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1
Prothro, James B. "An Unhelpful Label: Reading the ‘Lutheran’ Reading of Paul". Journal for the Study of the New Testament 39, nr 2 (1.11.2016): 119–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0142064x16675267.
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The adjective ‘Lutheran’ is a conventional label in Pauline studies with a highly negative connotation. However, its conventional usage appears to have broadened, now with different meanings in different authors and different modes of reference that are inconsistently used, ranging from ‘of Luther’ to ‘Lutheran’ to ‘like-Lutherans’ to ‘traditionalist’. The present study surveys the label’s use in Pauline studies and evaluates potential criteria for its predication. It ultimately suggests guidelines for future use, both in the interest of academic clarity and out of fairness to the living tradition that bears this name.
2
Lifanov, K. V. "Two types of slovakization of Czech texts in the Middle Ages and Modern Age". Vestnik of Samara University. History, pedagogics, philology 28, nr 4 (5.01.2023): 130–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2542-0445-2022-28-4-130-138.
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The purpose of the article is to examine the nature of the Slovakization of Czech texts that were created in Slovakia in the Middle Ages and in modern times. A comparison of texts created by authors belonging to different confessions made it possible to single out the main, most common type, typical of texts, primarily among Catholics, and another type, represented in the texts of Lutheran authors. The first, Catholic, type of Slovakization originates in the texts of the XVI century and is evolving. Its final stage is the codification of the Slovak literary language by the Catholic priest A. Bernolk (17871790). It originates initially in southwestern Slovakia, and then spreads throughout the entire territory of Slovakia. In this regard, the Slovak elements presented in it are of Western Slovak and common Slovak origin. The second type, emerging in the XVII century, had a rather limited functioning and did not become the leading one even among the Lutherans. It should be noted that in Slovak literature the prevailing point of view is that Slovak Lutherans used the Czech language in spiritual literature without any changes, but this is not entirely true, which is proved by the reviewed work of D. Pribi. At the same time, the Lutheran type of Slovakization had differences from the Catholic one, including of a genetic nature, since the Slovakisms represented in it characterized primarily the northern dialects of the Middle Slovak dialect. At the same time, the common Slovak elements presented in it did not coincide in everything with the common Slovak elements that characterized the language of Catholics. Moreover, the use of this type of Slovakization in spiritual literature at the beginning of the XVIII century was officially banned by the Lutheran superintendent D. Krman. Nevertheless, it is noteworthy that it was the Middle Slovak dialect that was chosen as the basis of the new literary language proposed in 1844 by the Lutheran Ľ. tr.
3
Blanco-Sarto, Pablo. "The idea of work: from Luther to Pentecostals in recent protestant authors". Teologia i Moralność 17, nr 2(32) (30.12.2022): 189–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/tim.2022.32.2.11.
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For Luther, work was a vocation, while Calvin emphasised the need to glorify God through work. Since the proposal of Weber and Troeltsch, the theology of work and the origin of capitalism has been discussed and studied in different Protestant denominations such as Lutherans, Calvinists, Puritans and Methodists. In this selection of some recent Protestant theologians, we appreciate continuity and evolution in the theology of work that lead us to the Pentecostal inheritance in our days. Some perspectives go back to the contemptus mundi that Luther refused, but the discovering of the action of the Holy Spirit in the daily work needs a Pentecostal theology of the work.
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Keefer, Katrina H. B. "The First Missionaries of The Church Missionary Society in Sierra Leone, 1804–1816: A Biographical Approach". History in Africa 44 (22.05.2017): 199–235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/hia.2017.5.
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Abstract:Many early records in West Africa arise from missionary accounts. While they may contain rich ethnographic data, this detail should be approached only after analysis and consideration of the authors of the sources in question. In early Sierra Leone, important data was recorded on behalf of the English evangelical Church Missionary Society, but the missionaries reporting on the ground comprised an insufficiently studied group of German-speaking Pietist Lutherans originating from central and northern Europe. This article analyzes the authors of this information in order to approach their accounts with a better appreciation of existing bias and to better engage with how diverse sociocultural perspectives affect the historical record.
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Leaver, Robin A. "Brahms's Opus 45 and German Protestant Funeral Music". Journal of Musicology 19, nr 4 (2002): 616–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jm.2002.19.4.616.
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Brahms's German Requiem stands at the end of a long line of Lutheran funerary music. Luther reworked funeral responsories into a new, totally Biblical form, and later Lutherans collected anthologies of Biblical texts on death and dying. Such sources were used by later composers, including Schüütz and Bach, to compose funeral pieces on Biblical texts together with appropriate chorales. Brahms's opus 45 is similar in that its text is made up of Biblical verses assembled by the composer, and connections may be drawn between chorale usage in this work and the composer's Protestant upbringing in Hamburg on one hand, and in his knowledge of two cantatas by Bach (BWV 21 and 27), on the other. The text and structure of the work accord with general, north German Protestantism, and the famous letter to Reinthaler, which many have taken as a demonstration of Brahms's general humanistic tendencies, shows Brahms to be standing aloof from the theological controversies of his day in favor of a basic understanding of Biblical authors. Part of the problem was that the first performance was scheduled for Good Friday in Bremen cathedral; Reinthaler, the organist, and the cathedral clergy would have preferred passion music of some kind and what Brahms gave them was something different. Brahms surely knew of the distinctive Lutheran observance of "Totensonntag," the commemoration of the dead on the last Sunday in the church year (the Sunday before Advent). There are many similarities between Brahms's Requiem and Friedrich Wilhelm Markull's Das Gedäächtnis der Entschlafen (The Remembrance of those Who Sleep) of ca. 1847. Since Markull's work is subtitled Oratorium füür die Todtenfeier am letzten Sonntage des Kirchenjahres (Oratorio for the Celebration of the Dead on the Last Sunday of the Church Year), it is possible that Brahms had the same occasion in mind when composing his German Requiem.
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Litzenberger, Olga, i Vladimir Shaidurov. "Management and organization of the spiritual life of the German colonies of Transcaucasia (1820s-1860s)". OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2020, nr 10 (1.10.2020): 155–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202010statyi10.
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This article is devoted to the complex research of religious life of German Protestants (Lutherans and separatists) in Transcaucasia in 1820s - 1860s. The main attention is paid to revealing general and specific elements in the organization of religious management in the process of settling German colonists. The work analyzes the researchers' views on religious reasons and factors of resettlement of German peasants in Transcaucasia, summarizes new material on the invitation, expulsion and subsequent prohibition of the call of the Basel missionaries. Archival sources are introduced into scientific circulation, allowing to analyze the nature of relations of different Protestant movements and groups with each other, with the government and local authorities. As a result, the authors substantiate the idea that confessional affiliation was one of the determining factors in the formation of national identity of Transcaucasian Germans.
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Ittzés, Gábor. "The knowledge of disembodied souls: Epistemology, body, and social embeddedness in the eschatological doctrine of later sixteenth-century German Lutherans". Temenos - Nordic Journal of Comparative Religion 52, nr 2 (23.12.2016): 193–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.33356/temenos.60303.
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In the wake of their rejection of purgatory Protestants had to rethink their eschatological views. The German Lutherans of the latter half of the sixteenth century developed a robust doctrine of the last things, including a teaching on what departed souls know prior to the resurrection. Following an overview of the sources and a brief reconstruction of the overall locus, this article focuses on an analysis of what and how disembodied souls are claimed to know. The evidence holds some surprises. First, while more than lip-service is certainly paid to the ways of knowing God, the authors’ real interest lies in the exploration of interpersonal relationships. Their primary concern is how other human beings, whether still on earth or already departed, may be known and what may be known about them. The implications are threefold. Knowledge of God and knowledge of human beings—ultimately, knowledge of self—are intertwined. Anthropology takes centre-stage, and ontology is thus superseded by epistemology. In all this, the body is never relinquished. The apparently unconscious importation of sensory language and conceptualisation of sense-based experience permeate the discussion of ostensibly disembodied knowledge. Knowing, for our authors, is ultimately a function of the body even if this means ‘packing’ bodily functions into the soul. In this doctrine, which may have had its roots in patristics but which has also demonstrably absorbed impulses from popular religion, knowledge of God is not only deeply connected with individual identity but also exhibits indelible social features and is inseparable from the (re)constitution of community.
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Kitsenko, Olga, Roman Kitsenko i Irina Cheremushnikova. "Medical Culture of Volga Protestant Communities (Second Half of 18th – Early 20th Centuries): Religious and Ethical Aspects". Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, nr 5 (grudzień 2020): 172–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2020.5.14.
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Introduction. The authors proceed from the understanding that medical culture is a complex of factors contributing to the preservation of health, and these positions analyze the culture of the German Protestant communities (Lutherans, Hernguthers, Mennonites) inhabiting the Povolzhye (Volga region) in the second half of 18th – early 20th centuries. The study of cultural contexts of health, including religious ethical norms, is key to analyzing health and well-being of a population. Methods and materials. Materials for the study were statutes of Protestant communities, data of zemstvo medical statistics, publications in central and local periodicals, as well as eyewitness accounts of visitors of German colonies. The comparison of ethical standards contained in the statutes and recorded by witnesses with data on morbidity and mortality allow us to estimate the role of religious and ethical views in the medical culture of Volga Protestants. Analysis and results. The authors have found that the conditions for maintaining health in German colonies, including the availability of high-quality medical care, were directly related to the labour ethics of Protestantism and the high level of dwellers welfare. Labour ethics determined importance to keep fit, influenced nutritional culture and the perception of medical care. The total literacy of colonists contributed to the spread of advanced medical practices among them (for example, vaccination). Protestant virtues of diligence and order became the basis for the development of hygienic skills – an important factor in the prevention of infectious diseases. The ideals of marital fidelity and family values promoted health maintenance. Self-government characteristic of Protestant communities made it possible to quickly respond to the challenges posed by threats to health.
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Boe, Jonathan, i Pamela Jolicoeur. "THE EVOLUTION OF A FRESHMAN SEMINAR". NACADA Journal 9, nr 1 (1.03.1989): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.12930/0271-9517-9.1.51.
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With a required one-credit freshman seminar in place since 1977, California Lutheran University has a relatively long history of involvement with this kind of course. Using classification schemes from the literature on freshman seminars as a context, this article examines how California Lutheran's seminar has changed over the years as it has been integrated more directly into the University's retention program. The authors also discuss some of the persistent issues involved in maintaining such a course.
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Lunkin, R., i S. Filatov. "Christian Churches and the Antiidentist Revolution". World Economy and International Relations 65, nr 8 (2021): 97–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2021-65-8-97-108.
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The article analyzes the ideological contradictions of liberal democracy, or neoliberalism (antiidentism), and traditionalism (identism) on the example of Christian churches. Antiindentism considers traditional religiosity to be hostile: it should be reformed to conform to neoliberal values, and it should be banished from public space. At the same time, antiidentism does not want to eliminate religion, because it is one of the identities that have to be redone like other human identites. The article examines anti-Christian movements (like the “Black Lives Matter”) as well as conservative and liberal movements within various confessions. The authors emphasize that the antiidentist demands are based on the Christian values of respect for any person, for women and men, regardless of anything, for humane methods of raising children, mercy for any categories of people, regardless of their sexual orientation, etc. On the other hand, the demands of antiidentists go far beyond Christian principles and even common sense (not to quote inconvenient passages of the Bible, to change the rules of church life and the appointment of clergy). The article proposes a classification of confessions by direction and by territorial feature, depending on specifics of divisions based on the attitude to antiidentism (American Churches, the Catholic Church, Lutherans and Anglicans as well as diversity of Orthodox churches that are also touched by the antiidentist wave). The authors conclude that the Christian churches, despite the existence of liberal factions, are primarily a traditionalist force in modern politics. Because of fundamental ideological differences, the consolidation of diverse Christian forces is a difficult task. However, there is some progress in this direction. Evangelicals, traditional Catholics, who make up the majority of the Catholic Church, as well as the majority of Orthodox Christians, are a serious political and, what perhaps more important, ideological force.
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Pacholski, Jan. "Od relacji z wypraw do przewodnika — początki karkonoskich poradników dla podróżnych na przełomie XVIII i XIX wieku". Góry, Literatura, Kultura 12 (1.08.2019): 11–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2084-4107.12.3.
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From travel accounts to guidebooks: The beginnings of guidebooks to the Giant Mountains Karkonosze for travellers in the late 18th and early 19th centuryIn the history of European tourism the Giant Mountains Karkonosze occupy a unique place thanks to the Chapel of St. Lawrence, funded by Count Christoph Leopold Schaffgotsch and located on the summit of Śnieżka. Its construction in the Habsburg dominions in the turbulent period of the Counter-Reformation was meant to finally put an end to the Silesian-Bohemian border dispute and become a visible sign of Catholic rule over the highest mountain range of the two neighbouring countries. The construction of the chapel also marked the beginning of tourism in the highest range of the Sudetes; initially, its nature was religious and focused on pilgrimages to the summit of Śnieżka, featuring, in addition to local inhabitants, also sanatorium visitors to Cieplice Warmbrunn, which was owned by the Schaffgotschs.After the three Silesian Wars, as a result of which the lands to the north of the mountains were separated from the Habsburgs’ Kingdom of Bohemia, the situation in the region changed radically. The Counter-Reformation pressure ceased and the Lutherans began to grow in importance, supported as they were by the decidedly pro-Protestant Prussian state, governed by its tolerant monarch.The period was also marked by an unprecedented growth in the literature on the Giant Mountains — there were poems Tralles, nature studies Volkmar and travel accounts GutsMuths, Troschel and others written about the highest range of the Sudetes. A special role among these writings was played by works aimed at introducing the public from the capital Berlin to the new province of the Kingdom of Prussia, especially to the mountains, so exotic from the point of view of the “groves and sands” of Brandenburg. These publications were written primarily by Lutheran clergymen, which was not without significance to the nature of the works. This was also a time when the first guidebooks to the Giant Mountains were written, with many of their authors also coming from the same milieu.What emerges from this image is a kind of confessionalisation of tourism in the highest mountains of Silesia and Bohemia: on the one hand there are mass Catholic pilgrimages and on the other — a new type of individual tourists who, with a book in hand, traverse mountain paths in a decidedly more independent fashion.
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Pacholski, Jan. "Von Expeditionsberichten zum Führer — die Anfänge der Ratgeber für Riesengebirgereisende an der Jahrhundertwende des 18. zum 19. Jahrhundert". Góry, Literatura, Kultura 12 (1.08.2019): 33–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2084-4107.12.4.
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From travel accounts to guidebooks: The beginnings of guidebooks to the Giant Mountains Karkonosze for travellers in the late 18th and early 19th centuryIn the history of European tourism the Giant Mountains Karkonosze occupy a unique place thanks to the Chapel of St. Lawrence, funded by Count Christoph Leopold Schaffgotsch and located on the summit of Śnieżka. Its construction in the Habsburg dominions in the turbulent period of the Counter-Reformation was meant to finally put an end to the Silesian-Bohemian border dispute and become a visible sign of Catholic rule over the highest mountain range of the two neighbouring countries. The construction of the chapel also marked the beginning of tourism in the highest range of the Sudetes; initially, its nature was religious and focused on pilgrimages to the summit of Śnieżka, featuring, in addition to local inhabitants, also sanatorium visitors to Cieplice Warmbrunn, which was owned by the Schaffgotschs.After the three Silesian Wars, as a result of which the lands to the north of the mountains were separated from the Habsburgs’ Kingdom of Bohemia, the situation in the region changed radically. The Counter-Reformation pressure ceased and the Lutherans began to grow in importance, supported as they were by the decidedly pro-Protestant Prussian state, governed by its tolerant monarch.The period was also marked by an unprecedented growth in the literature on the Giant Mountains — there were poems Tralles, nature studies Volkmar and travel accounts GutsMuths, Troschel and others written about the highest range of the Sudetes. A special role among these writings was played by works aimed at introducing the public from the capital Berlin to the new province of the Kingdom of Prussia, especially to the mountains, so exotic from the point of view of the “groves and sands” of Brandenburg. These publications were written primarily by Lutheran clergymen, which was not without significance to the nature of the works. This was also a time when the first guidebooks to the Giant Mountains were written, with many of their authors also coming from the same milieu.What emerges from this image is a kind of confessionalisation of tourism in the highest mountains of Silesia and Bohemia: on the one hand there are mass Catholic pilgrimages and on the other — a new type of individual tourists who, with a book in hand, traverse mountain paths in a decidedly more independent fashion.
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Thomsen, Søren Feldtfos. "Husstanden som kloster: ’Verdslig askese’ i dansk husholdnings- og bønnelitteratur efter reformationen". Religionsvidenskabeligt Tidsskrift, nr 64 (11.03.2016): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/rt.v0i64.23331.
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In this article I explore the re-interpretation of asceticism in the Danish Protestant reformation of the sixteenth century. With Max Weber’s concept of ‘inner-worldly asceticism’ as my starting point, I analyze a number of printed Danish evangelical household manuals and prayer books from the post-reformation era, tracing the ascetic features of the ideal household as it was articulated by Lutheran devotional authors of the period. These features included a daily life punctuated by prayer and contemplation, an emphasis on obedience to paternal authority, the regulation of sexuality, and an understanding of manual labor as a form of divine service. Thus, I argue that the ascetic ideal of medieval monasticism persisted after the formal adoption of Lutheranism in Denmark and the abolition of the Danish monasteries, above all in the Lutheran ideal of the marital household.
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Dashkovskiy, Petr K., i Natalia S. Goncharova. "Situation of Religious Communities in the USSR National Autonomies in 1985-1991: The Case of the Khakass Autonomous Region". RUDN Journal of Russian History 22, nr 4 (15.12.2023): 680–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8674-2023-22-4-680-695.
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The authors consider the situation of religious communities in the Khakass Autonomous Region in the context of the state-religious policy of the USSR during the period of perestroika in 1985-1991. The study was carried out on the basis of the records of state Soviet, party institutions and religious associations stored in the National Archive of the Republic of Khakassia and the State Archive of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, as well as regulatory documents. In the course of the research it was established that in Khakassia, as well as throughout the country, from 1985 religious life was intensified. At the same time, the Commissioners of the Council for Religious Affairs under the Council of Ministers of the USSR for the Krasnoyarsk Territory characterized the religious situation in Khakassia as turbulent from the 1960s and asked for a dedicated post for this national autonomy. It was found that the largest part of the religious communities in the region belonged to different trends of Protestantism, although there were also followers of Orthodoxy, Catholicism, and Islam. In Protestant communities there was an increase in missionary work, and in some cases they wanted to avoid contacts with authorities. The liberalization of the state policy was not always adequately reflected in the actions of the authorities of the Khakass Autonomous Region. There was found relationship between ethnic and religious processes. It was noted that Khakassians tended towards Pentecostalism and Jehovah's Witnesses; representatives of German and Polish nationalities tended towards the communities of Catholics, Lutherans, and Seventh-day Adventists. In addition, in the region there was recorded an increase in the preaching activities of religious leaders from Sweden and the United States.
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Andreev, Aleksandr N., i Yulia S. Andreeva. "The foreign population of St. Petersburg in the first half of the 18th century: An experience of statistical reconstruction". Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, nr 478 (2022): 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/15617793/478/9.
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The article systematizes data about the number of St. Petersburg foreign population in the first half of the 18th century, for the first time cites quantitative and qualitative indicators characterizing the religious, national and social composition of its foreign diaspora. The materials for the statistical reconstruction were the results of the analysis of the St. Petersburg Catholic and Protestant parish registers and the foreigners' databases created on the basis of these church books. To identify demographic structures, the authors used the methods of descriptive statistics and comparative analysis of statistical indicators, and to determine the number of foreigners (“inozemtsy”), they used the method of reconstructing values using constant coefficients expressing the ratio of the adult believers' number to the sum of church rites for a certain time period. As a result, they found that the greatest concentration of foreigners (at the level of 10-13%) in St. Petersburg was observed in the Petrine era, and under Anna Ioannovna and Empress Elizabeth Petrovna their share fell to 6-7%. The number of foreigners was a relatively constant value and amounted to about 4 thousands adult men and women at the end of the reign of Peter the Great, and about 4-5 thousand people of both sexes in the 1730s and 1740s. As parts of the foreign population, the authors separately took into account groups of Germans, French, Italians, Poles, Dutch people, Finns, Swedes, Armenians, Tatars, and other nationalities. The authors publish the results of a special study, during which the size of various religious groups of St. Petersburg residents was determined - such as Catholics, Lutherans, Calvinists, believers of the Armenian Apostolic Church. They substantiate the conclusion that initially it was not Germans, as is traditionally considered, but Swedes and Finns that prevailed among the foreigners of St. Petersburg, and only by the middle of the 18th century the Germans became the most common group of foreigners, accounting for about half of their number. The largest social stratum of the foreign population in the city was the craft-working (future petty-bourgeois), they included masters and apprentices of the guild craft, artisans, all kinds of civilian specialists and persons who were in service. In the 1730s, this layer of Petersburgians incorporated about three thousand foreigners of both sexes, they made up a significant percentage of the commercial and industrial population of the city and strengthened the stratum of Posadsky residents. Turning to the questions of the socioprofessional composition of the St. Petersburg foreign society of the first half of the 18th century, the authors came to the conclusion that the confessional factor affected the choosing of the type of activity by foreigners.
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Woźniak, Alan. "Rola pieśni w języku polskim według Piotra Artomiusza i Michała Marcina Mioduszewskiego". Copernicus. De Musica 1, nr 1 (2022): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/cdm.2022.1.11.
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The article attempts at answering the question concerning the role attributed to religious songs in the native language by Piotr Artomiusz, a Lutheran pastor and author of the hymnal, and Michał Marcin Mioduszewski, a Catholic priest and a collector of religious music. Their works – the Hymnal of Artomiusz and the Songbook… of Mioduszewski, played a significant role in the then religious communities and serve as a valuable example of transmission of a religious song in Polish. Statements provided by both authors in their collections allow the author to discuss their purpose; the role of the vernacular and the song in Polish in the liturgy and personal piety; the addressees of the collections, as well as the function of Polish translations of psalms. The juxtaposition of authors’ statements reveals similarities and differences in the perception of language and vernacular song in Church. The examination of those statements is crucial for a better understanding of the role of songs in the native language, especially of the song in Polish that became an important element of the tradition of Polish Lutheranism.
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Mecenas, Jolivette, Yvonne Wilber i Meghan Kwast. "Antiracist and Faith-based: Critical Pedagogy-Informed Writing and Information Literacy Instruction at a Hispanic-Serving, Lutheran Liberal Arts University". Radical Teacher 121 (9.12.2021): 14–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/rt.2021.901.
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English faculty and librarians at a Hispanic-Serving Lutheran liberal arts university collaborated to integrate critical information literacy in a first-year writing course, following the Lutheran educational tradition of valuing inquiry and aligning with a faith-based social justice mission. The authors discuss an Evangelical Lutheran tradition of education committed to antiracism, and the challenges of enacting these values of equity and inclusion while addressing institutional racism. The authors also describe how curricular revisions in writing and information literacy instruction informed by critical pedagogy decentered whiteness in the curriculum, while creating needed opportunities for students and faculty to engage in cross-racial dialogue about systemic racism.
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Moisa, Anna A., i Natal’ya V. Rostislavleva. "CONTRIBUTION OF LUCAS CRANACH THE ELDER TO THE SPREAD OF MARTIN LUTHER’S REFORMATION IDEAS (THE FIRST HALF OF THE 16TH CENTURY)". History and Archives, nr 1 (2022): 44–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2658-6541-2022-1-44-55.
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By the example of the “Christ and the woman the work of taken in adultery” (“Christus und die Ehebrecherin”) painting, the article considers the role of German painter Lucas Cranach the Elder and his workshop in spreading the Reformation ideas. The choice of that specific artwork stems from the painter’s frequent usage of that biblical plot and from many variations which have survived to the present day. The authors intend not only to compare the different periods of Cranach’s creative activity but also to reveal, with the help of the iconological method, the context and the main motives which influenced the transformation of his works. To characterize one of the most important factors – the religious context of the early Modern times – the authors refers to the quotations from the Lutheran interpretation of the biblical story about an adulteress, based on Martin Luther’s sermon of 1531. They also do not overlook the third-party sources of inspiration, that belong to the pre-Reformation period or have no connection with the Reformation at all. Therefore, the article tries to define the peculiarities of Cranach’s works of art and to find the intersection point between the well-established canons of art tradition and the visualization of the new protestant principle of the “sola gratia” (“only grace”).
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Malura, Jan. "German Reformation and Czech Hymnbooks and Books of prayers and meditations". Zeitschrift für Slawistik 64, nr 4 (30.10.2019): 542–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/slaw-2019-0031.
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Summary The paper deals with the Bohemian Reformation literature. Culture of the Bohemian Reformation belongs to a little-known phenomenon in Czech historiography. Art and culture historians have focused mostly on the Hussite period and less on the 16th and 17th centuries. An important issue is the reception of German Lutheran religious educational literature in Protestant Circles of the Czech lands. The author focuses primarily on books in which the genre of mediation dominates, and explores the prompt Czech reaction to several German authors (Martin Moller, Johann Gerhard etc.) active between approximately 1580–1620 who found intensive response in the Bohemian Lands. The second important field is the Czech hymnography in the 17th–18th centuries. The author finds German inspiration for Czech hymnbooks. He deals with Luther’s songs in the hymnbook Cithara sanctorum by Jiří Třanovský and especially with late baroque Protestant exile hymnbooks influenced by the Pietistic Circle in Halle and Herrnhut (Harfa nová [‘A New Harp’] by Jan Liberda, Lipský kancionál [‘Hymnbook of Leipzig’] by Georg Sarganek). Owing to the German stimuli, the spectrum of genres, ideological processes and stylistic registers in Czech literature from the 16th to 18th centuries is comparatively rich and diversified.
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O'Connor, Thomas St James, Richard Walsh-Bowers, Christopher Ross, Dana Sawchuk i Maria Hatzipantelis. "“In the Storminess”: Multi-Disciplinary Approaches to Scriptural Images Representing Ethical Challenges in the Pastor-Congregant Relationship". Journal of Pastoral Care & Counseling: Advancing theory and professional practice through scholarly and reflective publications 60, nr 1-2 (marzec 2006): 43–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154230500606000106.
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In this qualitative study the authors examine the Scriptural images that 10 Lutheran pastors employed in describing the ethical challenges in the pastor-congregant relationship. The analysis of Scriptural images is part of a larger study on pastors' experiences of a mandatory workshop, “Crossing the Boundaries (CTB),” which is required of Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada (ELCIC) seminarians. The pastors' images were analyzed from the four perspectives of depth psychology, theology, social ethics, and sociology. In commenting on tensions in the pastors' Scriptural images the authors note commonalities among the four theoretical perspectives and discuss implications for practice and future research.
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Gozdek, Magdalena, i Ewa Woźniak. "Słownictwo religijne a reformacja. Głos w dyskusji nad konfesyjnym zróżnicowaniem polskiej leksyki w XVI w." LingVaria 18, nr 1(35) (16.05.2023): 167–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/lv.18.2023.35.12.
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RELIGIOUS VOCABULARY AND THE REFORMATION: A CONTRIBUTION TO THE DISCUSSION ON THE CONFESSIONAL DIVERSITY OF THE SIXTEENTH-CENTURY POLISH LEXICON The article addresses the problem of the confessional diversity of sixteenth-century Polish religious vocabulary. It revises the arguments put forward by other academics and formulates new research recommendations. Focusing on the lexicon of Polish Lutheranism, which has so far received little scholarly attention, the article examines the vocabulary used in the polemical texts by one of the main representatives of the Polish Reformation: the Lutheran Erazm Gliczner. Based on the analysis of two groups of confessional terms: 1. repentance [pokajanie] – reflection [upamiętanie], 2. the Catholic church [Kościół] – the Protestant church [Zbór], we claim that the author does not avoid words that belong to the Catholic lexicon, but distances himself from the terminology used by representatives of radical, anti-Trinitarian denominations. Our findings help to revise certain popular ideas, conclusions drawn from the analysis of Polish translations of the Bible, as well as linguistic commentaries of the translators. It is thus essential that the research in the field of the sixteenth-century Polish religious vocabulary should be continued and should include texts other than Bible translations, i.e., texts whose authors’ word choice was determined by different factors.
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Schleicher, Marianne, Vigdis Aune i Hans Raun Iversen. "En alternativ ph.d.-afhandlings udfordring af den praktiske teologi". Dansk Teologisk Tidsskrift 79, nr 4 (10.12.2016): 278–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/dtt.v79i4.105800.
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Tenna Mose Rhiger has written a PhD dissertation in which she has developed a new approach to the celebration of service in the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Denmark with the aim of furthering the intimate presence of pastors during service. The purpose of this extended review of Rhiger’s dissertation is first to share the enthusiasm of the assessment committee for the project as well as its perspectives for Practical Theology and the celebration of service in the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Denmark. Secondly, the authors behind the review wish to advance some critical reflections on the formal requirements forsimilar experimental research projects in the future since this dissertation– as the pioneer work that it is – is likely to set the standards for “product dissertations” in the future.
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Karikov, Serhiy, i Inna Pidhorodetska. "Innovator of Reformation Studies: Subject Matter and Style in the Works of Yu. Golubkin". Journal of V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University. Series: History, nr 60 (10.12.2021): 8–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.26565/2220-7929-2021-60-01.
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The article outlines the range of problems in the history of the Reformation explored in the oeuvre of the outstanding medievalist Yuri Golubkin. Golubkin authored more than 90 academic and popular works on medieval and early modern history. He was particularly interested in the writings of Martin Luther and in Luther’s participation in the events of the Reformation. The study employs the historical-typological, historicalgenetic, and historical-comparative methods and is based on the principles of historicism and objectivity. Its originality lies in identifying the main avenues of the study of the Reformation in the work of Yu. Golubkin and in defining the principal phases of his evolution as a scholar. The authors argue that the first phase (1970s–1980s) was marked by a focus on the socio-political views of Martin Luther and his participation in the early bourgeois revolution in Germany, while in the second phase (1990s–2000s) Golubkin was primarily interested in the formation of Luther’s religious beliefs and his participation in the creation of the Evangelical Church. The scholar’s articles and translations are notable for their distinctive style, characterized by expressiveness and wide use of metaphor, epithet, and idiom. The authors further suggest that translation of Luther’s main works was central to Golubkin’s research trajectory. The need to engage with Golubkin’s innovative approach to Martin Luther’s life and work determines the prospects for further exploration of the historian’s oeuvre as a significant contribution to Reformation studies.
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Herbst, Michael. "Missiological Perspectives from Germany". Ecclesial Futures 1, nr 1 (1.06.2020): 69–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.54195/ef12053.
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This article argues for innovation and mission in the Lutheran Churches of Germany. The authors approach this topic by drawing on research on innovative and missional projects in rural areas in Germany. The authors are looking at rural areas where few people would expect innovation. Presenting a study called “Landwards” and the evaluation of exemplary projects in rural areas in Eastern Germany, it is possible to review key factors for innovative and missional church development. One of the most intriguing factors is that, compared to international studies on missional church development (like fresh expressions of church in the Church of England or pioneering places in the Protestant Church in the Netherlands), it can be shown that lay leaders do not play the dominant role in starting the initiatives. However, lay people organized in teams do seem to be the engine of on-going innovative initiatives in rural areas. This raises different questions regarding the training of leaders, for example, or the collaboration of such initiatives with established churches. The “Landwards” study points out the possibilities of innovation in rural areas in and adjacent to the Lutheran structure of being a “Volkskirche.” This is a rather original way to deal with the challenges of being a state-like church in Germany.
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Leroux, Neil R. "Karlstadt'sChristag Predig:Prophetic Rhetoric in an “Evangelical” Mass". Church History 72, nr 1 (marzec 2003): 102–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009640700096980.
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Andreas Bodenstein von Karlstadt (1486–1541), one of the most prolific authors of the Reformation, is one of the most difficult for historians to classify. He produced about ninety published writings, which were printed in about 213 editions. “Among evangelical authors during the years 1518–1525, Karlstadt, after Martin Luther (1483–1546), published the largest number of works in German; and, after Luther's, his works had the second-largest number of editions.” Indeed, on these grounds “it is a safe assumption that Karlstadt's activities as a publicist had a major impact.” Yet during several years of his career, his writings had to be printed and read secretly. He even gave up his academic responsibilities for a time. However, his battles against images and, later, against Luther's doctrine of the Lord's Supper, both influenced the whole course of the Reformation in Germany and beyond.
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Britnell, Jennifer. "John Gough and the Traité de la Différence des Schismes et des Conciles of Jean Lemaire de Belges: Translation as Propaganda in the Henrician Reformation". Journal of Ecclesiastical History 46, nr 1 (styczeń 1995): 62–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022046900012549.
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When Jean Lemaire de Belges composed his Traité de la différence des schismes et des conciles de l'eglise in 1511, the purpose of the text was to support Louis XII in his struggle with Pope Julius II, to promote the conciliar ideology which the French king was exploiting, and in general to set Christian kings and emperors in favourable contrast with the popes of Rome. Read beside vernacular texts by other authors – Jean Bouchet, Pierre Gringore, Jean Marot, Jean d'Auton – who were writing during France's war with Julius II, it appears more effective propaganda and in some ways bolder and more far-reaching. However, the contrast is not sufficient to mark its author out as heterodox in comparison with the rest, two of whom, Bouchet and Gringore, were later to attack Lutheranism with some vigour. Lemaire's text established itself as an acceptable Gallican–monarchical view of history. It sold well and was printed twice in both 1511 and 1512. It continued to be printed after the crisis which produced it had abated. Increasingly it was included in the collections of Lemaire's works which remained popular long after the author himself dropped out of public view in about 1515. As the Lutheran Reformation developed readers brought new perceptions to the text, and we may deduce a sharpened sense of its relevance from a new edition which appeared in Lyons in 1532. Romain Morin published the text in a new small format, and with a new title, Le Promptuaire des conciles de l'eglise catholique, avec les scismes et la difference d'iceulx. The text itself was very little modified. Morin himself reissued the Promptuaire in 1533 and ten years later Paris printers took it up, showing that the text continued popular in France into the 1550s, when it was finally placed on the Sorbonne's list of forbidden books.
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Triškaitė, Birutė. "Jono Jokūbo Kvanto akademinės veiklos ataskaita: Karaliaučiaus universiteto Lietuvių kalbos seminaras 1724 m." Archivum Lithuanicum, nr 23 (31.12.2021): 59–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.33918/26692449-23003.
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Johann Jacob QuandT’S ACADEMIC ACCOUNT: THE LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE SEMINAR AT THE KÖNIGSBERG UNIVERSITY IN 1724 S u m m a r y The article introduces a document found in the Secret State Archives Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation (Germ. Geheimes Staatsarchiv Preußischer Kulturbesitz; GStA PK: I. HAGR, Rep. 7 Preußen, Nr. 187 [1716–1729]) in Berlin that sheds new light on the seminar of the Lithuanian language – the first centre for teaching Lithuanian – that was founded at the Faculty of Theology of the Königsberg University in late 1720s. It is an academic account by Johann Jacob Quandt (1686–1772), the chief preacher of the court and the then dean of the Faculty of Theology of the Königsberg University and the fourth professor of theology in ordinary, who ran the seminar of the Lithuanian language between 1723 and 1727. This account provides insights into the early activities of the seminar that have not been documented in much detail so far. Neither the account nor any of its three appendices – lists of students attending Quandt’s courses – are dated. Based on other documents in the same archive file and the Christian holidays to which the account refers, Quandt’s account has been dated between 28 December 1724 and 11 January 1725, and the data that it contains cover the first half of the 1724–1725 winter semester: October–December of 1724. Quandt’s account shows that during the winter semester of 1724–1725, the seminar of theLithuanian language at the Königsberg University was attended by thirty theological students. Theology and language was taught twice daily between 10 and 11 AM and between 3 and 4 PM . The seminar under Quandt’s management continued to apply the so-called collegium privatissimum, the teaching method of its first supervisor, Heinrich Lysius (1670–1731). The names of the seminar attendees from that period are documented in the second appendix to Quandt’s account titled ‘Beyl. B. Auditores Seminarii Lithvanici’: these were Peter Gottlieb Mielcke (1695–1753), who was in his second year as a teacher, Gottfried Boeckel (?–after 1724), Samuel Boeckel (?–after 1724), Alexander Deutschmann (?–after 1724), Michael Sigismund Engel (1700–1758), Carl Julius Fleischmann (1704–1778), Christophor Daniel Franck?–after 1724), Georg Friedrich Gehrke (?–after 1724), Heinrich Grabau (Grabovius, ?–after 1724), Friedrich Wilhelm Haack (1707–1754), Georg Ernst Klemm (1701–1774), Johann Friedrich Leo (1696–1759), Christophorus (Georg) Liebe (1705–1764), Joachim Friedrich Mey (?–after 1724), Johann Friedrich Mülner (?–after 1724), Jacob Friedrich Naugardt (1694–1751), Friedrich Gottlieb Perbandt (?–after 1724), Adam Heinrich Pilgrim (1702–1757), Heinrich Preuss (?–after 1728), Christoph Rabe (?–after 1724), Heinrich Ernst Rabe (1707/1708–1744), Gottlieb Richter (1707–1775), Johann Richter (1705–1754), Friedrich Rosenberg (?–1727), Adam Friedrich Schimmelpfennig (1699–1763), Ernst Gottfried Schimmelpfennig (1704–1768), Martin Schimmelpfennig (1706–1778), Gottfried Schumacher (1704–1786), Friedrich Sigismund Schuster (1703–after 1732), Johann Trentovius (Trentowski, 1700–1765). Seven of them attended the seminar back in the winter semester of 1723–1724 and were among the first attendees of the seminar of the Lithuanian language under Quandt after it had been reinstated in 1723. Peter Gottlieb Mielcke was the first teacher at the reinstated seminar. During the winter semester of 1724–1725, the age of the theological students attending the seminar of the Lithuanian language at the Königsberg University was between 17 and 30. Most of them were from Prussian Lithuania. After finishing their studies, at least 19 of the attendees were ordained priests and served in Lithuanian parishes. Out of the thirty students who signed the second appendix to Quandt’s account, at least one-half have not been known as attendees of the seminar of the Lithuanian language yet. Even though the Pietist Georg Friedrich Rogall was very critical towards the seminar of the Lithuanian language under the orthodox Lutheran Quandt in his 1725 letter to August Hermann Francke (1663–1727), professor of theology at the Halle University, it is beyond any dispute that the seminar had brought up a new generation of authors of Lithuanian writings. Six of the theological students who attended the seminar in the winter semester of 1724–1725 had become involved in Lithuanistic activity, albeit from the camps of two protestant movements – the orthodox Lutherans and the Pietists. Three of them – Peter Gottlieb Mielcke, Adam Heinrich Pilgrim, and Adam Friedrich Schimmelpfennig – were actively involved in Johann Jacob Quandt’s project that aimed to renew and enhance the repertoire of religious Lithuanian literature. Three others – Johann Richter, Friedrich Wilhelm Haack (by the way, he became involved in Lithuanistic activity with his proof-reading of the 1727 New Testament published by Quandt in Lithuanian), and Martin Schimmelpfennig – later went to Halle, the centre of Pietism, where they became teachers at the seminar of the Lithuanian language that was founded there in 1727 and drafted Lithuanian books. Quandt’s pupils made a significant contribution to the breakthrough in Lithuanian writings between the 1730s and 1760s.
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Payer, Maria, Antonius Missa i Bobby Kurnia Putrawan. "Pandangan Martin Luther tentang Pembenaran oleh Iman dalam Yakobus 2:14-26". EPIGRAPHE: Jurnal Teologi dan Pelayanan Kristiani 6, nr 2 (30.11.2022): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.33991/epigraphe.v6i2.252.
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In this paper, the authors explain that the views of a reforming theologian named Martin Luther once stated that the letter of James "mangles the Scripture and thereby opposes Paul and all Scripture" and called this letter an epistle of straw. ' (straw letter). Luther's statement was prompted by his doubts about the letter of James, which emphasizes good works more than faith. Although James himself did not mean it that way, Luther's view has prompted many theologians who interpret James' teaching on faith and works specifically discussed in chapter 2 to contradict Paul's teaching of justification by faith alone in Christ (Rom 3:24,28). Here the authors discuss the reflection on Martin Luther's views with James 2:14-26 regarding justification by faith.AbstrakDalam tulisan ini, para penulis menjelaskan bahwa pandangan seorang teolog reformasi yang bernama Martin Luther pernah menyatakan bahwa surat Yakobus ini adalah ’’mangles the Scripture and there by opposes Paul and all Scripture’’ dan menyebut surat ini sebagai ’’an epistle of straw’’ (surat jerami). Pernyataan Luther ini didorong oleh keraguannya kepada surat Yakobus yang lebih menekankan perbuatan baik daripada iman. Meskipun Yakobus sendiri tidak bermaksud demikian, namun pandangan Luther ini telah mendorong banyak teolog yang menafsirkan ajaran Yakobus mengenai iman dan perbuatan yang dibahas khusus dalam pasal 2 ini bertentangan dengan ajaran Paulus mengenai pembenaran hanya oleh iman kepada Kristus (Rm. 3:24,28). Disini para penulis membahas refleksi pandangan Martin Luther dengan Yakobus 2:14-26 mengenai pembenaran oleh iman.
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Barnard, Marcel, Mirella Klomp i Maarten Wisse. "Do This in Remembrance of Me Online? Irenic and Elenctic Normativity in Liturgical Studies". Yearbook for Ritual and Liturgical Studies 36 (31.12.2020): 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21827/yrls.36.71-82.
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The authors of this article, two liturgical scholars and a scholar in dogmatics, engaged in a public discussion of whether or not a Holy Communion should be celebrated online. Speaking about the case afterwards, they found that both the discourse of liturgical studies and of dogmatics introduced comparable normative elements. Barnard and Klomp in liturgical studies speak with Ronald Grimes of ‘ritual criticism’ and with Roy Rappaport of ‘The True Words’ as benchmarks that are established by religions in the infinite field of meanings of the rite. Wisse speaks on the basis of the originally Lutheran distinction of Law and Gospel of therapeutic or irenic and elenctic normativity. The authors advocate this distinction as an instrument that opens the way for a discussion about the mystery of life and of the sacraments.
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Sjökvist, Peter. "The Reception of Books from Braniewo in the 17th-century Uppsala University Library". Biblioteka, nr 24 (33) (7.06.2021): 101–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/b.2020.24.4.
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It is well known that Swedish armies took a number of literary spoils of war from Poland in the 17th century, among others, the library of the Jesuit College in Braniewo in 1626. This article discusses how the collections from Braniewo were received and arranged in the first library building of Uppsala University, to which they had been donated by the Swedish King Gustavus II Adolphus. Books with contents related to theology are discussed in particular. As is shown in the article, books from Braniewo by Catholic authors or editors that were of a more neutral nature, such as books on Church history, Bibles and Bible concordances, were generally considered more useful at this Lutheran university than books by Catholic authors containing, for instance, Bible commentaries, sermons and dogmatics.
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Anttonen, Veikko. "The sacredness of the self, of society and of the human body: the case of a Finnish transgender pastor Marja-Sisko Aalto". Scripta Instituti Donneriani Aboensis 23 (1.01.2011): 13–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.30674/scripta.67378.
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In 2008 the change of sex of a Finnish transgender pastor attracted media attention to Lutheran Christianity on a worldwide scale, which compared to other religious traditions seldom makes it to the world news. This article discusses the sex reassignment undergone by Marja-Sisko Aalto, a Lutheran pastor from the town of Imatra, in south eastern Finland, who in 2008, at the age of 54, was transformed into a woman. First some remarks on the relation between religion and the body are made and terminological issues are discussed briefly. The second part of the article presents Aalto's life story based on the author's interview with her in April 2010. In the last section the author discusses the Finnish cognitive scholar Ilkka Pyysiäinen’s reflection on folk biology as an explanation for making sense of the public image regarding a priest’s gender. The article concludes by looking at Marja-Sisko Aalto’s case from the perspective of marking boundaries between the categories of the self, the society and the human body.
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Young, James. "Reviewer Acknowledgements". International Journal of Social Science Studies 6, nr 11 (26.10.2018): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/ijsss.v6i11.3718.
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International Journal of Social Science Studies (IJSSS) would like to acknowledge the following reviewers for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Many authors, regardless of whether IJSSS publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Their comments and suggestions were of great help to the authors in improving the quality of their papers. Each of the reviewers listed below returned at least one review for this issue.Reviewers for Volume 6, Number 11Amanda ElBassiouny, California Lutheran University, USAAmin Ali Almubar, Jazan University, Saudi ArabiaAslan,Yasin, Sinop University, TurkeyAurora Pestaño, University of San Jose Recoletos (USJR), PhilippinesEmanuele Achino, C. D. T. O., ItalyLaura Diaconu Maxim, "Alexandru Ioan Cuza University" of Iasi, RomaniaMohamed Mehdi Jelassi, IHEC Carthage, TunisiaOzgur Demirtas, Inonu University, TurkeyRachita Shrivastava Roy, Chhatisgarh-India, IndiaRumana Hashem, University of East London, UK
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Fajt, Anita. "At the Crossroad of Confessions". Central European Cultures 1, nr 2 (20.12.2021): 3–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.47075/cec.2021-2.01.
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The focus of my study is a mid-seventeenth-century Latin manuscript prayer book. Its most basic characteristics should attract the attention of scholars of the period since it was compiled by a Lutheran married couple from Prešov for their individual religious practice. In examining the prayer book, I was able to identify the basic source of the manuscript, which was previously unknown to researchers: the compendium of the German Lutheran author Philipp Kegel. The manuscript follows the structure of Kegel’s volume and also extracts a number of texts from the German author’s work, which mainly collects the writings of medieval church fathers. In addition to Kegel, I have also been able to identify a few other sources; mainly the writings of Lutheran authors from Germany (Johann Arndt, Johann Gerhardt, Johann Rist, and Johann Michael Dilherr). I give a description of the physical characteristics of the manuscript, its illustrations, the hymns that accompany the prayers, and the copying hands. I will also attempt to identify the latter more precisely. The first compilers of the manuscript were Andreas Glosius and his wife Catharina Musoniana from Prešov. I also organize the biographical data we have about their life and will correct the certainly erroneous provenance of Andreas Glosius, whose name appears in the context of several important contemporary manuscripts, including the gradual of Prešov. In the last part of my paper, I will also show how well known and popular Philipp Kegel’s work was in the early modern Kingdom of Hungary. This is necessary because, although the data show that there was a very lively reception of Philipp Kegel’s work in Hungary, previous scholars have only tangentially dealt with the Hungarian presence of his work.
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Pandžić, Zvonko. "Von Coimbra nach Tobol’sk". Historiographia Linguistica 44, nr 1 (21.07.2017): 72–134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.44.1.03pan.
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Summary Worldwide missionary activities from the 16th century onward were not limited to the New World and overseas in general, but also in East Central Europe in the wake of sectarian struggles following the Reformation. Soon after the Tridentine Council (1545–1563), the Jesuits spread their activities to all countries between the Baltic and Adriatic Seas. Not only Catholic but also Lutheran and Calvinist missionaries went to Poland-Lithuania, Hungary, Slovenia, and other countries. The first Polish grammar (Statorius 1568) was published principally for the Calvinist mission in Poland, while the first Slovenian grammar was printed in Wittenberg (Bochorizh 1584) for the use of Lutheran missionaries in the predominantly Catholic Slovenia. This article examines the missionary background and the vernacular character of two further missionary grammars of the Slavic languages. The first Croatian grammar by Bartul Kašić (1575–1650) was printed in Rome for the use of Catholic Jesuit missionaries from Italy working in Illyricum (Kašić 1604). Kašić’s choice of the što-dialect to be the literary norm in missionary publications substantially determined the further standardization history of the Croatian language. Almost a hundred years later H. W. Ludolf (1696) succeeded in printing the first Russian grammar for the Lutheran-Pietistic mission in Muscovy, a milestone on the way to the “refinement” of the Russian vernacular intended by Ludolf to make it the literary language of the Russian Empire. The first grammars of the Slavic vernacular languages can, therefore, be rightly called missionary grammars. This designation also applies to the first grammars of the non-Slavic languages in the Baltic States and Hungary (and, beyond Europe, in the largely Eastern Orthodox Armenia and Ethiopia). Whatever their sect, the authors of these missionary grammars were motivated by rivalry with other Christian denominations in Slavic and non-Slavic speaking countries of the Christian East.
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Young, James. "Reviewer Acknowledgements". International Journal of Social Science Studies 7, nr 1 (16.01.2019): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/ijsss.v7i1.3973.
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International Journal of Social Science Studies (IJSSS) would like to acknowledge the following reviewers for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Many authors, regardless of whether IJSSS publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Their comments and suggestions were of great help to the authors in improving the quality of their papers. Each of the reviewers listed below returned at least one review for this issue. Reviewers for Volume 7, Number 1Amanda ElBassiouny, California Lutheran University, USAAmin Ali Almubar, Jazan University, Saudi ArabiaAslan,Yasin, Sinop University, TurkeyAurora Pestaño, University of San Jose Recoletos (USJR), PhilippinesK.O. Aramide, The Polytechnic Ibadan, NigeriaMickey Langlais, University of Nebraska – Kearney, USAMuhammad Uhaib As’ad, Islamic University of Kalimantan, IndonesiaQingzhi Huan, Peking University, ChinaRachita Shrivastava Roy, Department of Higher Education,Chhatisgarh-India, IndiaXue Yang, Ghent University, BelgiumYaghoob Foroutan , The University of Waikato, New ZealandYanzhe Zhang, Jilin University, China , China/Australia
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Jurkowlaniec, Grażyna, i Maciej Ptaszyński. "Anticlerical Motifs in the Illustrations of Martin Luther’s Hauspostille". Religions 11, nr 12 (25.11.2020): 633. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel11120633.
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Drawing on the example of the editions of a Protestant bestseller, Martin Luther’s Hauspostille, printed several times in Nuremberg between 1544 and 1548 by Johann vom Berg and Ulrich Neuber, the study examines the sources, location, and function of the anticlerical motifs in the Protestant postils. Prominent in the first editions of the Hauspostille of 1544 and 1545, the anticlerical scenes were eliminated in 1548. The authors argue that both the usage and subsequent removal of these woodcuts was dependent not on the direct religious context in Luther’s sermons, but on pragmatic political considerations as they affected the religious situation in the city of Nuremberg. The deployment of antipapal imagery in the mid-1540s coincided with Nuremberg’s strong engagement in the aggravating conflict between the emperor and the Protestants, whereas its elimination was triggered by the defeat of Protestants and the introduction of the Augsburg Interim.
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Dingel, Irene. "Epitomes as Interpretations, Teaching Tools, and Rules of Faith". Lutheran Quarterly 37, nr 3 (wrzesień 2023): 290–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lut.2023.a905032.
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Abstract: The genre of the epitome, a digest or summary of a larger work or body of information, served all late medieval and early modern academic disciplines as a form for conveying material in a form easier to learn, master, and put to use. Epitomes served the Wittenberg Reformation in this way. This essay examines different types of this genre. Martin Luther’s Small Catechism, the Epitome of the Formula of Concord, and the index of Johann Aurifaber’s printed edition of Luther’s Tischreden , designed as other indices of the time to guide readers to the proper use of the document, can serve as examples of how the authors of these three documents strove to provide a basic guide to proper biblical teaching for application in the life of the church. Epitomes were thus not mere summaries, but had a theological and at the same time didactic purpose.
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Koivisto, Jussi Kalervo. "Martin Luther’s Conception of fascinare (Gal. 3:1)". Biblical Interpretation 19, nr 4-5 (16.04.2011): 471–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156851511x595521.
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The evil eye belief is a universal phenomenon and present in the Bible, both in the Old and the New Testament. Christian scholars have usually discussed this phenomenon in their comments on Gal. 3:1. Luther, for example, concentrated on the manifold notion of the bewitchment of the evil eye (Gr. βασκαίνω, Lat. fascinare, Ger. bezaubern; Gal. 3:1) in his Scholia (1516), Commentary (1519), and Large Commentary (1531/1535) on Galatians. Luther understood fascinare as a higher-level concept that included witchcraft (e.g. harming through the evil glance) and both psychic and spiritual disturbance. Luther’s interpretation of this concept is fascinating mix of folklore, Biblical scholarship and the perspectives of ancient authors. In spite of the many similarities between the different Commentaries, there were also differences—especially between early Commentaries (1516, 1519) and the Large Commentary (1531/1535). I will prove in detail how Luther contextualized the evil eye belief to his various comments on Gal. 3:1 and who and what were his models in doing this.
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Polo, Leonardo. "Ética socrática y moral cristiana". Anuario Filosófico 40, nr 3 (18.09.2018): 549–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.15581/009.40.29249.
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This article compares certain aspects of Socratic ethics and of Christian morality. It stresses what Christian morality adds to Socratic ethics on the basis of Revelation, and surveys certain versions of Christian ethics which its author considers to be misguiding. In particular, the author notes defects in Luther’s, Kant’s and Fenelon’s ethical views, and in certain other views which stand in clear opposition to Christian ethics, such ad that of Nietzsche and other postmodern authors.
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Elsayed, Duha, i Tanja Toropainen. "Tekijyys Ruotsin vallan aikaisessa suomenkielisessä kirjallisuudessa". Sananjalka 62, nr 62 (30.10.2020): 156–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.30673/sja.91088.
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Tekijyys Ruotsin vallan aikaisessa suomenkielisessä kirjallisuudessa
Tässä artikkelissa puheena on se, miten Ruotsin vallan aikana julkaistujen suomenkielisten teosten nimiösivuilla, esipuheissa sekä omistus- ja jälkikirjoituksissa ilmaistiin kirjan tekijä tai tekijät.
Artikkelissa käsitellään kirjallisuutta 1540-luvulta vuoteen 1809. Aineisto sisältää 218 Ruotsin vallan aikaista suomenkielistä kirjaa. Aineistossa on mukana teoksia eri kirjallisuustyypeistä (uskonnollinen kirjallisuus, lakikirjallisuus, valistus- ja neuvokirjat ja kaunokirjallisuus).
Vaikka eri kirjallisuustyypeissä on eroja, voidaan todeta, että valtaosassa Ruotsin vallan ajan suomenkielisistä teoksista joku tekijöistä on mainittu ja että kokonaan anonyymit julkaisut ovat poikkeuksellisia. Anonyymiys yleistyi joksikin aikaa 1700-luvun alkupuolella, mikä saattaa olla seurausta siitä, että kartettiin teosten leimautumista harhaoppisiksi.
Teosten käännöstaustaa ei yleensä salailtu, vaan sitä saatettiin nimiölehdillä erityisesti korostaa. Vaikuttaa siltä, että muunkielisen taustan dokumentointi toimi kirjan markkinointikeinona ja vahvisti tekijän brändiä oppineena kirjoittajana. Martti Lutherin nimi rakensi luottamusta ja ilmeisesti paransi myös teosten myyntiä.
Nimiölehdillä ja esipuheissa esiintyvien tekijyyttä kuvaavien verbien perusteella käy selväksi, että monet ajan suomenkieliset teokset syntyivät kompilaattorin työn tuloksena.
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Authorship issues in literature written in Finnish during the Swedish rule
This article describes how the author or authors were indicated in the labels, forewords, inscriptions and epilogues of the literary works published in Finnish during the period of the Swedish rule in Finland.
The article covers literature published in Finnish from the 1540’s until 1809. The corpus consists of 208 books which represent various types of literature (religious, legal and educational literature, handbooks, and fiction).
Although there are differences between the types of literature, it can be stated that in most of the works in our corpus, at least one of the authors was named and totally anonymous works were merely an exception. In the beginning of the 18th century, though, there was a peak in the anonymousness, which may be due to the author’s wish for the book not to be stigmatized as heresy.
A book’s origin as a translation was usually not concealed. This fact could actually be stressed on the label page and thus used as a marketing tool or a means of creating the author’s brand as an expert. Martin Luther’s name was mentioned in order to build confidence and to promote sales.
On the basis of the verbs that were used to describe authorship on the label pages, it is clear that many works published in Finnish in this era were a result of a compilator’s effort.
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UNDERWOOD, WILLIAM. "THOMAS CROMWELL AND WILLIAM MARSHALL'S PROTESTANT BOOKS". Historical Journal 47, nr 3 (wrzesień 2004): 517–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x04003851.
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Thomas Cromwell's association with various writers has long been noted, but how these authors' writings might reflect his personal religious beliefs has not been closely studied. An examination of one such author, William Marshall, and of his work, reveals not only that Cromwell was likely a Lutheran, but that he used the press to promote doctrinal Protestantism in England. Through Marshall, Cromwell sponsored English translations of doctrinally radical texts by Martin Luther, Joachim von Watt, and Martin Bucer. And when these books got Marshall into trouble, Cromwell protected him. The picture that emerges substantiates John Foxe's description of Cromwell as a ‘valiant soldier and captain of Christ’, but also the charge made in his bill of attainder, that he had circulated heretical books.
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Braun, B., i J. Demling. "500 years of reformation: The history of Martin Luther's pathography and its ethical implications". European Psychiatry 41, S1 (kwiecień 2017): S580. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.870.
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IntroductionIn the context of the 500th anniversary of the Reformation, it is time to take a survey of the history of Martin Luther's (1483–1546) pathography.MethodRelevant writings were evaluated.ResultsWhile in a 1035 page work written in German between 1937 and 1941, the Dane Paul Reiter retrospectively diagnosed Luther as manic-depressive, Kretschmer (1888–1964) in 1955 saw in Luther “a great polemic and organizer”. In 1956, Grossmann was unable to prove persistent synchronicity of depressive mood and reduced motivation in Luther in the key years 1527 and 1528, which led him to conclude that Luther had a cyclothymic personality with a pyknic constitution. In Roper's view in 2016, Luther suffered from “a condition […], that we would call depression today”.DiscussionIn 1948, Werner concluded that Reiter's pathography was based on an incorrect assumption: Luther's solution of the cloister conflict as a dilemma situation between paternal and clerical authority was not a flight into “the mysticism of despair”. Hamm adopted this interpretation in 2015 in viewing the escalation of the emotional conflict potential as a logical consequence of an interiorized and individualized intensified piety. In 2015, Scott saw a cyclothymic temperament in Luther starting in about 1519, but emphasized the elasticity of Luther's emotional reserves: “For the rest of his life, Luther oscillated between euphoria and dejection but not to the point of dysfunction”.ConclusionLuther can be used as an example of the importance of religiousness as a curative resource for the psyche.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Koepp, Gabriel A., Bradley J. Snedden, Laurel Flynn, Deborah Puccinelli, Bowen Huntsman i James A. Levine. "Feasibility Analysis of Standing Desks for Sixth Graders". ICAN: Infant, Child, & Adolescent Nutrition 4, nr 2 (14.03.2012): 89–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1941406412439414.
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Background. In this pilot study, the authors aimed to examine the implementation of standing desks on classroom performance and behavior. They also examined how the standing desks affected in-class physical activity and body mass index. Methods. Eight sixth graders from Hope Lutheran elementary school participated in the study (age 11.3 ± 0.5 years). Baseline and 8-month postintervention measures were step counts using (W4L Classic pedometers), height, weight, and behavioral markers. Results. Data showed that there were no statistically significant changes in the participants’ body mass index (19.4 kg/m2 vs 19.3 kg/m2), step counts (1886 steps vs 2248 steps), and behavioral markers including classroom management, concentration, and discomfort. Height and weight changes were significant and are attributed to the normal growth rate associated with the age of the participants (146.8 cm vs 151.8 cm, P < .0001; 41.4 kg vs 44.5 kg, P > .0007). Conclusions. It is feasible to integrate standing desks into a classroom without negative effects. Although the authors observed over a 19% increase in pedometer activity, it was not statistically significant. This highlights the importance for larger experimental groups and the use of more advanced physical activity tracking and body composition technologies.
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McClain, Lisa. "Troubled Consciences: New Understandings and Performances of Penance Among Catholics in Protestant England". Church History 82, nr 1 (21.02.2013): 90–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009640712002533.
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Prior to Protestant reforms of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, Catholic clerics frequently preached about the necessity of confessing one's sins to a priest through the sacrament of penance. After the passage of laws in the 1570s making it a criminal offense to be a Catholic priest in England, Catholics residing in Protestant England possessed limited opportunities to make confession to a priest. Many laypersons feared for their souls. This article examines literature written by English Catholic clerics to comfort such laypersons. These authors re-interpreted traditional Catholic understandings of how sacramental penance delivers grace to allow English Catholics to confess when priests were not present. These authors—clerics themselves—used the printed word to stand in for the usual parish priest to whom a Catholic would confess. They legitimized their efforts by appealing to the church'smodus operandiof allowing alternative means to receive grace in cases of extreme emergency. Although suggestions to confess without a priest's mediation sound similar to Protestant views on penitence, these authors' prescriptions differ from Lutheran, Calvinist, Anglican, and post-Tridentine Catholic positions on penance in the Reformation era. Diverse understandings of penitence lay at the heart of confessional divisions, and this article sheds new light on heretofore unexamined English Catholic contributions to these debates, broadening scholars' conceptions of what it meant to be Catholic in Reformation England and Europe.
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Annan, John Francis, Emmanuel Obed Acquah i Godfred Sackey. "ANALYTICAL QUEST OF FOUR SELECTED HARMONIZED CHORALES OF JOHANN SABASTIAN BACH". International Journal of Education Humanities and Social Science 05, nr 04 (2022): 01–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.54922/ijehss.2022.0409.
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Chorale No 9 (Ermuntre dich mein schwacher Geist), Chorale No 14 (O Herre Gott, dein gottlich Wort), Chorale No 73 (Herr Jesu Christ, du höchstes Gut) and Chorale No 81 (Christus, der uns selig macht), are selected Lutheran chorales harmonized by Johann Sabastian Bach, an iconic composer of the Baroque era. In his harmonic processes, Bach explored various altered chords, harmonic devices, and non-harmonic tones. Focusing on a case study design, purposive sampling technique, and document analysis, the authors attempt to provide a formal analysis of the four selected harmonized chorales, employing parameters such as scale, vocal rages, melodic organization, harmony and tonality, non-chord tones, texture, and form. The analysis unravels his harmonic vocabulary to determine his compositional style. The harmonized chorales of Johann Sabastian Bach are therefore good educational materials of harmony and counterpoint andragogy for music students.
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Augustine Odey, Professor Onah, i Dr Gregory Ajima Onah. "PASTOR EYO NKUNE OKPO ENE (1895 – 1973): THE FORGOTTEN HERO OF THE APOSTOLIC CHURCH, NIGERIA". International Journal of Contemporary Research and Review 10, nr 08 (7.08.2019): 20654–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.15520/ijcrr.v10i08.723.
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This brief article is a legacy of the authors twenty-five year teaching experience of Nigerian Church History in three Nigerian Universities between May 25, 1987 and May 31, 2012 and his ministerial duties and lecture on Church history in the Lutheran Seminary in Nigeria and the various interaction with other Christian brethren, especially in relationship with Christian students of The Apostolic Church, Nigeria. In this article, the researchers have tried to describe the early history of the Apostolic Church in Cross River State of Nigeria, West Africa, through a brief biographical stetch of Pastor Eyo Nkune Okpo Ene of Ambo Family, Mbaraokom, Creek Town (Obio Oko), who lived between 22nd November, 1895 and 1st February, 1973 (78years). This work is a paragon or model of other similar ones: like those of Garrick Idakatima Sokari Braide, Samuel Ajayi Crowther, Essien Ukpabio, Jonathan Udo Ekong and others.
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Garratt, James. "Prophets Looking Backwards: German Romantic Historicism and the Representation of Renaissance Music". Journal of the Royal Musical Association 125, nr 2 (2000): 164–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jrma/125.2.164.
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AbstractCrucial to understanding the reception of Renaissance music in nineteenth-century Germany is an appreciation of the contradictory components of Romantic historicism. The tension between subjective and objective historicism is fundamental to the historiographical reception of Renaissance music, epitomizing the interdependency of historical representation and modern reform. Protestant authors seeking to reform church music elevated two distinct repertories — Renaissance Italian music and Lutheran compositions from the Reformation era — as ideal archetypes: these competing paradigms reflect significantly different historiographical and ideological trends. Early romantic commentators, such as Hoffmann and Thibaut, elevated Palestrina as a universal model, constructing a golden age of old Italian church music by analogy with earlier narratives in art history; later historians, such as Winterfeld and Spitta, condemned the subjectivity of earlier reformers, seeking instead to revivify the objective foundations of Protestant church music. Both approaches are united, however, by the use of deterministic modes of narrative emplotment.
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Sanders, Jack T. "Who Is a Jew and Who Is a Gentile in the Book of Acts?" New Testament Studies 37, nr 3 (lipiec 1991): 434–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0028688500015964.
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It has been now nearly a quarter century since W. C. van Unnik labelled the two-volume work to which we refer in abbreviated form as Luke–Acts as ‘a storm center in contemporary scholarship’. He referred in particular to the issues of redaction criticism, of the purpose of Acts, of the theological approach in Luke–Acts to the problem of the delay of the parousia, of the author's treatment of Paul, of the character and function of the speeches in Acts, and of whether it was proper to refer to the theological position of Luke–Acts as ‘early Catholic’ and therefore, in the minds of the German Lutheran theologians who were raising that question, as degraded, fallen from the early purity of Paul's Christianity, and unworthy of theological consideration today.
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Ershova, Maria, i Jan Hermelink. "Spirituality, Administration, and Normativity in Current Church Organization". International Journal of Practical Theology 16, nr 2 (maj 2013): 221–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijpt-2012-0015.
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Abstract The paper addresses issues regarding the current balance between spirituality and administration in different church denominations using an interdisciplinary approach which combines management science and theology. It presents a comparative study of organizational culture of the Roman Catholic Church, a Lutheran church, and a Reformed church with the use of the questionnaire based on the Competing Values Framework (Cameron/Quinn) and qualitative interviews with leading persons in church. The authors discuss the findings from two different but complementary perspectives: in relation to the four types of organizational cultures in the Cameron/Quinn framework, and as a result of the specific denominational semantics represented in the questionnaire used for the study. The results show how the question of modernity is reflected in organizational culture of churches, and how deeply the respondents’ perception of church is influenced by inherent normativity. One of the central conclusions is that religiously rooted normativity serves as an instrument of balancing the administrative and the spiritual in church.
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LYUBASHCHENKO, Viktoriya. "CROATIAN HUMANIST MATIJA VLAČIĆ AND HIS CONTRIBUTION TO THE SCIENTIFIC THOUGHT OF THE EARLY MODERN AGE". Problems of slavonic studies, nr 68 (2019): 54–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/sls.2019.68.3071.
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Background: The 500th Anniversary of the Reformation has caused the emergence of many new publications in Ukraine dedicated to this phenomenon. Biographical research were taken quite modest positions among them. The focus was on the figures of the Western European Reformation, whose biographies are widely represented in world historiography. However, many Slavonic reformers still undervalued. In particular, a little known in Ukrainian studies remains a Croatian humanist of the 16th century Matija Vlačić (Matthias Flacius Illyricus). Purpose: The author put forward the task to acquaint the Ukrainian reader with the biography and creativity of the Croatian thinker, as well as to reveal his role in church processes, the development of theological and scientific knowledge in Early Modern Europe. To achieve this, the article is divided into several thematic blocks. The first covers the main pages of life and activity of Matija Vlačić as a Lutheran theologian, polemicist, enlightener, and scholar, the second – summarizes the early and modern studies devoted to Vlačić. The following two thematic blocks relate to his scholarly heritage in the fields of Biblical exegesis and hermeneutics (based on his “Clavis Scripturae”), сhurch history, and critical study of sources (based on “Catalogus testium Veritatis” and role of Vlačić in the creation of “Ecclesiastica Historia” – “Magdeburg Centuries”). Results: The author pays tribute to the scientific achievements of many scholars who have done important work in the study of personality of Matija, and supports the opinion expressed in contemporary historiography of his role in protection of Martin Luther’s reform. The article confirms significant of Vlačić contribution to the development of new principles of exegetics and its rise on the level of Biblical studies, and to the laying down the foundations of scientific hermeneutics and textology. The author traced use by Matija Vlačić his methods of exegetics in the study of historical documents and the comprehension of church history. An attempt at such use is his historical work “Catalogus testium Veritatis”, which can be regarded as an early experience which found a more serious incarnation in “Magdeburg Centuries”. Despite the obvious for the 16th century scientific achievements of “Catalogus” and “Centuries” polemical and ideological tendentiousness of their authors made church-historical science an element of confessional confrontation in Post-Reformation Europe. Scientific methods of Vlačić were used by Andrzej Węgierski – theologian and historian in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the author of the chronicle “Slavonic Reformation”, which became factual material for the historical works of many scholars of Eastern Europe. Key words: Reformation, Croatia, Matija Vlačić (Matthias Flacius Illyricus), exegetics, hermeneutics, сhurch history, “Clavis Scripturae”, “Catalogustestium Veritatis”, “Magdeburg Centuries”.