Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Lucerne”

Red clover (trifolium pratense), white clover (trifolium repens) and lucerne (medicago sativa) are currently the most viable forage legumes for european farming systems. Knowing the agronomy and feeding strategies representing ‘best practice’ for these forages in livestock production systems is key as the industry turns to low input forages to meet sustainability targets. The research question addressed in this thesis was whether these forage legumes could be grown and fed more efficiently, with a focus on their use in the UK dairy sector. Limitations to their utilisation are discussed and potential practical solutions were assessed. This included investigations into the effects of sowing timing and plant maturity on yield and feeding value of lucerne, and the effect of chop length and inclusion rate of lucerne silage in a total mixed ration with maize silage on dry matter intake, milk yield, total tract digestibility, and rumen functionality in both ‘normal’ and ‘challenging’ rumen environments of dairy cattle. Furthermore, to ensure precise diet rationing, the method by which most legume-containing silage samples are analysed for nutritional content in the UK (Near Infra-Red Reflectance Spectroscopy) was tested for accuracy for both grass-clover and lucerne silages. Improved grass-clover prediction equations were calibrated from the data collated in the study, which will be adapted for commercial implementation in the future. Key findings from these studies which can be used to enhance best practice guidelines for farmers included: (i) it was advantageous to sow lucerne in spring rather than autumn for greater yield and reduced weed burden, (ii) including lucerne silage in a TMR diet with maize silage at 25% of forage DM and at a short chop length was beneficial to dry matter digestibility, and therefore metabolisable energy supply, relative to inclusion at 75% of forage DM and a long lucerne chop length, and (iii) a high inclusion rate of lucerne silage in the diet can mitigate against sub-acute rumen acidosis risk resulting from short-term feed deprivation followed by refeeding.

Thesis (MScAgric)--University of Stellenbosch, 2001.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: An experiment was conducted to determine whether the quality of lucerne hay could be improved by artificial drying in a forced air bulk dryer (FABD) in comparison to lucerne hay produced by natural drying in the field. Lucerne fields were divided into four blocks of equal size and blocks were randomly assigned to each of the two treatments (natural or artificial drying). Lucerne was harvested at an early to mid flowering stage on six occasions. In two blocks, cut lucerne was left in the field to dry. Material in the remaining two blocks were left in the field for an initial drying period of no longer than 24 hours, after which it was transferred to a FABD. Samples oflucerne were taken at the time of harvest and then at regular intervals (on average 0, 4, 8,22,26,29,47,50,53, 56, 58,69, 72, 76 and 80 hours after cutting) in the field and in the FABD until the material was dry enough for baling (ca. 15-18% moisture). Collected lucerne samples were dried in a forced draught oven until constant mass to determine moisture content. The rate of moisture loss was compared. Samples of the lucerne hay in the field and in the FABD were taken after baling to determine forage quality by means of chemical analysis. Samples were analysed for crude protein (CP), total digestible nutrients (TDN), digestible organic matter (DOM), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) content. Good weather conditions for natural drying during the trial period resulted in lucerne hay of similar chemical composition. Naturally dried lucerne hay had CP, ADF and NDF contents of 17.3, 41.2 and 48.0%, respectively, while values for artificially dried lucerne were 17.6, 40.6 and 47.3%. It was concluded that artificial drying of lucerne does probably not produce lucerne of a better quality than field drying under good weather conditions. In the following trials eight ruminally cannulated cows (four Jerseys and four Holsteins) were used to compare protein and fibre degradability of lucerne harvested at different stages of maturity (ie. 4, 5 and 6 weeks' regrowth), and of different lucerne products (ie. lucerne hay, lucerne leaves and 8% leaves added to hay), dried in a forced air bulk dryer. All cows received a total mixed lactation diet for the duration of the trial period. The first in situ rumen degradability trial was conducted with lucerne harvested at three stages of maturity namely after 4,5 and 6 weeks' regrowth. Bags were incubated in the rumen for time intervals of 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 48 and 72 hours. Samples were analysed for dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) content. The effective DM, protein and NDF degradabilities of lucerne hay did not differ (P>0.05) between Holstein and Jersey cows. In Holsteins, DM degradability values calculated at an outflow rate of 0.05/h for lucerne harvested after 4, 5 and 6 weeks' regrowth were 63.1, 57.1 and 55.0%, respectively. Values of 64.6, 58.6 and 55.7% were obtained in Jerseys. CP degradability values for lucerne harvested after 4, 5 and 6 weeks' regrowth were 81.7, 77.2 and 77.6% in Holsteins and 81.3, 78.2 and 79.4% in Jerseys. NDF degradability values for lucerne harvested after 4, 5 and 6 weeks' regrowth were 35.8, 45.5 and 23.2% respectively in Holsteins and 35.1, 45.9 and 24.8% in Jerseys. Analysis of the effective DM, protein and NDF degradabilities across breeds indicated differences between lucerne harvested after 4, 5 and 6 weeks' regrowth. Rumen degradability of DM and protein was the highest for lucerne harvested after 4 weeks' regrowth. DM degradability values oflucerne harvested after 4,5 and 6 weeks' regrowth calculated at a flow rate of 0.05/h were 63.9, 57.9, 55.4%, respectively, while protein degradability values were 81.5, 77.7 and 78.5%. The lowest ruminal NDF degradability values were found for lucerne harvested after 6 weeks' regrowth. Values for NDF degradability calculated at a flow rate of 0.05/h for lucerne harvested after 4, 5 and 6 weeks' regrowth were 35.5, 45.7 and 23.7%, respectively. These results indicated that lucerne quality decreased in terms of DM, protein and NDF degradability as the plants mature. The second in situ rumen degradability trial was conducted with three different lucerne components dried in a forced air bulk dryer, namely lucerne hay, lucerne leaves and lucerne hay + 8% leaves. The procedure followed was the same as in the first in situ trial. Dacron bags, containing samples of the lucerne components were incubated in the rumen for time intervals of 0, 2, 4, 8, 16,24,48 and 72 hours. Samples were also analysed for DM, CP and NDF content and compared both between breeds and across breeds. DM and protein degradability values (rate and effective degradability) of the artificially dried lucerne hay were higher in Jerseys than in Holsteins. DM degradability values calculated for Holsteins at a flow rate of 0.05/h for lucerne hay, lucerne leaves and lucerne hay + 8% leaves were 57.6, 66.5 and 61.4%, respectively, while protein degradability values of 76.9, 75.5 and 77.9% were obtained. DM degradability values calculated for Jerseys were 62.9, 69.1 and 61.7%, respectively, while protein degradability values of 82.4, 77.6 and 78.5% were obtained. Analysis of the mean disappearance values across breeds indicated that protein degradability of lucerne hay in the rumen was higher than that of lucerne leaves. Protein degradability values calculated at a flow rate of 0.05/h for lucerne hay and lucerne leaves were 80.1 and 76.5% respectively. The NDF degradability of lucerne hay was, however, lower than what it was for lucerne leaves (24.6 vs. 29.7%).
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Studies omtrent die voedingswaarde van lusern vir melkkoeie. 'n Eksperiment is uitgevoer om te bepaal of die kwaliteit van lusernhooi verbeter kan word deur gebruik te maak van kunsmatige droging in plaas van die tradisionele landdroging. Lusernlande is in vier blokke verdeel en blokke is ewekansig aan elk van die twee behandelings (kunsmatige en landdroging) toegeken. Gesnyde materiaal in twee van die blokke is op die land gelaat vir die duur van die drogingsproses. Die materiaal in die oorblywende twee blokke is op die land gelaat vir 'n aanvanklike drogingsperiode van maksimum 24 uur, waarna dit in 'n massa-droogoond geplaas is. Lusernmonsters is net na sny op die land geneem en daarna met gereelde (gemiddeld 4,8,22,26,29,47,50, 53, 56, 58, 69, 72, 76 en 80 uur na sny) intervalle op die land en in die droër totdat die materiaal droog genoeg was om te baal. Lusernmonsters is in 'n droogoond gedroog totdat 'n konstante massa bereik is vir die bepaling van die voginhoud van die materiaal. Die tempo van vogverlies van die materiaal in die massadroër en op die land is bepaal. Monsters van die lusernhooi wat op die land en in die oond gedroog is, is na baal geneem en die chemiese samestelling van die lusernhooi is bepaal. Monsters is ontleed vir ruprotein- (RP), totale verteerbare voedingstof- (TVV), verteerbare organiese materiaal- (VOM), suur bestande vesel (SBV) en neutraal bestande vesel (NBV)-inhoud. Weersomstandighede was ideaal vir natuurlike droging van lusern en dit het aanleiding gegee daartoe dat die chemiese samestelling van die kunsmatig- en natuurlik gedroogde lusernhooi nie veel verskil het nie. Die RP, ADF en NDF inhoud van natuurlik gedroogde lusernhooi was 17.3,41.2 en 48.0% terwyl waardes van 17.6,40.6 en 47.3% vir kunsmatig gedroogde lusernhooi verkry is. Daar is bevind dat die kunsmatige droging van lusern nie 'n hoër kwaliteit hooi lewer as wat verkry kan word tydens landdroging wanneer weersomstandighede gunstig is nie. Hierna is twee degradeerbaarheidstudies gedoen. Agt koeie (vier Holsteins en vier Jerseys) met rumenkannulas, is gebruik om die proteïen- en veseldegradeerbaarheid van verskillende lusernkomponente te vergelyk. Lusern op verskillende groeistadia gesny, asook verskillende lusernprodukte wat kunsmatig gedroog is, is vergelyk. Al die koeie het gedurende die proeftydperk 'n hoë-konsentraat laktasierantsoen ontvang. Die eerste in situ degradeerbaarheidstudie is gedoen met lusern wat na 4-, 5- en 6 weke hergroei gesny is. Sakkies met lusernmonsters is in die rumen geplaas vir 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24,48 en 72 uur onderskeidelik. Monsters is na inkubasie in die rumen vir die DM-, RPen NBV -inhoud daarvan ontleed. Daar is bevind dat die DM-, proteïen en NBV degradeerbaarhede van lusernhooi nie verskil het (P.0>05) tussen Holstein- en Jerseykoeie nie. DM degradeerbaarhede wat by 'n deurvloeitempo van 0.05/h in Holsteinkoeie bereken is vir lusern wat na 4-,5- en 6 weke hergroei gesny is, was onderskeidelik 63.1, 57.1 en 55.0%. Die waardes wat vir Jerseys bereken is, was onderskeidelik 64.6,58.6 en 55.7%. Vir lusern wat na 4-,5- en 6 weke hergroei gesny is, was RP degradeerbaarhede 81.7, 77.2 en 77.6%, onderskeidelik, vir Holsteinkoeie en 81.3, 78.2 en 79.4%, onderskeidelik, vir Jerseys. NDFdegradeerbaarhede vir lusern wat na 4-,5- en 6 weke hergroei gesny is, was 35.8,45.5 en 23.2%, onderskeidelik, vir Holsteins en 35.1, 45.9 en 24.8%, onderskeidelik, vir Jerseys. 'n Vergelyking van die DM-, proteïen- en NBV-degradeerbaarhede wat gedoen is met die saamgevoegde data van al die diere, het daarop gedui dat verskille bestaan tussen die lusern wat na 4-, 5- en 6 weke hergroei gesny is. Die lusern wat na 4 weke hergroei gesny is, het die hoogste DM- en proteïendegradeerbaarheid in die rumen getoon. DMdegradeerbaarhede wat bereken is teen 'n deurvloei tempo van 0.05/h vir lusern wat na 4, 5- en 6 weke hergroei gesny is, was onderskeidelik 63.9,57.9 en 55.4% en proteindegradeerbaarhede was 81.5, 77.5 en 78.5%. Lusern wat na 6 weke hergroei gesny is het die laagste NDF-degradeerbaarheid gehad. Waardes wat bereken is teen 'n deurvloeitempo van 0.05/h vir lusern wat na 4-,5- en 6 weke hergroei gesny is, was onderskeidelik 35.5, 45.7 en 23.7%. Hierdie resultate dui daarop dat die kwaliteit van lusern afneem in terme van DM-, protein- en NBV-degradeerbaarhede namate die plante meer volwasse raak. Die tweede rumendegradeerbaarheidstudie is gedoen met 3 lusernprodukte wat in 'n massadroër gedroog is nl. lusernhooi, lusernblare en lusernhooi waarby 8% lusernblare gevoeg is. Dieselfde proefprosedure as tydens die eerste degradeerbaarheidstudie is gevolg. Sakkies met lusernmonsters, is in die rumen geplaas vir 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 48 en 72 uur. Monsters is ontleed vir DM-, proteïen- en NBV inhoud. Daar is gevind dat die proteïen degradeerbaarheid (tempo en effektiewe degradeerbaarheid) van kunsmatig gedroogde lusernhooi, hoër was by Jerseys as by Holsteins. DM degradeerbaarhede wat in Holsteinkoeie teen 'n deurvloeitempo van 0.05/h bereken is vir lusernhooi, lusernblare en lusernhooi + 8% blare, was 57.6, 66.5 en 61.4%, onderskeidelik, terwyl proteïen degradeerbaarhede 76.9, 75.5 en 77.9%, onderskeidelik, was. Vir Jerseys is DM-degradeerbaarhede van 62.9,69.1 en 61.7%, onderskeidlik, bereken terwyl proteïendegradeerbaarhede 82.4, 77.6 en 78.5% was. Gemiddelde verdwyningswaardes, wat bereken is deur data van al die diere saam te gebruik, dui daarop dat die proteïen degradeerbaarheid van lusernhooi in die rumen hoër was as in die geval van lusernblare. Die proteïen degradeerbaarhede wat bereken is teen 'n deurvloeitempo van 0.05/h, was 80.1 en 76.5%, onderskeidelik, vir lusernhooi en lusernblare. Die NBV -degradeerbaarheid van lusernhooi was egter laer as vir lusernblare (24.6 vs. 29.7%).

The pathogenicity of two isolates of the fungus Verticillium albo-atrum obtained either from lucerne (V1) or tomato(V2) towards four cultivars of lucerne (Medicago sativa.L), namely Maris Kabul, Europe, Vela, and Euver was investigated. The results confirmed that only the V1 isolate is capable of causing wilt disease in these four cultivars. A degree of resistance was observed, however, and of all cultivars Maris Kabul showed the highest degree of resistance. Following pathogenicity testing, production of the phytoalexin medicarpin, synthesis of which is preceeded by an increase in activity of the enzyme phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) was also investigated. The results showed that both the pathogenic isolate (V1) and the non-pathogenic isolate (V2), can induce an increase in PAL activity but that the non-pathogenic isolate induced a greater accumulation of medicarpin in tissues of cv. Maris Kabul. The differential activity between V1 and V2 isolates was further studied using a elicitor produced from mycelial culture filtrate from each isolate of the fungus. It appeared that elicitor from the V1 isolate contains a 'suppressor' molecule that acts 'down stream' of the step in which the increase in PAL activity was induced. The elicitors were partially purified using a combination of Con-A Sepharose affinity and DEAE anion exchange chromatography, and characterized by SDS-gel electrophoresis and treatment with trypsin and periodate. The results indicated a degree of heterogeneity in the elicitors which appeared to be rich in glucose and/or mannose and protein. Treatment with trypsin and periodate confirmed that both elicitotrs are glycoprotein in nature and depend for their activity on carbohydrate moiety. Characterization with SDS-gel electrophoresis revealed that the molecular weights of both V1 and V2 elicitors from the culture filtrates is ca. 29,000. There is also present one minor component (M wt. ca. 45,000) in the V1 elicitor preparation, which may be responsible for the differential activity of the V1 and V2 elicitors.

The production of the isoflavonoid phytoalexins medicarpin, sativan and vestitol by lucerne (Medicago sativa L) in response to substances, named elicitors, released into culture fluids of the plant-pathogenic fungus Verticillium albo-atrum was investigated. Methods for establishing the production of phytoalexins were studied and developed to use for screening substances from culture filtrates for elicitor activity. A method of reverse-phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography was developed in order to obtain quantitative measurements of elicitor activity. The presence of elicitors in extracts of the mycelium of the fungus was also investigated. Attempts were made to isolate and purify the component(s) from culture filtrates and mycelial extracts of Verticillium responsible for elicitor activity. Activity was not removed from culture filtrates by dialysis. Studies were made initially using Sephadex G-200 gel chromatography and anion exchange chromatography. Subsequently, the culture filtrate elicitor was found not to be precipitated in 80% v/v ethanol while inactive components were. Biogel P-10 chromatography produced an apparently homogeneous fraction on which preliminary chemical studies were performed. A molecular weight of 3000-4000 was indicated for the material. This fraction proved capable of further resolution. Cation and anion exchange chromatography was used for this purpose. The most active fraction obtained was retained by the anion exchanger but not a cation exchanger. This could be resolved by analytical scale reverse-phase liquid chromatography into multiple components. Colorimetric assays showed the material to be predominately peptide although a small amount of carbohydrate was present. The most active material from mycelial extract was not retained by either cation or anion exchangers. Colorimetric assays showed it to be predominately carbohydrate although protein was also detectable.

La ricerca si è focalizzata sullo studio delle lucerne italiche di epoca repubblicana di forma biconica e cilindrica, al fine di sistematizzare, in due tipologie ad albero, tipi e varianti regionali e fornire una seriazione che prenda in considerazione sia gli aspetti morfologici che i centri di produzione, la cronologia, l'area e le dinamiche di diffusione di ogni singolo tipo o variante identificati. Lo studio ha coperto tutto il territorio italiano ed ha portato alla redazione di schede dei contesti di rinvenimento, suddivise in tre sezioni geografiche (Centro, Sud e Nord Italia), nelle quali sono stati riportati sia i dati ricavati dall'analisi del materiale edito che quelli provenienti dallo studio di alcuni reperti inediti.
The research focused on biconical and cylindrical roman republican lamps, in order to systematize types and regional variations, by the creation of two different tree diagrams. This typology considers the morphological aspects as well as the production centers, chronology, the area and the dynamics of distribution of each type or variant identified. The analysis of published lamps and the study of some unpublished findings allowed to catalogue the archaeological contexts in which these types of lamps were common.

A la fin de ce siècle, les changements sur le plan des structures sociales, économiques et le régime politique de l'Europe sont inouis. Dans l'est, le marxisme s'est effondré; dans l'Ouest nous assistons à la création de le C. E. E. Dans les deux cas, les transitions sont hors du commun. Dans le contexte, soit du procédé de démocratisation des Pays de l'Est, soit de celui de la création de la communauté économique européenne à l'Ouest, on fait souvent allusion, d'un côté, à l'évolution de la doctrine politique en Suisse et, de l'autre, au fonctionnement de cette confédération helvétique. Le but de ce travail consiste à montrer, à travers l'évolution du canton de Lucerne, comme aussi de la confédération Suisse, les difficultés qui peuvent se présenter pour aboutir au résultat final - si jamais une finalité existait. . .

The general goal of this research was to understand the agronomic and physiological changes of a lucerne crop in distinct physical radiation environments and to verify the potential of lucerne to grow under shaded conditions. To achieve this, the research was conducted in four main steps: (i) firstly, experimental data collection in the field using two artificial shade materials (shade cloth and wooden slats) under inigated and non-irrigated conditions; (ii) a second experiment with data collection in a typical temperate dryland agroforestry area under non-irrigated conditions; (iii) generation of a light interception sub-model suitable for shaded crops and (iv) a linkage between the light interception sub-model and a canopy photosynthesis model for agroforestry use. In experiments 1 and 2, lucerne crop was exposed to 6 different light regimes: full sunlight (FS), shade cloth (FS+CL), wooden slats (FS+SL), trees (T), trees+cloth (T +CL) and trees+slats (T+SL). The FS+SL structure produced a physical radiation environment (radiation transmission, radiation periodicity and spectral composition) that was similar to that observed in the agroforestry site (f). The mean annual photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) was 41 % under the FS+CL, 44% under FS+SL and 48% under T compared with FS in clear sky conditions. Plants were exposed to an intermittent (sun/shade) regime under both FS+SL and T, whereas under FS+CL the shaded light regime was continuous. The red to far-red (RIFR) ratio measured during the shade period under the slats was 0.74 and under the trees was 0.64. However, R/FR ratio increased to 1.26 and 1.23 during the illuminated period under FS+SL and T, respectively, and these were equivalent to the ratio of 1.28 observed under the FS+CL and 1.31 in FS. The radiation use efficiency (RUE) of shoots increased under the 5 shaded treatments compared with full sunlight. The pattern of radiation interception was unchanged by radiation flux, periodicity and spectral composition and all treatments had a mean extinction coefficient of 0.82. However, the magnitude of the decrease in canopy growth was less than those in PPFD transmissivity. The mean lucerne annual dry matter (DM) yield was 17.5 t ha⁻¹ in FS and 10 t ha⁻¹ under the FS+CL, FS+SL and T regimes. This declined to 3.4 t DM ha⁻¹ under T+CL (22% PPFD transmissvity) and 4.1 t DM ha⁻¹ under T+SL (23% transmissivity). A similar pattern of response was observed for leaf net photosynthesis (Pn) rates under the shade treatments compared with full sun. In addition, spectral changes observed under the trees and slats affected plant motphology by increasing the number of long stems, stem height and internode length compared with full sunlight. Thus, there were two main explanations for the increase in RUE under shade compared with full sun: (i) preferential partition of assimilates to shoot rather than root growth and/or (ii) leaves under shade were still operating at an efficient part of the photosynthetic light curve. The changes proposed for the canopy Pn model were appropriate to simulate the radiation environment of an agroforestry system. However, the model underestimated DM yields under the continuous and intermittent shade regimes. These were considered to be mainly associated with plant factors, such as overestimation in maintenance respiration and partitioning between shoots and roots in shade and the intermittency light effect on leaf Pn rates. Further investigation in these topics must be addressed to accurately predict crop yield in agroforestry areas. Overall, the lucerne crop responded typically as a sun-adapted plant under shade. It was concluded that lucerne yield potential to grow under intermediate shade was superior to most of C3 pastures previously promoted in the literature.

Il seguente lavoro ha come scopo l’analisi e lo studio dei reperti ceramici appartenenti alle classi della terra sigillata, della ceramica a pareti sottili e delle lucerne, provenienti dagli scavi realizzati nell’ultimo triennio (2017-2018-2019) presso l’ex Fondo Sandrigo ad Aquileia, ad opera dell’Università Ca’ Foscari di Venezia. L’area di scavo si colloca sulla sponda orientale dell’antico Natiso cum Turro, proprio di fronte alle banchine del sistema del porto fluviale di Aquileia, e ha dimostrato uno sviluppo dalla fine del I secolo a.C. – inizi I d.C. fino al VI secolo d.C. Il materiale ceramico ritrovato ammonta a circa 103 pezzi che sono stati studiati in base alla provenienza, agli impasti e alle forme; per la maggior parte, i reperti rientrano tra la terra sigillata e per questo è tale classe ad aver dato l’apporto maggiore allo studio qui esposto. Infatti, per essa è stato possibile individuare varie macro-produzioni riferibili in maggioranza all’Italia (Aretina, Etrusca, Padana e Nord Italica) e all’Africa. Per quel che riguarda le ceramiche a pareti sottili sono presenti in numero maggiore frammenti ad impasto grigio e ad impasto ocra, ma è più difficile individuarne le varie produzioni non solo per la frammentarietà dei materiali ma anche per le minori informazioni esistenti riguardo al riconoscimento di specifiche produzioni di area settentrionale. Molto simile è la situazione delle lucerne che risultano essere molto frammentarie, tranne alcuni casi in cui è stato possibile riconoscere la tipologia, tra cui una lucerna bollata risalente al I d.C. Complessivamente, dallo studio effettuato, i materiali risultano dunque riconducibili ad un periodo che si estende tra la prima metà del I secolo d.C. e l’inizio del VI secolo d.C.; in particolare, la gran parte degli esemplari risale al periodo compreso tra l’età augustea e l’età Claudia, con il caso poi della sigillata africana che arriva fino al primo quarto del VI sec. d.C. Tali dati sono in linea con gli studi fatti in ambito numismatico e sulle anfore riguardanti il medesimo scavo, e ben si collocano nel quadro complessivo aquileiese evidenziato con altre campagne di scavo e studi passati e contemporanei.

The study was designed to investigate disease resistance of lucerne (M. sativa subsp. sativa) genetic material (cultivars and breeding material) under field conditions, to evaluate Sclerotinia stem and crown rot and aluminium resistance under laboratory conditions, and to develop Sclerotinia stem and crown rot and aluminium resistant populations.
Ištirti liucernos (M. sativa subsp. sativa ir M. sativa subsp. varia) genetinės medžiagos - įvairių veislių ir Lietuvos agrarinių ir miškų mokslų centro (LAMMC) Žemdirbystės instituto selekcinės medžiagos atsparumą ligoms lauko sąlygomis, įvertinti atsparumą vėžiui ir aliuminiui laboratorinėmis sąlygomis bei suformuoti atsparias aliuminiui ir vėžiui populiacijas.

[Truncated abstract] In southern Western Australia the replacement of deep-rooted native vegetation with annual species has resulted in rising water tables and increased salinity due to insufficient water use. The area has a Mediterranean-type climate where rainfall during summer is generally low but variable resulting in limited plant growth. However, if rainfall does occur it potentially can contribute to to the increased water excess or drainage by increasing the soil water content before the main drainage period in winter. The first study investigated factors controlling soil water content changes during the fallow (December to May) in annual farming systems. This was achieved by examining variation in available soil water storage to a depth of 1.0-1.5 m at three sites within 13 seasons. Reasons for the variation were examined using the Agricultural Production Systems Simulator (APSIM). This study also investigated the relationship between soil water content at the end of the fallow period (1 May) and the amount of drainage below 2.5 m by using APSIM coupled to historical weather records at three locations. At the end of the fallow a mean of 24 mm (or 25%) of rainfall during the fallow was retained in the soil. Losses of soil water during the fallow were due to evaporation (mean of 60 mm), transpiration from plant cover (mean of 12 mm) and drainage below the root zone and run off (combined mean of 13 mm). Soil water accumulation during the fallow period had a significant impact on simulated drainage under wheat in the following growing season. Every 1 mm increase in soil wetness at the end of the fallow resulted in a 0.7-1 mm increase in simulated drainage during the growing season. ... Variation in the water excess due to variation in rainfall was greater than the reduction in water excess due to lucerne. This makes the decisions about when to grow lucerne to reduce water excess difficult if livestock enterprises are less profitable than cropping enterprises. The findings of this PhD indicate that lucerne does have a place in Mediterranean-type environments because of its greater water use than current farming practices. However, its use needs to be strategic and the strategy will vary from region to region. For example, in the low rainfall region lucerne sowings need to be matched with high soil water contents and phase length will generally be short (2-3 years). In comparison at high rainfall regions lucerne will need to be grown for longer or combined with other strategies to increase water use.

Diss.--Philosophische Fakultät--Universität Freiburg in der Schweiz, 2001. Titre de soutenance : Die Architekturgeschichte des Luzerner Armenspitals im Mittelalter und in der frühen Neuzeit, mit Vergleichen zu anderen Spitalbauten in der Eidgenossenschaft.
Bibliogr. (vol. 1), p. 243-269. Index.

Lo studio che si viene a presentare riguarda le classi ceramiche della TSI, TSTI e delle lucerne: per osservare ed avere una conferma riguardo i flussi commerciali che le vedono protagoniste di cambiamenti all’interno dell’economia romana ma al tempo stesso indicano una continuazione di forti rapporti economici instaurati e mantenuti fin dalle epoche precedenti. La Sardegna è sempre stata considerata tra le grandi isole del mare Mediterraneo, nota per i commerci che avvenivano lungo la costa e i numerosi approdi creando quindi condizioni favorevoli di navigazione anche durante il mare clausum. Ciò è dovuto all’esistenza di una corrente marina di superficie tutto intorno all’isola che agevola la navigazione; questa trova conferma nella localizzazione dei diversi centri portuali di cui si è osservata l’importanza tramite i ritrovamenti di TSI, TSTI e lucerne. Con la presenza dei navicularii sardi ad Ostia, dove nel Piazzale delle Corporazioni sono annoverati anche otto porti africani, si può affermare che i legami tra le zone del Mediterraneo di influenza punica siano state sempre molto forti facendo della Sardegna un approdo importante al centro delle rotte commerciali di antica e recente tradizione.
This project concerns the pottery classes of TSI, TSTI as well as of the oil lamps. Its aim is to observe and possible confirm the trading flows showing their leading role in the changes inside the Roman economy, but at the same time sign of the continuity of the established economical relationships, maintained from the previous eras. Sardinia has always been considered among the biggest islands of the Mediterranean sea, well-known for trades and various landings, allowing favourable sailing conditions even during the mare clausum. This is due to the existence of a surface sea current around the island that facilitates the sailing. This is also confirmed by the location of several harbour towns, whose importance is emphasised by the findings of TSI, TSI and oil lamps. The presence of Sardinian naviculare in Ostia, where in the Piazzale delle Corporazioni there can be counted also eight African harbours, allows to affirm that the relationships between the Mediterranean areas of Punic influences have always been very strong making Sardinia an important landing at the centre of the trading routes of ancient and modern tradition.

Oggetto di questo lavoro è lo studio dei reperti ceramici appartenenti alle classi terra sigillata, ceramica a pareti sottili e lucerne provenienti dagli scavi realizzati da Ernesto Canal, sotto la direzione della Soprintendenza Archeologica del Veneto, nei siti Ottagono Abbadonato, Sette Soleri, Sacca delle Case, Lio Piccolo e S. Ariano, ubicati nella laguna di Venezia. Complessivamente il materiale consta di 730 frammenti, per la maggior parte riferibili alla classe delle terre sigillate (600 frammenti corrispondenti all’82%); seguono quindi le ceramiche a pareti sottili (96 esemplari pari al 13%) e le lucerne (34 frammenti pari al 5%). La netta predominanza delle terre sigillate rispetto ai materiali delle altre classi esaminate si ripropone anche in relazione ai singoli siti. L’apporto principale a questo studio viene dunque fornito dalla classe delle terre sigillate, per le quali è stato possibile individuare complessivamente nove macro produzioni, la maggior parte di provenienza italica (aretina, medio italica, nord italica liscia, nord italica decorata a matrice, regionali tarde) con limitate importazioni dall’area extra italica, (gallica, orientale e africana). Tra le ceramiche fini si registra inoltre un singolo apporto riferibile alla cosiddetta ‘ceramica corinzia decorata a matrice’. Meno significativo risulta invece il contributo offerto dallo studio degli esemplari riferibili alla classe della ceramica a pareti sottili ed alle lucerne. La grande frammentarietà dei materiali nonché le lacune esistenti riguardo al riconoscimento di specifiche produzioni di area settentrionale non permettono, infatti, di evidenziare particolari trends, aldilà del semplice dato cronologico. Anche quest’ultimo, tuttavia, per le stesse ragioni, risulta la maggior parte delle volte piuttosto generico. Complessivamente, dall’analisi effettuata, i materiali risultano ascrivibili ad un arco cronologico che si estende tra l’ultimo quarto del I secolo a.C. ed il VII secolo d.C.; in particolare, la gran parte degli esemplari afferisce al periodo compreso tra l’età augustea ed il III secolo d.C., con attardamenti dati dalle sigillate riferibili alle produzioni regionali tarde ed africana D. Tali dati, oltre a mostrare una notevole uniformità con il panorama delineato dagli studi disponibili per la X Regio, e più in generale per l’intero ambito della Cisalpina, parrebbero uniformarsi a quanto già ipotizzato per il popolamento lagunare ed interpretabili alla luce dei cambiamenti geomorfologici del territorio. Nel loro complesso, i materiali ceramici analizzati in questo studio rappresentano dunque un notevole potenziale informativo per quanto riguarda la storia socio – economica dell’area lagunare nell’antichità. I dati raccolti contribuiscono infatti a restituire il quadro di un paesaggio estremamente dinamico dal punto di vista e commerciale, strettamente correlato agli insediamenti circostanti, in primis Altino e Padova, ed inserito in un’ampia ed articolata rete di circuiti di scambio. Questi ultimi, legati tanto alle vie di terra che alle vie d’acqua, costituivano un doppio sistema di traffici che garantiva i collegamenti sia su scala regionale che extra – regionale: da Ravenna verso Roma e l’Italia centro – meridionale, da Aquileia verso le province di Norico e Pannonia, da Altino verso la regione alpina tramite la via Claudia Augusta.

Thesis (MScAgric (Animal Sciences))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the production of slaughter ostriches in a grazing environment at different levels of supplementary feed. Two grazing trials were conducted. In the first trial, one group of finisher ostriches (six months old) was put into a feedlot and received a complete finisher diet. The other four groups were allowed to graze lucerne pasture (stocking rate of 15 birds/ha) with 1500, 1000, 500, and 0g supplementary feed/bird/day. Pasture production and intake were measured. There was no difference (P >0.05) between the end mean live weights of the feedlot ostriches and those two grazing groups receiving 1500 or 1000g supplementation. The average daily gain (ADG) of the group receiving 1000g supplementation was lower (P <0.05) than the ADG of the group receiving 1500g supplementation, but all three groups reached a mean target slaughter weight of 95kg within the 154 days of the study. Therefore, pastures together with the correct supplementation (at least 1000g/bird/day) can replace complete feeds in the finishing phase of slaughter ostriches and can play an important role in the production of these birds. For lucerne intake, a quadratic relationship (P <0.01) was found between pasture dry matter (DM) intake (g/bird/day) and supplementary feed intake (g/bird/day). The maximum lucerne intake level (1692.8g/bird/day) was achieved at 619.6g supplementary feed/bird/day. In the second grazing trial, finisher ostriches were allowed to graze lucerne pastures at two different stocking rates (10 and 15 birds/ha) while receiving either 0 or 800g supplementary feed/bird/day. Ostriches receiving supplementation had higher (P <0.05) mean end live weights than ostriches receiving no supplementation. Ostriches receiving supplementation reached a mean target slaughter weight of 95kg within the timespan of the trial, but ostriches receiving no supplementation did not. Stocking rate had no influence on mean end live weight of the birds. An interaction (P <0.05) was found between the level of supplementation and stocking rate for ADG of the birds. Stocking rate influenced ADG only for birds receiving no supplementation. As stocking rate increased, ADG of birds receiving no supplementation declined. Results of the pasture data indicated an increasing level of replacement of grazed lucerne DM by supplementary feed as the trial progressed and this was more pronounced at the higher stocking rate of 15 birds per hectare. A high stocking rate seems to have had a gradual depressing effect on lucerne DM production, while the less severe levels of defoliation at a lower stocking rate promoted lucerne DM production. A digestibility trial was conducted with mature ostriches (12 months old) to investigate the effect of supplementation on intake and digestibility of nutrients, as well as to investigate the substitution effect that ostriches may display when they receive supplementary feed in addition to grazing. The same dietary treatments as in the first grazing study were given to ostriches while they were kept in metabolism crates. These diets were also fed to 20-week old roosters to obtain energy values for these diets for roosters. These energy values would be used to predict ostrich energy values for the same diets by means of a regression equation. For the roosters, each diet treatment was mixed with 50% maize to prevent digestive disorders and ensure maximum feed intake. Ostriches started to substitute supplementary feed for pasture when supplementation was supplied at levels higher than 62% (i.e. 1000g supplementary feed/bird/day) of total feed intake. For each increase of 100g in supplementary feed intake, pasture was replaced at a rate of 4.9%. Higher (P <0.05) total feed intakes were reached by ostriches if they grazed lucerne pastures and received supplementation than if they grazed pasture alone. Pasture grazing alone had lower (P <0.05) dry matter digestibility (DMD) and apparent metabolizable energy (AME) values for both ostriches and roosters than if pastures were supplied with a supplement. A significant stepwise regression could not be computed for the prediction of ostrich AME values from rooster AME values. The economics of different feeding systems (extensive versus intensive) were evaluated with an economic analysis, which was based on the same materials and methods and results of the first grazing trial. A margin above feed cost (MAFC) analysis was performed to evaluate the economic viability of the different feeding systems. The present value (PV) of the MAFC for the pasture-based system with 1000g/bird/day supplementation was only 8.3% lower than that of the feedlot system over a period of six years, while the PV of the cost of the same pasture-based system was 78.4% lower than that of the feedlot system. Birds finished on lucerne pasture with 1000g supplementation led to a saving of 57% in feeding costs if compared to a feedlot system. A sensitivity analysis of the MAFC revealed that the pasture-based system was less sensitive to changes in feeding costs than the feedlot system. Therefore, the unique circumstances of each ostrich producer will play a role in the decision whether to raise ostriches in a feedlot or on pastures.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die produksie van slagvolstruise in ‘n ekstensiewe weidingsstelsel met verskillende vlakke van aanvullende voeding is gedurende hierdie studie ge-evalueer. Twee weidingsstudies is uitgevoer. In die eerste studie is een groep afrondingsvolstruise (ses maande oud) in ‘n voerkraal geplaas en ‘n volledige afrondingsdieet gevoer. Die ander vier groepe is op besproeide lusernweiding geplaas (teen ‘n weidigtheid van 15 voëls/ha) en het onderskeidelik 1500, 1000, 500 en 0g aanvullende voeding/voël/dag ontvang. Weidingproduksie en -inname is gemeet. Daar was geen verskil (P >0.05) tussen die eindgewigte van die voerkraal volstruise en dié van die weidende voëls wat onderskeidelik 1500 en 1000g aanvullende voeding ontvang het nie. Die gemiddelde daaglikse toename (GDT) van die groep weidende voëls wat 1000g aanvullende voeding ontvang het was laer (P <0.05) as die GDT van die groep weidende voëls wat 1500g aanvullende voeding ontvang het, maar al drie hierdie groepe het ‘n gemiddelde teiken slaggewig van 95kg bereik binne die 154 dae van die studie. Weiding, tesame met die korrekte aanvullende voeding (van ten minste 1000g/voël/dag) kan volvoer rantsoene in die afrondingsfase van slagvolstruise vervang en kan dus ‘n belangrike rol speel ten opsigte van die produksie van hierdie voëls. Vir lusern inname is ‘n kwadratiese passing (P <0.01) tussen weiding droë materiaal (DM) inname (g/voël/dag) en aanvullende voeding inname (g/voël/dag) gevind. Die maksimum lusern inname (1692.8g/voël/dag) is bereik wanneer voëls 619.6g aanvullende voeding/voël/dag ingeneem het. In die tweede weidingsstudie, is afrondingsvolstruise (6 maande oud) toegelaat om lusern te bewei teen twee verskillende weidigthede (10 en 15 voëls/ha) en het ook 0 of 800g aanvullende voeding/voël/dag ontvang. Volstruise wat aanvullende voeding ontvang het, het hoër (P <0.05) gemiddelde eindgewigte bereik as volstruise wat geen aanvullende voeding ontvang het nie. Volstruise wat aanvullende voeding ontvang het, het ook die teiken slaggewig van 95kg bereik binne die tydsduur van die studie, terwyl die volstruise wat geen aanvullende voeding ontvang het nie, nie daarin kon slag nie. Weidigtheid het nie ‘n invloed (P >0.05) gehad op die eindgewigte van die voëls nie, maar ‘n interaksie (P <0.05) is gevind tussen vlak van aanvullende voeding en weidigtheid wat GDT van die voëls betref. Weidigtheid het GDT beïnvloed slegs vir volstruise wat geen aanvullende voeding ontvang het nie. Soos die weidigtheid van die voëls wat geen aanvullende voeding ontvang het nie, toegeneem het, het die GDT van hierdie voëls afgeneem. Ontleding van die weidingsdata het ‘n toenemende vlak van verplasing van die weiding met aanvullende voeding getoon soos die studie gevorder het en dit was meer merkbaar by die hoër weidigtheid. Die hoër weidighteid het ook gelei tot ‘n geleidelike afname in lusern DM produksie, terwyl die minder aggressiewe vlakke van ontblaring by die laer weidigtheid lusern DM produksie bevorder het. ‘n Verteringsstudie is gedoen met volwasse volstruise (12 maande oud) om die invloed van aanvullende voeding op inname en verteerbaarheid van nutriente te toets, asook om die substitusie effek wat volstruise mag toon wanneer hulle aanvullende voeding ontvang op weiding, te ondersoek. Dieselfde dieet behandelings as in die eerste weidingsstudie is vir die volstruise gegee terwyl hulle in metabolisme kratte aangehou is. Hierdie diëte is ook aan 20-week oue hane gevoer om die energie waardes van die diete vir hane te verkry. Hierdie energiewaardes sal dan gebruik word om volstruis energiewaardes te voorspel vir dieselfde diëte met behulp van ‘n regressie vergelyking. Vir die hane is elke dieet gemeng met 50% mielies om inname te handhaaf en spysverteringsstoornisse te voorkom. Volstruise het weiding begin verplaas met aanvullende voeding sodra die vlak van aanvullende voeding hoër as 62% (d.i. meer as 1000g aanvullende voeding/voël/dag) van die totale inname van die voëls was. Vir elke 100g toename in aanvullende voeding, word weiding verplaas teen ‘n tempo van 4.9%. Weiding, tesame met aanvullende voeding, het gelei tot hoër totale droë material (DM) voerinnames by volstruise as wanneer weiding alleen beskikbaar was. Wanneer weiding alleen voorsien was, was daar laer (P <0.05) verteerbaarhede van DM en waarskynlike metaboliseerbare energie (WME) waardes vir beide volstruise en hane as wanneer die weiding voorsien word met aanvullende voeding. Geen betekenisvolle stapsgewyse regressie kon gevind word om volstruis energie waardes uit hoender energie waardes te voorspel nie. Die ekonomie van verskillende sisteme (ekstensief versus intensief) is in hierdie studie vergelyk en is gebaseer op dieselfde materiaal en metodes en resultate van die eerste weidingsstudie. ‘n Marge bo voerkoste analise is gebruik om die ekonomiese lewensvatbaarheid van die sisteme met mekaar te vergelyk. Die huidige waarde van die marge bo voerkoste van die weidingssisteem waar 1000g aanvullende voeding gevoer word was 8.3% laer as dié van die voerkraal sisteem oor ‘n periode van ses jaar. Daarteenoor was die huidige waarde van die koste van dieselfde weidingssisteem 78.4% laer as dié van die voerkraal sisteem. Die weidingssisteem waar volstruise 1000g aanvullende voeding ontvang het, het ‘n besparing van 57% in voerkoste getoon wanneer dit met die voerkraal volstruise vergelyk is. ‘n Sensitiwiteitsanalise van die marge bo voerkoste het getoon dat die weidingssisteem minder sensitief is vir wisselende voerkoste as die voerkraal sisteem. Die unieke omstandighede van elke produsent sal ‘n rol speel in sy keuse om volstruise op weiding of in ‘n voerkraal af te rond.

In this project, plant-pathogen-, plant-salt-, pathogen-salt-, plant-pathogen-salt interactions were studied. The interactions between tomato and lucerne and isolates of the vascular wilt fungus Verticillium albo-atrum were investigated under non-saline and saline conditions. Pathogenicity trials indicated that isolates of V1 and V2 were pathogenic to tomato, however, the degree of pathogenicity of the isolates were affected by the particular cultivar, plant age, method of inoculation and temperature. The pathogenic effects of Verticillium on tomato did not increase with increasing spore concentration or when isolates were co-inoculated. NaC1 both delayed and reduced the germination rate of seeds and caused severe symptoms on plants. The effect of NaC1 was also detrimental on the germination and the growth rate of the fungus. Progress of the disease was markedly accelerated by salt stress. Various growth parameters were lower in the group of plants both inoculated with V. albo-atrum & treated with NaC1 than they were for plants inoculated only with V. albo-atrum or only treated with NaC1. As a defence response, an increase in PAL activity occurred when lucerne cells were treated with an elicitor from V. albo-atrum; a further increase was evident when cells were exposed to both elicitor and NaC1. However, the increase in PAL activity was minimised both at high concentrations of elicitor and NaC1. Disease-resistant and salt-tolerant plants showed resistance to V1 under non-saline and saline conditions; however, disease-susceptible and salt-tolerant plants did not show resistance to V1 under those conditions. Development of salt tolerant crops should therefore, involve selection of strains that maintain or improve its resistance to pathogens.

This study examined the differences in the chemical composition, particularly fatty acids, of the lipid extracted from the fibre of bucks, does and castrated goats. The study provides a more detailed understanding of the chemical composition of buck fibre lipid and how it varies throughout the year, and also details the effect of body region and nutrition on the production and chemical composition of lipid from buck fibre. Lipid was extracted with either petroleum ether (non-polar) or chloroform/methanol azeotrope (polar) and analysed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The more polar solvent system extracted larger amounts of lipid and more of each individual fatty acid. The following buck specific ethyl branched fatty acids were identified: 2-ethylhexanoic, 4-ethylhexanoic, 2-ethyloctanoic, 4-ethyloctanoic, 6-ethyloctanoic, 2-ethyldecanoic, 4-ethyldecanoic, 2-ethyldodecanoic, 6-ethyldodecanoic, 4-ethyldodecanoic, 2-ethyltetradecanoic, 6-ethyltetradecanoic, 4-ethyltetradecanoic, 2-ethylhexadecanoic and 4-ethyloctadecanoic acids. Of these buck specific fatty acids only 4-ethylhexanoic (T), 4-ethyloctanoic, 4-ethyldecanoic, 4-ethyldodecanoic, 6-ethyldodecanoic (T), 4-ethyltetradecanoic, 2-ethylhexadecanoic (T) and 4-ethylhexadecanoic acids have been previously identified or tentatively identified (T) in buck fibre extracts. This shows that the chemical composition of buck fibre lipid is more complex than previously reported, and that it may be more difficult than previously thought to artificially duplicate the odour of the buck. Buck fibre samples had lower average concentrations of 2-methylpropanoic, 2-methylbutanoic, iso-pentadecanoic, anteiso-pentadecanoic, iso-hexadecanoic, anteiso-heptadecanoic, iso-octadecanoic and anteiso-nonadecanoic acids as compared with fibre samples from does, spayed does, or wethers that were castrated at one month of age. The reduced concentrations of these fatty acids in buck fibre extracts were likely to be due to the synthesis of ethyl branched derivatives of iso and anteiso fatty acids. Buck fibre samples had higher concentrations of benzoic acid as compared with fibre samples from does, spayed does, or wethers that were castrated at one month of age. The significance of these results is that non buck specific fatty acids may also make a contribution to the odour of bucks. When fibre samples were collected at various times throughout the year, it was found that the bucks had increased amounts of lipid and ethyl branched fatty acids in fibre samples shorn from March to September, as compared with fibre samples shorn in November and January. The increase in the amount of lipid and ethyl branched fatty acids corresponded with both the rutting period of the buck and the period when the buck odour was increased. This suggests that ethyl branched fatty acids could be pheromones. The variation in lipid content and fatty acid composition was also examined between fibre samples collected from different body regions of the buck during April, as alterations in sebaceous gland activity around the neck during rutting have been reported. It was found that the average amount of lipid in the neck region of the bucks was not statistically higher than the average amounts in the midside and hind regions. However, the ethyl branched fatty acid concentrations were statistically higher in the fibre from around the neck as compared with the fibre from the other body regions, which is consistent with the odour of the buck being most pronounced around the head and neck region. The lipid content and composition of fibre samples from bucks fed high and low quality diets (lucerne and pangola grass, respectively) was examined to determine the effect of nutrition on buck specific components. The high quality diet increased the amount of lipid and ethyl branched fatty acids in fibre samples collected in April from the neck, midside and hind regions, as compared with fibre samples from the corresponding body regions from bucks fed the low quality diet. Thus it may be possible for the pheromone levels of bucks to be increased by simply providing them with good nutrition. The lipid content and ethyl branched fatty acid concentrations of fibre samples increased earlier in the year for the lucerne fed bucks as compared with the pangola grass fed bucks. The lucerne fed bucks had increased concentrations of ethyl branched fatty acids in fibre samples shorn during December to June (6 months) whereas the pangola grass fed bucks had increased concentrations of ethyl branched fatty acids in fibre samples shorn during April to August (4 months). These observations show that good nutrition can result in both the earlier production of ethyl branched fatty acids and an extended period when ethyl branched fatty acids are produced. This suggests that nutrition can be used to manipulate pheromone levels in the buck. The period when the ethyl branched fatty acids were increased corresponded with the period when the plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone concentrations, odour and sebaceous gland volume of the bucks were increased, which supports the assumption that ethyl branched fatty acids are involved in odour production and act as pheromones.

La digestion anaérobie est un processus biologique de transformation de la matière organique permettant la production d’énergie sous forme de biogaz et de fertilisant sous forme de digestat. C’est une filière émergente en France, dont les objectifs de développement sont ambitieux. Le développement d’une filière industrielle sur l’ensemble du territoire Français nécessite la mise en oeuvre d’outils d’aide à la décision.Dans le cadre de cette Thèse nous proposons d’évaluer le potentiel de développement de la méthanisation collective, territoriale et agricole par injection du biogaz dans les réseaux de gaz naturel. Les travaux de recherchent portent sur trois axes : (1)l’évaluation du potentiel de mobilisation de biomasse d’origine agricole ; (2) la conception et l’étude de la viabilité économique de « modèle type » d’usine de méthanisation ; (3) l’évaluation de la performance technico-économique d’une exploitation agricole ayant recours à la méthanisation dans but d’accroitre son autonomie face aux énergies fossiles et aux engrais chimiques.Sur le premier volet, nous avons réalisé une étude cartographique des gisements agricoles mobilisables. Nous avons localisé et quantifié les quantités de coproduits de cultures et d’effluents d’élevage présent sur le territoire Français. Nous avons mis en évidence que le potentiel de mobilisation de biomasse agricole est de l’ordre de 57millions de tonnes de matière sèche. Ceci correspond à une production énergétique maximale de l’ordre de 158 TWh/an.Sur le deuxième volet, nous avons conçu des « modèles types » d’usines de méthanisation de différentes tailles, dont le biogaz est valorisé en biométhane par injection dans le réseau. Pour chacun des « modèles types » nous avons comparé la viabilité technico-économiques des modèles selon différentes « recettes » de biomasse. L’évaluation met en avant que pour chaque « modèle type », il existe un nombre limité de « recettes » permettant à chacun d’entre eux de trouver un équilibre technico-économique.Sur le troisième volet, nous nous sommes intéressés à l’autonomie azote et carburant que pourrait atteindre une exploitation agricole en méthanisant des cultures énergétiques dédiées de légumineuse. L’évaluation a été menée sur des fermes présentant des configurations différentes d’assolement et de rendement. Nous avons mis en évidence les conditions nécessaires pour que chaque configuration de ferme puisse atteindre l’autonomie. Il en ressort que dans certaines conditions, une exploitation « autonome » présente des marges brutes supérieures à celle d’une exploitation conventionnelle
Anaerobic digestion is a biological process of transformation of organicmatter allowing the production of energy in the form of biogas and fertilizer in the formof digestate. It is an emerging sector in France, whose development objectives are ambitious. The development of an industrial sector throughout the French territory requires the implementation of decision support tools.As part of this thesis, we propose to evaluate the development potential of collective,territorial and agricultural methanation by injecting biogas into natural gas networks.Research work focuses on three axes: (1) the evaluation of the biomass mobilization potential of agricultural origin; (2) the design and study of the economic viability of a"typical model" of methanation plant; (3) the evaluation of the technical and economic performance of a farm using methanation in order to increase its autonomy in the face of fossil fuels and chemical fertilizers.We first carried out a cartographic study of mobilizable agricultural deposits. The quantities of co-products of crops and livestock effluents present on the French territor ywere located and quantified. Thus, we have shown that the potential for mobilization of agricultural biomass is of the order of 57 million tons of dry matter. This corresponds to a maximum energy production of about 158 TWh / year.And second, we have designed "model models" of biogas plants of different sizes,whose biogas is valorized in biomethane by injection into the network. For each of the"standard models" we compared the techno-economic viability of the models according to different "recipes" of biomass. The evaluation points out that for each "standard model" there is a limited number of "recipes" allowing each of them to find a technoeconomic balance.Finally, we focused on the nitrogen and fuel autonomy that an agricultural operationcould achieve by methanising dedicated energy crops of legumes. The assessment was conducted on farms with different rotational and yield configurations. We have highlighted the conditions necessary for each farm configuration to achieve autonomy.It shows that under certain conditions, an "autonomous" farm has gross margins higher than that of a conventional farm

The amount of information available to a person is growing day by day; hence retrieving the correct information in a timely manner plays a very important role. This thesis talks about indexing document collections and fetching the right information with the help of a database. The primary role of a database is to store the additional information which may be or may not be available in the document collection by itself. The indexing of document collection is performed by Lucene, while the search application is strongly integrated with a database. In this thesis a highly efficient, scalable, customized search tool is built using Lucene. The search tool is capable of indexing and searching databases, PDF documents, word documents and text files.

The Emperor Frederick II established a Muslim colony at Lucera during the early 1220s. In transferring the Muslim population of Sicily to the mainland, Frederick evidently intended to establish order and his authority in Sicily and to create an economic and military resource in northern Apulia. The resistance of some Muslim communities on the island to Frederick was so great that military forces had to be sent there. The transfer of rebel populations was not uncommon during the Middle Ages, but since the people who were relocated to Apulia were Muslims, the Lucerine settlement is of particular historical interest. Muslims and Jews were defined by Frederick and his Angevin successors as servi camerae. Like Muslims in medieval Aragon, they were considered to be the property of the ruler. Both groups had a protected status because of their relationship to the the crown and because their right to live within Christendom was sanctioned by canon law. There are comparisons to be made between the Muslims of Lucera and the dhimmi living in Muslims lands. They were allowed to practise Islam, but they had to pay the jizya, a tax which was transliterated into Latin as gisia. Most land at Lucera was owned by monasteries and other Christian landlords who allowed Muslim farmers to cultivate lands in exchange for payment of a tax called the terragium. The heavy tax burden placed on the Muslim colonists by the crown and such property owners and the labor required from them for construction projects drove many people to leave Lucera, prompting the crown to call for restrictions on their movement. While most Muslims were engaged in farming, a diversified economy developed in the city. There were merchants, tailors, shepherds, potters, and smiths. Muslim military skills, particularly in archery, were highly valued by the crown. Muslims served both in Hohenstaufen and Angevin military campaigns, and a number of men were knighted. Some members of the military elite at Lucera became wealthy, owning properties not just in the colony but in neighboring Christian cities as well. Since in his last will and testament Frederick called for the restoration of the Lucerine church, he evidently did not intend to establish a permanent Muslim presence in northern Apulia. The papacy targeted Muslim Lucera in its polemics against the emperor and his son Manfred, but when Charles of Anjou took over the kingdom in 1266 he does not appear to have been put under pressure to dismantle the settlement. The conquest of the Kingdom of Sicily had been costly, and the colony was a source of revenue. Charles I did attempt to increase the Christian presence at Lucera by bringing Provencal settlers to the city in the 1270s, and he participated in the crusade against Tunis. Muslim Lucera was destroyed in August 1300 on orders of Charles II. Having never participated in a crusade, Charles appears to have been motivated primarily by religious considerations. The destruction of the settlement was praised by Popes Boniface VIII and Benedict XI who, during an age of crusades and reconquests, apparently viewed it as a positive step towards a united Christendom.

Le changement climatique entraîne un changement profond des régimes thermiques qui a des conséquences importantes sur la croissance des plantes. Toutefois, les effets des températures extrêmes ont été peu étudiés chez espèces fourragères pérennes, et ne sont pas intégrés dans les modèles actuels de prairie. Or ces modèles ont un rôle central à jouer dans le développement de stratégies d'adaptation au changement climatique. Dans ce contexte, cette thèse a cherché à approfondir la compréhension de la réponse de la luzerne et de la fétuque élevée à une large gamme de températures et à améliorer la prise en compte de ces réponses dans le modèle STICS. Un volet de travail expérimental en conditions contrôlées n'a pas permis de mettre en évidence de différences de réponses entre génotypes d'origine contrastées (tempéré/Méditerranéen) pour différents processus de croissance et de développement des deux espèces. En revanche, il est apparu des différences significatives entre les réponses normalisées de différents processus ; l'allongement des tiges en particulier se distinguant nettement des autres processus chez la luzerne. La réponse de la photosynthèse à la température a montré une forte acclimatation à la température de croissance, aussi bien pour des génotypes d'origine tempérée que méditerranéenne. Ces derniers sont apparus plus sensibles aux températures élevées du fait d'une désactivation de la RUBISCO. La modification des formalismes de réponse à la température de la croissance et du développement dans STICS (fonction non linéaire, pas de temps) a eu un fort impact sur le cumul de temps thermique pour des scénarios climatiques « futurs ». Toutefois, du fait de l'effet majoritaire d'autres stress conjoints durant les périodes de stress thermique et d'une rapide saturation du rayonnement intercepté, l'impact sur les projections de production fourragère s'est avéré limité pour les conditions testées. Au total ces résultats suggèrent que les productions fourragères pourraient être moins exposées au stress thermique que les cultures annuelles
Due to climate change, the global average temperature is expected to rise with marked impacts on crop growth. However, extreme temperature's impacts on perennial herbaceous species have received much less attention to date than other crops and aren’t currently implemented in grassland models. Yet, grassland models have a major role to play in defining adaptation options to global warming’s impacts on agriculture. In this context, our aims were to characterise the responses to temperature of two major perennial forage species over a large range of growth temperature and to improve the temperature response formalisms in the STICS model. First, experiment conducted in growth chambers indicated that the responses of normalized developmental rates did not differ between genotypes from contrasting thermal areas (Mediterranean/temperate) within each species. On the other hand, the responses to temperature of normalised rates differed significantly between several of the physiological processes studied; in particular stem elongation rate differed from other developmental rates in alfalfa. Irrespective of cultivar origin, a remarkable acclimation of photosynthesis to growth temperature was observed. Mediterranean genotypes displayed a greater sensitivity of the maximum rate of Rubisco carboxylation to elevated temperatures. Modifications of temperature formalism in the STICS crop model (implementation of nonlinear response, hourly/daily step of response) had a significant impact on thermal time accumulation and crop development for future climate scenarios. However, due to larger effects of water stress and to saturation of radiation interception, impacts on projections of grassland dry matter production were limited. This result suggests that grassland production could be less exposed to thermal stress than annual crops

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
O estudo da conectividade entre as populações é de grande relevância para entender como variantes ambientais podem afetar estes eventos, reconhecendo os padrões de estrutura genética e filogeográficos. Grande parte das espécies marinhas possuem, ao menos, uma fase larval com alto potencial de dispersão, onde possivelmente possa resultar numa população homogênea e com maior conectividade, comparado a outros grupos de animais. Para a compreensão dos padrões variáveis, as análises moleculares trazem informações importantes sobre a variabilidade genética, evolução e mudanças demográficas na história. Por este motivo torna-se cada vez mais importante o uso destes dados em pesquisas que abordam conceitos populacionais. Os acompanhamentos dos cenários em organismos planctônicos ainda são escassos, mesmo com sua grande abundância no ambiente marinho. Sob o cenário da representativa espécie de medusa, endêmica do Atlântico Sul Ocidental, Lychnorhiza lucerna Haeckel 1880 (Scyphozoa; Rhizostomeae) diante de lacunas ainda existentes sobre a estrutura populacional foi analisado como as populações estão se comportando geneticamente ao longo de toda sua distribuição e para isto foram utilizados os marcadores COI, ITS-1 e 2 para inferir a divergência intra e inter-populacional. Os resultados obtidos indicaram um padrão histórico de alta conectividade entre as subpopulações de Lychnorhiza lucerna evidenciando a existência de uma Metapopulação em grande escala.
The study of connectivity between populations is relevant to understand the environmental diversity impact on the populations, acknowledging both genetic structural and phylogeographic patterns. Most of the marine species exhibit at least one larval stage with a high dispersal potential that possibly results in a homogeneous population with a wide connectivity when compared to other groups of animals. Molecular analysis provide essential informations concerning the genetic variability, evolution and demographic changes along the history supporting the recognition of variable patterns. Thus, it is essential the use of these data in researches approaching population concepts. Even though planktonic organisms are very abundant in the marine environment, studies regarding the scenario comprising these organisms are scarce. Owing to existing gaps about that, populations of the remarkable medusa specie endemic in the South Western Atlantic, Lychnorhiza lucerna Haeckel 1880 (Scyphozoa; Rhizostomeae), were genetically assessed along the geographic distribution known . For this were used COI and ITS 1-2 molecular markers to conclude about intrapopulation/ interpopulation divergence. The results obteined indicated a historic pattern of high connectivity between subpopulations of Lychnorhiza lucerna evidencing a metapopulation existence on a large scale.

This master’s thesis, conducted at Sectra Medical Systems AB, investigates the feasibility of integrating a search platform, built on modern search technology, into the complex architecture of existing products. This was done through the implementation and integration of a search platform prototype, called Sectra Enterprise Search. It was built upon the search engine library Lucene.NET, written in C# for the Microsoft .NET Framework. Lucene.NET originates from the Java library Lucene, which is highly regarded and widely used for similar purposes. During the development process a lot of requirements for the search platform were identified, including high availability, scalability and maintainability. Besides full text search for information in a variety of data sources, desirable features include autocompletion and highlighting. Sectra Enterprise Search was successfully integrated within the architecture of existing products. The architecture of the prototype consists of multiple layers, with the search engine functionality at the very bottom and a web service handling all incoming request at the top. To sum up, integrating a search platform based on modern search technology into the architecture of existing products infers full control of deployment, users searching in a more intuitive manner and reasonable search response times.

The dissertation presented for obtaining the Master’s Degree in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, at Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia
Nowadays, around a huge amount of firms in the European Union catalogued as Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), employ almost a great portion of the active workforce in Europe. Nonetheless, SMEs cannot afford implementing neither methods nor tools to systematically adapt innovation as a part of their business process. Innovation is the engine to be competitive in the globalized environment, especially in the current socio-economic situation. This thesis provides a platform that when integrated with ExtremeFactories(EF) project, aids SMEs to become more competitive by means of monitoring schedule functionality. In this thesis a text-mining platform that possesses the ability to schedule a gathering information through keywords is presented. In order to develop the platform, several choices concerning the implementation have been made, in the sense that one of them requires particular emphasis is the framework, Apache Lucene Core 2 by supplying an efficient text-mining tool and it is highly used for the purpose of the thesis.

162 leaves printed on single pages, preliminary pages i- vii and numbered pages 1-152. Includes bibliography and abbreviations.
Digitized at 600 dpi grayscale to pdf format (OCR), using a Bizhub 250 Konica Minolta Scanner.
Thesis (PhD(Agric))--University of Stellenbosch, 2000.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Maize, forage sorghum, lucerne, oats, barley and triticale are the most common silage crops in South Africa, while tropical grasses like Eragrostis curvula and Digitaria eriantha are ensiled to a lesser extent. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of adding a lactic acid bacterial inoculant to E. curvula, D. eriantha, lucerne, forage sorghum, maize and oat silage. The effect of the addition of a lactic acid bacterial inoculant when ensiling E. curvula on the fermentation dynamics during ensiling and the aerobic stability of the silage was determined. The addition of the lactic acid bacterial inoculant to E. curvula at ensiling resulted in a more rapid lowering in pH and improved preservation. Inoculated silage had a higher lactic acid content, less protein breakdown and a lower butyric acid content compared to that of the control silage. Both silages were stable when exposed to air for five days. Digitaria eriantha was ensiled, with or without the addition of a lactic acid bacterial inoculant containing Lactobacillus plantarum. Streptococcus faecium and Pediococcus acidilactici together with the enzymes, cellulase, hemicellulase and amylase. The addition of the inoculant resulted in a more rapid drop in pH, a higher level of lactic acid, an increase in the number of lactic acid bacteria, less protein breakdown and lower numbers of enterobacteria, clostridial spores, yeast and mould compared to the control silage. Digitaria eriantha hay, control and inoculated silage diets were fed to 24 Merino rams (n = 8 per treatment) to determine intake and digestibility. The intake of diets consisting of 90.9% D. eriantha hay, control silage or inoculated silage, differed significantly (p<0.05) at 1395, 1540 and 1848 g DM/day, respectively. The in vivo organic matter digestibility (glkg) of D. eriantha hay, untreated silage and inoculated silage diets was 561, 546, 574, respectively. The addition of the bacterial inoculant when ensiling D.eriantha resulted in better preservation, improved aerobic stability, as well as a higher in vivo organic matter digestibility and intake of D. eriantha silage. The addition of an inoculant or molasses to lucerne (Medicago sativa), ensiled in laboratory silos was investigated. The addition of the additives resulted in an increased preservation rate as indicated by a more rapid lowering of pH, a faster rate of lactic acid production and less protein breakdown compared to control silage. The inoculant was more effective than the molasses in improving the rate of preservation. The aerobic stability of lucerne silage was not affected by inoculation or the addition of molasses. The addition of an inoculant to wilted big bale lucerne silage was studied. The inoculant improved silage quality as indicated by a lower pH, higher lactic acid content, lower ammonia nitrogen content and lower level of butyric acid in inoculated silage compared to the control lucerne silage. The composition of big round bale lucerne silage differed markedly from that of lucerne ensiled in laboratory silos as the former had a higher pH, ammonia nitrogen, butyric acid and acetic acid content and a lower lactic content. Whole crop forage sorghum cultivar FS2 was harvested at the late bloom (20.7% DM) and soft dough (28.9% DM) stages of maturity and ensiled in laboratory silos with the addition of commercial silage inoculants. At both stages of maturity the inoculants caused a more rapid rate of pH decline and a higher amount of lactic acid production. All the silages were well preserved. Silages of the sorghum ensiled at the late bloom stage with all treatments were stable after 5 days of aerobic exposure, whereas sorghum ensiled at the soft dough stage with the addition of the inoculants deteriorated upon aerobic exposure. It is concluded that addition of lactic acid bacterial inoculants to mature sorghum at ensiling might impair the aerobic stability of the silage. The yield, nutritional value and production potential of silage made from twenty one maize hybrids was compared. It was concluded that maize hybrids did differ in metabolizable energy content, rate of digestion, predicted intake and predicted milk production potential. The content of NDF and ADF did not differ between the maize hybrids used in this study and could therefore not be used to predict nutritional value or production potential. Maize was harvested at the hard dough stage and ensiled with or without the addition of a lactic acid bacterial inoculant in laboratory silos and in 210 litre drums. The adding of the inoculant to maize at ensiling did not result in a more rapid drop in pH and higher levels of lactic acid. The intake and growth of South African Mutton Merino lambs fed inoculated and untreated maize silage diets was determined. The average daily gain of lambs fed a diet consisting of either 60% control or inoculated maize silage over a growth period of 60 days was 239 ± 26 and 255 ± 44 g/day, respectively. Although the laboratory study showed very little effect of adding a lactic acid bacterial inoculant to maize at ensiling, lambs tended to consume more of the inoculated silage. In the second study the effect of the addition of a lactic acid bacterial inoculant with an enzyme to maize at ensiling on the fermentation dynamics during ensiling, aerobic stability of the silage, the intake, milk production and milk composition of Jersey cows fed maize silage diets was determined. The inoculant did not result in a more rapid lowering of the pH or a more rapid lactic acid production compared to untreated maize silage made in laboratory silos. Both the control and inoculated maize silages were well preserved. The addition of the inoculant to maize at ensiling improved the palatability, intake and the aerobic stability of maize silage compared to the untreated control maize silage. Milk production, milk composition, live weight and condition score of Jersey cows was not significantly affected by the addition of the inoculant to maize silage. The effect of the addition of an enzyme containing lactic acid bacterial inoculant to big bale oat (Avena sativa, cv Cederberg) silage on silage composition, silage intake, milk production and milk composition of Jersey cows was determined. The crop was cut at the bloom stage, wilted and ensiled in big round bales. The inoculant, Sil-All, was applied during the baling process on half of the bales. Silages were fed to Jersey cows in an intake and milk production study. Both the control and inoculated oat silages were well preserved. The inoculated oat silage had a lower level of butyric acid than the control oat silage. Cows fed the inoculated oat silage produced more (P=O.05) milk (17.7 kg/day) than cows fed the control oat silage (16.7 kg/day). The addition of a lactic acid bacterial inoculant to big bale oat silage improved silage composition and animal performance. This study clearly showed that the composition of silages made in bunker silos under commercial farm conditions differ largely from that of silages made in small scale laboratory silos. When the effect of silage additives on aerobic stability of silage is determined the evaluation should include studies on large scale bunker silages. Evaluation of silage additives should include intake and animal production studies.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Mielies, voersorghum, lusem, hawer, gars en korog word algemeen as kuilvoer gewasse benut terwyl tropiese grasse soos Eragrostis curvula en Digitaria eriantha tot 'n mindere mate ingekuil word. Die doel van hierdie studie was om die invloed van 'n melksuurbakterieseinokulant op E. curvula-, D. eriantha-, lusem-, voersorghum-, mielie- en hawerkuilvoer te bepaal. Die invloed van 'n melksuurbakteriese-inokulant op die fermentasiedinamika en die aerobiese stabiliteit van E. curvula-kuilvoer is bepaal. Die toediening van die melksuurbakterieseinokulant tot E. curvula tydens inkuiling het 'n vinniger tempo van pH daling en beter preservering tot gevolg gehad in vergelyking met kontrole kuilvoer. Inokulant behandelde kuilvoer het 'n hoer melksuurinhoud, minder protei'en afbraak en 'n laer bottersuurinhoud as kontrole kuilvoer gehad. Beide kuilvoere was stabiel tydens blootstelling aan lug vir vyf dae. Digitaria eriantha is ingekuil met ofsonder die toediening van 'n melksuurbakteriese-inokulant wat Lactobacillus plantarum. Streptococcus faecium en Pediococcus acidilactici sowel as die ensieme, sellulase, hemisellulase and amilase bevat het. Die inokulant het 'n vinniger tempo van pH-daling, hoer vlakke van melksuur en melksuurbakterie, minder protei'en afbraak en laer getalle van enterobakterie, klostridiale spore, giste and swamme in vergelyking met die kontrole tot gevolg gehad. Digitaria eriantha hooi, kontrole kuilvoer en gei'nokuleerde kuilvoer diete is aan 24 Merino ramme (n = 8 per behandeling) gevoer vir bepaling van inname en verteerbaarheid. Die inname van diete wat uit 90.9% D. eriantha hooi, kontrole kuilvoer of gei'nokuleerde kuilvoer bestaan het, het betekenisvol (p<0.05) verskil en was 1395, 1540 en 1848 gDM/dag, respektiewelik. Die in vivo organiesemateriaal verteerbaarheid (gIkg) vanD. eriantha hooi, kontrole kuilvoer en geYnokuleerde kuilvoer was 561, 546, 574, respektiewelik. Die toediening van die bakteriese-inokulant tydens inkuiling vanD. eriantha het beter preservering, verbeterde aerobiese stabiliteit asook 'n hoer in vivo organiesemateriaal verteerbaarheid van D. eriantha kuilvoer tot gevolg gehad. Die effek van toediening van 'n melksuurbakteriese-inokulant en van molasse tot lusem (Medicago sativa) ingekuil in laboratoriumsilos is ondersoek. Die inokulant toediening en molasse toediening het die tempo van preservering versnel, die pH het vinniger gedaal, melksuur is teen 'n hoer tempo geproduseer en minder proteYen afbraak het plaasgevind in vergelyking met die kontrole kuilvoer. Die tempo van preservering is meer effektief deur toediening van die inokulant verhoog as deur die toediening van molasse. Die aerobiese stabiliteit van lusernkuilvoer is nie beYnvloed deur die toediening van inokulant ofmolasse nie. Die effek van die toediening van 'n melksuurbakteriese-inokulant tot groot rondebaal lusernkuilvoer is ondersoek. Die inokulant het die kwaliteit van die kuilvoer verbeter en het 'n laer pH, hoer melksuur, laer ammoniak stikstofen laer bottersuurinhoud in rondebaallusernkuilvoer tot gevolg gehad in vergelyking met kontrole kuilvoer. Groot rondebaallusernkuilvoer het grootliks verskil van lusernkuilvoer wat in laboratoriumsilos ingekuil is. Die rondebaal kuilvoer het 'n hoer pH, hoer ammoniak-stikstof-, bottersuur- en asynsuurinhoud en 'n laer melksuurinhoud gehad as laboratorium lusernkuilvoer. Voersorghum kultivar FS2 is op die laat blom (20.7% DM) en op die sagte deeg (28.9% DM) stadium met die byvoeging van melksuurbakteriese-inokulante ingekuil in laboratoriumsilos. Toediening van beide inokulante tot sorghum hetop beide die inkuilstadiums gelei tot 'n vinniger tempo van pHdaling en meer melksuurproduksie. Aile kuilvoere insluitend die kontrole kuilvoer was goed gepreserveer. Kontrole sowel geYnokuleerde sorghumkuilvoer ingekuil op die laat blomstadium was stabiel tydens aerobiese blootstelling vir 5 dae. Sorghumkuilvoer ingekuil op die sagtedeegstadium met die byvoeging van inokulante was onstabiel tydens aerobiese blootstelling. Die toediening van melksuurbakteriese-inokulante tot sorghum wat op die sagtedeegstadium ingekuil word kan aerobiese stabiliteit van die kuilvoer grootliks benadeel. Die opbrengs, voedingswaarde en produksiepotensiaal van kuilvoer gemaak van 21 mielie hibriede is vergelyk. Verskille in metaboliseerbare energie inhoud, tempo van vertering, voorspelde inname en voorspelde melkproduksie het tussen mielie hibriede voorgekom. Die neutraalbestandevesel- en suurbestandeveselinhoud het nie verskil tussen hibriede nie en derhalwe kon dit nie gebruik word om voedingswaarde ofproduksiepotensiaal te beraam rue. Mielies is op die hardedeegstadium met of sonder die toediening van 'n melksuurbakterieseinokulant in laboratoriumsilos en 210 liter dromme ingekui!. Die toediening van die inokulant het geen invloed op tempo van pH-daling ofproduksie van melksuur gehad nie. Die inname en groei van SA Vleismerino lammers wat 'n dieet bestaande uit 60% kontrole of inokulant behandelde mieliekuilvoer ontvang het, is bepaa!. Die gemiddelde daaglikse toename van lammers was 239 ± 26 and 255 ± 44 g/dag vir die kontrole en inokulant mieliekuilvoer dieet respektiewelik. Alhoewel die laboratoriumstudie weinig verskille tussen die kontrole en die geYnokuleerde mieliekuilvoer getoon het, het lammers geneig om meer van die geYnokuleerde mieliekuilvoer in te neem. In die tweede studie met mieliekuilvoer is die effek van toediening van 'n melksuurbakteriese-inokulant met ensieme, op die ferrnentasiedinamika tydens inkuiling, die aerobiese stabiliteit van mieliekuilvoer asook die inname, melkproduksie en melksamestelling van Jersey koeie bepaa!. Die inokulant het nie die tempo van pH daling en produksie van melksuurverhoog nie en beide kontrole en geYnokuleerde mieliekuilvoerwas goed gepreserveer. Die toediening van die inokulant tot mieliekuilvoer het die smaaklikheid, inname en die aerobiese stabiliteit van mieliekuilvoer verhoog in vergeiyking met kontrole mieliekuilvoer. Melkproduksie, melksamestelling, liggaamsmassa en kondisiepunt van Jersey koeie is nie betekenisvol beYnvloed deur die toediening van die inokulant tot mieliekuilvoer nie. Die effek van die toediening van 'n ensiem bevattende melksuurbakteriese-inokulant tot groot rondebaal hawer (Avena sativa, cv Cederberg) kuilvoer op die samestelling van kuilvoer, kuilvoerinname, melkproduksie en melksamestelling van Jersey koeie is bepaa!. Die gewas is gesny op die blomstadium, verwelk en as rondebaalkuilvoer gepreserveer. Die inokulant, Sil-All, is tydens die baalproses toegedien op die helfte van die bale. Kuilvoere is aan Jersey koeie gevoer in 'n inname en melkproduksiestudie. Beide die kontrole en geYnokuleerde hawerkuilvoer was goed gepreserveer. Die bottersuurinhoud van geYnokuleerde hawerkuilvoer was laer as die van die kontrole hawerkuilvoer. Koeie wat geYnokuleerde hawerkuilvoer gevoer is het meer (P=0.05) melk (17.7 kg/dag) geproduseer as koeie wat kontrole hawerkuilvoer ontvang het (16.7 kg/dag). Die toediening van 'n melksuurbakteriese-inokulant het kuilvoer kwaliteit en diereproduksie verbeter. Hierdie studie wys duidelike verskille uit tussen kuilvoer wat in bunkersilos onder kommersiele toestande ingekuil is, en kuilvoer wat in laboratoriumsilos gemaak is. Wanneer die effek van kuilvoerbymiddels op die aerobiese stabiliteit van kuilvoer bepaal word behoort finale evaluasie gedoen te word op kuilvoer gemaak in bunkersilos soos onder plaastoestande plaasvind. Evaluasie van kuilvoerbymiddels behoort inname en diereproduksiestudies in te sluit.

Conocemos como escritura visigótica la escritura latina empleada entre los siglos VIII y XIII en los territorios que antes formaron el antiguo reino visigodo. Desde finales del siglo pasado, una vez establecidas sus características formales básicas (variantes, morfología, sistema abreviativo, evolución, etc.) y discutido sobre su posible origen (genético, cronológico y geográfico), los estudios publicados sobre escritura visigótica se han centrado principalmente en profundizar en el análisis de las características gráficas regionales propias de ésta. El estudio de este aspecto es de gran importancia al permitir la localización geográfica de todas aquellas fuentes que, analizadas aisladas, no podemos adscribir con seguridad a un centro de producción específico, como los códices sin colofón o los fragmentos. Podemos comparar sus características gráficas con las de aquellas fuentes que podemos datar y localizar geográficamente, como los diplomas, para construir un contexto completo que nos permita continuar con el estudio de este tipo de escritura, su evolución y entorno cultural. Las dos primeras variantes regionales en identificarse fueron la mozárabe y la asturleonesa a finales del siglo XIX, poco después la portuguesa, la catalana y la septimana o narbonesa. Sin embargo, a pesar del gran volumen de documentación altomedieval conservada para el antiguo Reino de Galicia, el examen minucioso de las fuentes manuscritas en este tipo de escritura de origen gallego aún no se había realizado, y, en consecuencia, se ha mantenido la idea de que ésta no presenta unos rasgos específicos suficientes para merecer un estudio concreto que permitiría separar este núcleo como independiente del asturleonés, en el que tradicionalmente se ha venido incluyendo. Así, la finalidad principal de esta tesis doctoral se ha centrado en esta tarea pendiente: el estudio de las fuentes conservadas en escritura visigótica de origen gallego a través del ejemplo representativo de la diócesis de Lugo: (i) reunir el corpus de fuentes manuscritas conservadas para este tipo de escritura y de esta zona, (ii) identificar los principales centros de producción (escuelas catedralicia y monástica), (iii) distinguir los autores materiales de estos testimonios y relacionarlos con cada centro-escuela, (iv) especificar la cronología extrema de uso de la escritura visigótica en sus principales variantes por centro de producción, (v) determinar el porcentaje de uso de cada variante dentro de este período, (vi) identificar las características que parecen específicas de esta zona, (vii) estudiar la evolución gráfica de cada variante y (viii) comparar los resultados, cronología y características formales, con las particularidades de este tipo de escritura en otros centros.
We know as Visigothic script the Latin script used between around the 8th and 13th centuries in the territories that formed the ancient Visigothic kingdom. Since the end of last century, once established its basic graphical characteristics (variants, morphology, abbreviations, evolution, etc.) and discussed about its possible origin (genetic, chronological and geographical), the published studies about this kind of writing have focused on further analysis of the regional characteristics. The study of this aspect is very important to allow the geographic location of all those sources which, analyzed in isolation, we can not ascribe with certainty to a specific production center, such as codices without colophon or fragments. We can compare their graphic features with those of the scriptures that we can date and locate geographically, such as diplomas, to build a complete context allowing us to continue with the study of this writing, its evolution and all the cultural aspects related to these sources. The first two differentiated areas were the Mozarabic and the Leonese in the late 19th century, and soon after the Portuguese and the Catalan and southern France ones. But we still have work to do. Despite the large volume of documentation preserved in Visigothic script of the ancient Kingdom of Galicia, the detailed examination of these sources had not yet been done. Consequently, has been kept the idea that this type of writing does not have specific features in this area enough to deserve a specific study and separate this as independent of the Leonese, in which traditionally has been included. Thus, the main goal of my doctoral thesis was the beginning of the task ahead, the study of manuscript sources preserved in Visigothic script for Galicia, through the representative sample of the diocese of Lugo: (i) make a corpus of manuscript sources preserved in this kind of writing from this specific area, (ii) to identify the major production centers (cathedral and monastic training schools), (iii) distinguish the material authors of these sources and relate them to each center-school, (iv) specify a timeline for use of the Visigothic script in their main variants by center, (v) determine the percentage of use of each variant within this period, (vi) identify the characteristics which seems like specifics to this area, (vii) study the evolution of each variant and (viii) to compare the results, timing and graphics features, with the peculiarities of this kind of writing in other centers.

Nas últimas duas décadas, esforços têm sido direcionados para se compreender o papel ecológico de medusas de Scyphozoa, devido a aumentos populacionais e intensos blooms ao redor do mundo. Apesar de medusas de Rhizostomeae, causarem os mais intensos blooms recentemente reportados, quase nada se conhece sobre seu papel ecológico. O objetivo desta tese foi descrever as bases morfológicas e funcionais da alimentação de Lychnorhiza lucerna Haeckel, 1880 (Rhizostomeae), para se compreender seu papel predatório e suas interações tróficas. O projeto investigou (i) o desenvolvimento inicial de medusas de L. lucerna, com foco nos mecanismos locomotor-alimentar (ii) a dieta, seletividade alimentar e os potenciais impactos predatórios da espécie e (iii) a estrutura trófica de um sistema estuarino conservado, para compreender o papel ecológico e relações tróficas entre organismos gelatinosos e peixes. A abordagem metodológica envolveu: i- métodos videográficos em alta velocidade, para a quantificação de parâmetros biomecânicos em animais de diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento; ii- coletas de animais e plâncton na superfície da água para a quantificação de conteúdos estomacais no estudo de dieta, seletividade e taxas alimentares ao longo do litoral do estado São Paulo e Paraná; e iii- a análise de isótopos estáveis (δ13C e δ15N) de tecidos de consumidores (mesozooplâncton, gelatinoso, outros invertebrados e peixes) do estuário de Cananéia, São Paulo. A ontogenia inicial de éfiras de L. lucerna envolve mudanças na umbrela e o desenvolvimento dos braços orais filtradores. No ambiente fluido ao redor das éfiras (6 mm de diâmetro umbrelar) as forças de viscosidade são relativamente importantes (Re<100). Por isso, os fluxos gerados pelas pulsações umbrelares rapidamente se dissipam, antes de atingirem as superfícies distais nos braços orais. O mecanismo de transporte de presas através das pulsações da umbrela só foi observado a partir do aumento ontogenético da força da pulsação (>10 mm) proporcionando um ambiente dominado pelas forças inerciais (Re>300). Em adultos, as pulsações umbrelares produzem vórtices que escoam fluidos para os braços orais, os quais retêm partículas através de um mecanismo aderente e filtrador. Medusas de Rhizostomeae possuem as pulsações de umbrela mais robustas entre as cifomedusas, porém as velocidades máximas dos vórtices (∼10 cm*s−1) de L. lucerna (<7 cm) são de 3 a 5 vezes menores que a velocidade de escape dos copépodes calanóides. Embora essa diferença possa sugerir sucesso aos copépodes para escapar, tanto as sequências de vídeo, quanto os conteúdos estomacais demonstraram que essas presas podem ser capturadas e ingeridas em quantidades similares às suas densidades no ambiente. Copépodes podem falhar na detecção do predador, sendo transportados contra as estruturas de captura de presas, mesmo se tiverem velocidades que permitiriam sua fuga. A interação de presas com os vórtices das pulsações é complexa e presas podem saltar em ângulos que resultam em captura pelos braços orais. Através da análise de conteúdo estomacal foram encontrados 43 taxa compondo a dieta de L. lucerna, dos quais, copépodes representaram ∼80% da composição numérica. A medusa é um predador generalista, com a dieta predominantemente similar à disponibilidade de mesozooplâncton. A capacidade de L. lucerna capturar os evasivos copépodes calanóides (Paracalanus spp. e Acartia spp.) aumenta com seu tamanho, devido ao aumento na força de suas correntes alimentares. Taxas alimentares da medusa variaram de 110 a 102871 copépodes ingeridos medusa −1 dia−1. Com essas taxas, estimou-se que uma agregação de L. lucerna reportada no norte da Argentina (14 indiv. 100 m−3) poderia ingerir de 6 a 12% do estoque de copépodes dia−1, demonstrando o potencial impacto predatório de blooms da espécie. Aumentos populacionais de L. lucerna certamente seriam deletérios para o recrutamento de diversas espécies de peixes, que habitam águas costeiras estuarinas quando juvenis. A análise de isótopos estáveis revelou que o nicho isotópico ocupado por L. lucerna e o de outros gelatinosos zooplanctívoros, se sobrepõe aos nichos de peixes e outros consumidores de hábito alimentar semelhante. Pouco se sabe sobre dinâmicas compensatórias em ecossistemas costeiros subtropicais. No entanto, devido a sua biomassa, hábitos alimentares generalistas e seu impacto predatório, L. lucerna é um forte candidato a repor estoques de peixes em declínio, de nicho trófico similar. Atualmente não existem indícios de que populações de L. lucerna estejam aumentando. As informações aqui apresentadas representam um avanço no conhecimento da biologia alimentar da espécie e sobre suas interações, que são essenciais para se conhecer as consequências de seus blooms e de possíveis aumentos populacionais. No entanto, muitas outras informações abordando outros aspectos (e.g. reprodutivos) e em escala populacional (e.g. biomassa, sazonalidade) ainda são necessários para uma compreensão mais completa sobre o papel da espécie no ecossistema.
During the past three decades, efforts have been focused in order to understand the ecological role of scyphomedusae, due to population increases around the world. Despite Rhizostomeae medusae cause the most intense recently reported blooms, almost nothing is known about their feeding mechanisms, their trophic impacts and their ecological role. The goal of this thesis was to describe the morphological and functional bases of feeding in Lychnorhiza lucerna Haeckel, 1880 (Rhizostomeae), in order to understand its predatory role and trophic interactions. The project investigated: i- the early development of L. lucerna, focusing on swimming-feeding mechanisms; ii- the diet, prey selectivity, and the potential predatory impact of this species, and (iii) the trophic structure of a relatively pristine ecosystem, in order to understand trophic relationships between gelatinous zooplankton species and fish. The methodological approach included: i- high-speed videography for quantification of biomechanical parameters of swimming medusae at a range of developmental stages; ii- samplings of animals and plankton in surface waters for quantification of gut contents, prey selectivity and feeding rates along the coast of São Paulo and Paraná states; and ii- stable isotope analyses (δ13C and δ15N) in tissues of consumers (mesozooplankton, gelatinous, other invertebrates and fish) in the estuary of Cananéia, São Paulo. The early ontogeny of ephyrae involves changes in bell and development of filter-feeding oral arms. In the fluid environment around the ephyrae (<6mm bell diameter) the viscous forces are relatively important (Re <100). Therefore, the flows generated by bell pulsations quickly dissipate before reaching the distal surfaces of the oral arms. The transport mechanism via bell pulsations was not observed until ontogenetic increase in the strength of the pulsations (>10mm) providing an environment dominated by inertial forces (Re> 300). In adults bell pulsations produce vortices that induce flows through oral arms, which retain particles by sticking and sieving mechanisms. Rhizostomeae jellyfish have the most robust bell pulsations among scyphomedusae, but maximum velocities of the vortices (∼10cm s-1) of L. lucerna (<70mm) are still 3 to 5 times slower than escape velocity of calanoid copepods. Although this difference may suggest success for copepods to escape, both video sequences, and gut contents revealed that these prey can be captured and eaten at similar proportions as their field density. Copepods may fail to detect the predator, being transported against prey capture structures, even if they perform velocities that usually allow escaping. The interaction of prey with vortices is complex and prey may jump at angles that result in captures by oral arms. Through the analysis of gut contents (N=40) 43 taxa were found composing the diet of L. lucerna, of which, copepods comprised ∼80% of numerical abundance. This medusa is a generalist predator, since its diet was mostly similar to field mesozooplankton availability. Its ability to capture evasive calanoid copepods (Paracalanus spp. and Acartia spp.) increases with medusa size, as a consequence of increasingly stronger feeding currents. Feeding rates ranged from 110 to 102871 copepods eaten medusa−1 day−1. At these rates, it was estimated that an aggregation of L. lucerna reported in northern Argentina (14 ind. 100 m−3) could consume 6-12% of the copepods standing stock day−1, demonstrating the potential predatory impact of the species\' blooms. Population increases of L. lucerna would certainly be detrimental to the recruitment of many fishes that inhabit estuarine coastal waters when juveniles. Stable isotope analyses revealed that the isotopic niche occupied by L. lucerna and by other gelatinous zooplanktivores, overlaps with niches of fishes, and other consumers of similar feeding habits. Little is known about compensatory dynamics in subtropical coastal ecosystems. However, due to its biomass, generalist feeding habits, and predatory impact, L. lucerna is a strong contender to replace depleted fish stocks of similar trophic niche. Currently there is no evidence that L. lucerna populations are increasing. The information presented here represents an advance in the knowledge of the species, its interactions, which are key in order to understand the consequences of its blooms and of possible population increases. However, many other information addressing other aspects (e.g. reproduction) and at population level (e.g. seasonality, biomass) are needed for a more complete understanding of the species role in the ecosystem.

L'abbaye cistercienne de Lucelle (68480, Ht-Rhin) a été fondée en 1123 / 1124, aux confins des parlers roman et germanique, et au carrefour d'entités géopolitiques (comtés) et de deux diocèses. En deux siècles et demi elle s'est dotée d'un important tempore. Trois régions lui ont fourni sa base géographique médiévale, le Haut-Doubs, l'Ajoie et surtout la Haute-Alsace. Lucelle a eu 2 granges et celliers ruraux, le total ayant varié dans le temps. L'abbaye a exploité également 3 granges salicoles dans le Haut-Doubs. Les cisterciens de Lucelle sont devenus des acteurs importants de la vie urbaine. Ils investirent une dizaine de villes qui abritaient foires et marchés et créèrent 8 cours urbaines. Ils y acquirent un patrimoine immobilier et foncier de première importance. L'abbaye a possédé également une vingtaine d'églises et de nombreuses dîmes. Au cours du XIIIe siècle, Lucelle a changé son système économique en passant progressivement à une économie de type seigneurial. En 1300, il ne restait plus en faire-valoir direct qu'un terra et cinq noyaux de granges, dont les deux fermes à proximité du monastère. Les causes de cette mutation sont davantage à relier à l'adaptation progressive à une nouvelle conception économique qu'à la pression de difficultés financières et à la raréfaction de la main-d 'oeuvre fournie par les convers. La seconde moitié du XIIIe siècle a été pour Lucelle le temps de l'apogée économique. Et cette réussite quelque peu atypique ne se démentira pas jusque vers 1365 environ. Entre 1250 et 1350, l'abbaye a quasiment doublé son temporel
The Cistercian abbey of Lucelle (68480, Ht-Rhin) was founded in 1123/1124, on the borders of Romance and Germanic languages, and at the junction of geopolitical entities (earldoms) and of two dioceses. It acquired in two centuries and a half of an important temporal. Three regions/areas provided it its medieval geographical basis, the Haut-Doubs, the Ajoie and especially the Haute-Alsace. Lucelle had 26 rural barns and storerooms (wine cel/ars), the total varied in the past. The abbey ran 3 salt barns in the Haut-Doubs as well. The Cistercians of Lucelle became major actors of the urban life. They settled about ten cities which accomodated trade fairs and markets and created 8 urban courts. They acquired there property and land patrimony of great value. The abbey owned twenty or 50 churches and numerous tithes as well. In the course of the XIII century, Lucelle changed its economic system moving progressively to a seigniorial-type economy. In the 1300, the only remaining « direct» were a terra and five barns with their own land, including the 2 barns close to the monastery. The reasons of this change are more linked to the progressive adaptation to a new economic system than to the pressure of financial difficulties and to the short supply of workforce provided by the lays. The second half of the XIII century was for Lucelle the time of an economic peak. And its rather atypical success would last up about 1365. Between 1250 and 1350, the abbey almost doubled its temporal

Information Retrieval (IR) plays a key role in serving large communities of users who are in need of relevant answers for their search queries. IR encompasses various search models to address different requirements and has introduced a variety of supporting tools to improve effectiveness and efficiency. â Searchâ is the key focus of IR. The classic search methodology takes an input query, processes it, and returns the result as a ranked list of documents. However, this approach is not the most effective method to support the task of finding document associations (relationships between concepts or queries) both for direct or indirect relationships. The Stepping Stones and Pathways (SSP) retrieval methodology supports retrieval of ranked chains of documents that support valid relationships between any two given concepts. SSP has many potential practical and research applications, which are in need of a tool to find connections between two concepts. The early SSP â proof-of-conceptâ implementation could handle only 6000 documents. However, commercial search applications will have to deal with millions of documents. Hence, addressing the scalability limitation becomes extremely important in the current SSP implementation in order to overcome the limitations on handling large datasets. Research on various commercial search applications and their scalability indicates that the Lucene search tool kit is widely used due to its support for scalability, performance, and extensibility features. Many web-based and desktop applications have used this search tool kit to great success, including Wikipedia search, job search sites, digital libraries, e-commerce sites, and the Eclipse Integrated Development Environment (IDE). The goal of this research is to re-implement SSP in a scalable way, so that it can work for larger datasets and also can be deployed commercially. This work explains the approach adopted for re-implementation focusing on scalable indexing, searching components, new ways to process citations (references), a new approach for query expansion, document clustering, and document similarity calculation. The experiments performed to test the factors such as runtime and storage proved that the system can be scaled up to handle up to millions of documents.
Master of Science

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This dissertation approaches the biography of the banker, journalist and politician Fábio Pereira de Lucena Bittencourt (1940-1987), and proposes a reflection regarding his political practice in the historical context, and in the political field in which he acted. Our purpose was to seek in its journalistic and political activity during the period studied, an understanding of the Brazilian conjuncture during the military dictatorship and its slow process of redemocratization. Our main objective is to analyze the political trajectory of Fábio Lucena. Lucena's political practice coincides with the transition from military dictatorship in Brazil (1964-1985) to a democratic regime. In this sense, the analysis of its trajectory can contribute to the understanding of this emblematic moment of the History of Brazil.
Esta dissertação aborda a biografia do bancário, jornalista e político Fábio Pereira de Lucena Bittencourt (1940-1987), e propõe-se a refletir sua atuação política no contexto histórico e no campo político em que atuou. Nosso propósito foi o de buscar, em sua atividade jornalística e política no período estudado, uma compreensão da conjuntura brasileira durante a ditadura militar e seu lento processo de redemocratização. Nosso objetivo central tem como foco a análise da trajetória política de Fábio Lucena. A atuação política de Lucena coincide com o processo de transição da ditadura militar no Brasil (1964-1985) para um regime democrático. Nesse sentido, a análise de sua trajetória poderá contribuir para a compreensão desse momento emblemático da História do Brasil.