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Rawat, Yashwant Singh, Misganu Eba i Moti Nebiyu. "Lumber Recovery Rate of Cupressus lusitanica in Arsi Forest Enterprise, Ethiopia". Sustainability 15, nr 2 (6.01.2023): 1046. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15021046.
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In Ethiopia, sawmills have poor capacity utilization primarily due to the outdated equipment that resulted in a low recovery rate and the production of a high amount of wastage. The lumber recovery rate is the output (lumber) of a log in the sawing process. In Ethiopia, Cupressus lusitanica is significantly used for lumber, for furniture production, construction, poles and posts. Sampled logs were processed according to the normal production rate and standard lumber dimension of the sawmill for the purpose of estimating the lumber recovery rate. The present study aimed to investigate the lumber recovery rate of C. lusitanica and the factors affecting it. A total of 26.93 m3 of lumber was produced by the sawmilling operation, representing 72.86% of the overall lumber recovery rate. Furthermore, the sawdust and slabs were recorded as 2.92 m3 (7.90%) of sawdust and 7.11 m3 (19.24%) of slabs, respectively. There were a number of factors that decreased the magnitude of the lumber recovery rate. It was observed that cutting using a wider saw kerf caused a reduction in the rate of lumber recovery owing to the generation of an increased quantity of sawdust. The lumbers were air-seasoned in the sawmill yard. Maximizing the volume of the lumber recovered from the logs can increase the sawmill profitability, lessen the effects of climate change, ensure the sustainable use of natural resources, enhance the energy efficiency and manage wood waste (e.g., recycling and prevention) for green economic development and industrial transformation. This species has a great demand in the wood industry of Ethiopia; hence, the plantation and yield of C. lusitanica must be expanded in order to provide sustainable forestry, protect valuable forest resources and safeguard the biodiversity in the country.
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Shibasaki, Yasuhiko, Kenta Kobayashi, Tatsuya Suwabe, Kyoko Fuse, Miwako Narita, Hirohito Sone i Masayoshi Masuko. "Depletion of Pre-Transplant Skeletal Muscle Is a Significant Poor Prognostic Factor in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation". Blood 134, Supplement_1 (13.11.2019): 3322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2019-124733.
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Introduction Depletion of skeletal muscle is a poor prognostic factor for patients with various malignancies; however its significance for allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) in patients with hematological disease is unclear. Generally, muscle mass is measured by the methods established by the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People, which require the use of dual energy X-ray absorptiometry or bioimpedance analysis, methods that are not performed in routine practice. Therefore, cross-sectional imaging using computed tomography (CT) has been suggested as an alternative method for analyzing muscle mass in clinical practice. Especially, lumbar total muscle cross-sectional area using CT, normalized for body height, which was named lumbar skeletal muscle mass index (SMI), is reported as an indicator of nutritional status, sarcopenia and cancer cachexia in patients with solid organ malignancy. Aims To clarify the usefulness of a pre-transplant lumber SMI as a prognostic indicator for allo-HCT patients. Methods Among 208 patients with hematological disease who underwent allo-HCT between 2006 and 2017 at our facility, 191 patients (95 males and 96 females) underwent CT scans for routine pre-transplant status assessment. Ninety patients had acute myeloid leukemia, 38 patients had acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 24 patients had myelodysplastic syndrome, 20 patients had malignant lymphoma, and 19 patients had other diseases. The median age of the patients was 42 years old (range: 16-66 years). Seventy-eight patients received myeloablative conditioning and the others received reduced intensity conditioning regimens. The number of patients in each HCT-comorbidity index (HCT-CI) risk group was as follows: low: 72, intermediate: 54 and high: 65. Axial images at the iliac crest were selected for analysis of lumber total muscle cross-sectional area (cm2). The rectus abdominus, psoas and paraspinal muscles were identified and quantified. Lumbar total muscle cross-sectional area was normalized for body height in meters squared (m2) and used to calculate lumbar SMI (cm2/m2). This study was performed in accordance with the Japanese Ethical Guidelines for Medical and Health Research Involving Humans and approved by the Ethical Committee of our facility. Results The median pre-transplant lumber SMI of the male patients was significantly higher than that of the female patients (42.7 (24.9-60.2) mm2/m2 vs. 31.9 (20.7-44.6) mm2/m2, p<0.01). We defined the cutoff value of lumber SMI as 42.7cm2/m2 for male and 31.9cm2/m2 for female patients. In the Kaplan-Meier estimate analysis, low lumber SMI was a significant poor prognostic factor for overall survival (p=0.016). In multivariate analysis using Cox regression model, adjusting for age, refined disease risk index, conditioning and HCT-CI, low lumber SMI was extracted as a significant poor prognostic factor for overall survival (hazard ratio 1.56, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03-2.36, p=0.036). By logistic regression analysis, adjusted odds ratio of 1-year non-relapse mortality for low lumber SMI was 2.47 (95% CI 1.13-5.41, p=0.024). Conclusion Low pre-transplant lumber SMI is a significant poor prognostic factor in allo-HCT, independent of other risk factors including HCT-CI and refined disease risk index in patients with hematological disease. It is affected by the high rate of non-relapse mortality in the early phase following allo-HCT in patients with low lumber SMI. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Song, Shi Quan, Hua Dong Xu i Li Hai Wang. "The Application of Modal Analysis in Hole-Defect in Lumber". Key Engineering Materials 467-469 (luty 2011): 1776–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.467-469.1776.
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Larch lumbers were tested by using modal analysis technology and Frequency response functions (FRF) were derived. Modal parameters, including first 4 intrinsic frequency and first 3 modal shape, were distinguished by single modal method. Research shows that the intrinsic frequency of hole-defect lumbers is little lower than standard lumbers’ and the change rate of frequency is becoming larger gradually with the diameter of hole-defect. However, it can not judge the position of the hole-defect by the change rate of frequency. The modal shape of the node near the hole-defect always jumps abruptly, so it can estimate the particular position of hole-defect in the lumber. The variation of modal shape is becoming larger gradually with the diameter of hole-defect. It can make qualitative and quantitative estimate to the hole-defect in the lumber by considering intrinsic frequency and modal shape together.
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Y, Chudasma Hardik, Yadav C. R i Pareek Pooja. "Management of Katishool by Shaman aushadhi along with Panchkarma therapy A case study". International Journal of Ayurvedic Medicine 10, nr 1 (3.04.2019): 118–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.47552/ijam.v10i1.1158.
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Spondylosis refers to degenerative changes in the spine such as bone spurs and degenerative changes in intervertebral disc. Lumber spondylosis mainly affects on lower spine. In this condition spine is compromised by a narrowing of the space between the vertebrae. In a classic case of lumber spondylosis, the space between discs in the lumbar spine becomes narrowed. Because of this the patient develops numbness, tingling and pain which seem to radiate out from the area. These symptoms are the results of pressure on the nerves as they exit the spinal cord. It has been estimated that about 80% of world population develop lumber spondylosis after the age of 40 years. In Ayurveda, It can compare with a disease Katishool, characterized by Kati pradeshevedana, Kati shunyata, kriya hani, Hasta-pada suptata.in this article we are focusing in the management of Lumber spondolosis (Katishool) through Ayurveda. A 46 year old male patient reported to the outdoor department of Sharir Kriya NIA, Jaipur, with the complains of Kati pradeshevedana (Pain in Lumber region), Kati shunyata (Numbness), Dourbalyata (Weakness), Shramahani (Lethargy) for last 6 month and other associate complaints were Hypertension, debility, lethargy, excessive sleep, burning micturation for four month. The patient was diagnosed as Lumber spondylosis. A combination of Yogaraj Guggulu (2 Tab), Punarnavadi Guggulu (2 Tab) twice a day, along with Dashmoolkwath (40 ml), Capsule Sandhika (1 tab), Grokart Ds (2 Tab), Chropexae (1 Tab) twice a day with water after meal for one months. Patient is treated with some panchkarma procedure like katibasti and karma basti. After one month of treatment a significant response was found.
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Ziad, Alishbah, Madiha Saeed Wahla, Nimra Riaz, Salma Gul, Muhammad Mahad Umar Lodhi i Suraya Bano. "OSTEOPOROSIS WITHIN A COHORT OF POSTMENOPAUSAL PAKISTANI WOMEN USING DUAL X-RAY BONE DENSITOMETRY". KHYBER MEDICAL UNIVERSITY JOURNAL 14, nr 4 (31.12.2021): 193–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.35845/kmuj.2021.21685.
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OBJECTIVE: To explore the prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis within a cohort of Pakistani postmenopausal women with respect to the lumbar spine and hip.
METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Shifa International Hospital Islamabad, Pakistan from September 2019 to Feb 2020. Study comprised of 237 postmenopausal females who visited the outpatient department of the hospital. The T-scores of Bone Mineral density (BMD) data was collected and arranged in three groups: normal, osteopenia and osteoporosis. Data was analyzed to explore the distribution of the data and correlation analyses using R software version 3.6.3.
RESULTS: Out of 237 females, majority were ranging in age from 61-70 years (n=110; 46.4%), followed by 51-60 years age group (n=60; 25.3%). Osteopenia was noted in 98 (41.4%) cases in lumber spine and hip area. Osteoporosis was found in 79 (33.3%) and 59 (24.9%) cases in lumber spine and hip region respectively. Mean T score was -1.775±-2.000 and median T score was -1.469 for lumber spine and hip. T-scores distribution of lumbar spine and hip indicated the highest proportion having a sore of -2 SD (n=60; 25.3% each), followed by -3 SD in 52 (21.9%) cases. Bone mass density was negatively correlated with age (p≤0.01). However, no significant difference was found among the BMD values of lumbar spine and hip region.
CONCLUSION: Decreased bone density was a common occurrence affecting postmenopausal females and there is increase in degenerative bone loss with increasing age. Hip and lumbar spine region are equally affected by degenerative bone loss.
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Chang, Wei-Yew, i Chris Gaston. "The competitiveness of Canadian softwood lumber: a disaggregated trade-flow analysis". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 44, nr 12 (grudzień 2014): 1494–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2014-0058.
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A recursive dynamic spatial equilibrium model is used to examine the global competitiveness of Canadian softwood lumber. To address the restrictive assumption of softwood lumber homogeneity, this study disaggregates softwood lumber into two product groups: (i) higher grade lumber that includes appearance, select structural-grade lumber, and Japanese J-grade lumber; and (ii) lower grade lumber that includes the United States dimension lumber that is commonly used in construction and utility- and economy-grade lumber. Factors that may affect global softwood lumber markets are simulated in the model to project global softwood lumber trade flows from 2012 to 2021. The results indicate that the reduced lumber supply in western Canada caused by the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) infestation combined with demand increases in several regions of the world will contribute to a global increase in softwood lumber prices. Our results suggest that the global price increase will be greater for lower grade softwood lumber than for higher grade lumber. The United States and China will continue to be the top two markets for lower grade Canadian softwood lumber. Although Canadian exports of lower grade softwood lumber to the United States are expected to increase marginally over time in response to the recovery of American housing starts, softwood lumber exports to China are expected to drop significantly, and it is forecasted that exports from the Russian Federation will fill that void. These findings provide strong market signals for both forest managers and the forest-products industry to assess supply chain profitability and adjust production planning accordingly.
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Murtopo, Ali, Ria Miftakhul Jannah, Sabilla Sabilla i Labibah Tsaniyah. "Failure Analysis of Glulam Lumber Beam Made from Meranti Lumber Pieces (Shorea SP)". Jurnal Teknik Sipil dan Perencanaan 22, nr 2 (24.10.2020): 137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/jtsp.v22i2.26231.
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The development of glue-laminated (glulam) lumber beam gives many good results. Meranti (Shorea SP) is one of the construction lumber that can be used as glulam to optimize its use. The limitation of the glulam lumber beam is the limited length of the lumber, so it must be joined to get a certain length. The lumber available in the market on average has a limited size and cross-sectional length. The larger the cross-sectional size and length of the lumber make the higher the price. Used lumber and residual lumber also have many weaknesses, such as the length of suitable lumber is too short, lumber defects, and lumber damages. Further research needs to be done to optimize the use of new, used, and residual meranti lumber through the use of lumber pieces as a glulam lumber beam maker. Standard specimen and test based on ASTM D-198. Glulam lumber beam is made from pieces of meranti lumber planks of certain length which are arranged into lamina beam with the size of 5.5x9.5x150 cm3. Variations in the length of the pieces of meranti lumber planks for making glulam lumber beam, among others, 40 cm, 50 cm, 60 cm, 50 cm with full length lowest layer and 150 cm (full length). The adhesive used is polyurethane glue. The span between supports is 130 cm. The beam is tested for center point loading. The analysis results show that the joints on the outermost layer that receive tensile stress of the glulam lumber beam can cause weakening in the beam because the tensile strength of the adhesive is weaker than the tensile strength of lumber. Failure at the tensile joint of the outer layer of the beam can trigger a shear failure mode. Design of joints should not be placed on layers that are subject to tensile stresses so as not to trigger shear failure modes so that the strength of the glulam lumber beam can be optimal.
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Khademibami, Laya, Alan Sherrington, Rubin Shmulsky i Franklin Quin. "Determination of Flexural Strength of Structural Red and White Oak and Hardwood Composite Lumber". Forest Products Journal 71, nr 4 (1.10.2021): 401–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-21-00051.
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Abstract In this research, flexural properties of mill-run, in-grade red and white oak lumber from a single mill and commercially available laminated hardwood composite were evaluated. Structurally graded green (wet) freshly sawn red and white oak 5 by 10-cm (2 by 4-in) nominal lumber as well as glue-laminated hardwood composite billets were tested in bending and their modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE) properties were developed. It is well documented that MOR and MOE are two major indicators to evaluate flexural strength of wood lumbers. From these data, summary statistics, design values, and mean separations were calculated and reported. Overall, the red and white oak lumber performed similarly to structural No. 2 grade material. The hardwood composite billets were highly uniform. Each of the three materials demonstrated a reasonably good relationship between MOE and MOR, thereby suggesting that MOE could be used as a selection criterion for strength in a commercial use situation.
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AHMAD, MUMTAZ, i MUHAMMAD YASIN. "LUMBER DISCITIS". Professional Medical Journal 17, nr 04 (10.12.2010): 628–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2010.17.04.3011.
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Objectives: To study the occurrence of discitis after lumber disc surgery and its management. Study Design: Observational study. Setting: Department of Neurosurgery QAMC/ BVH Bahawalpur. Period: April 2006 to May 2009. Patients and Methods: This study includes 400 patients who underwent standard laminectomy procedure for disc excision. Patients presenting with backache and leg pain were thoroughly investigated. For the confirmation of herniated disc MRI or lumber route myelography were performed. All patients underwent either fenestration, hemilaminectomy or complete laminectomy for disc excision. Patients were followed for two weeks to three years after surgery. The diagnosis of discitis was on clinical grounds but this condition was confirmed by heamatological examination i.e. ESR, complete blood count, C-reactive protein and radiological examination i.e. MRI, CT and plain X-rays. Results: Eighteen (4.5%) patients out of four hundred patients developed disitis after surgery. Initially all patients were managed conservatively i-e. with complete bed rest and antibiotics .Fifteen (83.33%) patients responded well to this treatment but three (16.67%) patients did not improve and were subjected to surgery. Conclusions: Discitis after lumber disc surgery is rare. Discitis should be considered in any patient who develops severe backache,leg pain and muscles spasms after one to four weeks of lumber disc surgery especially accompanied with fever , raised ESR and elevated C-reactive proteins..A definitive diagnosis is essential for appropriate therapy of discitis.
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Mottet, Marie-Josée, Gaëtan Daoust i S. Y. Zhang. "Impact du charançon du pin blanc (Pissodes strobi Peck) dans les plantations dépinette de Norvège (Picea abies (L.) Karst.). Partie 2 : Propriétés du bois des sciages". Forestry Chronicle 82, nr 5 (1.09.2006): 712–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc82712-5.
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We studied the lumber characteristics of 148 trees taken for that purpose during commercial thinning operations in three Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) plantations, aged from 32 to 34 years, which had been attacked by the white pine weevil (Pissodes strobi [Peck]). The trees, with diameters ranging from 14 to 23 cm, were grouped into three quality classes according to the number of major deformations caused by the weevil. The effects of the deformations on rigidity, bending strength, wood density and lumber defects were examined. Results show that in general the deformations caused by the weevil do not affect the lumber properties of Norway spruce on sites of medium- to high-quality. For the three Norway spruce plantations, the mean values of the modulus of elasticity (MOE) of the lumber vary from 8510 to 9357 MPa, and for the modulus of rupture (MOR) range from 36.0 to 42.5 MPa, whereas wood density varies from 324 to 343 kg·m-3. For comparison purposes, the same measurements were taken on lumber from 38 trees in a white spruce (P. glauca [Moench] Voss) plantation that was unaffected by the weevil, but otherwise comparable to the Norway spruce plantation on one of the sites studied. The lumber properties from the Norway spruce taken from deformed or undeformed stems are 34% superior to the white spruce for the MOE, 20% for the MOR and 8% for wood density. The smaller knots in the Norway spruce could explain this difference. On the other hand, a visual classification of this type of wood reveals few differences in the lumber's bending strength or rigidity. Key words: Norway spruce, Picea abies, wood characteristics, MOE, MOR, wood density, lumber, white pine weevil, Pissodes strobi, white spruce, Picea glauca
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Samreen, Sana, Mahnaz Hakeem, Hafsa Zaheer, Ambreen Raza i Abdul Gaffar Billoo. "Factors Associated with Parental Refusal for Lumber Puncture Among Children and Adolescent: A Cross Sectional Survey at a Tertiary Care Hospital". Pakistan Journal of Medical & Health Sciences 16, nr 10 (30.10.2022): 442–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs221610442.
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Introduction: The lumbar puncture is frequently used in medical facilities to collect data on the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The method aids in the diagnosis of conditions affecting the spine and brain's central nervous system. However, in routine practice out of the many challenges posed by the parents due to lack of education, denial of consent for this procedure is a great challenge at clinical settings. Objectives: To determine the association of various factors with parental refusal for lumbar puncture among pediatric population (age from 1 moth to 18 years). Materials and Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out at the department of pediatrics and child health and department of Emergency at Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi from June 2017 to May 2018. A total of 178 children 1 month to 18 years old admitted with febrile fits, suspected meningitis or encephalitis who were advised for lumber puncture were included. Results: In the present study, the age of the patients ranged from 1 month to 18 year. Majority of the patients 153 (85.39%) were between 1 month to 6 years of age. There were 115 (64.61%) male patients.. Fever and fits was the most frequent indication (n=151, 84.83%) for lumber puncture in the study. Most of the parents were educated, 68.54% of mothers and 65.17% fathers had graduate level of education, and parents of 47 (26.4%) patients refused for lumber puncture. Conclusion: This study concluded that frequency of parental refusal for lumbar puncture was 26.4% and the most common reason for refusal was fear of complications. Keywords: lumbar puncture, febrile seizures, parental refusal.
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Naka, Kozma, Brigitte A. Parsons i A. L. (Tom) Hammett. "Hardwood lumber industry in the Appalachian region: Focus on exports". Forestry Chronicle 85, nr 1 (1.01.2009): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc85075-1.
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Exports can provide income, employment, and risk diversification. However, the decision to enter the export market requires commitment of sufficient managerial, economic and financial resources. A survey of 214 hardwood lumber mills across 10 states in the Appalachian region was conducted to assess motivation and differences between hardwood lumber exporters and non-exporters. The study examined marketing strategies, business practices, manufacturing equipment used, and exporting process. Business size was the most important criterion to determine the likelihood of export. Hardwood lumber exporters invested more money in equipment, manufactured larger amounts of higher quality lumber, and utilized more species that capture greater value in the marketplace. The findings of this study will help the Appalachian forest industry and government agencies to identify strategies that lead to export opportunities for hardwood lumber. Key words: lumber, lumber industry, lumber export, hardwood lumber, Appalachian region
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Zafar, Khadija, Narjis Batool, Abid Ali, Nosheen Arshad, Waqar Mahmood Dar i Adrash Naeem. "Frequency of Lumber Disc Degenerative Diseases in Patients with and Without Radiculopathy and Low Back Pain Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging". Pakistan BioMedical Journal 5, nr 1 (31.01.2022): 261–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.54393/pbmj.v5i1.279.
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Degenerative lumbar disc disease is a condition in which an intervertebral disk and surrounding spinal components are weakened. This might be due to age or a pathogenic cause. Individuals may complain of low back pain. Objective: To determine the pattern of lumbar spine and disc degenerative diseases amongst patients having or not having Low Back Pain with or without radiculopathy diagnosed on Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Methods: Data was collected following inclusion criteria using convenient sampling technique. A total of 266 Patients undergone Lumber MRI scans on MRI Machine 1.5T Phillips. Data was collected from Radiology Department of Tertiary Care Hospital in Lahore, Pakistan. Data was entered and analyzed on SPSS version 20. Age Groups, Gender frequencies were mentioned. Cross Tabulation of Lumber Disc Degenerative Diseases with age and Gender was done and Chi square was applied. P-value ≤0.05 was considered significant. Results: The most prevalent age group for disc degeneration was 40-59 having 56.8 %. Females with disc degeneration have the highest frequency of 143 (53.8%) while males were 123 (48.2%). Lumber Disc degeneration was 101 (38%), Disc Herniation 54 (20.3%), and last with lowest presence of Spinal Canal Stenosis 18 (6.8%). Patients with Radiculopathy with Low back Pain was 61 (22.93%) and only LBP was the most common between the patients having 205 (77.1%). Cross Tabulation of Age Groups with Lumber Disc Pathologies was Significant having P value 0.05. Conclusion: In conclusion MRI can detect Disc Degeneration, Disc Herniation & Buldges, and Spinal Canal Stenosis & Nerve Root Compression. It can be considered significant and accurate to avoid any other interventional procedures. It is also concluded the LBP is an important factor in Disc Degenerative changes & radiculopathy is less seen.
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Yamamura, Satoshi, Itsushi Baba, Yoshihisa Ishida, Tadayuki Sumida, Hideki Manabe, Kenji Yamamoto i Hidetoshi Ohta. "Recurrent Lumbar Disc Herniation. Relationship with Lumber Canal Stenosis." Orthopedics & Traumatology 43, nr 2 (1994): 522–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5035/nishiseisai.43.522.
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Toyota, Kouichiro, Toshihiko Taguchi, Yutaka Ito, Hiroshi Onaka, Shinya Kawai, Yasunori Fuchigami i Hirotsugu Oda. "Enlargement of Lumbar Vertebral Canal for Lumber Degenerative Scoliosis." Orthopedics & Traumatology 50, nr 4 (2001): 1181–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5035/nishiseisai.50.1181.
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Farouk, Khalid. "Ureteral Injury during Lumbar Laminectomy: A rare occurrence". Isra Medical Journal 14, nr 1 (30.03.2022): 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.55282/imj.cr92.
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During spinal surgery injury to ureters is a rare complication with only few cases has been reported in literature. We come across a case of un-recognized iatrogenic during lumbar laminectomy. The injury went unrecognized initially and was discovered fifteen days later when the patient presented in surgery ER with atypical symptoms of severe right iliac fossa and flank pain. The symptoms were not attributable to any disease pertaining to the respective specialty. In this case report we have highlighted a rare complication which encountered during lumber spine laminectomy, with literature review to give comprehensive information’s to the surgeons and patients regarding this complication and its management approaches. Keywords: Ureter, Injury, Lumber laminectomy, Clinical presentation, Diagnosis, Management
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Huang, Zhi Wei, i Ming Jie Guan. "Selected Physical and Mechanical Properties of 2-Ply Bamboo Laminated Lumber with Modified Phenol Formaldehyde". Advanced Materials Research 1088 (luty 2015): 583–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1088.583.
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In this paper, environmental friendly phenol formaldehyde modified with larch thanaka and urea was used to make 2-ply bamboo laminated lumber. Effects of two assemble patterns (inner to inner and outer to outer) on physical and mechanical properties of 2-ply bamboo laminated lumber from carbonized and bleached bamboo strips were investigated. The results showed that modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR) of carbonized bamboo laminated lumber were better than that of bleached bamboo laminate lumber. It illustrated that physical and mechanical properties of carbonized bamboo laminated lumber became better. The MOE and MOR of bamboo laminated lumber, bonding with inner (low density surface) to inner surface, were better than that of outer (high density surface) to outer surface. It meant that MOE and MOR of bamboo laminated lumber were increased by the bonding surface density decreased of bamboo unit. Thickness swelling of carbonized bamboo laminated lumber was lower than that of bleached bamboo, which meant its dimensional stability was better than that of bleached bamboo laminated lumber.
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Ji, Min, Wei Zhang, Guofu Wang, Yong Wang i Hu Miao. "Online Measurement of Outline Size for Pinus Densiflora Dimension Lumber: Maximizing Lumber Recovery by Minimizing Enclosure Rectangle Fitting Area". Forests 13, nr 10 (3.10.2022): 1627. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13101627.
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This paper proposes a non-contact, online, rapid, and non-destructive measurement method of Pinus densiflora S.et Z. (Pinus densiflora) dimension lumber based on an algorithm of maximizing lumber recovery by minimizing the enclosure rectangle fitting area. The method takes the full influence of multiple factors, such as the difficulty in measuring large-size dimension lumber, conveying deflection, etc. into account. Image splicing, object and background segmentation, and lumber size measurements are carried out. Compared to other current algorithms, it can decrease the measurement errors and improve measurement efficiency. The problems of slow image segmentation, large-size lumber measurement, and conveying deflection are solved. Through measurement tests and error analysis, the measurement accuracy of the lumber size can reach 0.8 mm/m. This method meets the requirements of high-speed lumber production and lays the foundation for the development of a lumber detection and evaluation system.
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Luppold, William G., i Matthew S. Bumgardner. "Influence of Markets and Forest Composition on Lumber Production in Pennsylvania". Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 23, nr 2 (1.06.2006): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/23.2.87.
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Abstract In this study, we examine regional differences in the hardwood timber resources of Pennsylvania and how the combined changes in inventory volume, forest composition, and lumber prices have influenced regional lumber production. Isolation of these relationships is important because shifts in lumber production reflect changes in harvesting activity. In turn, harvesting influences long-term forest composition and structure. We define three hardwood regions in Pennsylvania based on forest composition and present a chronology of regional changes in sawtimber volumes, sawtimber composition, and lumber production. Regional changes in hardwood lumber production were found to be positively related to changes in the price of No. 1 Common lumber adjusted for changes in forest composition between 1970 and 1999. This finding supports our contention that regional changes in lumber production are influenced by a combination of changes in interspecies lumber price and changes in species availability.
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Luppold, William, i Matthew Bumgardner. "Regional Analysis of Hardwood Lumber Production: 1963–2005". Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 25, nr 3 (1.09.2008): 146–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/25.3.146.
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Abstract Between 1963 and 2005 hardwood lumber production in the eastern United States increased by more than 50%. Production more than doubled in the northeastern and north central regions while increasing by less than 25% in the southeastern and south central regions. Increased lumber production in the northern regions was facilitated by an expanding sawtimber inventory, relative high volumes of select oak species and hard maple, an expanding kitchen cabinet industry, increased exports, and increased lumber demand by the pallet industry. Hardwood lumber production in the south central region was correlated with hardwood flooring production. When flooring production declined between 1963 and 1982, south central lumber production declined. After 1982 flooring production increased and hardwood lumber production in the south central region followed. By contrast, lumber production in the southeastern region has been tied to the fortunes of the wood and upholstered furniture industries. As furniture imports increased, the demand for lumber by these industries first stagnated and then declined. As a result, lumber production in this region declined between 1982 and 2005. Today, much of the commodity product portions of hardwood-demanding industries are facing international competition. By contrast, a driver of growth in hardwood lumber demand seems to be smaller manufacturers producing custom and semicustom products. These new industries tend to purchase higher-quality lumber but can use a variety of species. Therefore, states or regions with high volumes of timber and a broad composition of species have the greatest potential for future growth in hardwood lumber production.
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Devadoss, Stephen. "An Evaluation of Canadian and U.S. Policies of Log and Lumber Markets". Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 40, nr 1 (kwiecień 2008): 171–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800023531.
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The recent lumber trade war between Canada and the United States deals with Canadian stumpage policies, Canada's log export controls, and U.S. retaliatory duty. This study determines the appropriate level of U.S. countervailing duty (CVD) by employing a vertically interrelated log–lumber model. The theoretical results show that the U.S. CVD can be greater (will be less) than the Canadian subsidy for a vertically related log–lumber market (for lumber market only). Empirical results support the theoretical findings in that the U.S. CVD for the log–lumber market (lumber market alone) is 1.55 (0.91) times the Canadian subsidy.
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Devadoss, Stephen. "An Evaluation of Canadian and U.S. Policies of Log and Lumber Markets". Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 40, nr 01 (kwiecień 2008): 171–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800028042.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The recent lumber trade war between Canada and the United States deals with Canadian stumpage policies, Canada's log export controls, and U.S. retaliatory duty. This study determines the appropriate level of U.S. countervailing duty (CVD) by employing a vertically interrelated log–lumber model. The theoretical results show that the U.S. CVD can be greater (will be less) than the Canadian subsidy for a vertically related log–lumber market (for lumber market only). Empirical results support the theoretical findings in that the U.S. CVD for the log–lumber market (lumber market alone) is 1.55 (0.91) times the Canadian subsidy.
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Zhou, Hai Bin, i Hai Qing Ren. "Factors Influencing Structural Performance of Finger-Jointed Chinese Fir Lumber". Applied Mechanics and Materials 174-177 (maj 2012): 635–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.174-177.635.
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Structural Finger-jointed (FJ) lumber is a common building material used mainly in timber construction. The paper evaluated the factors influencing structural performances of FJ Chinese fir lumber. Lumber was sawn from the logs following a pattern typically used in China to maximize the volume of recovered sawn timbers. After kiln-drying, the rough-sawed lumber was planned to 4.5 cm thick, 9.0 cm wide and 100cm long. The lumber pieces were assigned to two groups according to their dynamical MOE. FJ lumber is produced by cutting a series of sloping fingers on the end of the wood pieces to be joined and interlocking the two pieces by MDI glue. Bending and tensile strengths of FJ lumber were tested. The results show that the structural performance of the MSR FJ lumber was increased effectively after these units were machine-graded in advance and the interaction of variables should be considered in the design of finger joints.
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Eastin, Ivan L., i Jun Fukuda. "The impact of regulatory change on the international competitiveness of the Canadian softwood lumber industry". Forestry Chronicle 77, nr 2 (1.04.2001): 315–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc77315-2.
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The decade of the 1990s have seen the introduction of several regulatory changes in international markets that have had a dramatic impact on the competitiveness of the Canadian softwood lumber industry. These regulatory changes have occurred in virtually every major market to which Canadian softwood lumber manufacturers export, including Europe, the US, and Japan. The objective of this paper is to describe the regulatory changes that have been implemented in the major markets for Canadian softwood lumber and provide an objective discussion of the impact of these changes on the international competitiveness of Canadian softwood lumber. Key words: softwood lumber, non-tariff barriers, international trade, Softwood Lumber Agreement (SLA), pinewood nematode, regulatory change, international competitiveness
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Shook, Steven R., Jorge A. Soria i Darek J. Nalle. "Examination of North American softwood lumber species substitution using discrete choice preferences and disaggregated end-use markets". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 37, nr 12 (grudzień 2007): 2521–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x07-091.
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Over the past 20 years, four significant and contentious softwood lumber trade disputes have taken place between the United States and Canada. The US International Trade Commission (USITC), relying on aggregate market assessments using elasticity of demand estimation and cointegration methods, has ruled that all North American softwood lumber species are perfectly fungible. The objective of this study is to disaggregate the US softwood lumber market by estimating cross-price elasticity of demand for North American softwood lumber species and species groups in three major end-use markets (floor framing, roof framing, and wall framing products) using a discrete choice preference model. Specifically, this study utilizes a choice-based conjoint model to estimate species and species group preferences, market shares, and price-demand relationships for North American softwood lumber. Research results are compared with published aggregate market cross-price elasticity of demand estimates, such as those relied upon by USITC, to determine whether North American softwood lumber species and species groups are perfectly fungible in the three largest softwood lumber end-use markets. Results demonstrate that distinct differences exist in the substitutability between North American species and species groups of softwood lumber. The results provide notable implications in future USITC trade analyses of the US–Canadian softwood lumber trade issue.
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Liu, Chuangmin, Jean-Claude Ruel, Art Groot i S. Y. Zhang. "Model development for lumber volume recovery of natural balsam fir trees in Quebec, Canada". Forestry Chronicle 85, nr 6 (1.12.2009): 870–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc85870-6.
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To improve the precision of sawing simulations, 4 regression models were developed to predict simulated lumber volume recovery using tree size variables. Simulated lumber volume recoveries from natural balsam fir trees based on the sawing simulator Optitek were different from real lumber volume recoveries from a stud sawmill because the simulation method only takes wane into consideration. Therefore, 2 methods were developed to correct estimated lumber volume recoveries. The results indicate that the lumber volume correction models for stem deformations could adjust the predictions of lumber volume recovery from the simulation and directly from the sawing simulator to obtain more accurate estimates. With the correction models, the lumber volume recovery from natural balsam fir trees could be estimated directly using easily measured tree DBH and height from the forest resource inventory. Key words: balsam fir, stem deformation, product recovery, sawing simulation, correction models, regression model
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Mekhail, Nagy, i Osama Malak. "Lumber sympathetic blockade". Techniques in Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 5, nr 3 (lipiec 2001): 99–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/trap.2001.25282.
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Patterson, David W., Paul A. Murphy i Michael G. Shelton. "Effects of Stand and Site Variables on the Lumber Value of Uneven-aged Loblolly Pine Stands". Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 24, nr 4 (1.11.2000): 202–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/24.4.202.
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Abstract Uneven-aged silviculture using single-tree selection provides the landowner with periodic income from a continuous forest which has a varied canopy. Data were collected from 24 plots of a larger study to determine if site index, basal area, and maximum dbh affected volume and value of lumber from loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) trees in uneven-aged stands. Tree grades and lumber yield equations were used to determine the volume of lumber by grade for each tree. Market prices from May 1997 and May 1998 were used to estimate lumber value. Analysis of variance showed that study variables significantly affected lumber volume, lumber value/mbf, and stand value/ac. With 1997 prices, increases in site index and maximum dbh significantly increased lumber value/mbf, but only maximum dbh was significant with 1998 prices. Stand values ranged from $4,100 to $12,350/ac and were significantly higher for the higher site index, basal area, and maximum dbh. South. J. Appl. For. 24(4):202-206.
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Dias, Bernardo Zandomenico, i Cristina Engel de Alvarez. "Mechanical properties: wood lumber versus plastic lumber and thermoplastic composites". Ambiente Construído 17, nr 2 (czerwiec 2017): 201–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1678-86212017000200153.
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Abstract Plastic lumber and thermoplastic composites are sold as alternatives to wood products. However, many technical standards and scientific studies state that the two materials cannot be considered to have the same structural behaviour and strength. Moreover, there are many compositions of thermoplastic-based products and plenty of wood species. How different are their mechanical properties? This study compares the modulus of elasticity and the flexural, compressive, tensile and shear strengths of such materials, as well as the materials' specific mechanical properties. It analyses the properties of wood from the coniferae and dicotyledon species and those of commercialized and experimental thermoplastic-based product formulations. The data were collected from books, scientific papers and manufacturers' websites and technical data sheets, and subsequently compiled and presented in Ashby plots and bar graphs. The high values of the compressive strength and specific compressive and tensile strengths perpendicular to the grain (width direction) shown by the experimental thermoplastic composites compared to wood reveal their great potential for use in compressed elements and in functions where components are compressed or tensioned perpendicularly to the grain. However, the low specific flexural modulus and high density of thermoplastic materials limit their usage in certain civil engineering and building applications.
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Zhou, Chengmin, Ziyan Shi i Jake Kaner. "Life cycle analysis for reconstituted decorative lumber from an ecological perspective: A Review". BioResources 17, nr 3 (26.05.2022): 5464–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.17.3.zhou1.
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In response to global Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the Chinese government has pledged to curtail increased carbon dioxide emissions beyond 2030 and to achieve carbon neutrality by 2060, thus achieving a status of an ecological civilization. Reconstituted decorative lumber, with rotary-cut (or planed) veneer from plantation or common species timber as the main raw material, has beneficial development opportunities for forestry from the perspective of an ecological civilization. This paper first discusses China’s current state of ecological civilization, then researches the various life cycles of reconstituted decorative lumber using the life cycle theory and provides a reference for the Chinese reconstituted decorative lumber industry’s development by analyzing progress in related fields. The eco-friendliness of reconstituted decorative lumber is explained via systematic combing, and proposals for the use and promotion of reconstituted decorative lumber in the new period are presented. Research and analysis findings show that it is necessary to comprehensively regulate the production chain of reconstituted decorative lumber based on life cycle. Research on the development and utilization of reconstituted decorative lumber needs to be strengthened. The promotion and marketing of reconstituted decorative lumber can be promoted by emphasizing its ecological significance.
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Tao, Wendong. "Field leaching of alkaline copper quaternary-treated red pine lumber over 3 years: long-term dynamics". Water Science and Technology 69, nr 7 (27.01.2014): 1475–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.045.
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Alkaline copper quaternary (ACQ), a wood preservative, consists of copper oxide and quaternary ammonium compounds. Three red pine piles were monitored over 3 years to evaluate the dynamics of contaminant leaching from ACQ-treated and untreated lumber. There were small temporal changes in the volumetric leachate/rain ratio with the ACQ-treated lumber, while the volumetric ratio decreased across the 3 years with the untreated lumber, most likely due to considerable weathering that increased the capacity of the untreated lumber to absorb rain water. The average copper (Cu) concentration in leachate from the ACQ-treated lumber (4,033 μg/L) was much higher than that in leachate from the untreated lumber (87 μg/L) and rain (48 μg/L) in the first leaching year. Cu concentration in leachate from the ACQ-treated lumber in the second and third years decreased to 46–51% of that in the first year. There were significant seasonal decreases of Cu concentration in leachate from the ACQ-treated lumber, which were correlated to exposure time and meteorological parameters. ACQ-treatment did not affect leachate pH and concentrations of quaternary ammonium compounds and chemical oxygen demand. There were insignificant temporal changes of leachate pH and concentrations of chemical oxygen demand and total dissolved solids in leachate from both ACQ-treated and untreated lumber piles.
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Рыкунин, Stanislav Rykunin, Куликова, Nadezhda Kulikova, Кривощёков i Nikita Krivoshchekov. "The calculation method of supply with the given wane value". Forestry Engineering Journal 6, nr 3 (10.10.2016): 91–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/21685.
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The proposed method of calculation made with the setpoint wane proved its effectiveness was tested and showed the following results. Volumetric output of lumbers with a blunt wane obtained by the method of cutting breakup increase compared with edging materials obtained in the same way cutting, by 7 %, that is 1.13 times. Volumetric output edged lumbers blunt wane when cutting with squaring increase by 14.17 %, that is 1.27 times. Volumetric output edged lumbers blunt wane obtained lumber-breakup means cutting increases in comparison with breakup method of cutting to 7.17 %, that is 1.085 times.
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Cohen, David H. "A history of the marketing of British Columbia softwood lumber". Forestry Chronicle 70, nr 5 (1.10.1994): 578–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc70578-5.
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This paper provides a historical account of the marketing of British Columbia softwood lumber, one of Canada's pioneering lumber exporting regions. History teaches lessons concerning cooperation, the necessity for market diversity, and understanding customers' perspectives. As customer orientation becomes increasingly important for lumber producers to maintain and/or improve their international competitive position, foresters need to become more aware of the international marketing of wood products. Understanding the history of marketing B.C. lumber products can provide the foundation for foresters to help plan future exporting accomplishments. Key words: lumber exporting, forest product marketing, forest history, British Columbia forest products
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Krahn, Peter K., i Julie A. Shrimpton. "Stormwater Related Chlorophenol Releases from Seven Wood Protection Facilities in British Columbia". Water Quality Research Journal 23, nr 1 (1.02.1988): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1988.004.
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Abstract Stormwater run-off at five sawmills and two lumber export terminals was collected and analyzed for 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol and pentachlorophenol. Leaching from treated lumber began after 1.0 to 1.5 mm of continuous rainfall. Dip treated lumber leached up to 158,000 micrograms per litre (ug/L) and generated runoff with up to 6,600 ug/L total Chlorophenols. Low pressure sprayed lumber leached up to 576,000 ug/L total Chlorophenols and generated runoff with up to 27,000 ug/L. High pressure sprayed lumber leached up to 9,800 ug/L and generated average yard runoff up to 1,968 ug/L total Chlorophenols.
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Dwyer, John P., i Kim E. Lowell. "Long-Term Effects of Thinning and Pruning on the Quality, Quantity, and Value of Oak Lumber". Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 5, nr 4 (1.12.1988): 258–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/5.4.258.
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Abstract After 32 years, experimental plots established to examine thinning levels and pruning effects were harvested. Randomly selected trees in each treatment were felled and sawn into 4/4 lumber, and the lumber from each tree was tallied by grade. For black oak, the species that became largely relegated to the understory, thinning caused a significant increase in the total volume outturn with the greatest increase occurring in the lowest lumber grade (3B). For scarlet oak, the species that became primarily dominant and codominant, thinning increased the total lumber yield per tree with most of the increase accumulating in the lumber grades #1C and #2C. Pruning did not affect the quantity or quality of lumber outturn in either species. North. J. Appl. For. 5:258-260, December 1988.
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da Rosa Azambuja, Rafael, David B. DeVallance i Joseph McNeel. "Evaluation of Low-Grade Yellow-Poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) as Raw Material for Cross-Laminated Timber Panel Production". Forest Products Journal 72, nr 1 (14.12.2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-21-00050.
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Abstract Utilization of low-grade yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) lumber would provide for alternative structural lumber sources and promote the growth of cross-laminated timber (CLT) manufacturing facilities within the Appalachian Region. A significant amount of low-grade yellow-poplar lumber (i.e., National Hardwood Lumber Association [NHLA] No. 2A and Below Grade) is utilized for wood pallets. In practice, this material is not graded for structural purposes. Additionally, research on yellow-poplar for structural use has focused on grading lumber from a small population of selected logs, not by regrading NHLA lumber from manufacturing facilities. Therefore, the research's objective was to investigate the structural grades of a typical population of NHLA graded No. 2 and lower lumber and evaluate their potential to meet structural grades necessary for CLT panels. NHLA graded lumber was regraded and assigned to visual structural grades following Northeastern Lumber Manufacturers Association rules and evaluated for flatwise bending modulus of elasticity (MOEb) by nondestructive proof loading. The results of the study indicated that 54.6 percent of the boards possessed a minimal structural visual grade required for CLT panels according to American National Standards Institutes/The Engineered Wood Association (ANSI/APA) PRG 320-2019 (2020). Splits were the most common limiting defect that downgraded boards to nonstructural grades. Also, 96.6 percent of the boards evaluated had a MOEb above the required minimal board value of 1.2 ×106 psi (8,274 MPa) listed in ANSI/APA PRG 320-2019 (2020). The results of the study indicated that a majority of NHLA low-grade yellow-poplar, when regraded for structural purposes, meets or exceeds minimum lumber grade values necessary for use in CLT panel production.
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Saud, Pradip, Jingxin Wang, Benktesh D. Sharma i Weiguo Liu. "Carbon impacts of hardwood lumber processing in the northeastern United States". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 45, nr 12 (grudzień 2015): 1699–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2015-0082.
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Carbon emission from hardwood lumber processing in different-sized sawmills under varying energy sources, management strategies, and potential carbon offsetting capacity through useful life (service life) of lumber in the northeastern United States was analyzed using analytical statistics such as analysis of variance (ANOVA), mixed-effect model, principal component analysis, and Monte Carlo simulation. Data obtained from a regional sawmill survey (Pennsylvania, New York, Ohio, and West Virginia), energy audit of sawmills, public databases, and relevant literature were analyzed for the gate-to-gate life cycle inventory framework. Results showed that mean carbon emission (megagrams (Mg) per thousand cubic metres (TCM)) for lumber processing significantly differs among sawmill sizes. The total carbon emission from electricity consumption and wood residue of lumber processing was approximately 62.5%, 80.3%, and 66.2% of carbon stored in lumber processed for small, medium, and large sawmills, respectively. Efficient management and potential opportunities of improvement in sawmills can significantly reduce carbon emission (10.96% ± 1.57%) from hardwood lumber processing. Carbon stock from lumber production could be enhanced by either reducing carbon emission from energy consumption or decreasing lumber export quantity. The carbon emission–loss ratio (CELR) suggested that after 100 years, nearly 50% of carbon stored in lumber would be still available for carbon accountability. Electricity generation from either a single resource (natural gas) or mixed resources as is the case in RFC EAST (eGrid subregion) would be beneficial in lowering carbon emission from sawmill processing.
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Williamson, T., G. Hauer i M. K. Luckert. "A restricted Leontief profit function model of the Canadian lumber and chip industry: potential impacts of US countervail and Kyoto ratification". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 34, nr 9 (1.09.2004): 1833–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x04-058.
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Estimation of output supplies and factor demands with a range of functional forms provides a basis for bounding possible supply responses to exogenous shocks. No prior study, to our knowledge, has used a generalized Leontief functional form to estimate lumber and chip supply responses in Canada. The own price lumber supply elasticities estimated from the restricted Leontief profit functional form used in this study are lower than those presented in most other studies, while the lumber supply response with respect to roundwood price change is somewhat higher than some studies. We simulate the impacts of current US countervail processes on Canadian lumber supply. The simulated responses to duties might be considered to be conservative estimates, while the lumber supply responses to roundwood price increases could be on the high end of expected responses. Estimation of profit and supply functions indicates that rather than being a distinct production decision, chip supply follows lumber supply. The supply responses of chips and lumber to the various combinations of duty, roundwood price increases, and energy price increases indicate a number of patterns. First, if Kyoto policies increase energy prices (up to 10%), these changes are not likely to have a large impact on lumber and chip production. Second, British Columbia and Quebec tend to have lumber and chip supplies that are more sensitive to duties and increased roundwood prices than Ontario. Third, Quebec is more sensitive to roundwood price increases, while British Columbia is more sensitive to the effects of duties.
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Reid, Douglas E. B., Steven Young, Queju Tong, S. Y. Zhang i Dave M. Morris. "Lumber grade yield, and value of plantation-grown black spruce from 3 stands in northwestern Ontario". Forestry Chronicle 85, nr 4 (1.08.2009): 609–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc85609-4.
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Three black spruce plantations in northwestern Ontario, with varied stand densities and site indices were studied to determine lumber properties and yield. Based on visual grading rules, each stand produced at least 87% No. 2 and Better grade lumber. Wane and skip were the 2 most prominent defects causing lumber downgrades. The compliance of visually graded No. 2 and Better lumber with bending modulus of elasticity (MOE) design values for visual grades varied among stands, as did the proportion that qualified as machine stress-rated (MSR) lumber. MOE and Modulus of Rupture (MOR) differed among stands, consistent with differences in MSR yield. The stand with the highest density and the lowest site index produced the highest yield of MSR grade lumber, but not the highest compliance with bending MOE design values. Regardless of the grading scenario, the most productive stand with the largest average tree size produced the highest value per hectare ($28K per ha) under an MSR grading scenario. These results suggest that MSR grading can improve revenues, and that it will be needed to maintain market confidence in the quality of lumber from second-growth black spruce stands. Key words: lumber quality, Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP, market value, density regulation, stand-level effects, intensive silviculture
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Gan, Jianbang, Nana Tian, Junyeong Choi i Matthew H. Pelkki. "Synchronized movement between US lumber futures and southern pine sawtimber prices and COVID-19 impacts". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 52, nr 4 (kwiecień 2022): 614–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2021-0326.
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We analyzed the synchronized movements of lumber futures and southern pine sawtimber stumpage prices in the United States since 2011 and their response to COVID-19 events using wavelet analysis and event study. We found that the sawtimber and lumber prices have followed complex comovement patterns in the time–frequency domain and both reacted to COVID-19 events with a higher response intensity of the lumber price. Although they reacted differently to the early COVID-19 episodes and vaccine news, the sawtimber and lumber prices responded similarly to the COVID-19 pandemic declarations by the World Health Organization and US president, the US Food and Drug Administration panel’s recommendation of the first COVID-19 vaccine, and economic stimulus legislation. The patterns of synchronized movements between the sawtimber and lumber prices varied with time and frequency, but their comovement at low frequencies (>64 weeks) has strengthened since 2014 and been led by the lumber futures price; COVID-19 episodes have not changed this trend. The different magnitude of response of the two prices to the COVID-19-related events, as well as the long-term dominance of the lumber price in the comovement, reveals asymmetric price negotiation power and benefit distributions among the agents of the lumber value chain.
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Luppold, William G., i John E. Baumgras. "Price Trends and Relationships for Red Oak and Yellow-Poplar Stumpage, Sawlogs, and Lumber in Ohio: 1975-1993". Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 12, nr 4 (1.12.1995): 168–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/12.4.168.
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Abstract The rapidly changing domestic and international hardwood markets of the 1980s had a large impact on the demand and price of hardwood lumber, logs, and stumpage. In this paper we examine inflation adjusted (real)prices for red oak and yellow-poplar stumpage, logs, and lumber. We then relate the observed trends to changes in domestic lumber consumption, lumber and log exports, sawmill technology, and forest inventory trends. Increasing real prices for red oak stumpage, logs, and lumber are the result of expanding domestic and international demand coupled with relatively limited stumpage supplies. Yellow-poplar, a species in relatively abundant supply and lower demand, experienced a decline in real prices for logs and lumber. Gains in stumpage prices have exceeded those for both logs and lumber, indicating that stumpage prices have benefited from transferred efficiencies in harvesting and milling. Although this study focuses on stumpage and log prices in Ohio from 1975 to 1993, the results appear to be relevant to adjacent states. North. J. Appl. For. 12(4):168-173.
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He, Mingtao, Wenying Li, Brian K. Via i Yaoqi Zhang. "Nowcasting of Lumber Futures Price with Google Trends Index Using Machine Learning and Deep Learning Models". Forest Products Journal 72, nr 1 (17.12.2021): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-21-00061.
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Abstract Firms engaged in producing, processing, marketing, or using lumber and lumber products always invest in futures markets to reduce the risk of lumber price volatility. The accurate prediction of real-time prices can help companies and investors hedge risks and make correct market decisions. This paper explores whether Internet browsing habits can accurately nowcast the lumber futures price. The predictors are Google Trends index data related to lumber prices. This study offers a fresh perspective on nowcasting the lumber price accurately. The novel outlook of employing both machine learning and deep learning methods shows that despite the high predictive power of both the methods, on average, deep learning models can better capture trends and provide more accurate predictions than machine learning models. The artificial neural network model is the most competitive, followed by the recurrent neural network model.
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Shook, Steven R., Nataliya Plesha i Darek J. Nalle. "Does cointegration of prices of North American softwood lumber species imply nearly perfectly substitutable products?" Canadian Journal of Forest Research 39, nr 3 (marzec 2009): 553–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x08-197.
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This study uses the Engle–Granger cointegration method to examine the correlation relationship among prices of North American softwood lumber species, wood-based panel prices, and US single-family housing starts. The methodology employed is identical to that used by US petitioners in the latest round of the Canada – United States softwood lumber trade dispute, whereby petitioners argued that all North American species of softwood lumber were considered to be nearly perfect substitutes for one another. Tests for nonstationarity using the augmented Dickey–Fuller unit root test, as well as our cointegration results, confirm petitioners’ results. We find evidence of a long-term cointegrating relationship among the prices of North American softwood lumber species. However, we found no clear evidence of nearly perfect substitutability among different North American softwood lumber species. Additional analysis reveals that a long-run equilibrium relationship also exists between North American softwood lumber species and four types of wood-based panel products, as well as US single-family housing starts. Given that the price movements of different wood-based panel products and single-family housing starts are highly correlated with the price movement of North American softwood lumber species, we fail to conclude that North American softwood lumber species can be claimed as nearly perfect substitutes. Furthermore, we find that the petitioners’ analysis is deficient in that it does not account for the fact that cointegration in prices among North American species of softwood lumber can be caused by common demand-side factors, such as residential construction activity.
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Cruickshank, M. G. "Effect of Armillaria root disease on quality and value of green Douglas-fir lumber". Forestry Chronicle 86, nr 2 (1.04.2010): 263–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc86263-2.
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For a few tree species, scattered accounts of impact caused by root disease exist in the literature mainly at the tree level. No product quality impacts have ever been measured or properly costed. To provide some information on value impacts, green rough-sawn Douglas-fir lumber was cut from trees with and without Armillaria root disease. This produced 80 boards from six trees in two planted stands. Fewer boards came from living diseased trees compared to healthy trees of similar diameter (1.3 m) at both sites, suggesting that disease may affect stem taper or form. Lumber from diseased trees was affected most often by warp and for healthy trees by knots, but warp affected value the most. Disease appears to have at best no effect, and at worst, a negative effect on lumber value but is not likely to increase value. This is the first report of the impact of a root disease on lumber quality and value, but further work would be required to properly assess this. Key words: disease, Armillaria root disease, conifer, Douglas-fir, wood quality, lumber warping, lumber value, lumber grading
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Tomporoski, Alexandre Assis. "Cicatrizes do Contestado: a estatização da Southern Brazil Lumber and Colonization Company e o advento do Campo de Instrução Marechal Hermes." DRd - Desenvolvimento Regional em debate 6, nr 3 (21.11.2016): 178–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.24302/drd.v6i3.1318.
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O objetivo deste artigo consiste em examinar os desdobramentos do processo de estatização da Southern Brazil Lumber and Colonization Company, culminando com a transformação de sua sede no Campo de Instrução Marechal Hermes. A abordagem considera o enfoque da História Social Inglesa – especialmente as noções sugeridas por Thompson – na perspectiva da reciprocidade entre a classe trabalhadora e as classes dominantes, além de suas relações com o Estado. Dentre os resultados do estudo, descreve-se: as mudanças na cultura organizacional da Lumber Incorporada após os militares assumirem o controle da administração; as aparentes irregularidades no processo de venda do acervo de bens da Lumber Incorporada; a suspeição acerca da atuação do então governador do estado de Santa Catarina, Irineu Bornhausen; a atuação com segundas intenções do empresário Alberto Dalcanale, que cedeu a área de terras da sede da Lumber Incorporada ao Ministério da Guerra; a agonia dos trabalhadores da Lumber Incorporada em longos períodos de atraso nos pagamentos de salários; o processo injusto de desapropriações de áreas de terras contíguas à Lumber Incorporada, para fins de composição do campo militar. Concluí-se que a presença da Lumber Company afetou decisivamente o curso dos eventos na região sob sua influência.
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Montague, Iris, Mia Craig i Rubin Shmulsky. "From Refuse to Reuse: How Much do Consumers Know about the Reclaimed Lumber Industry?" Forest Products Journal 73, nr 1 (1.01.2023): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-22-00053.
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Abstract Wood has thousands of uses and the industry plays an important role in the US economy. There are many sectors within the industry such as the lumber, engineered wood products, pulp and paper products, and reclaimed lumber sectors. However, most consumers are unaware of the importance and the diversity of the industry. Reclaimed lumber is one particular sector that can have a great economic and environmental impact among communities. In 2021, an online survey was conducted to assess consumer knowledge of the reclaimed lumber sector and perceptions and attitudes toward the sector and reclaimed lumber products. Of the 1,516 respondents, 59 percent indicated being somewhat knowledgeable of the wood products industry but only 44 percent felt they were knowledgeable of reclaimed lumber. Caucasian and male respondents were more likely to indicate they were knowledgeable. Although respondents had somewhat negative responses toward the environmentally friendliness of the industry, their responses toward the environmental and economic benefits of reclaimed lumber products were positive. The information obtained from this study will be beneficial to companies that are interested in creating strategies to market new or innovative products to reach new or existing customers.
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Zhou, Xian Yan, Qian Wang, Jing Hao Li i Zhong Feng Zhang. "Comparative Study on Mechanics of Galvanized Steel Wire Mesh and GFRP Reinforced Wood for Timberwork on Chinese Plantation". Applied Mechanics and Materials 71-78 (lipiec 2011): 3280–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.71-78.3280.
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In order to select the optimal reinforcing material to reinforce structural lumber for timberwork, the properties and mechanics of experimental samples made by galvanized steel wire mesh and GFRP reinforced wood from Chinese plantation were analyzed. The experiment results showed that two kinds of reinforcing materials could reinforce lumber, and galvanized steel wire mesh had better mechanics than fiberglass mesh. Furthermore, the glued structural lumber had enough bonding strength which was fit to make structural composite lumber for timber bridge.
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Jiang, Wenjin, Bolin Sun, Qirui Sheng, Xuepeng Song, Yanbo Zheng i Ligang Wang. "Feasibility and Efficacy of Percutaneous Lateral Lumbar Discectomy in the Treatment of Patients with Lumbar Disc Herniation: A Preliminary Experience". BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/378612.
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Objective. This study was aimed at evaluating the effectiveness and safety of percutaneous lateral lumbar discectomy (PLLD) in treating patients with lumber disc herniation.Methods. A total of 183 patients with lumbar disc herniation were recruited to receive PLLD surgery from April 2006 to October 2011. All the adverse effects were recorded during the follow-up at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after PLLD. The clinical outcomes were determined by visual analog scale and Japanese Orthopaedic Association score.Results. The surgery was performed successfully in all patients (102 males and 81 females aged from 21 to 66 years) with a mean 16.6-month follow-up (range from 26 to 65 months). No postoperative complications, including intestinal and vascular complications, nerve injuries, and postoperative infections, were associated with PLLD. At one month after surgery, visual analog scale (3.12±1.44versus6.76±2.31,P<0.05) was significantly lower than the baseline and was sustained until 24 months after surgery (3.25±1.78versus6.76±2.31,P<0.05). Besides that, Japanese Orthopaedic Association score (25.25±3.21versus11.78±2.38,P<0.05) was increased when compared to the baseline.Conclusions. PLLD was a promising, mini-invasive, and effective treatment for lumber disc herniation.
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Anderson, Guangmei Cao, Frank C. Owens, Frederico Franca, Robert J. Ross i Rubin Shmulsky. "Correlations between Grain Angle Meter Readings and Bending Properties of Mill-Run Southern Pine Lumber". Forest Products Journal 70, nr 3 (1.01.2020): 275–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-20-00007.
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Abstract Metriguard's grain angle meter (Model 511) measures grain angle in wood by assessing permittivity. This study evaluates the correlations between grain angle meter readings and bending properties of 1,400 kiln-dried 2 by 4 specimens of southern pine (Pinus spp.) lumber and considers its utility for providing supplementary data for predicting the strength of lumber. The results showed that in mill-run lumber, the correlation between grain angle and modulus of rupture (MOR) was −0.420. In addition, in graded lumber, the correlation between grain angle and MOR got progressively stronger as the grade went down. With a few technical modifications, applying this device in a mill production setting could prove useful for supplementing other nondestructive methods for assessing bending strength in lumber.
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Parajuli, Rajan, i Daowei Zhang. "Welfare impacts of the 2006 United States – Canada Softwood Lumber Agreement". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 46, nr 7 (lipiec 2016): 950–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2016-0141.
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In this paper, we evaluate the market and welfare effects of the 2006 United States (U.S.) – Canada Softwood Lumber Agreement (SLA 2006) based on a U.S. import demand model for Canadian softwood lumber. We find that SLA 2006 reduces the U.S. lumber imports from Canada by 7.78% in the months when export taxes took effect. The welfare analysis based on a partial equilibrium framework shows that U.S. lumber producers gained $1.6 billion and U.S. consumers lost $2.3 billion in 9 years under SLA 2006.