einem weltweiten Problem. Einige Schadstoffe wie z. B. PAK können für Jahrzehnte oder Jahrhunderte im Untergrund bestehen. Um diese Probleme behandeln zu können, muss der Schutz des Grundwassers basierend auf der Quantifizierung potentieller Gefährdungen des zumeist unzugänglichen Untergrundes erfolgen. Risikoabschätzungen von Grundwasserverschmutzungen können jedoch durch die Anwendung prozess-basierter Simulationsmodelle erheblich unterstützt werden, die sich besonders im Hinblick auf Langzeitvorhersagen als hilfreich erweisen und nicht experimentell ermittelbar sind. Derart zuverlässige Vorhersagen können jedoch nur erhalten werden, wenn das verwendete Modellierwerkzeug als anwendbar bekannt ist. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit bestand aus drei Teilen. Erstens wurde eine Quellstärke-funktion entwickelt, die das Ausbreitungsverhalten organischer Schadstoffe aus einer Punktquelle beschreibt und dadurch als zeitabhängige obere Randbedingung bei Transportmodellen dienen kann. Im Hinblick auf die allgemeine Anwendbarkeit dieser Funktion werden als Damköhler-Zahlen bekannte, dimensionslose Zahlen verwendet, um die Reaktion von Schadstoffen mit Feststoffen zu charakterisieren. Zwei Funktionen wurden abgeleitet und in ein Excel-Arbeitsblatt eingefügt, das ein praktisches Hilfsmittel bei der Quantifizierung des Freisetzungsverhaltens organischer Schadstoffe im Rahmen der Sickerwasserprognose darstellt. Der zweite Teil dieser Arbeit beinhaltet die Anwendung des prozessbasierten und mittels Laborexperimenten validierten Modellwerkzeugs SMART für Langzeitprognosen auf der Lysimeterskala anhand von Daten zweier Forschungszentren, FZJ (Jülich) und GSF (München). Ergebnisse reiner Vorwärtsmodellierungsläufe zeigten gute Übereinstimmungen mit den gemessenen Daten. Im dritten Teil wurden die erhaltenen Quellstärkefunktionen in Kombination mit dem SMART-Modell eingesetzt, um das Grundwassergefährdungspotential unter einer typischen Deponie in Kwabenya, Ghana, einzuschätzen. Die vorhergesagten Durchbruchszeiten nach einer Leckage in der Deponie betragen über 200 Jahre bei einer Betriebszeit von 30 Jahren. Unter Berücksichtigung des Schadstoffabbaus verursacht die Deponie somit keine Grundwasserverunreinigung im Rahmen der simulierten Szenarien und das SMART-Modell kann verwendet werden, um Schadstoffgrenzwerte für organische Schadstoffe in der Deponie in Kwabenya festzulegen
Kelemen, Julia C. "Effects of tree encroachment on the water balance of a Scottish raised mire : a lysimeter study". Thesis, University of Dundee, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.320593.
Pełny tekst źródłaJohansson, Pontus. "Utvärdering av fosforläckageefter stallgödsling med hjälp av lysimeterteknik : Evaluation of phosphorus leaching aftermanure application using lysimeter techniques". Thesis, Mark och miljö, SLU, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-111172.
Pełny tekst źródłaBased on laboratory studies with lysimeters, the concentrations of dissolved reactive phosphorus
(DRP) and particulate phosphorus, which is the main part of other P (OVRP), has been studied in
percolating water. The experiment was conducted through irrigation of small soil columns
containing clay topsoil from an experimental field in Västergötland. Three rain simulations were
consecutively performed. DRP concentrations in the percolating water ranged between 0.2 - 0.3
mg·L
clearly related to the phosphorus concentration in the soil, measured in a soil extract of
ammonium lactate (P-AL). Concentrations of OVRP were relatively low and ranged between
0.12 and 0.16 mg·L
was not proven and the experiment may reflect how a relatively slow percolation of water may
release DRP. In contrast, from observed fields with drainage systems quite high concentrations of
OVRP are typically recorded. This is generally explained by fast flows through macropores in the
soil and through the drain tile systems.
Solid manure was applied to the lysimeters equal to a normal agricultural load (30 tons per ha),
and thereafter another three rainfall were simulated. The load of manure increased the leaching of
DRP approx. 7 times. The largest increase was observed from the soils with the highest P-ALnumbers.
The relative boosts of DRP after manure application increased linearly relative to the PAL
number of the soil and with a high correlation coefficient. Thus the results from the manure
addition indicated that the soil with highest phosphorus concentrations released proportionally
more phosphorus than soils with low P-AL numbers. The studies demonstrate the importance of
adjusting the load of manure to the soil phosphorus content. Presently the spreading of manure is
only restricted by the number of cattle/cultivated land, not to the P-AL number of the soil.
-1. The amount of DRP percolating from four soils with different fertilization history was-1 in the percolating water passing through the topsoil. Any macropore flow
Hu, Qing. "Migration and plant uptake of radionuclides in laboratory soil columns and field lysimeter with contaminated water tables". Thesis, Imperial College London, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.287371.
Pełny tekst źródłaMangwende, Tapera Elias. "Quantifying nitrogen leaching in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) using lysimeter stable isotope conservative tracer and modelling techniques". Diss., University of Pretoria, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/65909.
Pełny tekst źródłaDissertation (MSc (Agric))--University of Pretoria, 2017.
Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development
MSc (Agric)
Unrestricted
Klein, Markus. "Langjähriger Wasserhaushalt von Gras- und Waldbeständen Entwicklung, Kalibrierung und Anwendung des Modells LYFE am Gross-Lysimeter St. Arnold /". [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2000. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=961677082.
Pełny tekst źródłaOsberg, Peter Martin. "Lysimeter measurements of salal understory evapotranspiration and forest soil evaporation after salal removal in a Douglas-fir plantation". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26018.
Pełny tekst źródłaLand and Food Systems, Faculty of
Graduate
Jebellie, Seyed Jalal. "A lysimeter study to determine fate and transport of three agricultural herbicides under different water table management systems". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ36990.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaJebellie, Seyed J. "A lysimeter study to determine fate and transport of three agricultural herbicides under different water table management systems /". Thesis, McGill University, 1997. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=34649.
Pełny tekst źródłaA three-year field lysimeter study was initiated to investigate the role of subirrigation systems in reducing the risk of water pollution from the three most commonly used herbicides in Quebec, namely atrazine (2-chloro-4[ethylamino]-6[isopropylamino]-1,3,5-triazine), metribuzin (4-am ino-6(1,1-di meth yl eth yl)-3-(meth yl thio)-1,2,4-tria zin-5(4H)-one), and meto lach lor (2-chlo ro-N-(2-eth yl-6-methyl phen yl)-N-(2-meth oxy-1-meth yl eth yl)acet amide). Eighteen PVC lysimeters, 1 m tall x 0.45 m diameter, were packed with a sandy soil. Three water table management treatments, i.e. two subirrigation treatments with constant water table depths of 0.4 and 0.8 m, respectively, and a free drainage treatment in a completely randomized design with three replicates were used. Grain corn (Zea mays L.) and potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) were grown on lysimeters, and herbicides were applied each year at the locally recommended rates at the beginning of each summer. Soil and water samples were collected at different time intervals after each natural or simulated rainfall event. Herbicides were extracted from soil and water samples and were analyzed using Gas Chromatography.
From the three years results (1993--1995), it has been concluded that all three herbicides were quite mobile in this sandy soil, as they leached to the 0.85 m depth below the soil surface quite early in the growing season. This suggests that if the drainage effluent or seeping waters from sandy soils of agricultural lands in southern Quebec drain freely, they may be considered to be a serious non-point source of pollution to the water bodies. The results have also shown that herbicide concentration decreased with soil depth as well as with time, meaning that the higher herbicide residues were found at top layers, and soon after the herbicide application. The herbicide mass balance study revealed that when the drainage effluent was kept within the lysimeters under the subirrigation setup, there was a statistically significant reduction of atrazine and metribuzin residues (shorter half lives) in the adsorbed and liquid phases. However, the reduction in metolachlor concentration under the subirrigation system was not statistically significant. These findings suggest that subirrigation, combined with certain herbicides can significantly reduce the herbicide loadings from corn and potato farms in southwestern Quebec, and become environmentally beneficial.
A computer simulation model (PRZM2), was used to simulate atrazine, metribuzin, and metolachlor leaching in the lysimeters, under subsurface drainage conditions. The simulated values for all three chemicals in most of the cases followed the leaching pattern of observed data. But the model either under- or over-estimated the herbicide concentrations in the soil. This could have been caused by simplistic instantaneous linear adsorption/desorption of herbicides, and inadequacy of conventional Darcian approach for the treatment of matrix flow.
Marcoline, Joseph R. "Investigations of water and tracer movement in covered and uncovered unsaturated waste rock". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/1011.
Pełny tekst źródłaHenry, William Nathan. "Evapotranspiration, Consumptive Water Use, And Responses To Self-Imposed Drought Of Three Warm Season Grasses Grown In A Semi-Arid Region". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/193382.
Pełny tekst źródłaKelly, Harold Lorain Jr 1958. "Remote measurement of turf water stress and turf biomass". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276995.
Pełny tekst źródłaShah, Sanjay Bikram. "Agronomic and Nitrate Leaching Impacts of Pelletized versus Granular Urea". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/29201.
Pełny tekst źródłaPh. D.
Rahman, Mohd Shafiqur. "Intensive culture of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings on poorly drained sites in the Western Gulf region of the United States". Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/272.
Pełny tekst źródłaLena, Bruno Patias. "Consumo hídrico do pinhão-manso (Jatropha curcas L.) irrigado e sem irrigação na fase de formação". Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11152/tde-18072013-104451/.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe knowledge of the water demand of a culture is essential for planning of new areas, as well as for the economic viability analysis of a culture in a specific region. The use of crops for alternative feedstock sources has been extensively studied in the last years. Among many, jatropha (Jatropha curcas L.) has been highlighted for biodiesel production in the national and global scenarios. Water consumption by the jatropha is little known, which requires to be studied in order to increase the knowledge and provide reliable parameters for the irrigation practice. The objectives of this study were to determine the evapotranspiration (ET), evaporation (E), transpiration (T), crop coefficient (Kc), evaporation coefficient (Ke) and basal crop coefficient (Kcb) of jatropha in the formation phase irrigated by center pivot, drip and without irrigation in Piracicaba, SP. The experiment was conducted at Areão Farm of Escola Superior de Agricultura \"Luiz de Queiroz\" of USP during March 2012 to April 2013. The experiment included three treatments: center pivot irrigated, drip irrigated and dryland. The determination of ET was made by weighing lysimeters for each treatment, accounting the inputs and outputs of water in the lysimeter system. The determination of Kc was made by the ratio between ET and ETo (estimated from data collected at the automatic meteorological station of Areão Farm). The determination of E was made by microlysimeters and T was determined between the difference of ET and E. Ke and Kcb values were determined by the ratio of E and T by ETo, respectively. ET values varied, mainly, according to the irrigation method. It was observed superiority of ET values for the treatment irrigated by center pivot, followed by the treatment irrigated by drip and without irrigation. The average during the first year was 3.17, 2.82 and 2.82 mm day-1 for the treatment irrigated by center pivot, irrigated by drip irrigated and without irrigation, respectively. The same proportion of ET from irrigated treatments was observed in the values of Kc. In the period, the average of Kc was 0.69 and 0.63 for the treatments irrigated by center pivot and irrigated by drip. These higher rates of ET and Kc of the treatment irrigated by center pivot compared to the treatment irrigated by drip was due to the method of drip irrigation is more efficient in water use by plants in relation to the method irrigated by central pivot. In this method, the water application is made in a localized way, differently in relation to the center pivot method in which water is applied all over the soil surface. This makes E rates given by drip irrigation method lower than the center pivot irrigation method, decreasing its ET averages. In general, rates of E and Ke were higher compared T and Kcb values during the period analyzed. This was explained due the short plants stature and the soil was almost completely exposed to atmospheric variations, causing rates of E and Ke exceed from T and Kcb rates. The average of Ke and E were 1.85 mm day-1 and 1.03, respectively, and the average of T and Kcb were 0.4 mm day-1 and 0.2, respectively.
Nouri, Hamideh, Edward Glenn, Simon Beecham, Boroujeni Sattar Chavoshi, Paul Sutton, Sina Alaghmand, Behnaz Noori i Pamela Nagler. "Comparing Three Approaches of Evapotranspiration Estimation in Mixed Urban Vegetation: Field-Based, Remote Sensing-Based and Observational-Based Methods". MDPI AG, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/618720.
Pełny tekst źródłaSouza, Evandro Luiz Corrêa de 1977. "Comportamento do herbicida tebuthiuron em solo de cultivo de cana-de-açucar utilizando lisimetro de drenagem modificado". [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/257062.
Pełny tekst źródłaDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T06:19:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Souza_EvandroLuizCorreade_M.pdf: 1554926 bytes, checksum: 5fca9f4a1e8b281ed690d9f29174cb48 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007
Resumo: O tebuthiuron é um dos herbicidas mais usados no plantio de cana-de-açúcar, no Estado de São Paulo. Estudos têm sido realizados para determinar o índice de lixiviação do tebuthiuron e para monitorar sua presença nos mananciais de águas superficiais e subterrâneas, ainda sem uma conclusão definitiva sobre a questão. Com o objetivo de avaliar, em condições de campo, a movimentação vertical do herbicida Tebuthiuron em Latossolo Vermelho Distroférrico típico, de textura argilosa, característico da cultura da cana-de-açúcar no estado de São Paulo, testou-se a hipótese de que uso do herbicida tebuthiuron, em ambiente controlado, é adsorvido à argila e aos solos com elevado teor de matéria orgânica, apresentando baixa mobilidade vertical e pequeno potencial de contaminação de águas subterrâneas. O trabalho foi conduzido no Campo Experimental da Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola da UNICAMP, utilizando-se lisímetro de drenagem modificado de 2 m de diâmetro e 3 m de profundidade, com 10 pontos verticais, através dos quais foram coletadas amostras de água da chuva. As 6 primeiras amostras foram coletadas 1 dia após as chuvas, no período de março a julho de 2006 e as 3 últimas, no mês de agosto, após irrigação da área por aspersão, simulando as chuvas de janeiro do mesmo ano. As amostras foram submetidas à Análise Cromatográfica Líquida de Alta Eficiência. Os dados encontrados, correlacionados e avaliados indicaram uma presença decrescente do herbicida nas amostras coletadas ao longo do tempo - de março a agosto de 2006: amostra 1 - 0,020 g i.a. (5,3 %); 2 ¿ 0,016 g i.a. (4,3 %); 3 - 0,015 g i.a. (4,0 %); 4 - 0,014 g i.a. (3,7 %); 5 - 0,014 g i.a. (3,7 %); 6 - 0,007 g i.a. (1,9 %); 7 - 0,002 g i.a. (0,5 %); 8 - 0,001 g i.a. (0,3 %) do total aplicado na área do lisímetro (0,3768 g i.a.), confirmando a hipótese de baixa mobilidade vertical do tebuthiuron em Latossolo Vermelho Distroférrico típico, de textura argilosa , numa curva decrescente ao longo do tempo e indicando, para este solo, pequeno potencial de contaminação das águas subterrâneas
Abstract: Tebuthiuron is one of the most used herbicides in sugar cane, in São Paulo State. Studies have been carried through to determine the tebuthiuron leaching index and to monitor its presence in superficial and groundwater sources, without still a definitive conclusion. With the objective to evaluate, in field conditions, the vertical movement of the herbicide Tebuthiuron in Clayey Distroferric Red Soil, sugar cane crop characteristic in São Paulo State, tested the hypothesis that the use of the herbicide tebuthiuron, in controlled environment, is adsorbed to the clayey and high organic matter soils, showing low vertical mobility and small potential of groundwater contamination. The work was conducted in the Experimental Field College of Agricultural Engineering - UNICAMP, using a modified drainage lysimeter with 2 meters of diameter and 3 meters of depth, with 10 vertical points through which were collected water samples of rain. The 6 first samples had been collected 1 day after rains, from March to July - 2006 and the 4 last ones, in the August month, after irrigation area for aspersion, simulating rains of January in same year. The samples was submitted by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC).The found, correlated and evaluated data had indicated a decreasing presence of the herbicide in samples collected to long of time ¿ March to August of 2006: sample 1 - 0,020 g i.a. (5,3 %); 2 ¿ 0,016 g i.a. (4,3 %); 3 - 0,015 g i.a. (4,0 %); 4 - 0,014 g i.a. (3,7 %); 5 - 0,014 g i.a. (3,7 %); 6 - 0,007 g i.a. (1,9 %); 7 - 0,002 g i.a. (0,5 %); 8 - 0,001 g i.a. (0,3 %) - total applied in lysimeter area (0,3768 g i.a.), confirming the hypothesis a low vertical mobility of tebuthiuron in Clayey Distroferric Red Soil, clayey texture, in one decreasing curve to the long of time and indicating, for this soil, small potential of contamination of groundwater
Mestrado
Agua e Solo
Mestre em Engenharia Agrícola
Cunha, Alessandra Troleis da. "Estimativa experimental da taxa de recarga na zona de afloramento do Aqüífero Guarani, para a região de São Carlos - SP". Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18138/tde-18102016-143331/.
Pełny tekst źródłaHydrologic Engineering quantifies the parameters involving water balance. Thus, the evaluation of aquifers recharge rates is considered a relevant matter due to the uncontrolled use of this type of water resource. The potential recharge rate of Guarani Aquifer for São Carlos area was estimated based on data measured on lysimeter and through the analysis of theoretical infiltration concepts. The lysimeter, assembled at the Hydrometereological Station of CRHEA, is 1.50 m deep and has 3.6 m2 of exposure area. A drainage was used to collect the infiltrated volume, leading it to a graduate collection tank. The lysimeter was filled with soil from the recharge zone of Guarani Aquifer (sandy soil). Soil humidity was monitored inside the lysimeter and at open field, around the area from where the soil was extracted. Infiltration data was recorded between January 2002 and January 2003. Potential direct recharge rate was calculated to 55.6% of the precipitation, for the studied period. Analyses of water behavior in the soil have shown that aquifers recharge occurs only in rainy periods (from november to march). Throughout the droughts (from april to october), sparse precipitations are not enough to compensate the humidity deficiency in the soil. It was also possible to conclude that the theoretical methods for estimation of potential evapotranspiration are not suitable for regions characterized by droughts and rainy periods.
Lena, Bruno Patias. "Crop evapotranspiration and crop coefficient of jatropha from first to fourth year". Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11152/tde-06012017-111443/.
Pełny tekst źródłaA determinação de coeficiente de cultivo (Kc) com metodologia adequada é essencial para quantificar o consumo hídrico de cultivos em diferentes regiões. Valores de Kc do pinhão-manso (Jatropha curcas L.) ainda não foram determinados e essa informação é muito importante para auxiliar o manejo de irrigação de maneira adequada. O objetivo desse estudo foi determinar a evapotranspiração (ETc) e Kc do 1º ao 4º ano de cultivo do pinhão-manso, e correlacionar Kc com o índice de área foliar (IAF) e a soma da unidade térmica (SUT). O experimento foi realizado de março de 2012 à agosto de 2015 na Escola Superior de Agricultura \"Luiz de Queiroz\" (ESALQ)/Universidade de São Paulo (USP), na cidade de Piracicaba, SP, Brasil. O experimento foi divido nos tratamentos irrigados por pivô central, gotejamento e sem irrigação. Foram utilizados dois lisímetros de pesagem (12 m2 de superfície em cada lisímetro) por tratamento para realizar a determinação de ETc (uma planta por lisímetros). A evapotranspiração de referência (ET0) foi determinado pelo método de Penman-Monteith a partir de dados meteorológicos coletados na estação meteorológica localizada ao lado do experimento. Valores diários de Kc foram determinados nos tratamentos irrigados pela razão entre ETc e ET0 (Kc=ETc/ET0). IAF foi determinado utilizando o equipamento LAI-2200 Plant Canopy Analyzer, que foi previamente calibrado para adequar as características do dossel do pinhão-manso. Em todos os anos avaliados, o IAF foi quase zero durante o início do período vegetativo, aumentando os valores conforme a planta começou a se desenvolver até atingir valores máximos durante o período produtivo, decrescendo os valores até zero no estádio de desenvolvimento de senescência foliar. A variação anual de ETc no 2º, 3º e 4º ano foi muito similar, explicado pelos diferentes períodos de desenvolvimento da cultura e a variação de IAF no ano. No 1º ano, Kc foi 0,47 para os dois tratamentos irrigados. No 2º, 3º e 4º ano, Kc variou de 0,15 a 1,38 no tratamento irrigado por pivô central e de 0,15 a 1,15 no tratamento irrigado por gotejamento. A média dos valores de Kc no 2º, 3º e 4º ano durante os períodos vegetativos e produtivos foi de 0,77, 0,93 e 0,82 no tratamento irrigado por pivô central, respectivamente, e 0,69, 0,79 e 0,74 no tratamento irrigado por gotejamento, respectivamente. A relação entre Kc e IAF mostrou, para o tratamento irrigado por pivô central, um ajuste logaritmo com coeficiente de determinação (R2) e somatória do erro médio ao quadrado (SEMQ) de 0,7643 e 0,334, respectivamente, e 0,8443 e 0,2079 para o tratamento irrigado por gotejamento, respectivamente. Nos três anos analisados, Kc correlacionado com SUT mostrou o melhor ajuste à equação polinomial de 2ª ordem para os dois tratamentos.
Stephan, Karl Eckart [Verfasser], Manfred [Gutachter] Frühauf i Carsten [Gutachter] Lorz. "Standörtliche Wasserhaushaltsgrößen in der südsibirischen Kulunda-Steppe : vergleichende Erhebung und Prüfung von Messdaten aus Lysimeter- und Feldversuchen / Eckart Stephan ; Gutachter: Manfred Frühauf, Carsten Lorz". Halle (Saale) : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Sachsen-Anhalt, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1220698202/34.
Pełny tekst źródłaKim, Minseok, Luke A. Pangle, Charléne Cardoso, Marco Lora, Till H. M. Volkmann, Yadi Wang, Ciaran J. Harman i Peter A. Troch. "Transit time distributions and StorAge Selection functions in a sloping soil lysimeter with time-varying flow paths: Direct observation of internal and external transport variability". AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/622147.
Pełny tekst źródłaGonÃalves, Fabricio Mota. "EvapotranspiraÃÃo e coeficientes de cultivo (KC) da cana-de-aÃÃcar irrigada por gotejamento subsuperficial". Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2010. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=5272.
Pełny tekst źródłaSugar cane is one of the crops with the highest level of water consumption, with a high evapotranspiration demand throughout most of its cycle. Knowledge of the sugar cane water demand, the time that irrigation should be applied, and how to irrigate the crop are becoming increasingly important for the sustainable development of irrigated sugar cane cultivation, especially in areas of low water availability, as it is the case in northea stern Brazil. The experiment was carried out at the Curu Experimental Field (property of the Embrapa Tropical Agroindustry), located in the Curu-Paraipaba Irrig ation Project, city of Paraipaba-CE (3 Â 29 '20''S, 39 Â 9' 45''W and elevation 30m), in order to determine the evapotrans piration and crop coefficients (Kc) of sugarcane (Saccharum L. officinarium), subsurface drip-irrigated. It was used the SP 6949 sugar cane variety, planted in a spacing of 1.8 m between double rows and 0.4 m between rows within the double row. As to t he irrigation, we used one lateral water line for each double row, buried at a depth of 0.15 m, w ith self-compensating drip emitters, with a flow rate of 1 L h-1, spaced 0.5 m on the water line. The crop was irrigated daily and there were three fertigations per week. The irrigation de pth was periodically adjusted, keeping the soil water potential between -8 kPa to -20 kPa. The crop evapotranspiration (ETc) was determined using a wei ghing lysimeter with a surface area of 2.25 m 2. The reference evapotranspiration (ETo) was estimated by the FAO Penman-Monteith method. The durations of the phenological stages of cane sugar were estimated through analysis of soil cover, with the use of digital images. Durations of 31, 49, 237 and 118 days were observed, respectively for initial, crop development, mid-season and late season stages. The yields achieved within and outside the lysimeter were respectively 144.4 and 108.8 t ha -1 . The total ETc observed during the cycle of the sugar cane was 1074.1 m m, with maximum values of 6.6 mm d-1 during the mid-season stage. Observed Kc values for initial, mid-season and late season stages were respectively 0.23, 1 .03 and 0.50. In the crop development stage, the relationship between Kc and the (crop) soil cover was represented with good accuracy by a negative quadratic model.
A cana-de-aÃÃcar à uma das culturas com maior consumo de Ãgua, apresentando uma alta demanda evapotranspirativa ao longo da maior parte do seu ciclo. O conhecimento das necessidades hÃdricas da cana-de-aÃÃcar, do momento de aplicaÃÃo da Ãgua requerida pela mesma e a forma de aplicaÃÃo torna-se cada vez mais importante para o desenvolvimento sustentÃvel da sua produÃÃo irrigada, principalmente em regiÃes de pouca disponibilidade hÃdrica, como à o caso da regiÃo Nordeste do Brasil. O experimento foi conduzido no Campo Experimental do Curu, pertencente à Embrapa AgroindÃstria Tropical localizado no PerÃmetro Irrigado Curu-Paraipaba, municÃpio de Paraipaba-CE (3 29â 20ââ S, 39 9â 45ââ W e altitude de 30 m), com o objetivo de determinar a evapotranspiraÃÃo e os coeficientes de cultivo (Kc) da cana-de-aÃÃcar (Saccharum officinarium L.), irrigada por gotejamento subsuperficial. Utilizou-se a variedade de cana SP 6949, plantada no espaÃamento de 1,8 m entre fileiras duplas e 0,4 m entre linhas dentro da fileira dupla. Na irrigaÃÃo utilizou-se uma linha lateral para cada fileira dupla, enterrada na profundidade de 0,15 m, com gotejadores autocompensantes, com vazÃo de 1 L h-1, espaÃados de 0,5 m na linha. A cultura foi irrigada com freqÃÃncia diÃria e foram realizadas trÃs fertirrigaÃÃes por semana. A lÃmina de irrigaÃÃo foi ajustada periodicamente, mantendo-se o potencial de Ãgua no solo entre -8 kPa e -20 kPa. A evapotranspiraÃÃo da cultura (ETc) foi determinada utilizando-se um lisÃmetro de pesagem com Ãrea superficial de 2,25 m2. A evapotranspiraÃÃo de referÃncia (ETo) foi estimada pelo mÃtodo FAO Penman-Monteith. As duraÃÃes das fases fenolÃgicas da cana-de-aÃÃcar foram estimadas por meio da anÃlise da cobertura do solo pela cultura, determinada com o uso de imagens digitais. Foram observadas duraÃÃes de 31, 49, 237 e 118 dias, para as fases inicial, de desenvolvimento, intermediÃria e final, respectivamente. A produtividade alcanÃada dentro e fora do lisÃmetro foi de 144,4 e 108,8 t ha-1, respectivamente. A ETc total observada durante o ciclo da cana-de-aÃÃcar foi de 1.074,1 mm, com valores mÃximos da ordem de 6,6 mm d-1 durante a fase intermediÃria. Foram observados valores de Kc iguais a 0,23, 1,03 e 0,50, para as fases inicial, intermediÃria e final, respectivamente. Na fase de desenvolvimento vegetativo a relaÃÃo entre o Kc e a cobertura do solo pela cultura foi representada com bastante exatidÃo por um modelo quadrÃtico negativo.
Santiago, Alailson Venceslau. "Evapotranspiração de referência medida por lisímero de pesagem e estimada por Penman-Monteith (FAO-56), nas escalas mensal e decendial". Universidade de São Paulo, 2002. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11131/tde-16052002-095603/.
Pełny tekst źródłaReference evapotranspiration (ETo, mm d-1) was measured by a weighing lysimeter coupled with three load cells, during 1996, in Piracicaba, SP, Brazil. Operational difficulties with this kind of lysimeter during days with high intensity rainfall and also during a sequence of days with intermittent rains are discussed. The time series of measured ETo was pooled in sequences of either 10 or 30 days generating groups of mean values for such time scales. Moving averages with different steps were used to increase the number of points in each group and to test their effect upon the statistical relationships. Estimatives of mean ETo corresponding to the time intervals of the measured averages were computed with the Penman-Monteith equation following the parameterizations and procedures described in the FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 56, using data given by an automatic meteorological weather station located next to the lysimeter. Simple linear regression analysis (Lysimeter = b Estimative) indicates the following statistical tendencies: 1) for the 30-days time scale, Y = 1.0905 X ± 0.212 mm d-1, r2 = 0.9512 from january to june; and Y = 0.9622 X ± 0.166 mm d-1, r2 = 0.8249 from august to november; 2) for the 10-days time scale, Y = 1.0866 X ± 0.332 mm d-1, r2= 0.9158 from january to june; e Y = 0.9573 X ± 0.323 mm d-1, r2 = 0.7729 from august to november. The different time steps did not affect substantially the b value; but, in general, as the time step increased so did the mean error of the estimative due to the decrease in the number of points compared. Due to the operational difficulties in measuring ETo during periods of high intensity rains perhaps the relationships found for the second period represents better the degree of fit of the estimatives. The performance of the ETo estimatives did not change substantially when the measured net radiation was substituted by an estimative using the FAO-56 guidelines, simulating a very common situation of lack of such weather element.
Silva, Tonny José Araújo da. "Evapotranspiração e coeficiente de cultivo de maracujazeiros determinados pelo método do balanço de radiação e lisimetria de pesagem hidráulica". Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11143/tde-15072005-152748/.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis work was carried out at the experimental irrigation farm of the Engineering Department - College of Agriculture Luiz de Queiroz - ESALQ/USP in Piracicaba, São Paulo, State. The 83-day-old passiflora seedlings (Passiflora edulis Sims f. flavicarpa Deg cv. IAC 275) were transplanted to experimental units with rows planted based on North- South and East-West directions. The Bowen ratio method was used to determine both sensible heat and latent heat fluxes. It was collected micrometeorological data from net radiation, soil flux heat, temperature and vapor pressure gradient with the aim to evaluate the energy available partition and evapotranspiration of trees planted under two row directions. The performance of a hydraulic load cells and a pressure transductor were evaluated by calibration of electronic load cells in laboratory and field conditions. In order to determine the evapotranspiration, it was used four similar hydraulic weighing lysimeters, being two in each direction of plant row. The daily evapotranspiration in liters per plant was adjusted to the leaf area present in each lysimeter, to hypothetically uniform the vegetative development and compare the values themselves. The net radiation was not influenced by row directions, and it was 60% of global radiation. The latent heat of evaporation was the major role on energy balance and the significant values happened immediately after a rainfall or irrigation. The use of intervals and exclusion analyzes model, when the Bowen ratio fails, improve the estimative of evapotranspiration. The triangular design of load cells promoted a good stability and distribution of forces. The establishment of an ideal fluid volume leaded a liner calibrations and better performances. Relationships between mass variation read in piezometer, electronic load cells and pressure transductor showed linear relation and high determination coefficient. The accumulative depth at 450 DAP for North-South unit was 1171 mm higher than 1083 mm for East-West. The average of extremes values for evapotranspiration was 5 L plant-1 day-1 for autumn and winter and 8 L plant-1 day-1 for summer period. No significant differences were found for ETc for units in months of lower energetic availability. The values for crop coefficient were 0.6 for apex vegetative growth, 0.9 for lateral vegetative growth, 1.2 for flowering and fruit development, 1.0 for fruit maturation and 0.8 for post-maturation period.
Zanuzo, Lusiani. "Comportamento de cátions percolados oriundos da aplicação de água residuária de suinocultura em solo cultivado com milho". Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Parana, 2007. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/232.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe objective of this work was evaluated the cation´s leaching corn planted and irrigated with swine waste water in lysimeters. The factors and levels of treatments were: four levels of with swine wastewater (112.5, 225.0, 337.5 and 450.0 m3 ha-1), two levels of chemical fertilization (50% and 75% of nitrogen recommend) and three repetitions. The time after sowing was considered analysis factor to evaluate the time effects accumulation of cations in soil. The irrigation was realized switching water and wastewater in each period of 15 days. The lysimeters was built with fiber boxes, capacity of 1 m3, 1.6 m of diameter, spacing of 0,4 x 0,5 m and 1,2 m of depth. The statistical analysis used was split-plot. The leaching´s concentrations were larger for the chemical elements in the following order: Na+ > K+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+. In general, the factor swine wastewater produced proportional larger concentrations in the leaching of Na+. The chemical fertilization factor influenced in the largest concentrations of the K+ leaching. The time after sowing influenced in the largest concentrations of Ca2+ and Mg2+ in the soil and of Na+ leaching.
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os cátions lixiviados em lisímetros preenchidos com solo tipo Latossolo Vermelho Distroférrico, cultivados com milho irrigado com água residuária de suinocultura. Os fatores estudados foram a água residuária em quatro níveis (112,5, 225,0, 337,5 e 450 m3/ha) e a adubação química em dois níveis (50% e 75% do nitrogênio recomendado para a cultura do milho) ao longo do ciclo da cultura. A irrigação foi realizada intercalando água e água residuária de suinocultura a cada 15 dias. Os cátions avaliados no solo e no percolado foram K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+. O delineamento experimental foi em esquema fatorial 4x2, com três repetições por tratamento e avaliações em quatro períodos do desenvolvimento da planta. As médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de significância. Os resultados apontam que as concentrações médias dos lixiviados foram maiores para os elementos químicos estudados na seguinte ordem: Na+> K+ > Ca2+ >Mg2+. As taxas da água residuária de suinocultura produziram, proporcionalmente, maiores concentrações médias nos lixiviados para Na+, apenas no último período avaliado. A adubação química influenciou nas maiores concentrações do K+ lixiviado. De modo geral, ao longo do experimento, foram observadas maiores concentrações de Ca2+ e Mg2+ no solo e de Na+ no lixiviado.
Ferreira, José Orlando Piauilino. "Evapotranspiração e coeficientes de cultura da melancieira irrigada por gotejamento em Alvorada do Gurguéia-PI /". Jaboticabal : [s.n.], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/105227.
Pełny tekst źródłaAbstract: This experiment was carried out at the Gurguéia river valley, state of Piauí, Brazil, located at 8º 26' S latitude, 43º 47' W longitude an altitude of 251 m. The objectives of this study were to determine the evapotranspiration (ETc) and crop coefficients (Kc) of watermelon by drip irrigated. Reference evapotranspiration (ETo) was daily determined by ten models of the estimation, with part climatics variable obtained an automatic agrometeorological station located in the center of the experimental area. The models were: Penman-Monteith-FAO56 (PMFAO56), Penman- Monteith-ASCE (PMASCE), Hargreaves-Samani (HS), Priestley-Taylor (PT), Camargo (CAM), original Thornthwaite (THW), Thornthwaite with correction for effective temperature computed as a function of the average temperature and of the daily amplitude and values of K=0,69 (THW2(0,69)) and K=0,72 (THW3(0,72)) and Thornthwaite with the same effective temperature corrected for the photoperiod and value of K=0,69 (THW2(0,69)) and K=0,72 (THW3(0,72)). ETc was measured from three weighing lysimeters located in the center of the experimental area. Methods performance was evaluated by using single linear regression and different indices, root mean square error (RMES), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), index of agreement (d) and Scott-Knott test, using how standard PMFAO56. The model PMASCE was resembling to PMFAO56, with RMES = 0,05 mm dia-1, MAPE = 0,74%, d = 1,0 and R² = 0,99. Only the models, THW2(0,69) e THW3(0,72), not presents generals average significant difference of the PMFAO56. The Kc values obtained were 0,44, 1,58 and 1,28 for the initial, intermediate and final stages, respectively. This values, thus as of the every methods of estimation of the ETo tested, was upper to obtained for watermelon in the Bulletin 56 of irrigation and drainage of the FAO, principally for the intermediate and final stages... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Orientador: Luiz Carlos Pavani
Coorientador: Edson Alves Bastos
Banca: Aderson Soares de Andrade Junior
Banca: Regina Célia de Matos Pires
Banca: Jose Renato Zanini
Banca: Mario Benincasa
Doutor
Ferreira, José Orlando Piauilino [UNESP]. "Evapotranspiração e coeficientes de cultura da melancieira irrigada por gotejamento em Alvorada do Gurguéia-PI". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/105227.
Pełny tekst źródłaCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Este experimento foi conduzido em Alvorada do Gurguéia, situada no vale do rio Gurguéia, estado do Piauí, localizado na latitude de 8º 26’ S, longitude 43º 47’ W e altitude de 251 m. Os objetivos deste estudo foram determinar a evapotranspiração (ETc) e os coeficientes de cultura (Kc) da melancieira irrigada por gotejamento. A evapotranspiração de referência (ETo) foi determinada diariamente por dez modelos de estimativa, com parte dos elementos climáticos obtidos em uma estação agrometeorológica automática localizada no centro da área experimental. Os modelos foram: Penman-Monteith-FAO56 (PMFAO56), Penman-Monteith-ASCE (PMASCE), Hargreaves-Samani (HS), Priestley-Taylor (PT), Camargo (CAM), Thornthwaite original (THW), Thornthwaite com correção para a temperatura efetiva calculada como uma função da temperatura média e da amplitude diária e valores de K=0,69 (THW2(0,69)) e K=0,72 (THW3(0,72)) e Thornthwaite com a mesma temperatura efetiva corrigida para o fotoperíodo e valores de K=0,69 (THW2(0,69)) e K=0,72 (THW2(0,72)). A ETc foi medida a partir de três lisímetros de pesagem localizados no centro da área experimental. O desempenho dos métodos foi avaliado utilizando regressão linear simples e diferentes índices: raiz quadrada do erro médio quadrático (RMES), erro percentual absoluto médio (MAPE), índice de concordância (d) e o teste de Scott-Knott, usando como padrão EToPMFAO56. O modelo PMASCE foi semelhante ao PMFAO56, com RMES = 0,05 mm dia-1, MAPE = 0,74%, d = 1,0 e R2 = 0,99. Apenas os modelos, THW2(0,69) e THW3(0,72), não apresentaram médias gerais significativamente diferentes de PMFAO56. Os valores médios de Kc obtidos com o PMFAO56 foram 0,44; 1,58 e 1,28 para os estádios inicial, intermediário e final, respectivamente. Valores estes, assim como os de todos os demais métodos de estimativa de ET0 testados, foram superiores aos obtidos...
This experiment was carried out at the Gurguéia river valley, state of Piauí, Brazil, located at 8º 26’ S latitude, 43º 47’ W longitude an altitude of 251 m. The objectives of this study were to determine the evapotranspiration (ETc) and crop coefficients (Kc) of watermelon by drip irrigated. Reference evapotranspiration (ETo) was daily determined by ten models of the estimation, with part climatics variable obtained an automatic agrometeorological station located in the center of the experimental area. The models were: Penman-Monteith-FAO56 (PMFAO56), Penman- Monteith-ASCE (PMASCE), Hargreaves-Samani (HS), Priestley-Taylor (PT), Camargo (CAM), original Thornthwaite (THW), Thornthwaite with correction for effective temperature computed as a function of the average temperature and of the daily amplitude and values of K=0,69 (THW2(0,69)) and K=0,72 (THW3(0,72)) and Thornthwaite with the same effective temperature corrected for the photoperiod and value of K=0,69 (THW2(0,69)) and K=0,72 (THW3(0,72)). ETc was measured from three weighing lysimeters located in the center of the experimental area. Methods performance was evaluated by using single linear regression and different indices, root mean square error (RMES), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), index of agreement (d) and Scott-Knott test, using how standard PMFAO56. The model PMASCE was resembling to PMFAO56, with RMES = 0,05 mm dia-1, MAPE = 0,74%, d = 1,0 and R² = 0,99. Only the models, THW2(0,69) e THW3(0,72), not presents generals average significant difference of the PMFAO56. The Kc values obtained were 0,44, 1,58 and 1,28 for the initial, intermediate and final stages, respectively. This values, thus as of the every methods of estimation of the ETo tested, was upper to obtained for watermelon in the Bulletin 56 of irrigation and drainage of the FAO, principally for the intermediate and final stages... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Silva, Eduardo Magno Pereira da. "DeterminaÃÃo do coeficiente de cultura da melancia, em solo sob palhada e preparo convencional, na microrregiÃo de Teresina, PiauÃ". Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2012. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=7966.
Pełny tekst źródłaArantes, Kelte Resende. "Desenvolvimento de mudas de cafeeiro cultivadas em tubetes e submetidas a diferentes níveis de déficit hídrico". Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11143/tde-14092007-143001/.
Pełny tekst źródłaCoffee production is a very important activity in the socioeconomic context in Brazil, which makes billion of dollars go around the economy every year generating thousands of direct and indirect jobs. The success in the coffee production depends on the observation of several needs, among others the choice of healthy and vigorous seedlings with good genetic potential. The use of sacks of polyethylene as a container for the substrate in the production of coffee seedlings is traditional, nevertheless are losing space for the plastic tubes. Despite some advantages of plastic tubes like the possibility of mechanization of filling and planting, the reuse of the containers and the smaller number of employees demanded in the production, the plastic tubes need substrate with special characteristics. In the production of coffee seedlings in plastic tubes is necessary the use of irrigation of high efficiency, as well as appropriate manipulation. There are reports in the literature showing a lack of suitability of the irrigation methods in the production of coffee seedlings in plastic tubes. The use of inadequate irrigation methods can cause problems in the culture development, due to hydric deficiency, excessive moisture, or for fostering the appearance and propagation of diseases. On the basis of these aspects, the objective of this work was to generate information to guide the producers in an appropriate handling of the sub-irrigation in the coffee seedling production in plastic tubes, determining the involved implications in the use of that method. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse in an experimental area of the Irrigation and Drainage Section of the Rural Engineering Department of the Superior School of Agriculture "Luiz de Queiroz" ESALQ/USP, in the city of Piracicaba, São Paulo State. The seedlings used in the experiment were coffee plants of the species Coffea arabica cv. Catuaí Vermelho, variety LCH-2077-2-5-99. The irrigation method used was by subirrigation. The irrigation control was done according to the weight variation of the plastic tubes with the seedlings, due to the loss of water by evapotranspiration. In the control process of the weights were used load cells, which monitored the weight variation of a group of plastic tubes, denominated control group. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with four replications. The evaluated treatments had five levels of depletion of the maximum capacity of water retention (MCRA) presented by the substrate (15%, 30%, 45%, 60% and 75% of the MCRA). The plots were constituted of 32 plastic tubes. To quantify the effects of the treatments were monthly measured the following characteristics of the seedlings: Height of the orthopic brach, diameter of the orthopic branch, leaf area, as well as the values of dry matter of the aerial part and radicular system. The handling of sub-irrigation by lysimeter was technically viable for the production of coffee seedlings in plastic tubes. The automatic system for handling the irrigation was adequate to monitor and control it. The levels of depletion above 45% limited the development of seedlings, however the depletion of 27% was considered ideal.
Amorim, Marcelo Cid de. "Avaliação da eficácia do lisímetro de lençol freático constante, do tanque classe A e do modelo de Penmam-Monteith (FAO) para estimativa da evapotranspiração de referência (ETo)". Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 1997. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/5269.
Pełny tekst źródłaCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
A field research work was carried out to evaluate the FAO Penman- Monteith method, the constant watertable lysimeter and the Class A pan for estimating the reference evapotranspiration (ETo) as a function of the main climatic data (air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and sunshine duration) obtained in a conventional meteorological station at Governador Dix- Sept Rosado county. A model for determining the class A pan coefficient (Kt) was also proposed for that location. The regression and path analysis were used in evaluating the direct and indirect effects from each collected climatic elements on estimated ETo rates. ln both analyses the reference evapotranspiration was the dependent variable (Y) and the climate elements were the independent variables (X). According to the results, the Penman- Monteith method showed a better adequacy in estimating the ETo rates from the climatic elements data either for dally values or flve days averaged values. For the five days averaged values the evapotranspiration measuring equipment showed a substantial improvement in the coefñcient of determination. The regression and path analysis showed similar results emphasizing that the sunshine duration is the main clímatic element in the evapotranspiration process either as direct or indirect effect. lt was observed that the Kt values for the study area was only 0.73. thus much |ess then 0.85 determined by FAO.
Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o método de Penman-Monteith (FAO). o lisímetro de lençol freático constante e o evaporímetro tanque Classe "A" na estimativa da evapotranspiração de referência (ETo), em função dos principais dados climáticos disponíveis (temperatura do ar à sombra, umidade relativa, velocidade do vento e número de horas de brilho solar) na estação meteorológica principal, instalada no município de Governador Dix-Sept Rosado. Foi proposto também um modelo para determinar o coeficiente de tanque (Kt) para o tanque Classe A". Para avaliar os efeitos direto e indireto de cada elemento climático na estimativas da ETo obtidas pelos diferentes métodos utilizou-se a análise de regressão e de trilha. Em ambas as análises a evapotranspiração de referência foi a variável dependente (Y) e os elementos climáticos as variáveis independentes (X). As variáveis estudadas foram provenientes de dados diários e médias de períodos de cinco dias. De acordo com os resultados, o método de Penman-Monteith (FAO) apresentou melhor coeficiente de correlação na análise de regressão quadrática com os elementos do clima, tanto para valores diários quanto para valores médios de cinco dias. Para os valores médios de cinco dias, os dados apresentaram substancial melhoria no coeficiente de determinação com os valores de ETo medidos pelos equipamentos. Pela análise regressão e de trilha os resultados foram semelhantes, comprovando que a duração do brilho solar diário é o principal elemento do clima no processo da evapotranspiração de referência, tanto como efeito direto quanto indireto. Observou-se que o Kt proposto para a região em estudo teve um coeficiente máximo de 0.73. muito inferior, portanto, ao valor recomendado pela FAO de 0,85.
SANTOS, Francisco Xavier dos. "Lisímetro de pesagem hidráulica e evapotranspiração de referência por diferentes métodos no agreste pernambucano". Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2004. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/5314.
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The aim of this work was to build and test the functioning of an hydraulic weighing lysimeter with a mercury piston arranjement, and to relate the reference evapotranspiration (ETo) determined by the lysimeter with that estimated by agrometeorological models and by evaporimetric pans. The reseach was conducted at the Nossa Senhora do Rosário Farm, in Pesqueira, Pernambuco State, Brazil, where the lysimeter is located under the coordinates 08°10’25” South latitude and 35°11’25” west latitude and at an altitude of 613 m. The local climate is of the BS’s’h type acording to Koppen. The meteorological elements data and the evaporation were obtained from an automatic agrometeorological station (Campbell Scientific ET106), from a Class A pan and from an experimental pan. The following models were used: Blaney-Criddle, Camargo, Hargreaves-Samani, Jensen-Haise, Makkink, Penmam-1963, Penmam-FAO, Penmam-Monteith, Radiação-FAO e Thorntwaite-Camargo. The lysimeter tank had a volume capacity of 2.059 m3 and a surface area of 2.068 m2, planted with pangola grass (Digitaria decumbens Stent.). The preliminary calibrations tests, using up to 50 mm water depth, with progressive witshowed excellent responses throughout the testing. The range ysimeter operated with a final field precision of 0.143 mm, corresponding to a volume of 14 dm3. The lysimeter estability was high, where the greatest positional average error measured at 3.93%. The lysimeter’s performance acording to Willmott’s index, using Penman-Monteith method as a standard, was “Very bad” for measurements on a daily scale and “Bad” with tridial dates, reveling a strong local advective effect upon evapotranspiration. The same effect was evidenced upon the readings of the evaporation pans, which also showed unsactisfactory performance in relationship to the standard method.
O objetivo deste trabalho foi a construção e testar o funcionamento de um lisímetro de pesagem hidráulica com arranjo de pistão de mercúrio, e relacionar a evapotranspiração de referência (ETo) determinada pelo lisímetro com aquela estimada por modelos agrometeorológicos e por tanques de evaporação. A pesquisa foi conduzida na Fazenda Nossa Senhora do Rosário, Pesqueira – PE, na qual o lisímetro está instalado sob as coordenadas 08º10´25 de latidude Sul e 35º11´25 de longitude Oeste e 613 m de altitude. O clima local é do tipo BSs’h’ segundo Koppen. Os dados dos elementos meteorológicos e de evaporação foram obtidos de uma estação agrometeorológica automática (Campbell Scientific ET106), de um Tanque Classe A e de um Tanque Experimental. Foram usadas as seguintes equações: Blaney-Criddle, Camargo, Hargreaves-Samani, Jensen-Haise, Makkink, Penmam-1963, Penmam-FAO, Penmam-Monteith, Radiação-FAO e Thorntwaite-Camargo. O lisímetro tem capacidade volumétrica de 2,059 m3 e uma área superficial de 2,086 m2 plantada com capim pangola (Digitaria decumbens Stent.). Os testes preliminares de calibração, numa faixa de até 50 mm de lâmina d’água, com retiradas progressivas de volume de 1 dm3 dostravesseiros hidráulicos, revelaram excelentes respostas em todos os testes. O lisímetro operou com uma precisão final de campo de 0,143 mm, com um volume de 14 dm3. A estabilidade do lisímetro foi elevada, sendo o maior erro médio posicicional medido de 3,93 %. O desempenho do lisímetro segundo o índice de Willmott, tomando-se o método Penmam-Monteith como padrão, foi “Péssimo” para medidas em escala diária e “Mal” em dados tridiais, revelando o forte efeito advectivo local sobre a evapotranspiração. O mesmo efeito foi evidenciado sobre as leituras dos tanques de evaporação, que também tiveram desempenho insatisfatório em relação ao método padrão.
Carlson, Tyson David, i Tyson David Carlson. "Effect of velocity and water content on the gas-phase partitioning tracer test for the in-situ measurement of soil-water content in a large weighing lysimeter". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626925.
Pełny tekst źródłaMedeiros, Patrick Valverde. "Análise da evapotranspiração de referência a partir de medidas lisimétricas e ajuste estatístico de estimativas de nove equações empírico-teóricas com base na equação de Penman-Monteith". Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18138/tde-21052008-090008/.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe quantification of the evapotranspiration is an essential task for the determination of the water balance in a watershed and for the establishment of the culture´s water deficit. Therefore, the present work describes the analysis of the reference evapotranspiration (ETo) for the region of Jaboticabal-SP. The phenomenon behavior in the region was studied based on the interpretation of 12 drainage lysimeters data (EToLis) and on theoretical estimates for 10 different equations available in the Literature. An statistical analysis indicated that the theoretical ETo estimates compared with the EToLis did not present good indices of comparison and error. Admitting that the lysimeters operation did not allow a reliable ETo determination, a local adjustment of the theoretical methodologies for ETo estimate was considered. An auto-regression (AR) of the noises of these equations in comparison with the annual average estimate for the Penman-Monteith equation (EToPM), taken as standard, has been performed in fortnightly and monthly periods. The adjustment through simple linear regression has also been analyzed. The obtained results indicate that the effective radiation is the most important climatic variable for the establishment of the ETo in the region. The Penman-Monteith estimate presented excellent correlation to the estimates by Makkink (1957) equation and the energy balance. The local adjustments presented excellent results for the majority of the tested equations, specially for the solar radiation FAO-24, Makkink (1957), Jensen-Haise (1963), Camargo (1971), radiation balance, Turc (1961) and Thornthwaite (1948) equations. The adjustment by simple linear regression is of easier execution and also presented excellent results.
Silva, Leonardo Duarte Batista da. "Evapotranspiração do capim tanzânia (Panicum maximum Jacq.) e grama batatais (Paspalum notatum flugge) utilizando o método do balanço de energia e lisímetro de pesagem". Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11143/tde-22052003-141207/.
Pełny tekst źródłaPasture irrigation presented a large growth in Brazil in recent years. However, the lack of research on pasture water use has led to inefficient irrigation management practices. The objectives of this work were: to evaluate the relationships between global solar irradiance and net radiation on surfaces covered with Guinea grass (Panicum maximum Jacq.) and Bahia grass (Paspalum notatum flugge); to determine the evapotranspiration of Guinea grass through weighing lysimeter measurements; to apply the energy balance method to estimate the evapotranspiration of Guinea grass by means of an automated Bowen ratio system; and finally to compare the evapotranspiration of Guinea grass measured by a weighing lysimeter versus the evapotranspiration estimated by the automated Bowen ratio energy balance system.. Evapotranspiration (ETc) was obtained for Guinea grass by means of a weighing lysimeter and an automated Bowen ratio system. Global solar irradiance (Qg) and the net radiation (Rn) over Bahia grass and Guinea grass were also obtained. The data were collected daily and statistically analyzed through regression analysis. The linear regression models for Rn estimates were Rn = 0,5418.Qg (r 2 = 0,9297) for a Bahia grass surface and Rn = 0,5613.Qg (r 2 = 0,8719) for a surface covered with Guinea grass. Guinea grass average evapotranspiration was 4.13 mm.day -1 by the energy balance method and 4.34 mm.day -1 as measured by the weighing lysimeter. The results led to the conclusion that the daily and hourly evapotranspiration values of Guinea grass obtained by the Bowen ratio automated system, were affected by the advection and by precipitation. Despite that, it was possible to obtain a correlation between the Bowen ratio evapotranspiration and measurements with the weighing lysimeter. The results show that the net radiation over Bahia grass and Guinea grass can satisfactorily be estimated from the global solar irradiance as long as seasonal variations are taken into account.
Bode, Ralf. "Auslaugung anorganischer Schadstoffe aus Abfall- und Altlastmaterialien". Doctoral thesis, [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0006-B310-C.
Pełny tekst źródłaPrédélus, Dieuseul. "Rôle des hétérogénéités texturale et structurale du sol sur le transfert et la rétention des nanoparticules dans la zone non saturée : Expérimentation et modélisation". Thesis, Vaulx-en-Velin, Ecole nationale des travaux publics, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ENTP0006/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaIncreasing production of nanoparticles from nanotechnology development and incorporation into consumer products will inevitably lead to their introduction into the environment. These particles can be a vector of pollutants due to the facilitated transport of organic and inorganic contaminants potentially adsorbed on their surfaces or represent a risk to the environment and human health themselves. The unsaturated zone plays an important function of natural water filtration recharge. The transport and retention mechanisms of nanoparticles through this zone are complex due to the structural and textural soil heterogeneities. These heterogeneities are causing preferential flows and are responsible a large number of physical and chemical interaction related to the nanoparticles properties. The aim of the thesis is to better understand effects of soil heterogeneities on the transport of nanoparticles in a heterogeneous unsaturated media to better prevent the fate of nanoparticles in the vadose zone. In this context, three granular materials (sand and sand - gravel mixtures) were introduced in column (10 cm diameter x 30 cm high) and the lysimeter LUGH of Lehna (100 x 160 x 100 cm3) to simulate the transport of nanoparticles in the soil. The goal is to determine the role of heterogeneous textural (different sizes) and structural (barrier capillary) heterogeneities of the soil, taking into account the effects of the ionic strength of the solution and the flow rate on the transfer of the nanoparticles in unsaturated conditions. Silica nanoparticles labeled with fluorescent organic molecules have been developed as particulate v in this study, the bromide ion has been used to characterize the flow of water. The transfer model of non-equilibrium hydrodynamic fractionation of water and two mobile and immobile phases, MIM, including a retention and release term of the nanoparticles, properly described breakthrough curves of nanoparticles on column experiments. This study allowed to characterize the effects related of different grain sizes of soil and capillary barrier on the nanoparticle retention. Experiments with different ionic strengths show for the ionic strength between 1 and 50 mM, the retention increased as predicted by the DLVO theory. However, from an ionic strengh greater than 100 mM an inversion retention occurs. When the flow rate decreases, retention increases, air - water interface increases and trapps probably the nanoparticles. Lysimeter LUGH allowed to identify the role of the capillary barrier on the retention of nanoparticles. A 3D numerical model based on Richards equation for flow and the convection dispersion equations coupled with a mechanical module for nanoparticle trapping was developed. Results show retention increased in the sand-bimodal interface. The retention profile indicates that nanoparticles are predominantly retained at the soil surface, then the retention decreases with depth, for the column experiments. The nanotracer is a powerful tool for studying the role of heterogeneous in the transfer of particles in an unsaturated soil
Kaufmann, Vander. "Processo hidrológico e transporte de espécies químicas produzidos por chuva intensa simulada em solos do sul do Brasil". reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/78868.
Pełny tekst źródłaAgricultural activities promote modifications in the physical structure of the soil and the interactions that occur within. The changes promoted these activities can generate changes in hydrogeochemical processes in the soil. This study aims to the hydrological processes and transport of chemical species in agricultural soils in southern Brazil, when subjected to rain of high intensity in drainage lysimeters, are experimental devices. Seven lysimeters installed in four catchment areas in the southern states of Brazil were used in the experiments, which present the same methodology and manufacturing facility. In these were performed simulations with different rainfall intensities. Were monitored runoff, drainage and analyzed water samples collected for chemical species ammonium, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, total organic and inorganic carbon. 77 tests were performed to simulate rain, precipitation intensities ranging between 30 and 140 mm h-1, corresponding to return period of about 1 to 1,000 years, respectively, corresponding to extreme rainfall. The datasets generated were analyzed for their spatial and temporal evolutions, their magnitudes and transport processes involved. The models SWAP - Soil, Water, Atmosphere, Environment and Plant and ANIMO - Agricultural Nutrient Model, was applied to the series, to evaluate the hydrogeochemical processes represented. The models are based on physical and suitable for use in lysimeter scale. The generation of runoff, infiltration rates and soil water drainage built in high intensity rainfall events are influenced by management practices and the development stage of the vegetation cover and the very intensity of precipitation. For high intensity rainfall has increased water retained in the surface, with a consequent change in hydraulic head, providing increased rates of infiltration and runoff in the soil profile. The simulations show that the heavy rainfall nitrate concentrations in water runoff and drainage are higher than those of ammonium, nitrite, phosphate, total organic carbon and inorganic carbon. The SWAP model adequately simulated the water balance components in the lysimeter and daily time scales of simulated rainfall. The coefficient of efficiency Nash-Sutcliffe calibration and verification in a daily were more than 0.8 drain for disposal. For nitrate and phosphate, the model correctly simulated ANIMO concentrations on the dates of sample collection of water runoff and drainage series of daily data. During periods of rainfall test, the model presented SWAP efficiency ratios on the order of 0.8 for calibration and verification of drainage outlets. The evolutions of the flow of arms to rise and peak flows of hydrographs were properly reproduced. The model adequately simulated ANIMO temporal variations in the concentrations of nitrate and phosphate during periods of verification and calibration of the test suites rainfall simulation.
Peruchi, Fernanda. "Evapotranspiração real a partir de medidas lisimétricas e sob diferentes condições de disponibilidade hídrica". Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18138/tde-12112009-152605/.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe evapotranspiration can be responsible for more than the half of the water that leaves a watershed, being an important variable for the water balance and for estimating the recharge. In this direction, the objective of this study was to analyse the reference (ETo) and actual (ETr) evapotranspiration for the region of Jaboticabal-SP, Brazil, as well as to verify the influence of the soil water content in the evapotranspiration. The variation of the reference evapotranspiration was studied based on data of a battery of six drainage lysimeters (EToLis) and tree different theoretical models were used (Tanque Classe A, Thornthwaite and Penman Monteith FAO 56 using the estimated and observed global solar radiation and all the variables observed). The actual evapotranspiration data were obtained from a battery of three lysimeters operating in real field conditions and from the water balance of Thornthwaite and Mather (1955), using as reference evapotranspiration the values from the three theoretical models. Others three lysimeters received irrigation sporadically and others values of evapotranspiration were measured, in order to compare the behavior of the evapotranspiration under three availabilities soil water content. The statistical correlation analysis indicates that the estimates of ETo from theoretical equations compared to the EToLis measured in lysimeter of draining did not present good indices of comparison and error. Aware that the operation of the lysimeters did not allow the determination of the ETo with good trustworthiness, one compared the methods with the equation of Penman Monteith FAO 56 using all the observed variables. An excellent correlation was observed between the equation of Penman Monteith FAO 56 with the models using observed global solar radiation and estimated and with Tanque Classe A. Regarding actual evapotranspiration, there were good correlations between the values measured for the lysimeters and the estimated values for water balance of Thornthwaite and Mather. The values of ETr through the water balance using the ETo esteem for Penman Monteith using the observed global solar radiation presented the best correlation with the lisimeters data. Regarding to the variation of soil water content, a distinct behavior was verified between the evapotranspirations in accordance with observing an increase of the ET the increase of the irrigation number.
Ara?jo, M?rio S?rgio Paiva de. "Coeficientes da cultura e produtividade do cons?rcio de milho caatingueiro com feij?o-de-porco e do repolho plantado na palhada". Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, 2016. https://tede.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/jspui/1807.
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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES
The study of crops water demand throughout its development cycle enables the rational use of water, and this scarce study for maize intercropped with bean-to-pig and cabbage grown in maize straw. The objective of this work was to determine the crop evapotranspiration (ETc) and crop coefficients (Kc) of ?caatingueiro? corn under monoculture and intercropping system with bean-to-pig, , and ?fuyutoyo? cabbage planted on the straw, and to check the influence of the consortium in the production of corn and cabbage. The study was conducted in Serop?dica-RJ, using weighing lysimeters, the Kc values were determined by the ratio between ETc and the reference evapotranspiration (ETo). The ETo was estimated by the FAO Penman-Monteith model. The ETc values were calculated using the water balance of the lysimeter-cropp-soil system. The cycle caatingueiro corn intercropped with jack bean and monoculture was March 18 to June 25, the Kc values were calculated for the four stages of crop development. The corn planted in three areas, one with corn intercropping and jack beans with full irrigation (C100), the other with intercropped with deficit irrigation (CD75) and the last with monoculture (Mon). Four samples were taken throughout the cycle to analyze the leaf area, plant height and cob insertion and end of the cycle data of productivity and of water use efficiency (WUE) were measured. The fuyutoyo cabbage was transplanted from the tray to the area 33 days and the cycle after transplant lasted from July 17 to October 26, the Kc values were calculated for the four stages of development. The Kc values for each phase of crop development in the intercropping system were: I (0.78); II (1.06); III (1.10) and IV (1.01), for the monoculture system, the kc values were: I (0.62); II (0.92); III (1.27) and IV (0.89). The corn had a Degree-Days accumulation of 1416.5 ? C throughout cycle, there was not significant difference in leaf area and number of corn cob between the three areas, The C100 area showed smaller values of plant height for all measurements, since the CD75 was lower than Mon only the first measurement. The productivity of C100 (6937.17 kg / ha) did not differ from that found in Mon (6055.34 kg / ha) and was higher than that found in CD75 (4328.91 kg / ha). The C100 showed higher WUE than CD75 and was similar to values found for Mon. The Cabbage has kc values for each phase of crop development: I (1.02); II (1.03); III (1.05) and IV (1.01) and had a degrees-day accumulation of 1439.2 ? C. The productivity cabbage RMon (34.76 T / ha) was higher than the area RC100 (18.99 T / ha), the WUE was lower in RC100. The RCD75 did not differ in the statistical tests. Corn consortium with beans had good result in corn yields in the area C100 and lower productivity in CD75 area, and had no satisfactory result in cabbage productivity in the area RC100
O estudo da demanda h?drica das culturas ao longo do seu ciclo de desenvolvimento possibilita o uso racional da ?gua, sendo esse estudo escasso tanto para consorcia??o de milho com feij?o-de-porco, quanto para o repolho cultivado em palhada de milho. Objetivou-se determinar a evapotranspira??o da cultura (ETc) e os coeficientes de cultura (Kc) do milho caatingueiro, consorciado com feij?o-de-porco e em sistema de monocultivo, e do repolho fuyutoyo plantado sobre a palhada remanescente, assim como verificar a influ?ncia do cons?rcio na produ??o do milho e do repolho. O estudo foi realizado em Serop?dica-RJ, utilizando lis?metros de pesagem. Os valores de Kc foram determinados por meio da raz?o entre ETc e ETo (evapotranspira??o de refer?ncia). A ETo foi estimada pela metodologia proposta por Penman-Monteith FAO, enquanto a ETc foi obtida pelo balan?o h?drico do sistema lis?metro-cultura-solo. O ciclo do milho caatingueiro consorciado com feij?o-de-porco e monocultivo foi de 18 de mar?o a 25 de junho de 2015, e teve Kc estimado para as quatro fases de desenvolvimento da cultura, o milho foi plantado em tr?s ?reas, uma com consorcia??o de milho e feij?o-de-porco aplicando-se irriga??o plena (C100), outra com consorcia??o e irriga??o em d?ficit (CD75) e a ?ltima com monocultivo e irriga??o plena (Mon). Foram realizadas quatro coletas ao longo do ciclo para analisar a ?rea foliar, altura da planta e a inser??o da espiga e no final do ciclo dados de produtividade e efici?ncia do uso da ?gua (EUA) foram medidos. As mudas do repolho fuyutoyo foram transplantadas para a ?rea com 33 dias ap?s a semeadura e o ciclo ap?s transplante durou de 17 de julho a 26 de outubro de 2015, o qual teve o Kc para as quatro fases de desenvolvimento. O repolho foi transplantado na palhada do milho em tr?s ?reas, ficando dividido em repolho onde tinha cons?rcio sem deficit (RC100) e com d?ficit (RCD75) e repolho onde tinha monocultivo (RMon) sendo avaliado dados de produtividade no final do ciclo. Os valores de Kc para cada fase de desenvolvimento do milho em cons?rcio com a feij?o-de-porco foram: I (0,78); II (1,06); III (1,10) e IV (1,01), para o monocultivo, os valores foram: I (0,62); II (0,92); III (1,27) e IV (0,89). O milho teve um acumulo de graus-dias de 1416,5 ?C durante todo ciclo, n?o sendo encontrada diferen?a significativa na ?rea folia e no n?mero de espiga do milho entre as tr?s ?reas. A ?rea C100 apresentou menores valores de altura de planta em todas as medi??es, CD75 foi inferior ao Mon apenas na primeira medi??o. A produtividade do C100(6937,17 kg/ha) n?o diferiu da encontrada no Mon (6055,34 kg/ha) e foi superior a encontrada no CD75(4328,91 kg/ha). O C100 apresentou maior EUA que o CD75 e foi semelhante aos valores encontrados para o Mon. O repolho teve valores de Kc para cada fase de desenvolvimento de: I (1,02); II (1,03); III (1,05) e IV (1,01), com acumulo graus-dia de 1439,2 ?C. A produtividade do repolho RMon (34,76 T/ha) foi superior ? da ?rea RC100 (18,99 T/ha), tendo o mesmo comportamento na EUA. O RCD7 n?o diferiu nos testes estat?stico com rela??o aos demais tratamentos. Pode-se concluir cons?rcio de milho com feij?o-de-porco teve boa resposta na produtividade do milho na ?rea C100 e uma menor produtividade na ?rea CD75, e n?o teve resposta satisfat?ria na produtividade do repolho na ?rea RC100
Cardoso, Antonio J. "Relationship of waste characteristics to the formation of mineral deposits in leachate collection systems". [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0001266.
Pełny tekst źródłaPaul, George. "Evaluation of surface energy balance models for mapping evapotranspiration using very high resolution airborne remote sensing data". Diss., Kansas State University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/15914.
Pełny tekst źródłaDepartment of Agronomy
P.V. Vara Prasad
Agriculture is the largest (90%) consumer of all fresh water in the world. The consumptive use of water by vegetation represented by the process evapotranspiration (ET) has a vital role in the dynamics of water, carbon and energy fluxes of the biosphere. Consequently, mapping ET is essential for making water a sustainable resource and also for monitoring ecosystem response to water stress and changing climate. Over the past three decades, numerous thermal remote sensing based ET mapping algorithms were developed and these have brought a significant theoretical and technical advancement in the spatial modeling of ET. Though these algorithms provided a robust, economical, and efficient tool for ET estimations at field and regional scales, yet the uncertainties in flux estimations were large, making evaluation a difficult task. The main objective of this study was to evaluate and improve the performance of widely used remote sensing based energy balance models, namely: the Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL), Mapping Evapotranspiration at high Resolution and with Internalized Calibration (METRIC), and Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS). Data used in this study was collected as part of a multi-disciplinary and multi-institutional field campaign BEAREX (Bushland Evapotranspiration and Agricultural Remote Sensing Experiment) that was conducted during 2007 and 2008 summer cropping seasons at the USDA-ARS Conservation and Production Research Laboratory (CPRL) in Bushland, Texas. Seventeen high resolution remote sensing images taken from multispectral sensors onboard aircraft and field measurements of the agro-meteorological variables from the campaign were used for model evaluation and improvement. Overall relative error measured in terms of mean absolute percent difference (MAPD) for instantaneous ET (mm h[superscript]-[superscript]1) were 22.7%, 23.2%, and 12.6% for SEBAL, METRIC, and SEBS, respectively. SEBAL and METRIC performances for irrigated fields representing higher ET with limited or no water stress and complete ground cover surfaces were markedly better than that for dryland fields representing lesser ET and greater soil water deficits with sparser vegetation cover. SEBS algorithm performed equally well for both irrigated and dryland conditions but required accurate air temperature data. Overall, this study provides new insights into the performance of three widely used thermal remote sensing based algorithms for estimating ET and proposed modifications to improve the accuracy of estimated ET for efficient management of water resources.
Quaglia, Luciano. "Calibração de um lisímetro de pesagem para monitoramento da evaporação do solo sem cobertura vegetal". Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11131/tde-24052005-145355/.
Pełny tekst źródłaWeighing lysimeters have high installation cost and require frequent maintenance and sometimes they do not produce satisfactory results due to the impossibility to represent all the situations that happen in an agricultural system. A simplified weighing lysimeter was developed to obtain soil water loss. Such a system just uses a load cell per lysimeter and another cell in the drainage system, which makes possible to measure of the evaporation during drainage process. The average cost of installation of a battery of three lysimeters in Piracicaba, SP, was approximately US$ 900. Satisfactory daily mass values were obtained, as well as for hourly and thirty minutes periods. A high correlation between the mass of the lysimeters and soil moisture was observed. The variation of soil evaporation along the day was larger than the variation obtained with calculated ETo. The values of evaporation coefficient, (Ke), were consistent. The phases of fast and slow reduction of Ke were identified respectively for medium and low soil water content. Was possible to adjust a logarithmic model to the relation ship between evaporation accumulated reference evapotranspiration (∑ETo) and accumulated evaporation from class A pan (∑ECA). The models for estimating (ARM) and Ke in function of the drought indexes ∑EToPM and ∑ECA were water storage in the soil appropriate and can be used to estimate evaporation of a bare soil, which is considered as the variation of ARM.
Libardi, Luís Guilherme Polizel. "Evapotranspiração e coeficiente de cultura de mudas pré-brotadas de cana-de-açúcar para manejo de irrigação em cultivo protegido". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/152608.
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A produção de mudas pré-brotadas (MPB) de cana-de-açúcar é um método inovador que visa aumentar a taxa de multiplicação da cultura. O sistema é conduzido em cultivo protegido, no qual o manejo correto de irrigação é fator essencial para manter a qualidade da produção. O objetivo do estudo foi expor detalhes da construção e calibração de três lisímetros de pesagem de baixo custo e utilizá-los para determinar evapotranspiração de cultura (ETc) e coeficiente de cultura (Kc) de MPB de três cultivares de cana-de-açúcar (CTC9005HP, RB966928 e SP87365), aliados à análise de crescimento, para manejo de irrigação em cultivo protegido. Três lisímetros de pesagem foram construídos especificamente para MPB em casa de vegetação da Usina São Martinho (São Martinho S/A), cada qual com área de 0,6909 m2 (1179 mm x 586 mm), profundidade de 400 mm e apoiados sobre 3 células de carga. A calibração dos lisímetros demonstrou precisão e acurácia na detecção de variações de massa equivalente em torno de 0,1 mm pelos equipamentos e magnitude de histerese que não comprometeu as avaliações de evapotranspiração. O custo de equipamentos foi baixo, exceto o sistema de aquisição de dados. A determinação de ETc e cálculo de ETo pelo método FAO-56 possibilitaram inferir valores de Kc ao longo do ciclo de produção. O consumo hídrico, determinado pela ETc, variou de 3,0 a 6,9 mm d-1 na CTC9005HP, 3,1 a 6,8 mm d-1 na RB966928 e 2,9 a 6,6 mm d-1 na SP87365. Kc teve elevação de 1,00 a 1,46 na CTC9005HP, 1,02 a 1,53 na RB966928 e 1,02 a 1,49 na SP87365. A poda das folhas aos 37 dias após a transferência reduziu ETc e, consequentemente, Kc dos tratamentos. Altura de colmos foi superior em SP87365 e CTC9005HP e diâmetro de colmos em RB966928. SP87365 foi superior à CTC9005HP nas avaliações foliares. Massas frescas e secas de colmos e total não diferiram entre cultivares. Épocas de avaliação apresentaram diferenças nas avaliações, confirmando o crescimento das plantas. Portanto, ETc e Kc de MPB foram determinadas por lisímetros de precisão de baixo custo, aliados à análise de crescimento, para manejo de irrigação de MPB em cultivo protegido.
The pre-sprouted sugarcane plantlets production system (PSS) is an innovative method to enhance crop multiplication rates. This system is greenhouse-grown, where correct irrigation management is essential to maintain the production quality. The purpose of this study was to detail construction and calibration of three low-cost weighing lysimeters and to use them to determine crop evapotranspiration (ETc) and crop coefficient (Kc), allied to growth analysis, of three sugarcane cultivars (CTC9005HP, RB966928 and SP87365), for irrigation management of greenhouse grown PSS. Three specific PSS weighing lysimeters were built in a greenhouse at São Martinho Mill (São Martinho S/A) and covered 0.6909 m2 (1179 mm x 586 mm) with 400 mm depth supported by 3 load cells. The lysimeters calibration showed precision and accuracy detection of equivalent-mass variations around 0.1 mm and hysteresis that did not compromise evapotranspiration measurements. Low cost materials were used in this study, excluding acquisition data system. Determined ETc and calculated FAO-56 ETo resulted in production cycle Kc values. Water requirement, determined by ETc, ranged from 3.0 to 6.9 mm d-1 in CTC9005HP, 3.1 to 6.8 mm d-1 in RB966928 and 2.9 to 6.6 mm d-1 in SP87365. Kc increased from 1.00 to 1.46 in CTC9005HP, 1.02 to 1.53 in RB966928 and 1.02 to 1.49 in SP87365. Treatments leaves pruning at 37 days after transference to greenhouse decreased ETc and, consequently, Kc. Stalk height was higher in SP87365 and CTC9005HP and stalk diameter in RB966928. SP87365 was superior to CTC9005HP in leaf evaluations. Total and stalk fresh and dry masses did not differ between cultivars. Evaluation periods presented difference in evaluations, confirming plants growth. Therefore, ETc and Kc were successfully determined by built precision low-cost lysimeters, allied to growth analysis, for PSS irrigation management in greenhouse grown.
Leeder-Kamanda, Götz. "Das Verhalten von BTX-Aromaten in der ungesättigten Bodenzone". Doctoral thesis, Technische Universitaet Bergakademie Freiberg Universitaetsbibliothek "Georgius Agricola", 2009. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:105-3979693.
Pełny tekst źródłaJúnior, Cícero Renê Almeida Barboza. "Evapotranspiração da lima ácida \'Tahiti\' (Citrus latifolia Tan.) determinada por lisimetria de pesagem". Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11143/tde-14022008-164620/.
Pełny tekst źródłaBrazil is the largest world producer of citrus crop, with São Paulo state leading as the largest national producer. Recent studies show that irrigated areas of citrus in the state have been increasing significantly in the last few years. However, lack of information on irrigation management related to this crop is one of the main problems encountered by the farmers. In order to address the above problem, the objective of this work was to determine the evapotranspiration of acid lime adult plant variety \'Tahiti\' (Citrus latifolia Tan.) and the crop coefficient during dry period (autumn - winter) using a weighing lysimeter technique. The crop coefficient (Kc = ETc/ETo) was calculated by considering the independent contribution of the evaporation of the soil and transpiration of the plant, being substituted by two coefficients: Ke, a soil water evaporation coefficient and Kcb, a basal crop coefficient. To evaluate the productive aspects as well as the fruit quality, different irrigation levels were applied in an increasing manner from 50 to 125 % of the crop evapotranspiration. The experiment was carried out at ESALQ / USP in Piracicaba - SP, in a drip irrigated area with plant spacing of 7 x 4 m. Each plant was supplied with four wetting equidistant emitters. The climatic data was obtained by the use of automated meteorological station and the crop evapotraspiration by the use of a weighing lysimeter. During the study period, Kc varied from 0.82 to 1.18, and Kcb varied from 0.86 to 1.05. The results showed that the irrigation amount calculated by the method of Kcb+Ke had a very good water consumption precision by the plant. The highest consumptions were observed in the months of high average temperature (April and September). The reposition of 100 % of the evapotranspirated water resulted in the highest fruit production of acid lime tree variety \'Tahiti\' in field conditions. Irrigation levels had no significant effect at 0.05 level on the quality of the fruits.