Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Lubricating textured”

Neste trabalho foram conduzidos experimentos de laboratório no intuito de avaliar o efeito da textura superficial no desempenho de óleos lubrificantes aditivados e não aditivados. Os materiais envolvidos nos ensaios são referentes a materiais de anel e camisa de motores de combustão interna e as condições de superfície envolveram processamentos de lixamento e retífica, bem como texturização de microcavidades a laser. Os ensaios foram do tipo alternado, com regime limítrofe de lubrificação. Inicialmente foram feitas análises sobre a metodologia utilizada para o cálculo do coeficiente de atrito em ensaios alternados, mostrando que os valores fornecidos diretamente pelo equipamento (aqui chamados de coeficiente de atrito pico a pico) não foram efetivos para este estudo, pois apresentam alta dispersão entre as réplicas dos ensaios e não é representativo em termos de eficiência do tribossistema. Foram geradas microcavidades nas superfícies de alguns blocos de ferro-fundido mediante texturização a laser. Esta texturização gerou rebarbas que foram retiradas por um processo de lixamento. Com isso, uma parte dos resultados avaliou o efeito do lixamento nos parâmetros de rugosidade, no entanto que o processo acaba por aumentar os valores de raio de aspereza e reduzir a altura média dos picos. Por fim, ensaios com óleo sem aditivo tiveram formação de óxido em todas as condições de superfície, com pouca variação do coeficiente de atrito. Já nos ensaios com óleo aditivado, os resultados mostraram pouca influência das microcavidades e maior contribuição das características de picos (raio e altura) na formação de tribofilmes redutores de atrito (neste caso MoS2).<br>This work was conducted by experimental tests in order to evaluate the effect of surface texture on fully formulated oil and base-oil performance. In these tests, the materials were related to the piston ring and cylinder, in which surfaces were sanded, grounded and textured by laser. In addition, the tests were carried out by reciprocating movement and boundary conditions. A coefficient of friction study in reciprocating tests was performed, showing that peak-to-peak methodology does not represent properly the tribosystem efficiency. Burr was generated around the dimples (made by laser surface texturing), in which were removed by sanded process. The results showed that sanded process increased the peak radius and decreased the peak height. The results considering the base oil showed oxide formation on the surface in all the cases, occurring low variation of friction coefficient in the system. On the other hand, in the fully formulated oil results, the dimples had no influence on MoS2 formation; however, it was possible to see a strong relation with the radius and average height of the asperities.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Kentucky, 2005.<br>Title from document title page (viewed on November 9, 2005). Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 85 p. : ill. Includes abstract and vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 83-84).

Tato disertační práce se zabývá vlivem mělkých mikro-textur na tření a tloušťku filmu v mazaných nekonformních kontaktech za extrémních podmínek a za podmínek hladovění kontaktu. Měření byla realizována na tribometru v konfiguraci ball-on-disk. Kontakt byl pozorován pomocí vysokorychlostní kamery. Pro stanovení součinitele tření byl využit snímač krouticího momentu. V této studii byly popsány dva typy mikrotextur – mikrovtisky a příčné mikrodrážky. Výsledky naznačují, že za podmínek hladovění vedou mikrovtisky ke snížení tření a to díky nárůstu tloušťky mazacího filmu. Mechanismus doplňování mikrovtisků čerstvým mazivem je pravděpodobně způsoben kapilárními jevy ve vstupní oblasti. Třecí plochy s příčnými mikrodrážkami, jejichž délka byla menší než průměr Hertzova kontaktu, potom obecně vykazovaly lepší tribologické parametry ve srovnání s hladkými povrchy. Příčné mikrodrážky vedly k výraznému nárůstu tloušťky mazacího filmu za podmínek hladovění i za extrémních provozních podmínek (protisměrný pohyb). Numerické simulace přechodových jevů příčných mikrodrážek ukázaly dobrou shodu s experimentálními výsledky.

A thorough investigation on the existing hydrodynamic lubrication theories and the reverse pumping theories for the conventional lip seal is conducted. On that basis, the algorithms and the methods used in the numerical modeling of the conventional lip seal are modified and applied to the study of the lip seal running against surface textured shafts. For each step of the study, the numerical model is benchmarked against the experimental results. Important physical mechanisms which explain the reverse pumping ability of the triangular surface structures are revealed. Meanwhile, the accuracy of the numerical model is tested. In general, the numerical simulation results match the experimental observation well. However, there are several important discrepancies. For each discrepancy the possible causes are discussed, which benefits the further attempts of the modeling work on the lip seal running against surface textured shafts. The conclusions of this study themselves can be used as a guidance to the design of the surface textured shafts for the lip seal applications. Finally the limitation of the current theories and the modeling methods are discussed and reasonable improvements which can be done are proposed for the future work.

In order to achieve enhanced and cost-effective performance of engineering components, Surface Engineering embraces traditional and innovative surface technologies which modify the surface properties of metallic and non-metallic engineering components for specific and sometime unique engineering purposes. The surface roughness of an engineered surface may be classified as: the random surface roughness which is a product of surface finishing and the deterministic surface roughness which is engineered to increase the lubrication characteristics of the hydro dynamically lubricated thrust ring. The effect of stochastic/random roughness can not be ignored when the roughness is of the same amplitude as that of fluid film thickness. Average flow model derived in terms of flow factors which are functions of the roughness characteristics is used to study the random surface roughness effects on hydrodynamic lubrication of deterministic asperity. In addition, the effect of boundary conditions on flow factors is studied by calculating the pressure and shear flow factor using two different new boundary conditions. The results are obtained for random surface roughness having a Gaussian distribution of roughness heights.

La thèse vise à prédire l’adhérence des chaussées contaminées par des particules fines. Ces particules se déposent sur la chaussée pendant les périodes sèches et agissent, seules ou se mélangeant avec l’eau de pluie, comme un lubrifiant à l’interface pneu/chaussée. La démarche de recherche est basée sur l’approche du troisième corps en distinguant les phases de dépôt et de lessivage des particules par la pluie. Les particules sont caractérisées par leur distribution granulométrique et leurs compositions chimique et minéralogique. L’étude est menée à trois échelles : globale, par des mesures de frottement et de masses du troisième corps (particules pendant le dépôt et le mélange eau/particules pendant le lessivage) ; dans l’aire de contact par des analyses de flux du troisième corps ;et au niveau des particules par des observations au MEB. Les flux de particules pendant la phase de dépôt sont identifiés par des visualisations avec une caméra rapide. L’interaction entre les particules et la texture de la chaussée est mise en évidence par des observations microscopiques. La modélisation des flux permet d’estimer le taux de recouvrement d’une surface qui, à son tour, est utilisé comme un facteur de pondération pour calculer le coefficient de frottement pendant la phase de dépôt. En présence d’eau, la fraction volumique des particules est utilisée pour estimer la viscosité du mélange. Le coefficient de frottement pendant la phase de lessivage dépend de cette viscosité et du taux de recouvrement de la surface. Les résultats sont discutés en termes d’influence des caractéristiques des particules(concentration, taille) et de la texture de la chaussée<br>The thesis aims to predict the skid resistance of road surfaces contaminated by fine particles. These particles are deposited on the road during dry periods and act, alone or mixing with rainwater, as a lubricant at the tire / road interface. The research methodology is based on the third body approach by distinguishing the phases of deposit and washing of particles by rain. Particles are characterized by their size distribution and their chemical and mineralogical compositions. The study is conducted at three scales: global, by measurements of friction and third body masses (particles during the deposit phase and the water / particles mixture during the washing phase); in the contact area by analyses of third body flows; and at the particle level by SEM observations. Particle flows during the deposit phase are identified by visualizations with a high-speed camera. The interaction between the particles and the road surface texture is highlited by microscopic observations. Flow modeling is used to estimate the coverage rate of a surface that, in turn, is used as a weighting factor to calculate the coefficient of friction during the deposit phase. In the presence of water, the volume fraction of the particles is used to estimate the viscosity of the mixture. The coefficient of friction during the washing phase depends on this viscosity and the coverage rate of the surface. Results are discussed in terms of the influence of particle characteristics (concentration,size) and road surface texture

The Piston Ring - Cylinder Liner (PRCL) contact is the single largest contributor to frictional losses in an internal combustion (IC) engine, causing 20-40% of all mechanical losses. If these mechanical losses can be reduced by 10% then vehicle fuel efficiency could be increased by approximately 1.5-2.5%. In todays automotive industry fuel efficiency is one of the most important factors in vehicle design due to increasing concerns about energy security, increasing fuel prices and climate change. The objective of this project is to optimise the cylinder surface texture, which when referring to cylinder liners in this work means the cross-hatch grooves left by the honing process.This work focuses on simulation techniques that can be used to help optimize cylinder liner surface texture to reduce friction while at the same time minimizing oil consumption and wear. Cylinder liner surface topography is investigated with a range of measurement techniques in order to reveal all the important features of the existing surface. Different ways of characterizing surface topography based on both traditional height averaging parametersand functional parameters calculated for a range of different surface measurements are discussed. The different characterization techniques are compared to find the most appropriate way of quantitatively describing surface topographies.A full engine cycle simulation of the PRCL contact has been developed. A homogenization technique was implemented for solving the Reynolds equation. This is a two scale approach where surface roughness is treated on the local scale and surface texture plus global geometry on the global scale. A method for generating artificial surface topography based on real surface measurement data was developed. This allows for the possibility of simulating a wide range of new surface topographies in order to investigate their potential for reducing friction and minimising oil consumption and wear.<br>Godkänd; 2010; 20101115 (spencer); LICENTIATSEMINARIUM Ämnesområde: Maskinelement/Machine Elements Examinator: Professor Roland Larsson, Luleå tekniska universitet Diskutant: Professor Michel Cervantes, Luleå tekniska universitet Tid: Fredag den 17 december 2010 kl 13.00 Plats: E231, Luleå tekniska universitet

Improving vehicle efficiency and complying to stricter exhaust emission legislations are some of the driving factors to advancement in technology of engine components. The main bearings in an internal combustion engine contribute significant amount of friction. These bearings support engine loads and allow free rotation of the crankshaft. The bearings consist of a steel backing, a lining material and an optional overlay. The overlays help to minimize friction and enhance seizure resistance during adverse operating conditions. The aim of the thesis is to study the friction and wear performance of five multi-layered bearings with various overlays. A bi-metal bearing is used as the reference for comparison. Additionally, influence of two shaft surface textures are also studied comparing to the standard shaft surface finish. A modified twin-disc test rig is used to evaluate tribological performance of the bearing system. Forced misalignment tests were also performed to simulate edge contact conditions, which occur in an engine due to shaft deflection, asymmetrical loading and other factors. The bearing surface profiles were measured using an optical interferometer. The test setup showed good repeatability and consistent results. Relative friction and wear performance are compared and the bearings are ranked accordingly. One bearing type with a polymer and MoS2 overlay showed the best overall performance. This bearing combined with a plateau textured shaft further lowered the friction coefficient by 3 % in boundary and mixed lubrication regime.

Le contact Segment-Piston-Chemise (SPC) est essentiel pour la réduction des émissions de CO2 et de polluants dans les moteurs automobile. Pour optimiser ces deux contraintes antagonistes, il est nécessaire d’étudier l’influence de la microgéométrie afin de trouver de nouvelles architectures de ce contact. L’étude expérimentale étant très coûteuse, il est impératif de pouvoir modéliser les performances du contact SPC. Les méthodes multigrilles permettent de réduire considérablement les temps de calcul. Pour le contact SPC, les méthodes multigrilles classiques perdent leur efficacité en présence de texture. Un nouvel algorithme, basé sur des idées développées par Alcouffe et al. a été conçu qui permet l’étude du contact hydrodynamique en présence de texturation importante. Il a été validé par comparaison avec un modèle analytique 1D, ses performances ont été étudiées et une première étude de l’influence des paramètres sur la portance pour une surface striée a été faite. L’algorithme a ensuite été modifié pour imposer la conservation des flux. Un processus de relaxation plus proche de la physique du phénomène est utilisé. Le code obtenu n’atteint pas l’efficacité multigrille optimale. Cependant sa convergence est suffisamment rapide pour étudier l’influence de pores pour le segment plat et montrer l’importance d’une texturation partielle. Pour finir, le terme transitoire de l’équation de Reynolds est pris en compte. Pour un segment parabolique et une chemise striée, l’influence des paramètres des stries (profondeur, largeur, distance et angle des stries) sur la variation moyenne de la hauteur de film par rapport à une surface lisse est analysée<br>The piston ring cylinder liner (PRCL) contact is essential in the CO2 and pollutant emission reduction in internal combustion engine. These two constraints being antagonistic, a compromise has to be found and it is necessary to study the microgeometry influence in order to find new PRCL contact architectures. As experimental study can be very expensive, modeling PRCL contact performance becomes crucial. Multigrid methods allow a huge reduction of the computational time. Unfortunately, in presence of texture, classical multigrid efficiency decays significantly and are not usable. A new algorithm based on an approach developed by Alcouffe et al. was designed that allows the study of the hydrodynamic lubrication of this contact even in the case of a highly varying geometry due to the texture. The obtained code was validated by comparison with a 1D analytical model, its performance was evaluated and a first study of an analytic cross hatched geometry parameter influence on the load carrying capacity was completed. The code was modified to include flow conservation. A relaxation process based closer to the physics phenomenon is used. The code efficiency is not the one that is expected from multigrid technics. However it convergence is sufficiently fast to study the dimple influence for the oil control ring and show the importance of partial texturing. Finally the transient term of the Reynolds equation is accounted for. In the case of a parabolic ring and for a cross hatched liner, the influence of the groove parameters ( depth, width, distance and groove angle) on the average minimum film thickness with respect to the smooth case is analyzed

La texturation de surface est une thématique récente qui suscite un certain engouement pour les contacts dynamiques. Pendant de nombreuses années, les tribologues ont privilégié les surfaces lisses aux faibles rugosités pour limiter le frottement. Inspiré des rugosités de surface organisées observées dans la nature, les topologies de surfaces sont désormais axées sur la texturation et la structuration des rugosités. Fort de ce potentiel, de nombreuses études traitent, par une approche numérique, la modélisation de ces surfaces et les études expérimentales sont rares, avec une instrumentation souvent insuffisante pour appréhender tous les phénomènes physiques. Par une approche expérimentale, nous analysons le comportement des butées hydrodynamiques à faces parallèles partiellement texturées. Les 80 capteurs équipant le dispositif d'essais permettent d'apprécier avec rigueur la phénoménologie à l'interface du patin et du film lubrifiant. L'analyse met l'accent sur la capabilité de ce composant à être intégré dans un environnement industriel. Afin d'objectiver les résultats, les campagnes d'essais sont menées sur dix butées hydrodynamiques dont quatre sont munies de texturation. Une comparaison de ces butées facilite leur classement en termes de capacité de charge, de réduction de frottement ou encore de risque d'usure dans les phases de démarrage. Pour les configurations étudiées, les butées texturées ne peuvent concurrencer les butées à poches ou à plans inclinés du point de vue de la capacité de charge. En se référant à une butée à faces parallèles, les butées texturées permettent une réduction du frottement de 30% à faibles charges tandis que pour de fortes charges, les<br>Surface texturing is a recent topic which has raised a great interest in contact dynamics. For many years, engineers have favored smooth surfaces with low roughness in order to minimize friction losses. Inspired by textured surfaces which can be commonly found in nature, the research in surface topography is now focused on texturing and roughness characterization. Considering the great potential of surface texturing, many research studies analyze this subject, most commonly theoretically, while experimental works are often performed with inadequate equipment which does not allow a proper evaluation of the involved physical phenomena. This study uses an experimental approach in order to analyze the behavior of hydrodynamic thrust bearings with parallel textured pads. The experimental device is equipped with 80 sensors which allow a proper assessment of the phenomenology at the film/pad interface. This analysis focuses on the capability of this textured component to be integrated in an industrial environment. To objectify the results, the tests are conducted on ten hydrodynamic thrust bearings, among which four are textured. The comparison between the performances of these bearings facilitates their classification in terms of load-carrying capacity, friction loss and wears resistance during the start-up period. Results show that for the studied configurations, the textured thrust bearings cannot compete with pocketed or tapered land thrust bearings in terms of load-carrying capacity. In the case of parallel thrust bearings, surface texturing can help to reduce friction up to 30% at low loads while for heavy loads, their performance is equivalent or even lower than that of

L'objectif principal de cette thèse est de conduire, à travers une étude théorique et expérimentale, vers une meilleure compréhension des différents effets induits par la texturation de surface dans un contact lubrifié. Le but ultime est de proposer un motif de texture qui permette de réduire le frottement et le niveau de fuite d'une garniture mécanique. L'étude bibliographique a permis d'identifier les différents travaux théoriques et expérimentaux réalisés sur la lubrification en présence de textures, les phénomènes physiques interagissant avec les textures et les différentes méthodes utilisées pour leur mise en forme. Une étude théorique utilisant un modèle conservatif basé sur l'équation de Reynolds est ensuite présentée. Dans la première partie de cette étude, les faces de frottement sont supposées parfaitement parallèles et les effets thermoélastiques sont négligés. Dans la seconde partie, les échanges de chaleur avec les anneaux et les déformations thermoélastiques sont pris en compte. Une étude paramétrique a permis de mieux comprendre l'influence des paramètres géométriques des textures, des défauts de formes et des déformations thermoélastiques des faces sur le fonctionnement de la garniture. En outre, cette étude a permis de définir une texture capable d'améliorer significativement les performances d'une garniture mécanique. Des essais expérimentaux ont ensuite été réalisés avec une garniture mécanique texturée et une garniture mécanique non texturée. Des mesures de couple de frottement et des relevés de température effectués par thermographie infrarouge ont montré que l'utilisation des textures permet de réduire de manière significative la température et le couple de frottement par rapport à une garniture à surfaces lisses. Enfin, une comparaison théorie/expérimentation a permis de valider le modèle développé qui prédit de façon correcte le comportement de la garniture texturée<br>The main objective of this thesis is to lead, through a theoretical and experimental study, to a better understanding of the various effects induced by surface texturing in lubricated contacts. The ultimate goal is to provide a texture pattern that reduces friction and leakage of a mechanical seal. The literature review identified different theoretical and experimental works performed on lubrication in the presence of textures, physical phenomena interacting with textures and the different methods used for their manufacturing. A theoretical study using a conservative model based on Reynolds equation is then presented. In the first part of this study, the friction surfaces are assumed perfectly parallel and thermoelastic effects are neglected. ln the second part, heat transfer to the rings and thermoelastic deformations are taken into account. A parametric study then allows bettering our understanding of the influence of geometrical parameters of textures, defects and thermoelastic deformations of the faces on the performance of a mechanical seal. In addition, this study has identified a texture capable of significantly improving the performance of a mechanical seal. Experimental tests were then carried out with bath textured and untextured mechanical seals. Friction torque measurements and temperature measurements achieved by means of infrared thermography have shown that the use of textures allows to significantly reduce heat and friction torque compared with a seal with smooth surfaces. Finally, a comparison theory/experiment validated the developed model that predicts correctly the behavior of the textured mechanical seal

La compréhension et la modélisation d'un contact lubrifié en présence de texturation nécessitent une description physique très fine pour comprendre les analyses contradictoires et pour expliquer les résultats très différents en terme de performance présentés dans la littérature internationale. De nombreuses études théoriques et expérimentales ont montré que la texturation des surfaces pourrait améliorer les caractéristiques tribologiques des contacts. La capacité de charge, le coefficient de frottement et la résistance à l'usure sont les principales caractéristiques susceptibles d'être améliorées. La texturation de surface fait appel à de nombreux paramètres géométriques, qui peuvent agir de façon très différente selon le contact. Enfin, les phénomènes supposés expliquer l'apport de la texturation ne font pas l'unanimité dans la communauté scientifique. Ainsi, les différentes contradictions font que ce domaine de recherche est en pleine évolution. Dans ce contexte scientifique, l'objectif principal de cette thèse est de conduire, à travers une étude théorique et numérique approfondie, vers une meilleure compréhension des effets induits par la texturation dans un contact lubrifié. Les paramètres géométriques, essentiels par rapport aux phénomènes physiques générés, font l'objet d'une analyse étendue. Les éléments théoriques obtenus à travers cette étude permettront une optimisation opérationnelle de tous types de dispositifs fonctionnant dans un milieu lubrifié. Parmi ces nombreuses applications, la butée en régime hydrodynamique a été choisie afin d'illustrer la pertinence des résultats de nos recherches.

碩士<br>國立成功大學<br>材料科學及工程學系碩博士班<br>101<br>With the development of the micro-machining process technology, manufacturing regular micro structures on surface with a high precision is feasible. While analyzing hydrodynamic lubrication effects induced by surface roughness, it requires enormous calculation time and tremendous memory space, in order to build extremely dense meshes. In some worse situations, the meshes cannot even be built. To solve the problem, averaging techniques have been developed recently. Flow factor and homogenization are the most famous averaging techniques in Tribology. Flow factor used to be a well-known method because of its characteristic to deal with random surface that cannot be dealt by homogenization. Compared to the flow factor, homogenization is based on much rigorous theories mainly deduced from reasonable boundary setting. Thus, homogenization is much more reliable than flow factor. In order to make homogenization easier to use, this paper modified the original homogenized Reynolds Equation by using curve fitting techniques and Mohr’s circle theory, which simplifies the solution process significantly. It should be noted that this is the first time curve fitting techniques have been used in homogenization. Also, some discussions about the relationship between load and several parameters of texture such as orientation, aspect ratio and density are included in this article.

碩士<br>國立中興大學<br>機械工程學系所<br>105<br>The function of the guideway is to carry the load and guide the direction of motion. The hard rail, a surface-to-surface contact guideway, is particularly employed in the situation of motion at high loading. In such a guideway, lubrication between contacted surfaces is important. Although literatures showed texture patterns, serving as lubricant reservoir, are design and fabricated based on empirical methods, it is necessary to develop a theoretical model for analyzing lubrication and friction characteristics of sliding surface with textures. In this paper, CAE software is employed to construct the lubrication and friction model for sliding surface with simple texture. First, the half-Sommerfeld boundary condition is used to simulate the cavitation effect. The effective thickness of lubricant and the corresponding friction are then computed based on the load and the bearing capacity of the oil pocket. Experiments to measure the friction forces are then conducted for comparisons. It showed that there exists an offset between theoretical results and experimental data, though both results showed the same tendency. Considering the lubricant induces an angle of attack during sliding, the friction model with an attack angle is constructed for exploring the loading capacity, which means the load is supported by both oil pocket and sliding surface. Results showed that the hydrodynamic pressure caused by the angle of attack at 1.4×10^-5 rad under 4.141 KPa surface pressure and at 8×10^-6 rad under 9.886 KPa surface pressure are close to experimental results. This research work provided a method to solve the problem in analyzing the loading and friction of sliding surfaces with textures due to tiny aspect ratio of lubricant film. The friction model for sliding surface with textures is constructed and verified its reasonability through experiments.