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1
Secrieru, Egor. "Pumping behaviour of modern concretes –". Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2018. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-234912.
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Pumping is the most efficient transportation and placing method for concrete. Despite the immense progress in the field of concrete technology in the last years, so far there are still neither official regulations nor verified theoretical foundations to be used for the assessment and accurate prediction pumping behaviour of ordinary and high performance concretes. This thesis aims at purposefully investigating pumping of modern concretes and bridging the existing knowledge gap. The main achievement of the present research is the development and verification of a sitecompliant and scientifically based methodology for characterisation and prediction of fresh concrete pumping behaviour. The research focus is set on the importance of the forming lubricating layer (LL) during pumping. Within an extended experimental program, the properties of the LL are captured and quantified. They determine the reduction of friction at the pipe wallconcrete interface and thereby govern the concrete flow. It is proven that the composition and the rheological properties of the forming LL exert an enormous impact on pumping since most of the induced shear stress by pumping pressure is concentrated in this layer. In a further step, the flow pattern of concrete is analytically and numerically determined. The concrete exhibits various principal flow types which are already defined at low flow rates: plug flow in case of strainhardening cementbased composite (SHCC), partial concrete bulk shear in ordinary concretes and pronounced bulk shear for selfcompacting concrete (SCC). The results from the fullscale pumping campaign are confronted with the existing pressure performance nomogram on the determination of pumping parameters. The nomogram’s prediction capacity is extended and verified for highly flowable concretes by replacing the slump and flow table results with the viscosity parameter of the LL. Furthermore, the challenges during pumping of concrete, inter alia, priming of the pipeline, blockage formation and final cleaning, are exemplified, and recommendations for the practitioners are provided. Finally, the transfer of the developed scientifically based and ready to use methodology on site is strongly advocated as a part of the future in situ rheology monitoring concept towards envisaged full automation of concrete production and casting processesDas Pumpen stellt die effektivste Methode für das Fördern und Einbringen von Frischbeton auf der Baustelle dar. Trotz der in den letzten Jahren erreichten deutlichen Fortschritte auf betontechnologischem Gebiet existieren für die Beurteilung der Pumpbarkeit von Beton bisher weder offiziell gültige Vorschriften noch abgesicherte theoretische Grundlagen, die eine zielsichere Vorhersage des Pumpverhaltens von Normal- als auch Hochleistungsbetonen ermöglichen. Die vorliegende Arbeit schließt entsprechende Wissenslücken und befasst sich gezielt mit dem Pumpen moderner Betone. Grundlegenden Erkenntnisgewinn stellt die Entwicklung einer wissenschaftlich fundierten, baustellengerechten Prüfmethodik zur Charakterisierung und Vorhersage des Pumpverhaltens von Frischbeton dar. Der Untersuchungsfokus richtet sich auf die Wirkung der sich beim Pumpvorgang ausbildenden Gleitschicht. Ein umfangreiches Untersuchungsprogramm gestattet die Erfassung und Quantifizierung der Eigenschaften dieser Schicht. Sie bestimmen infolge deutlicher Reduzierung der Reibung an der Grenzfläche zwischen Rohrwandung und Beton die Betonströmung entscheidend. Bewiesen wird, dass Betonzusammensetzung und rheologische Eigenschaften der Gleitschicht maßgebende Auswirkungen auf den Pumpvorgang haben, da sich die pumpdruckinduzierte Scherspannung in dieser Schicht konzentriert. Weiterhin erfolgt sowohl eine analytische als auch numerische Charakterisierung der Betonströmung im Rohr. Nachgewiesen wird, dass sich beim Pumpvorgang betonspezifisch unterschiedliche Strömungsarten einstellen, die bereits bei niedrigen Durchflussmengen definiert sind: Pfropfenströmung in hochduktilen Betonen, partielle Scherung des Kernbetons in Normalbetonen und signifikante Scherung in selbstverdichtenden Betonen. Aus großtechnisch durchgeführten Pumpversuchen gewonnene Ergebnisse werden dem derzeit vorhandenen, verbesserungsbedürftigen Betondruck-Leistungs-Nomogramm zur Einstellung von Parametern an der Betonpumpe gegenübergestellt. Die Vorhersagekapazität des Nomogramms kann durch den Ersatz der Ausbreit- bzw. Setzfließmaßangaben mit Viskositätsangaben der Gleitschicht erweitert und verifiziert werden. Des Weiteren werden baustellenbezogene Herausforderungen im Gesamtprozess des Betonpumpvorgangs, u. a. Vorbereitung der Rohrleitung vor dem Pumpen, Auftreten von Stopfern und Endreinigung exemplarisch dargestellt sowie Empfehlungen für die Praktiker erarbeitet. Schließlich wird der Transfer der in dieser Arbeit entwickelten wissenschaftlich basierten und anwendungsbereiten Methodik als Teil des zukünftigen Konzeptes für die in-situ Rheologie-Überwachung hinsichtlich einer angestrebten vollständigen Automatisierung von Fertigungs- und Einbringprozessen von Beton mit Nachdruck empfohlen
2
De, Soete Franz. "Ecoulement de gouttes couvertes dans une contraction". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPSLS082.
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L’écoulement de gouttes d'huile dans l’eau à travers la contraction d’un canal présente un intérêt pour de nombreuses applications telles que l’extraction de pétrole ou la microfluidique. Dans la littérature, la condition de bouchage d’un pore soumis à un gradient de pression a été largement étudiée pour les gouttes et les bulles. La relation entre le débit et la pression fait intervenir la différence des pressions de Laplace à l'avant et à l'arrière de la goutte : elle dépend donc des tensions interfaciales à l’avant et à l’arrière. La présence d'espèces adsorbées à la surface abaissant la tension interfaciale, comme des tensioactifs ou des particules colloïdales, modifie donc non seulement le seuil de bouchage mais également la valeur du débit au-dessus de ce seuil. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’étudier l’écoulement, sous gradient de pression imposé, de gouttes dont la surface est initialement saturée de tensioactifs (au-dessus de la CMC) ou de particules à travers la contraction d’un capillaire cylindrique. Nous montrons comment la mesure du débit par analyse d’images permet d’accéder sous certaines hypothèses à une mesure des tensions interfaciales. Dans le cas des tensioactifs, nous mesurons ainsi une augmentation de la tension interfaciale à l’avant qui résulte d’une compétition entre l’effet de l’accroissement de surface et celui d’un transport par effet Marangoni. Dans le cas des gouttes couvertes de particules, nous montrons que la vitesse de la goutte et le rayon des particules adsorbées à sa surface contrôlent le régime d’écoulement. A faible vitesse, le mouillage de l’huile sur la paroi du canal est observé à l’avant de la goutte ; aux vitesses plus élevées, le régime dépend de la taille des particules comparée à l’épaisseur du film de lubrification, suivant les cas, un frottement des particules sur la paroi du canal, ou un régime de lubrification visqueuse sont observés. Ces régimes sont responsables d’une accumulation plus ou moins importante des particules à l’arrière de la goutte, y diminuant la tension interfaciale et donnant lieu à différents mécanismes de déstabilisation de l’interface. Pour les deux systèmes, nous montrons que la présence d’espèces adsorbées affecte peu la condition de bouchage. En revanche, nous mesurons une augmentation du temps de passage des gouttes couvertes de tensioactifs ou de particules résultant du couplage entre l’écoulement de la goutte et les dynamiques interfacialesThe flow of oil drops in water through a constricted channel is of interest for many applications such as oil extraction or microfluidics. In the literature, the condition of pore clogging under a pressure gradient has been extensively studied for drops and bubbles. The relation between flowrate and pressure involves the difference in Laplace pressures at the front and back of the drop, and thus the interfacial tensions at the front and the back. The presence of species adsorbed on the surface lowering the interfacial tension, such as surfactants or colloidal particles, therefore modifies not only the clogging threshold but also the value of the flowrate above this threshold. The objective of this thesis is to study the flow, under an imposed pressure gradient, of drops whose surface is initially saturated with surfactants (above the CMC) or with particles, through cylindrical constricted capillaries. We show how measurements of flowrate by image analysis can provide measurements of the interfacial tensions. In the case of surfactant-laden drops, we measure an increase in the interfacial tension at the front which results from a competition between the surface expansion effects and the transport by a Marangoni effect. In the case of particle-laden drops, we show that both the velocity of the drop and the radius of the particles adsorbed on its surface control the flow regime. At low velocities, the wetting of oil on the capillary walls is observed at the front of the drop; at larger velocities, the flow depends on the particle size compared to the thickness of the lubricating film, according to this criterion either the occurence of friction of the particles on the channel walls or a viscous lubrication regime are observed. These regimes are responsible for a greater or lesser accumulation of particles at the back of the drop, decreasing the back interfacial tension and giving rise to various mechanisms of interface destabilization. For both systems, we show that the presence of adsorbed species has little effect on the clogging condition. Nevertheless, we measure an increase in the passage time of the drops covered with surfactants or particles, which results from the coupling of interfacial dynamics and flow through the contraction
3
Ritchie, Jeremey Alexander. "The Boundary Element Method in lubrication analysis". Thesis, University of Leeds, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.329039.
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VASQUEZ, JULIO RAUL SIERRA. "DRAG REDUCTION IN LAMINAR FLOW BY LUBRICATION OF GROOVED WALLS". PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2009. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=15347@1.
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COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIORObjetivo: Uma parte significativa das reservas mundiais de petróleo é encontrada na forma de óleos pesados. Estes óleos pesados possuem alta viscosidade de 100 - 10000 cP, que torna seu transporte altamente complexo e custoso. Vários métodos foram desenvolvidos para reduzir a perda de carga de escoamentos laminares de óleos de alta viscosidade. Entre os mais utilizados, pode-se citar o bombeio de um fluido de baixa viscosidade perto da parede do tubo com o óleo viscoso sendo transportado no centro, conhecido como core-annular flow. Neste trabalho, uma alternativa ao core-annular flow é estudada. O método é baseado na utilização de micro ranhuras da parede do duto preenchidas com um liquido de baixa viscosidade. Este método tem o potencial de evitar alguns dos problemas que ocorrem no uso de core-annular flow. A análise do efeito das diferentes propriedades dos fluidos, condições de operação, geometria das ranhuras na perda de carga do escoamento foi feita através de um estudo numérico e experimental. Resultados indicam as limitações e potencialidade do uso de micro ranhuras na reduçãode perda de carga de escoamento laminar.
Objective: A significant portion of the world oil reserves is found in the form of heavy oil. These oils have a high values of viscosity around 100-10000 cP, that makes their transportation complex and expensive. Several methods have been developed to reduce the pressure drop in laminar flows of high viscosity oils. Among them is the solution of pumping a liquid of lower viscosity near the pipe wall with the high viscosity oil flowing in the center. This method is known as Core-annular flow. In this work, an alternative to core-annular flow is studied. The method is based on the use of micro grooves in the pipe wall filled with a liquid of smaller viscosity. This method has the potential to elude some problems that occur with the core-annular flow method. The analysis of the drag reduction effect as a function of different fluids properties, operational conditions and geometry of the grooved walls was made using a numerical and experimental approach. Results indicate the limitations and potential of using micro grooves for drag reduction in laminar flows of high viscosity fluids.
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Blazquez, Martin Maria Isabel. "Wall friction and lubrication in powder flows". Thesis, Imperial College London, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/46678.
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Dunbrack, Geoffrey E. "Interfacial effects in visco-plastic lubrication flows". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/44933.
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Poiseuille flows with yield stress fluids produce an unyielded central plug which can act as a solid conduit surrounding central (core)
flows of Newtonian or power law fluids. Effectively, the annular yield stress fluid acts as a lubricant that isolates the core flow from wall friction. Stable flows with a yield stress annular fluid and a Newtonian or power law core fluid are termed viso-plastic lubrication (VPL) flows. This study examined interfacial effects in vertical VPL Poiseuille flows using a carbopol solution as the annular (yield stress) fluid and xanthan (inelastic shear thinning fluid) or polyethlyeneoxide (PEO; an elastic shear thinning fluid) as the core fluids. Experiments with the inelastic core fluid (xanthan) involved introducing stepped (high to low) or pulsed (high to low to high) changes in the core flow to an established stable VPL flow. Step changes produced a "yield front"
(narrowing of the core flow or "interfacial radius") that propagated upward at a velocity considerably greater than the velocity of the annular carbopol plug but close to the average velocity of the xanthan core flow following the step change. Pulsed changes in the core flow produced one of three outcomes depending on the magnitude of the flows preceding and following the step change: (1) a stable ("frozen in") deformation in the carbopol/xanthan interface that moved upward at the velocity of the carbopol plug,(2) no persistent deformation of the interface, or (3) a breakdown of the stable VPL flow characterized by extensive mixing of the core and annular flows. Experiments with the elastic core fluid (PEO) involved introducing multiple pulsed changes (high/low/high, high/low/high, ...) in the core flow to an established VPL flow. These pulsed changes typically produced linked multiple diamond shaped stable deformations ("diamond necklace") in the interface that moved upwards at the velocity of the carbopol plug. The frequency and amplitude (maximum radius) of the diamond deformations could be controlled by the timing of pulses and the respective flow rates, but not the diamond shape itself which appears to be a consequence of the complex rheology of the fluids.
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Sykes, Paul. "Lubrication flows of semi-dilute fibre suspensions". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.627460.
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Fenton, Marcus Brian Mayhall. "Flow and heat transfer modelling of an automotive engine lubrication system". Thesis, University of Warwick, 1994. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/3494/.
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This dissertation documents the thermodynamic and fluid mechanic analysis of an engine lubrication system. A comprehensive thermofluid computer model was developed to provide a flexible design analysis tool for the accurate prediction of oil pressures, flow rates and temperatures at any point within any lubrication system. Technical and financial support for the study was provided by Jaguar Cars. A comprehensive literature review revealed that the past research in this field had concentrated on either the thermofluid analysis of the lubrication system by engine testing, or the detailed analysis of individual components. A small number of computer models were developed for the flow analysis of the whole lubrication system. However, these models had limited heat transfer prediction capabilities, some requiring measured engine temperature data, and were not flexible enough to be employed as design tools. The objective of this study was to develop a flexible steady-state thermofluid design analysis tool, by integrating a flow analysis approach with a detailed analysis of the heat transfer within the engine block. Mathematical models of the thermofluid behaviour of the lubrication system components were developed and were implemented in a suite of FORTRAN computer programs which formed the design analysis package. A simple, linear flow model was initially developed to represent the system with a combination of laminar pipes, pumps, filters, journal bearings, crank-shaft transfer holes and cam bearing transfer holes. The linear program provided a rapid analysis tool, but the accuracy of the results were limited by the simplified flow characteristics of the system components. A more comprehensive and flexible non-linear flow model was developed, which solved for the unknowns with an iterative technique. Additional component models with non-linear flow characteristics, such as turbulent pipes, annular pipes, strainers, and oil coolers, were developed. The non-linear solution technique was proven to be robust and flexible and was subsequently used in all the analysis programs. The heat transfer to the oil within the pressurised part of the lubrication system is modelled by the heat transfer program. The engine block temperatures are calculated by the engine block program. This program accounts for the heat transfer to the oil splashed on to the internal surfaces of the engine. The engine geometry is represented by a series of block elements and modelled as a nodal resistance network. This capability has particular importance during the design stage, rapidly providing an estimate of the temperature profile through the engine block, results which were previously only available from expensive and slow FEA models. It was shown that both the Jaguar AJ6 and V8 engine lubrication systems could be analyzed in great detail. Engine tests showed that the predicted flow rates, pressures and temperatures were in excellent agreement with measured values. The overall accuracy of the results induced a high degree of confidence in the thermofluid model. The final analysis package was proven to be easy to use, robust, rapid, flexible and accurate. The design analysis package, developed during the course of this study, represents a unique stand-alone simulation tool which can rapidly analyze any engine lubrication system configuration. This package provides a valuable analysis tool which can be used to optimise system designs at the initial design stage and the diagnosis of performance problems during the development phase. Parametric studies can be easily carried out on the lubrication system and engine block configuration to identify areas which can enhance heat transfer to the oil. The steady-state analysis package forms an excellent platform for the development of a full transient model. This would allow a detailed analysis of the lubrication system during engine warm-up, with the aim of reducing engine emissions and determining minimum oil requirements.
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Li, Jinxia. "Lubricating grease Experiments and modeling of wall-bounded- and free-surface flows". Doctoral thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Maskinelement, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-26489.
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Lubricating grease is commonly applied to lubricate e.g. rolling bearings, sealsand gears. Grease has some clear advantages over lubricating oil: it is a semisolidmaterial, which prevents it from flowing/ leaking out from the bearingsystem and gives it sealing properties, and it also protects the system fromcontaminants and corrosion. Due to its consistency, lubricating grease has manyadditional advantages over lubricating oil: it does not require pumps, filters andsumps. However, the rheology of grease makes it more difficult to measure andstudy its flow dynamics. This study focuses on the influence of rheology ongrease flow in different geometries involving a straight channel with restrictions,concentric cylinder geometry, and free-surface flow on a rotating disc.To better understand grease flow in bearings and seals, two types of flowrestrictions were applied into the straight channel in order to simulate the flowof grease near a seal pocket. In the case of a single restriction, the horizontaldistance required for the velocity profile to fully develop is approximately thesame as the height of the channel. In the corner before and after the restriction,the velocities are very low and part of the grease is stationary. For the channelwith two flow restrictions, this effect is even more pronounced in the narrowspace between the restrictions. Clearly, a large part of the grease is not moving.This condition particularly applies in the case of a low-pressure gradient andwhere high-consistency grease is used. In practice this means that grease may belocally trapped and consequently old/contaminated grease will remain in theseal pockets.A configuration comprising a rotating shaft and two narrow gap sealing-likerestrictions (also called Double Restriction Seal, DRS) was designed to simulatea sealing contact. Two different gap heights in the DRS have been used tocompare the grease flow. It is shown that partially yielded grease flow isdetected in the large gap geometry and fully yielded grease flow in the small gapgeometry. For the small gap geometry, it is shown that three distinct grease flowregions are present: a slip layer close to the stationary wall, a bulk flow layer,and a slip layer near the rotating shaft. The shear thinning behaviour of thegrease and its wall slip effects have been determined and discussed.Free-surface flow of grease occurs in a variety of situations such as during relubrication and inside a rolling element bearing which is filled to about 30%with grease in order to prevent heavy churning. Here the reflow of lubricant tothe bearing races is a key point in the lubricant film build-up, and centrifugalforces have a direct impact on the amount of available grease. Understanding ofthe free-surface flow behaviour of grease is hence important for theunderstanding of the lubrication mechanism. Adhesion and mass loss aremeasured for greases with different rheology on different surfaces andtemperatures. It is shown that the critical speed at which the grease starts tomove is mostly determined by grease type, yield stress and temperature ratherthan surface material. A developed analytical model covers a stationary analysisof the flow resulting in solutions for the velocity profile of the grease as well as asolution for the thickness of the viscous layer remaining on the disc.Godkänd; 2014; 20141017 (jinlit); Nedanstående person kommer att disputera för avläggande av teknologie doktorsexamen. Namn: Jinxia Li Ämne: Maskinelement/Machine Elements Avhandling: Lubricating Grease Experiments and Modellingo f Wall-Bounded and Free-Surface Flours Opponent: Professor Arto Lehtovaara, University of Technology, Tampere, Finland Ordförande: Professor Erik Höglund, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Luleå tekniska universitet Tid: Fredag den 19 december 2014, kl 09.00 Plats: E632, Luleå tekniska universitet
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Iskandar, Youssef. "Optimization of minimum quantity cooling / lubrication machining of composites through flow visualization". Thesis, McGill University, 2013. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=119384.
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Modern machining involves more dependence on green manufacturing techniques. Minimum Quantity Cooling Lubrication (MQCL) of machining processes has replaced conventional flood cooling in many applications, involving various materials and cutting conditions. The use of this technique results in considerable reductions in the quantity of lubricant used, reducing manufacturing costs as well as the impact of the process on the environment. With the objective of achieving a fuller understanding of this technology, an interest has been taken in the properties of the aerosol, and their impact on machining performance. This study presents an attempt to understand these properties through the use of experimental and numerical flow visualization techniques, followed by machining experiments. The Particle Image Velocimetry study revealed how the MQCL nozzle geometry and the injection parameters (air and lubricant flow rates) which control the Sauter Mean Diameter (SMD) of the resulting droplets, affect the flow, and that droplets with smaller SMD are more capable of following the air flow. Computational Fluid Dynamics simulations showed that a single-phase (air only) simulation is sufficient in describing the flow, when comparing the simulation and experimental (real flow) PIV results. They also revealed that the potential thermal benefits of the air flow can be achieved if the nozzle orientation vis-à-vis a model tool is exploited. Comparisons of MQCL with conventional flood cooling and dry machining modes in milling of Carbon-Fibre Reinforced Plastics (CFRP) revealed that the benefit of MQCL (namely lower tool wear and higher geometric accuracy of the machined part), can be achieved if the atomization parameters are set for appropriate lubrication and SMD size.L'usinage moderne implique plus de dépendance des techniques de manufacture verte. La micro-lubrification (Minimum Quantity Cooling Lubrication) des processus d'usinage a remplacé l'arrosage conventionnel dans le cas de plusieurs applications, impliquant des matériaux et des conditions d'usinage variés. L'usage de cette méthode mène à des réductions considérables de la quantité de lubrifiant utilisé, réduisant ainsi les coûts de fabrication ainsi que l'impact du processus sur l'environnement. Un intérêt a été porté aux propriétés de l'aérosol, et leurs effets sur la qualité de l'usinage, ayant pour objectif une meilleure compréhension de cette technologie. Cette étude est une tentative de mieux comprendre ces propriétés à travers l'usage des techniques de visualisation de débit expérimentaux et numériques, suivis par des essais d'usinage. L'étude Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) a démontré comment la géométrie de la buse el les paramètres d'injection (débits d'air et de lubrifiant) qui contrôlent la taille du diamètre moyen de Sauter (SMD) des gouttelettes résultantes, affectent le débit, mais aussi que les bulles ayants les tailles SMD les plus petites sont les plus efficace lorsqu'il s'agit de suivre le débit de l'air. Des essais numériques (Computational Fluid Dynamics) ont démontré que des simulations monophasiques (air seulement) sont suffisantes pour bien décrire le débit, en comparant avec les résultats du PIV (débit réel). Ils ont aussi démontré que les avantages thermiques de l'air peuvent être obtenus si la position de la buse vis à vis de l'outil est exploitée. Des comparaisons entre l'MQCL et de arrosage conventionnel et usinage à sec lors d'essais de fraisage de plastique à renfort fibre de carbone (PRFC) ont montré que les avantages de l'MQCL, notamment un usage réduit et une plus grande efficacité géométrique de la pièce usinée, peuvent être obtenus si les paramètres d'atomisation sont choisis pour une lubrification suffisante et taille SMD appropriée.
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Harp, Susan R. "A computational method for evaluating cavitating flow between rough surfaces". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/16838.
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Lee, Hisung. "A numerical solution to the elastohydrodynamic problem incorporating a non-newtonian rheological model". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/15945.
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Bair, Scott S. "High shear stress rheology of liquid lubricants". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19098.
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Vyas, Prerit. "Effects of Stochastic (Random) Surface Roughness on Hydrodynamic Lubrication of Deterministic Asperity". UKnowledge, 2005. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_theses/344.
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In order to achieve enhanced and cost-effective performance of engineering components, Surface Engineering embraces traditional and innovative surface technologies which modify the surface properties of metallic and non-metallic engineering components for specific and sometime unique engineering purposes. The surface roughness of an engineered surface may be classified as: the random surface roughness which is a product of surface finishing and the deterministic surface roughness which is engineered to increase the lubrication characteristics of the hydro dynamically lubricated thrust ring. The effect of stochastic/random roughness can not be ignored when the roughness is of the same amplitude as that of fluid film thickness. Average flow model derived in terms of flow factors which are functions of the roughness characteristics is used to study the random surface roughness effects on hydrodynamic lubrication of deterministic asperity. In addition, the effect of boundary conditions on flow factors is studied by calculating the pressure and shear flow factor using two different new boundary conditions. The results are obtained for random surface roughness having a Gaussian distribution of roughness heights.
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Steimes, Johan. "Performance study and modelling of an integrated pump and gas-liquid separator system: Optimisation for aero-engine lubrication systems". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209365.
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A system able to simultaneously separate and pump a gas-liquid mixture was developed.It works efficiently and can be used in many applications (nuclear power plants,
pulp and paper processing, petroleum extraction, etc.). However, this pump and separator
system (PASS) was especially designed to handle air-oil mixture generated in
aero-engine lubrication systems. The PASS combines three important functions of the
scavenge part of the lubrication system: the deaeration and deoiling of the air-oil mixture
generated in the bearing and gearbox sumps and the pumping of the oil towards
the tank. These are critical functions for the engine. Indeed, a poor deoiling efficiency
leads to a high oil consumption. This reduces the flight endurance, increases the size
and weight of the oil tank and has a negative impact on the environment. Poor deaeration
and pumping characteristics lead to problems in the cooling and the lubrication of
the engine bearings.
Integrating a PASS into the lubrication system allows considerable improvements
(and simplification) to the lubrication system architecture. An important number of
components are suppressed: the vent lines, the deoiler, the cyclone deaerator and the
scavenge pumps. This reduces the size and the weight of the lubrication system and
increases its reliability. Furthermore, an important part of this PhD thesis focuses on
reducing the oil consumption in the PASS. This improves the flight endurance, reduces
engine maintenance and working costs and is profitable to the environment.
In addition to the development of an advanced PASS design system, the objective of
this thesis was to obtain a good understanding of the separation processes occurring in
the PASS and to develop theoretical models able to predict the separation performance
for every working condition encountered in a typical aircraft flight. To achieve this
goal, three main tasks were performed: the development of different two-phase measurement
systems, the experimental tests of four different PASS architectures and the
theoretical development (after an extensive literature review) of correlations predicting
the performance of the PASS in function of the working conditions. Five specific aspects
of the PASS were studied: the inlet flow, the deoiling efficiency, the deaeration efficiency,
the pumping efficiency and the pressure drop. Finally, the models that have been developed
with the help of the measurement systems and of the experiments have been
integrated in a complete model of the lubrication system (under the EcosimPro modelling
environment). This helps to predict real in flight PASS working conditions and
performance. Indeed, the PASS is very sensitive to the engine working conditions and
an optimisation of the prototype size and performance is only feasible with an accurate
knowledge of these working conditions and a complete lubrication system model.
Finally, with the results of this PhD thesis, a new PASS design, optimised for different
aero-engine lubrication systems, is presented.
Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur
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He, Qi. "Understanding the sensory perception of hydrocolloid thickened systems based on flow and lubrication behaviour". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2014. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/14203/.
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This thesis seeks for a better understanding of the sensory properties of hydrocolloid thickened foods during oral processing through studying both flow and lubrication behaviours. In addition, during oral processing, saliva plays an important part through mixing with samples, and it is therefore the mixture of foods and saliva that is perceived. However, the role of saliva in sensory perception is not fully elucidated. This research also features a preliminary study on both flow and lubrication properties of saliva in presence of the 5 basic tastants and also how lubrication properties of hydrocolloids are changed when mixing with saliva. Two groups of five samples were designed to have either similar viscosity at a shear rate of 50 s-1 or 105 s-1 by varying the concentrations of xanthan and dextran with the aim to find out which shear rate(s) is related to mouthfeel perceptions. Samples had the same levels of sucrose and banana flavour (isoamyl acetate) added to them and the flavour release and in mouth perceptions measured. The flow behaviour of samples were further characterised in small amplitude dynamic oscillatory shear and stretch flow. A trained sensory panel generated and evaluated mouthfeel, aroma and taste attributes of these solutions. Sensory results indicated that both low and high shear viscosity were related to mouthfeel perceptions. Models including both low and high shear viscosity values predicted the ‘Thickness’ perceptions better than the models including a single shear viscosity. Stickiness and mouthcoating perceptions were better predicted through models including both low shear viscosity and extensional viscosity. Mouthfeel perceptions were also found to be related to complex viscosity at angular frequency of 100 rad.s-1. In terms of sweetness perception, it was affected by the low shear viscosity. However, for samples having similar low shear viscosity, higher scores of overall sweetness were given to samples that were less shear thinning. The high shear viscosity of hydrocolloid samples determines the lubrication properties. Samples with higher viscosity at high shear rate were found to have lower friction in mixed regime but higher in hydrodynamic regime. The mouthfeel perceptions were found to be correlated with friction coefficient at speed of 40-100 mm/s and flavour and aroma were negatively correlated with friction coefficient at speed of 10-30 mm/s. The flow and lubrication behaviour of saliva is changed significantly when stimulated by five basic tastes. The presence of saliva mixed with hydrocolloid samples reduced the friction by up to two orders in boundary and mixed regime but did not affect the friction in hydrodynamic regime which is more related to mouthfeel perceptions.
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Fisher, Charles Edward. "The Effects of a Navier-Slip Boundary Condition on the Flow of Two Immiscible Fluids in a Microchannel". Digital WPI, 2013. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-theses/294.
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We consider the flow of two immiscible fluids in a thin inclined channel subject to gravity and a change in pressure. In particular, we focus on the effects of Navier slip along the channel walls on the long-wave linear stability. Of interest are two different physical scenarios. The first corresponds to two incompressible fluid layers separated by a sharp interface, while the second focuses on a more dense fluid below a compressible gas. From a lubrication analysis, we find in the first scenario that the system is stable in the zero-Reynolds number limit with the slip effects modifying the decay rate of the stable perturbation. In the case of the Rayeligh-Taylor problem, slip along the less dense fluid wall has a destabilizing effect. In the second scenario, fluid inertia is pertinent, and we find neutral stability criteria are not significantly affected with the presence of slip.
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Seo, Dongjin. "Measurement and Control of Slip-Flow Boundary Conditions at Solid-Gas Interfaces". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/50650.
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This thesis describes measurements of the gas-solid flow boundary condition at moderate Knudsen number, i.e., where the dimensions of the flow are similar to the mean free path, and thus partial slip is expected. This regime has become more important with increased focus on nano-scale devices, but there is currently no consensus on how the slip length should vary for different solids and gases, or whether it can be controlled. In this thesis, I describe unambiguous measurements showing that partial slip occurs, that the slip length depends both on gas and solid, and that the slip length can be altered in situ. The slip length is determined from analysis of the vibration of a small sphere adjacent to a solid. I also describe applications of these findings both to the separation of gases, and to inhalants.
The effect of water films, gas species, organic films, and electric fields on gas flow was studied. Water films had a large, but complex effect. On bare hydrophobilic glass, the tangential momentum accommodation coefficient (TMAC) for nitrogen on hydroxyl-terminated silica changed from 0.25 to 0.88 when the humidity changed from 0 to 98 %. On hydrophobized glass, TMAC changed from 0.20 to 0.56 in the same range.
The effect of the gas on TMAC was measured for five different gases (helium, nitrogen, argon, carbon dioxide, hexafluoride sulfur) on octadecyltrichlorosilane-coated glass surfaces. A lower
TMAC occurred for greater molar mass, and this trend was explained using a simple model representing both the gas and the monolayer by spheres. The existence of this gas-dependent difference in TMAC suggests that gases can be separated based on their collisions with surfaces.
Methods for controlling the flow boundary condition were also developed by adsorbing monolayers on the solid, and altering the monolayers in situ. Both temperature and electric fields altered the boundary condition, and these changes were attributed to changes in the surface roughness. The effect of roughness was modeled with grooved surfaces. Possible applications of this effect of roughness include changing the flow of aerosol droplets for deeper delivery of therapeutic drugs into the lung.Ph. D.
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Wood, Andrea Marie. "Steady thermocapillary flow between a non-wetting liquid droplet and a solid surface". Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/17355.
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Wetzel, Markus [Verfasser]. "Influence of fully miscible lubrication oil on flow boiling of CO₂ inside horizontal evaporator tubes / Markus Wetzel". Karlsruhe : KIT Scientific Publishing, 2017. http://www.ksp.kit.edu.
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Eriksson, Patrik. "Influence of particles on the flow in lubricated contacts". Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, 1997. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-18268.
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Abraham, Rohit Mathew. "An Experimental Study of Scuffing Performance of a Helical Gear Pair Subjected to Different Lubrication Methods". The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1397228984.
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Gruselle, François. "Study of an integrated pump and gas-liquid separator system and application to aero-engine lubrication systems". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209755.
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The subject of this PhD thesis is the development of an efficient system that can simultaneously pump and separate a gas-liquid mixture, in particular an oil-air mixture. Two-phase flows are encountered in many applications (petroleum extraction, flow in nuclear power plant pumps, pulp and paper processing, etc.) but this study is mainly focused on lubrication systems of aircraft gas turbine engines.The pump and separator system (PASS) for two-phase flows developed in this PhD thesis aims to perform three functions simultaneously:
• Send back the oil to the tank (oil pumping)
• Separate the air from the oil (de-aeration)
• Separate the oil from the air (de-oiling) and release the sealing air into the atmosphere (venting).
Particular care is given to the liquid flow rate lost at the gas outlet of the system.
Consequently, it could replace the scavenge pumps and oil-air separators existing in present lubrication systems. This modification provides several advantages: simplification of the lubrication circuit, reduction of oil consumption and of the size of the lubrication system.
This research is divided into three axes: the theoretical study of the important physical mechanisms taking place inside the two-phase flow pump and separator system, the experimental development, tests and optimization of different PASS prototypes, and also the numerical simulations of the two-phase flow inside these prototypes. Although the experiments were the central pillar of this research, the three axes were closely imbricated.
The PASS design includes three main components:
• An inlet chamber with one or several tangential inlets giving a natural centrifugation to the flow,
• An impeller (forced centrifugation) with an axial and a radial part followed by a volute chamber,
• A metallic foam that lets pass micron and sub-micron droplets and which is followed by an axial vent port.
The centrifugation causes the liquid (oil) to move radially outwards in an annular body (a liquid ring) generating pressure. The thickness of this liquid ring inside the impeller is mainly determined by the pressure coefficient (related to the back-pressure and the rotational speed). When the back-pressure increases, the thickness of the liquid ring increases too. An advantage of the PASS is that it does not impose any relation between the liquid head and the liquid flow rate, contrary to common centrifugal pump. It self-regulates the radial position of the gas-liquid interface to sustain the operating conditions.
The de-aeration efficiency mainly depends on the pressure coefficient (for a constant liquid viscosity or temperature) or on the thickness of the liquid ring. The pressure gradient which appears in the liquid rotating in an annular body acts like a dam for the gas phase. Indeed, the gas movement is mainly determined by the pressure field (buoyancy) while the liquid distribution is dominated by centrifugal and Coriolis forces. Buoyancy tends to accumulate the gas phase near low pressure areas (PASS hub, suction side of the blades, clearances between closed impeller and casing).
The first oil-air PASS prototype produces high viscous losses due to the high peripheral velocity and liquid viscosity. Therefore, the pumping efficiency is poor compared to common impeller pumps. However, the pumping is not the key function of the PASS and a power consumption below 5 kW is acceptable for the application considered in this work. For applications that require lower power consumptions, a reduction of the rotational speed must be considered.
Thus, the rotational speed and the impeller diameter are two major constraints for the PASS design which determine the de-aeration and pumping efficiencies. The impeller diameter also influences the size of passage sections for the air flow. The air velocity must be kept as low as possible because the entrainment of droplets increases when the air velocity rises (drag forces on droplets). Indeed, this large influence of the air flow rate on the oil consumption (de-oiling efficiency) was demonstrated by a theoretical analysis, the experiments and the CFD simulations. The production of droplets in the inlet pipes when the two-phase flow is annular is a key phenomenon regarding the oil consumption.
In addition to the air flow rate, other variables also influence the oil consumption:
• Air-oil temperature: when the temperature rises, the oil consumption increases because the surface tension and the oil density are reduced. Moreover, as the air density also decreases, the air velocity rises.
• Oil flow rate: the oil consumption rises more or less linearly with the oil flow rate. However, the influence of the oil flow rate on the inlet droplet size is uncertain.
• Rotational speed: the rotational speed has obviously a strong impact on the oil consumption without metallic foam. However, experiments showed that the metallic foam efficiency is almost independent on the rotational speed. Therefore, the oil consumption with the Retimet foam does not depend on the PASS rotational speed.
• Altitude or air density: the oil consumption decreases when the air density is reduced because the drag forces on droplets also decrease.
The gas density (altitude) is also supposed to influence the de-aeration efficiency but this could not be tested or simulated in this work (the de-aeration efficiency gets probably better when decreasing the gas density because the buoyancy forces increase).
Theory, experiments and numerical simulations also allowed the prediction of performance of the first oil-air prototype for real in-flight operating conditions. Two problems have been identified: the de-aeration efficiency at MTO and cruise ratings and the oil leak throughout the vent in cold start and windmilling. To solve them, some modifications of the lubrication system have been suggested. With these modifications, the oil-air PASS should become very efficient and attractive for engine manufacturers.
Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Kardes, Sever Nimet. "Investigation of Lubrication and Springback in Forming of Draw Quality and Advanced High Strength Steels". The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1332117974.
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Rocke, Ann H. "Elastohydrodynamic Analysis of a Rotary Lip Seal Using Flow Factors". Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/4771.
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An elastohydrodynamic analysis of a rotary lip seal is performed numerically, incorporating both the fluid mechanics of the lubricating film and the elastic deformation of the lip, by solving the Reynolds equation with flow factors. Asperities on the lip surface dominate the behavior of the flow field in the lubricating film and the elastic deformation of the lip. Since previous analyses treated those asperities deterministically, they required very large computation times. The present approach is much less computationally intensive because the asperities are treated statistically.
Since cavitation and asperity orientation play important roles, these are taken into account in the computation of the flow factors. An asperity distortion analysis is introduced to obtain a more realistic model of the complex variations in the asperity distribution on the surface of the seal.
Results of the analysis show how the operating parameters of the seal and the characteristics of the asperities affect such seal characteristics as the thickness of the lubricating film, reverse pumping rate, power dissipation and load carrying capacity.
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Hehir, Ryan Thomas. "A CFD Investigation of the Two Phase Flow Regimes Inside the Bearing Chamber and De-aerator of a Jet Engine". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/73386.
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In a jet engine air and oil are mixed during removal from the bearing chamber. Before the oil can be recycled back into the system it must be separated from the air. This is accomplished through use of a de-aerator and breather. The oil air mixture enters the de-aerator first. The de-aerator is a vertical cylinder in which the air and oil enter from the top of the system. Gravity then pulls the oil down as it circulates along the outer wall of the de-aerator. The air is forced out through a top hole and sent to the breather where any oil droplets which remain are furthered separated. A pedestal is located near the bottom of the de-aerator. The pedestal creates a gap between itself and the de-aerator wall. Ideally this gap should be large enough to allow oil to flow through the gap without pooling on the pedestal, but small enough so that air does not flow through the gap. The oil will pool up on the pedestal and reduce the efficiency of the system. In this research, a 30° conical pedestal with a gap of 10.7% was tested. The results showed that the pedestal gap of 10.7% is too large and allows air to flow through the gap. The maximum water was 8.5% and the average water thickness was 5.11%. After studying both the previous experimental data and current CFD data, it is recommended further testing be conducted on pedestal gaps between 8.5% and 9.5%.Master of Science
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Fabricius, John. "Homogenization of some problems in hydrodynamic lubrication involving rough boundaries". Doctoral thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Matematiska vetenskaper, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-25734.
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This thesis is devoted to the study of some homogenization problems with applications in lubrication theory. It consists of an introduction, five research papers (I–V) and a complementary appendix.Homogenization is a mathematical theory for studying differential equations with rapidly oscillating coefficients. Many important problems in physics with one or several microscopic scales give rise to this kind of equations, whence the need for methods that enable an efficient treatment of such problems. To this end several mathematical techniques have been devised. The main homogenization method used in this thesis is called multiscale convergence. It is a notion of weak convergence in Lp spaces which is designed to take oscillations into account. In paper II we extend some previously obtained results in multiscale convergence that enable us to homogenize a nonlinear problem with a finite number of microscopic scales. The main idea in the proof is closely related to a decomposition of vector fields due to Hermann Weyl. The Weyl decomposition is further explored in paper III.Lubrication theory is devoted to the study of fluid flows in thin domains. More generally, tribology is the science of bodies in relative motion interacting through a mechanical contact. An important aspect of tribology is to explain the principles of friction, lubrication and wear. The mathematical foundations of lubrication theory are given by the Navier–Stokes equation which describes the motion of a viscous fluid. In thin domains several simplifications are possible, as shown in the introduction of this thesis. The resulting equation is named after Osborne Reynolds and is much simpler to analyze than the Navier--Stokes equation.The Reynolds equation is widely used by engineers today. For extremely thin films, it is well-known that the surface micro-topography is an important factor in hydrodynamic performance. Hence it is important to understand the influence of surface roughness with small characteristic wavelengths upon the solution of the Reynolds equation. Since the 1980s such problems have been increasingly studied by homogenization theory. The idea is to replace the original equation with a homogenized equation where the roughness effects are “averaged out”. One problem consists of finding an algorithm for computing the solution of the homogenized equation. Another problem consists of showing, on introducing the appropriate mathematical definitions, that the homogenized equation is the correct method of averaging. Papers I, II, IV and V investigate the effects of surface roughness by homogenization techniques in various situations of hydrodynamic lubrication. To compare the homogenized solution with the solution of the deterministic Reynolds equation, some numerical examples are also included.Godkänd; 2011; 20110408 (johfab); DISPUTATION Ämnesområde: Matematik/Mathematics Opponent: Professor Guy Bayada, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA-LYON), Lyon, France, Ordförande: Professor Lars-Erik Persson, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Luleå tekniska universitet Tid: Tisdag den 7 juni 2011, kl 10.00 Plats: D2214/15, Luleå tekniska universitet
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Manoylov, Anton. "Modelling of mixed lubrication in plain bearings based on the theory of flow factors and incorporating a dry contact analysis". Thesis, Cardiff University, 2013. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/59971/.
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Three topics are considered in this thesis. The first is evaluation of the effective elastic moduli of porous materials and considers materials such as porous glass, sandstone, sintered bronze and iron materials, porous ceramics. Models with spherical pores were first considered showing good agreement for some materials but not for materials prepared by powder sintering. A number of modifications of increasing complexity were introduced accounting for non-spherical pores and their interaction. The models then compare well with experimental data for sintered materials. The other topics of the thesis can be used to model mixed lubrication in plain bearings where part of the load is carried by contacting asperities and part by the lubricant film. The roughness features affect the ability of the lubricant to flow in the gap between the surfaces and surface deflection is caused by asperity contact pressures only. A method is presented to solve dry contact problems for nominally plane surfaces using a simple elastic-plastic model at asperity contacts and a differential formulation for the elastic deflection. Periodic roughness defined over a representative area is incorporated using Fourier transforms to calculate the convolutions. The method is validated by comparison with the results of an elastic-plastic rough surface contact analysis obtained using a finite element method. A method is then developed to model the mixed lubrication problem based on the homogenised Reynolds equation where the effect of the roughness features is isolated from that of the global geometry of the bearing. Local rough problems are solved and the average effect of the roughness on lubricant flow expressed in terms of flow factors, which are functions of global film thickness. When direct asperity contact occurs the deflected shape is obtained from dry contact analysis of the representative roughness area. The global problem is then solved using the Reynolds equation modified with appropriate flow factors taking the mean contact pressure obtained from the local problem into account in load determination. The homogenised method is validated against the series of deterministic solutions and cases of surfaces with measured roughness are presented.
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Khatib, Rami. "Analyse et prévision des caractéristiques du pompage du béton auto-plaçant à haute résistance". Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6634.
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Modern construction practices require proper knowledge to predict concrete pumping pressure, especially in high-volume and high-rise applications. Despite the progress made over the last decades, the spread of concrete pumping to high-rise construction has been hampered by the lack of standardized operating procedures and performance criteria. By and large, the guidelines available today focus predominantly on pumping Conventional Vibrated Concrete (CVC), while ambiguity still surrounds pumping Self-Consolidating Concrete (SCC) and other types of Highly-Workable Concrete (HWC). This PhD dissertation focuses on the fundamental principles relevant to the flow of high-strength SCC in pumping pipes, and it aims to develop methods to predict and reduce the required pumping pressure. The flow pattern of SCC in pipes is analytically investigated, providing a numerical approach to predict the pumping pressure based on the properties of both concrete and the lubrication layer, the pipe diameter, and the flow rate. The analytical results are further validated through full-scale pumping tests executed at the laboratory of the Université de Sherbrooke. Through this phase 26 optimal concrete mixtures were pumped in a 30-m pumping circuit to investigate the interactions between the concrete properties and pressure loss. The same tests are also employed to empirically correlate pressure loss with rheological and tribological properties of concrete at different flow rates. The resulting correlations furnish instrumental models capable of computing pressure loss for a wide range of concrete properties. In another application, the experimental results are analyzed to identify the influence of pumping on concrete properties with time. Full-scale pumping results are statistically analyzed in order to establish a quantitative description of the most influential parameters governing the concrete flow in pipes. As a result, concrete pipe flow is statically modeled, allowing the computation of pressure loss at different flow rates based on the the rheological and tribological properties of the concrete and the pipe diameter. Another statistical model is derived to calculate the pressure loss as a function of the V-funnel flow time, granting the advantage of predicting the pressure loss on job sites without the need for complex rheological and tribological measurements. In light of the research findings of the previous phases, a new simple test method called the pipe flow test (PFT) is developed in the context of this research, specifically for predicting pipe flow pressure loss. With preceding research phases as insights, the final stage of this project is directed toward mix design optimization faced with the challenge of reducing the pumping pressure and meeting the strength requirements of high-strength SCC. Ultimately, the research findings emanating from this investigation provide practical guidelines and conclusive models to predict and reduce pumping pressure for a wide scope of concrete mixtures and pipe diameters.
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Atasi, Omer. "Dynamics of bubbles in microchannels : theoretical, numerical and experimental analysis". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2018. https://dipot.ulb.ac.be/dspace/bitstream/2013/277838/3/TOC.pdf.
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This thesis aims at contributing to the characterization of the dynamics of bubbles in microfluidics through modeling and experiments. Two flow regimes encountered in microfluidics are studied, namely, the bubbly flow regime and the Taylor flow regime (or slug flow).In particular, the first part of this thesis focuses on the dynamics of a bubbly flow inside a horizontal, cylindrical microchannel in the presence of surfactants using numerical simulations. A numerical method allowing to simulate the transport of surfactants along a moving and deforming interface and the Marangoni stresses created by an in-homogeneous distribution of these surfactants on this interface is implemented in the Level set module of the research code. The simulations performed with this code regarding the dynamics of a bubbly flow give insights into the complexity of the coupling of the different phenomena controlling the dynamics of the studied system. Fo example it shows that the confinement imposed by the microchannel walls results in a significantly different distribution of surfactants on the bubble surface, when compared to a bubble rising in a liquid of infinite extent. Indeed, surfactants accumulate on specific locations on the bubble surface, and create local Marangoni stresses, that drastically influence the dynamics of the bubble. In some cases, the presence of surfactants can even cause the bubble to burst, a mechanism that is rationalized through a normal stress balance at the back of the bubble. The numerical method implemented in this thesis is also used for a practical problem, regarding the artisanal production of Mezcal, an alcoholic beverage from Mexico.The second part of the thesis deals with the dynamics of a Taylor flow regime, through experiments and analytical modeling. An experimental technique that allows to measure the thickness of the lubrication film forming between a pancake-like bubble and the microchannel wall is developed. The method requires only a single instantaneous bright-field image of a pancake-like bubble translating inside a microchannel. In addition to measuring the thickness of the lubrication film, the method also allows to measure the depth of a microchannel. Using the proposed method together with the measurment of the bubble velocity allows to infer the surface tension of the interface between the liquid and the gaz. In the last chapter of this thesis, the effect of buoyancy on the dynamics of a Taylor flow is quantified. Though often neglected in microfluidics, it is shown that buoyancy effects can have a significant impact on the thickness of the lubrication film and consequently on the dynamics of the Taylor flow. These effects are quantified using experiments and analytical modeling. This work was performed at Princeton University with Professor Howard A. Stone during an eight month stay.Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur et technologie
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Maršálek, Ondřej. "Advanced Methods for the Solution of Journal Bearing Dynamics". Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-234268.
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Náplní této disertační práce je popis komplexní a obecně použitelné strategie výpočetního modelování chování kluzných ložisek, pracujících v režimu smíšeného mazání a uvažujících reálné struktury drsných povrchů obou členů kluzných ložisek – ložiskových pánví a ložiskových čepů. V práci jsou uvedeny a detailně popsány způsoby získání charakteristických popisných dat těchto drsných povrchů a její nedílnou součástí je i popis numerických algoritmů, sloužících k následnému zpracování těchto dat. Dále jsou zde rozebrány implementované výpočetní přístupy k modelování kontaktního tlaku. Ovlivnění hydrodynamické mazací vrstvy kluzných ložisek je dáno velikostí a průběhem faktorů toku, jejichž numerické stanovování je zde detailně popsáno. Alternativní stanovení faktorů toku pomocí analytických funkcí je zde pro úplnost rovněž obsaženo. V závěru práce je uveden popis numerického řešiče modelování chování kluzných ložisek spolu s uvedenými výsledky provedených simulací a jejich diskuzí. Ověření jednotlivých výpočetních modelů, popřípadě porovnání výsledků s výsledky získanými alternativním způsobem, je uvedeno v příslušných kapitolách.
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Brhlík, Rostislav. "MKP simulace elastohydrodynamického kontaktu". Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-231788.
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This diploma thesis deals with an application of the finite element method on elastohydrodynamic (EHD) lubrication simulations. Commercially available software COMSOL is used for the computation, while two different modules for modeling EHD lubrication are described in a detail. Firstly, a new approach using the module Thin-Film Flow is developed, considering and describing some limitations of this approach. This is the very first published work dealing complex with EHD simulation in Thin-Film Flow module. In the second part of the thesis, there was created a model of line contact using the module for the introduction of partial differential equations (PDE). The model is partially verified with available works for different values of the input parameters. Subsequently, the velocity effect of the contact surfaces on the pressure and the lubricant thickness in contact is analyzed. Finally, the last part is examines the influence of the values of some parameters on the final value of the contact pressure and the lubricant thickness, as well as on numerical stability of the entire model.
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Diakodimitris, Christophe. "Conception et optimisation d'un système de micro-lubrification pour couronne multi-plans". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209335.
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Žatko, Miroslav. "Výpočtová analýza dynamických vlastností axiálních ložisek". Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-229361.
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This master´s thesis solves the problem of stationary viscous flow of incompressible fluids in thin layers of fluid film lubrication in fixed pad thrust bearings. The parametric computational model of oil domain was created for investigation the distribution of pressure, velocity and thermal fields together with the determination of the basic parameters as axial force, heating up and friction loss. Subsequently this model was applied for investigation influence of uneven bearing clearance. The problem task was solved by final volume method in Ansys CFX 12.0 software.
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Song, Xi. "Reactive imcompressible flow with interfaces : macroscopic models and applications to self-healing composite materials". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0149/document.
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Dans ce manuscrit, nous parlons des matériaux composites à matrice céramiques (CMCs) qui sont envisagés pour intégrer les chambres de combustion de futurs moteurs aéronautiques civils. Pour faire face des conditions extrêmes, ces matériaux possèdent la particularité de s’auto-protéger vis-à-vis de l’oxydation par la formation d’un oxyde passivant qui limite la diffusion des espèces oxydantes au sein des fissures matricielles. Nous modélisons l’écoulement d’un oxyde dans une fissure par l’équation de Navier-Stokes, puis les mettons sous forme non dimensionnelles, et les dérivations de deux types de modèles sont intéressantes : les modèles de Saint-Venant et les modèles de lubrification. Ensuit nous nous engageons à chercher l’existence de solution faible de l’approximation de lubrification d’ordre 4 obtenue précédent dans le cas uni-dimensionnel. Enfin nous précisons la limite entre les équations de Saint-Venant et l’équation de lubrificationIn this work, we are interested in the ceramic matrix composite materials(CMCs) who will be used to integrate the combustion chambers of future civil aeronautical engines. To face extreme conditions, these materials possess the peculiarity to auto-protect itself towards the oxidation by the formation of an oxide passivate which limits the distribution of the oxidizing species within the matrix cracks. We model the flow of an oxide in a crack by the Navier-Stokes equation, then put them under an asymptotic analysis in order to get two types of asymptotic models : models of Saint-Venant (Shallow water model) and lubrication models. Next we are interested in looking for the existence of weak solution to the one-dimensional approximated lubrication equation of order 4 obtained before. Finally we talk about the limit between the Saint-Venant equations and the lubrication equation
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White, Jonathan Charles. "HIGH-FRAME-RATE OIL FILM INTERFEROMETRY". DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2011. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/572.
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High-Frame-Rate Oil Film Interferometry
Jonathan Charles White
This thesis presents the design and implementation of a high-frame-rate oil film interferometry technique (HOFI) used to directly measure skin friction in time dependent flows. Experiments were performed to determine the ability of a high-speed camera to capture oil film interferometry images. HOFI was found to be able to capture these interferometry images at frequencies up to 105 Hz. Steady laminar and turbulent flows were tested. Transient flows tested consisted of a wind tunnel ramping up in velocity and a laminar boundary layer which was intermittently tripped to turbulence by puffing air out of a pressure tap. Flow speeds ranged from 0 to 108 ft/sec and 10 and 50 cSt Dow Corning 200 dimethylpolysiloxane silicone oil was used. The skin friction was determined from the rate of change of the height of the oil film using lubrication theory. The height of the oil film was determined from the high speed camera interferogram images using a MATLAB script which determined fringe spacing by fitting a four-parameter sine wave to the intensity levels in each image. The MATLAB script was able to determine the height of the oil film for thousands of interferogram images in only a few minutes with sub-pixel error in fringe spacing. The skin friction was calculated using the oil film height history allowing for the direct measurement of skin friction in time dependent flows.
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Cioc, Sorin. "Application of the space-time conservation element and solution element numerical method to flows in fluid films /". See Full Text at OhioLINK ETD Center (Requires Adobe Acrobat Reader for viewing), 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=toledo1091469147.
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Dissertation (Ph.D.)--University of Toledo, 2004.Typescript. "A dissertation [submitted] as partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Doctor of Philosophy degree in Engineering." Bibliography: leaves 162-176.
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Lambert, Baptiste. "Modelling and Simulations of Contacts in Particle-Laden Flows". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0190/document.
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Les écoulements chargés en particules sont présents dans de nombreuses applications industrielles telles que le transport de boues ou l’industrie chimique en général. Dans des mélanges constitués de particules solides immergées dans un fluide visqueux, les interactions entre particules jouent un rôle essentiel dans la viscosité globale du mélange.Le phénomène de suspension est causé par des interactions hydrodynamiques à courte distance, connues sous le nom de lubrification. Les forces de lubrification sont généralement sous-estimées en raison de leur nature et de la discrétisation spatiale du problème.Dans cette thèse, nous proposons un modèle de lubrification qui estime les forces et couples hydrodynamiques non résolues par un solveur couplant la résolution des équations de Navier-Stokes incompressible par une méthode de volumes pénalisés, à la résolution de la dynamique des particules par une méthode aux éléments discrets. Les corrections des contraintes hydrodynamiques sont faites localement sur la surface des particules en interaction sans aucune hypothèse sur la forme générale des particules. La version finale du modèle de lubrification proposée peut être utilisée pour des suspensions de particules convexes sans aucune tabulation. La méthode numérique a été validée avec des particules sphériques et des ellipsoïdes, en comparant des simulations à des données expérimentales.Dans le cas de particules sphériques, le modèle de lubrification est aussi précis que les modèles de lubrification existants qui sont limités à ce type de géométrie. La compatibilité du modèle avec des particules convexes a été validée en comparant des simulations,utilisant des ellipsoïdes, à des mesures expérimentales que nous avons réaliséesParticle-laden flows can be found in many industrial applications such as slurry transport or the chemical industry in general. In mixtures made of solid particles emerged in a viscous fluid, particle interactions play an essential role in the overall mixture viscosity. The suspension phenomenon is caused by short-range hydrodynamic interactions, known as lubrication. Lubrication forces are usually underestimated due to their singularities and the spatial discretization of the numerical schemes. In this thesis, we propose a lubrication model for a coupled volume penalization method and discrete element method solver that estimates the unresolved hydrodynamic forces and torques in incompressible Navier-Stokes flows. Corrections are made locally on the surfaces of the interacting particles without any assumption on the global particle shapes. The final version of the local lubrication model can be used for suspension of convex particles without any tabulations. The numerical method has been validated against experimental data with spherical and ellipsoidal particles. With spherical particles, the lubrication model performs as well as existing numerical models that are limited to this specific particle shape. The model compatibility with convex particles has been validated by comparing simulations using ellipsoids to experimental measurements we made
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Přibyl, Jan. "Optimalizace tvaru mazací mezery hydrodynamického ložiska s využitím metamodelování". Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-401543.
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The aim of my diploma thesis was to optimize the gap shape of a turbocharger thrust (axial) bearing using the metamodeling. In its first part, the thesis focuses on introduction of optimization and metamodeling, description of different metamodeling techniques and description of a turbocharger with focus on lubrication of thrust bearing. The second part contains a calculation model of flow through the lubrication gap, use of the techniques for compiling a metamodel and the evaluation of individual techniques. Specifically, the methods used are response surfaces and kriging.
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Sikora, Tomáš. "Mazání a návrh dynamicky zatížených kluzných ložisek kompresorů". Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-229198.
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Tato diplomová práce pojednává o návrhu ložisek kompresoru. Za tímto účelem byl zakoupen speciální program JDynamic. Tento software poskytuje cenný přínos při navrhování kluzných ložisek a s tím spojených problémů. Programové výsledky reálného kompresoru jsou obsaženy v parametrické studii. Byl proveden test reálného kompresru. Modifikace kluzných ložisek byly zaměřeny na snížení ztrát.
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Nataraj, Sateesh. "Enhancement of evaluation method of journal bearings’ performance in heavy-duty diesel engines". Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-299513.
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Journal bearings are being used in various locations of an internal combustion engine. They contribute to a large portion of total engine friction and lowering it means a significant contribution to CO2 reduction. Operating under heavy loads, journal bearings are often subject to mixed regime of lubrication where a part of bearing load is carried by asperities. This necessitates accurate modelling of asperities contact in order to get more realistic predication of friction losses in journal bearings contact. The evaluation method at Scania couples 3D confocal measurement of bearings’ surface roughness to a Multi-body Dynamic Analysis of journal bearings lubrication utilizing AVL EXCITE. During running-in, asperity peaks are reduced due to wear caused by metal-to-metal contact resulting in change of bearing surface profile and different contact zones in axial and circumferential direction. The aim of this thesis is to include these different contact zones and run-in wear profile of the bearing to the existing evaluation method at Scania to simulate run-in effects more precisely. Surface measurements were made on a run-in big end bearing surface at edges, center and region after oil hole. From these measurements, using the existing Local Scale Model at Scania, asperity pressure curve and flow factors were obtained, which were used to perform AVL EXCITE big end bearing simulations with multiple surface contact patches. The results show that the inclusion of multiple surface patches and run-in wear profile lead to a significant change in distribution and also magnitude of bearing performance parameters e.g. pressure, friction losses, clearance height.Glidlager är en av de mest använda komponenterna i motorer. De bidrar till en stor del av motorns totala friktion och en minskning av denna bidrar i hög grad till minskade utsläpp av CO2. Glidlager som arbetar under hög last utsätts ofta för blandfilmssmörjning där en del av lasten bärs av mekanisk kontakt mellan ytornas asperiteter. Detta kräver en noggrann modellering av asperitetskontakter för att få en realistisk prediktion av friktionsförluster i glidlager.Utvärderingsmetoden på Scania kopplar ihop 3D-mätning av lagrets ytfinhet i ett konfokalmikroskåp med en dynamisk tribologiberäkning i MBS-programvaran (Multi Body Simulation) AVL Excite.Under inkörning nöts asperiteterna ner på grund av metallkontakten mellan ytorna vilket påverkar lagerytans profil och ger olika kontaktzoner i axiell och periferiell riktning.Syftet med examensarbetet är att inkludera de olika kontaktzonerna och lagrets profil efter inkörning i Scanias befintliga utvärderingsmetod i syfte att noggrannare kunna simulera inkörning av lagren.Ytfinhetsmätningar utfördes med ett konfoklamikroskop på ett inkört vevlager vid kanterna, i mitten och i närheten av oljehålet.Med hjälp av dessa mätningar och en av Scanias befintliga kontaktmodeller beräknades asperitetstryck och flödesfaktorer vilka användes för att utföra vevlagerberäkningar i AVL Excite med olika kontaktegenskaper i olika regioner.Resultaten visar att införandet av regioner på lagerytan med olika lokala kontaktegenskaper och lagerprofil efter inkörning ger en signifikant förändring av såväl storleken som fördelningen av olika lagerresultat såsom till exempel lagertryck, friktionsförluster och oljefilmstjocklek.
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Freydier, Perrine. "Dynamique interne au front d'écoulements à surface libre. Application aux laves torrentielles". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAU010/document.
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Le modèle de couche mince intégré sur l'épaisseur, Saint-Venant, utilisé classiquement pour simuler la propagation de laves torrentielles et coulées boueuses, repose sur plusieurs approximations concernant la forme des profils de vitesse en zones non-uniformes. Il est pourtant nécessaire d'utiliser ce type de modélisation, comme outil d'aide à la gestion des risques liés aux laves torrentielles. Nous proposons d'éprouver ses hypothèses, en observant une zone fortement non-uniforme, le front de coulées à surface libre et le champ de vitesse à l'intérieur de cette zone.En améliorant notre connaissance de l'évolution de la forme des profils de vitesse (de la dynamique interne) au front de coulées, nous cherchons à améliorer les modèles de couche mince. Cette thèse porte donc sur l'étude de la dynamique interne au front d'écoulements à surface libre de fluides newtoniens et viscoplastiques.Nous avons utilisé le dispositif du canal à fond mobile qui permet de générer des coulées stationnaires dans le référentiel de l'observateur au moyen d'un fond mobile remontant vers l'amont. Nous avons réalisé un travail technique sur ce canal et sur l'analyse des images pour pouvoir mesurer les champs de vitesse à haute résolution spatiale aux fronts de coulées à surface libre de fluides viscoplastiques. L'étude des fluides newtoniens a aussi été réalisée afin de valider les modèles et éprouver le dispositif expérimental.Nous avons comparé les résultats expérimentaux aux solutions théoriques de deux modèles de couche mince adaptés à la rhéologie de Herschel-Bulkley : le modèle classique de la lubrification, à la base du modèle de Saint-Venant et un modèle consistant à l'ordre 1 développé dans cette thèse. Le modèle consistant d'ordre 1 est la somme du modèle à l'ordre 0 (la lubrification) et de termes correctifs qui proviennent des contraintes normales et des termes d'inertie. Dans le cadre de notre configuration du fond mobile remontant vers l'amont, il est possible de déduire la forme du front en cherchant une solution de type onde progressive, sans passer par un modèle intégré dans l'épaisseur.Pour les fluides viscoplastiques, la structure classique du profil de vitesse, avec une zone cisaillée surmontée d'un plug non cisaillé est bien reconnaissable sur nos profils de vitesse en zone uniforme, et en zone faiblement variée. Mais à l'approche du front, cependant, la vitesse de surface augmente, les profils de vitesse expérimentaux deviennent cisaillés sur toute l'épaisseur, conduisant à la disparition du plug à proximité de la ligne de front.Le modèle de lubrification prédit l’existence d'un plug dans le front jusqu'à la ligne de contact, ce qui n'est pas observé expérimentalement. La vitesse de surface du modèle de lubrification augmente à l'approche du front, mais est largement sous-estimée par rapport à la vitesse de surface mesurée. Les vitesses de surface prédites par le modèle d'ordre 1 augmentent plus drastiquement au front, en meilleur accord avec les mesures que le modèle de lubrification. Pour certaines configurations expérimentales l'accord est même très bon. Remarquablement, le cisaillement des profils de vitesse à l'approche du front, observé expérimentalement, est aussi prédit par le modèle d'ordre 1.Les profils de vitesse présentent donc une évolution au front de coulées viscoplastiques en contradiction avec les hypothèses du modèle de Saint-Venant. Le modèle consistant d'ordre 1 permet d'améliorer les prédictions. Un modèle intégré dans l'épaisseur de type Saint-Venant basé sur les développements consistants d'ordre 1 est alors calculé, car il constitue l'étape nécessaire avant d'être intégré dans un outil de simulation opérationnelA depth-averaged model based on the thin-layer assumption, called Saint-Venant (Shallow-Water), is classically used to simulate the propagation and the spreading of debris and mud flows. It is based on several approximations concerning the shape of the velocity profile in non-uniform zones. We propose to test these hypotheses, examining a strongly non-uniform zone, the front of free-surface viscoplastic flows and the velocity field within this zone. By improving our knowledge about the internal dynamics in the front zone, we seek to improve the thin-layer models. This thesis therefore focuses on the study of the internal dynamics within the front of viscoplatic free-surface flows.We used the moving conveyor belt to generate stationary flows. We carried out a technical work on this set-up, and specific analysis of images obtained from the high-speed camera, in order to be able to measure velocity fields with a high resolution. The study of a Newtonian fluid was also carried out in order to validate the lubrication model and the experimental device.We compared experimental results to theoretical solutions of two thin-layer models taking into account the Herschel-Bulkley rheology: the classical model of lubrication, which is at the base of Saint-Venant model, and a consistent first-order model specifically developed in this thesis.The first-order model is equal to the zero-order model (lubrication), plus corrective terms derived from the normal stresses and inertia terms.In this study, for the purpose of comparison with our experimental results, we are interested in travelling-wave solutions. We are able to solve the shape of the front without using a depth-averaged model.Far from the front, experimental velocity profiles clearly display the characteristic 2-layer structure predicted by the lubrication solution, with constant values close to the free-surface (plug) and a sheared layer underneath. Closer to surge tip, the shape of experimental longitudinal velocity profilesthen begins to differ from the theoretical prediction. The 2-layer structure tends to disappear, and the profiles display shear across the whole depth ofthe flow. In this tip region, surface velocity also appears to increase faster than its theoretical counterpart. Surface velocity predicted by the first-order model increase more drastically in the tip region, in better agreement with the measurements than the lubrication model. The first-order model predicts a sheared velocity profile when approaching the front, as observed experimentally.The consistent first-order model then provides better predictions about internal dynamics than lubrication model. A depth-integrated model like Saint-Venant, based on consistent first-order developments is then calculated, as a first step before being integrated into an operational simulation tool
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Porras, Vazquez Alejandro. "A molecular approach to the ultimate friction response of confined fluids". Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEI087.
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Afin de contrôler les pertes d'énergie dans les systèmes mécaniques, un film mince de lubrifiant est souvent introduit entre les solides en contact. Les contacts lubrifiés ponctuels fonctionnent en régime élastohydrodynamique, caractérisé par des pressions élevées (de l’ordre du GPa) et des épaisseurs de film minces (de l’ordre de 100 nanomètres). A des taux de cisaillement élevés, le fluide peut présenter une contrainte de cisaillement limite dont l’origine physique est encore incertaine. Actuellement, les modèles empiriques disponibles pour la prédiction du frottement ne décrivent pas la réponse ultime des lubrifiants dans ces conditions sévères. De plus, l'analyse expérimentale in-situ est très difficile à réaliser en raison du confinement et des fortes pressions. Ainsi, dans cette thèse, le problème est abordé sous l’angle de la modélisation à l’échelle atomique. Le comportement en cisaillement de trois de fluides (un fluide de traction, un lubrifiant modèle et un lubrifiant industriel pour le secteur aérospatial) est analysé par simulation Dynamique Moléculaire. Les résultats numériques sont ensuite comparés qualitativement et quantitativement à des essais expérimentaux. La réponse en frottement est indépendante du profile de vitesse dans l’épaisseur du confinement, ce dernier apparaissant plutôt comme une conséquence des conditions limites aux surfaces. Le régime de frottement limite apparaît naturellement lorsque le lubrifiant est soumis à des conditions thermodynamiques caractéristiques d’un état solide. Dans ce cas, la dynamique des molécules est fortement ralentie. L’énergie d’activation augmente rapidement avec la pression, de sorte que la diffusion devient négligeable à forte pression, même aux taux de cisaillement sévères imposés dans les simulations Dynamique Moléculaire. La réponse macroscopique à ce phénomène est donc une saturation de la valeur du frottement. Ce travail s’achève en jetant les bases d’une modélisation qui pourra permettre la prédiction du frottement lubrifié sous conditions sévèresIn order to control energy losses in mechanical systems, a thin film of lubricant is often introduced between the solids in contact. The lubricated point contacts operate in the elastohydrodynamic regime, characterized by high pressures (of the order of GPa) and thin film thicknesses (of the order of 100 nanometers). At high shear rates, the fluid may exhibit a limiting shear stress whose physical origin is still uncertain. At present, the empirical models available for the prediction of friction fail to describe the ultimate response of lubricants at these severe operating conditions. In addition, in-situ experimental analysis is very difficult to achieve due to confinement and high pressures. Thus, in this thesis, the problem is approached from the angle of modeling at the atomic scale. The shear behavior of three fluids (a traction fluid, a model lubricant and an industrial lubricant for the aerospace industry) is analyzed by Molecular Dynamics Simulation. The numerical results are then compared qualitatively and quantitatively with experimental tests. The friction response is independent of the velocity profile in the confinement thickness, the latter appearing rather as a consequence of boundary conditions at the surfaces. The limiting friction regime naturally occurs when the lubricant is subjected to thermodynamic conditions characteristic of a solid state. In this case, the dynamics of the molecules is strongly slowed down. The activation energy increases rapidly with the pressure, so that the diffusion becomes negligible at high pressure, even at the severe shear rates imposed in the Molecular Dynamics simulations. The macroscopic response to this phenomenon is thus a saturation of the value of friction. This work ends by laying the foundations of a modeling that will allow the prediction of lubricated friction under severe conditions
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Bruyère, Vincent. "Une modélisation multi-physique et multi-phasique du contact lubrifié". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon, INSA, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ISAL0110.
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De nombreuses hypothèses sont classiquement utilisées pour décrire le comportement du fluide dans un contact lubrifié : film continu, viscosité constante dans l’épaisseur, film mince, fluide newtonien… Or, certaines s’avèrent erronées dès lors que l’on s’intéresse aux contacts Elasto- HydroDynamiques fortement glissants ou à la répartition du lubrifiant en sortie de contact. Une approche numérique originale, basée sur un retour aux équations de la mécanique des fluides générale et prenant en compte le couplage fluide/solide et les effets thermiques sont proposés ici dans le but d’apporter des éléments physiques supplémentaires aux modélisations usuelles. Dans un premier temps, l’influence des effets thermiques sur l’évolution du frottement dans les contacts Thermo-EHD est mise en évidence. La présence d’un minimum de frottement pour le cas du glissement pur est expliquée par l’analyse des transferts thermiques entre le lubrifiant et les solides. L’origine des modifications locales d’épaisseur de film observées et l’existence même d’une épaisseur de film lubrifiant pour les cas de vitesse d’entraînement nulle sont alors reliées à la présence d’un fort gradient de viscosité dans l’épaisseur de film. Une comparaison qualitative avec des éléments expérimentaux de la littérature est réalisée, validant les tendances obtenues. Dans un second temps, l’écoulement à surface libre du lubrifiant en périphérie du contact est étudié expérimentalement puis numériquement par une méthode à interface diffuse. Le rôle des effets capillaires est analysé et les résultats numériques confrontés à des résultats issus de la littérature. Un bon accord est obtenu tant qualitativement que quantitativement. Validé par l’étude numérique diphasique (air/lubrifiant) réalisée, un modèle analytique simplifié est alors développé, prédisant une loi de répartition du lubrifiant en sortie de contact. La zone de sortie des contacts EHD est ensuite traitée par un modèle de cavitation vaporeuse et la prise en compte nécessaire de l’air environnant est discutée. Enfin, une première modélisation tridimensionnelle de l’écoulement à surface libre du lubrifiant autour d’un contact ponctuel est réalisée mettant en avant l’influence des effets capillaires et la faisabilité d’une telle approcheClassically, many assumptions are used to model the fluid behaviour in a lubricated contact : continuous film, constant viscosity across the film thickness, film thickness is very thin compared to other contact dimensions, Newtonian lubricant... However, some of them are not well-founded for the study of Elasto-HydroDynamic contacts with high sliding or to estimate the liquid distribution at the exit of the contact. An original numerical approach, based on the general fluid mechanics equations and taking into account the fluid/solid coupling and thermal effects, is developed here in order to give more physical insights to the usual modelling. First of all, the thermal effects are shown on the friction coefficient evolution for Thermo- EHD contacts. A minimum value is found concerning the friction value for the pure sliding case. It is explained by analyzing the heat transfer between the solids and the lubricant. The origin of the resulting local modifications of the film thickness and the existence of a film thickness for zero entrainment velocity cases are related to the presence of a high viscosity gradient through the film. A qualitative comparison is performed with experimental data from literature, validating the results. Second, the free surface flow of the lubricant around the contact is experimentally and numerically studied with a diffuse interface method. The capillary effects on the air/lubricant meniscus position are analyzed and quantitatively compared with experimental data from literature. Good agreements are found. An analytical approach is then developed, based on the numerical study of the two-phase flow. An analytical law predicting the liquid distribution is obtained. The exit area of EHD contacts is then investigated with a vaporous cavitation model highlighting the necessity of taking into account the effects of surrounding air and surface wettabillity. Finally, a first approach of the tri-dimensional two-phase flow is performed, showing the capillary effects on the interface location
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Bruyère, Vincent. "Une modélisation multi-physique et multi-phasique du contact lubrifié". Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00782322.
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De nombreuses hypothèses sont classiquement utilisées pour décrire le comportement du fluide dans un contact lubrifié : film continu, viscosité constante dans l'épaisseur, film mince, fluide newtonien... Or, certaines s'avèrent erronées dès lors que l'on s'intéresse aux contacts Elasto- HydroDynamiques fortement glissants ou à la répartition du lubrifiant en sortie de contact. Une approche numérique originale, basée sur un retour aux équations de la mécanique des fluides générale et prenant en compte le couplage fluide/solide et les effets thermiques sont proposés ici dans le but d'apporter des éléments physiques supplémentaires aux modélisations usuelles. Dans un premier temps, l'influence des effets thermiques sur l'évolution du frottement dans les contacts Thermo-EHD est mise en évidence. La présence d'un minimum de frottement pour le cas du glissement pur est expliquée par l'analyse des transferts thermiques entre le lubrifiant et les solides. L'origine des modifications locales d'épaisseur de film observées et l'existence même d'une épaisseur de film lubrifiant pour les cas de vitesse d'entraînement nulle sont alors reliées à la présence d'un fort gradient de viscosité dans l'épaisseur de film. Une comparaison qualitative avec des éléments expérimentaux de la littérature est réalisée, validant les tendances obtenues. Dans un second temps, l'écoulement à surface libre du lubrifiant en périphérie du contact est étudié expérimentalement puis numériquement par une méthode à interface diffuse. Le rôle des effets capillaires est analysé et les résultats numériques confrontés à des résultats issus de la littérature. Un bon accord est obtenu tant qualitativement que quantitativement. Validé par l'étude numérique diphasique (air/lubrifiant) réalisée, un modèle analytique simplifié est alors développé, prédisant une loi de répartition du lubrifiant en sortie de contact. La zone de sortie des contacts EHD est ensuite traitée par un modèle de cavitation vaporeuse et la prise en compte nécessaire de l'air environnant est discutée. Enfin, une première modélisation tridimensionnelle de l'écoulement à surface libre du lubrifiant autour d'un contact ponctuel est réalisée mettant en avant l'influence des effets capillaires et la faisabilité d'une telle approche.
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Nizkaya, Tatiana. "Transport and deposition of inertial particles in a fracture with periodic corrugation". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0410/document.
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Il est bien connu que les particules inertielles dans un écoulement périodique ont tendance à se focaliser sur des trajectoires privilégiées. Le but de ce travail de thèse est d'étudier l'influence de cette focalisation sur le transport et la sédimentation de particules dans une fracture plane à rugosité périodique. Tout d'abord, un écoulement monophasique dans une fracture est analysé asymptotiquement dans le cas de faible rugosité. Les résultats classiques de la théorie de la lubrification inertielle sont généralisés au cas de fractures avec des parois asymétriques. Les corrections non linéaires à la loi de Darcy sont calculées explicitement en fonction des facteurs géométriques de la fracture. Le transport de particules dans une fracture horizontal est étudié asymptotiquement dans le cas de particules de faible inertie. Les particules se focalisent sur une trajectoire attractrice, si le débit d'écoulement est assez fort par rapport à la gravité. Un diagramme complet de focalisation a été obtenu, qui prédit l'existence de l'attracteur en fonction du nombre de Froude et des facteurs géométriques de la fracture. Les paramètres quantitatifs du transport ont été calculés également. L'influence de la force de portance sur la migration de particules a été étudiée également. Dans un canal vertical, la portance (provoquée par la gravité) modifie le nombre d'attracteurs et leurs positions. En absence de gravité, la portance peut provoquer une dynamique chaotique des particules. En outre, le captage des particules par une paire de tourbillons a été étudié. Le diagramme d'accumulation obtenu démontre que toute paire de tourbillons peut être un piège à particulesIt is well-known that inertial particles tend to focus on preferential trajectories in periodic flows. The goal of this thesis was to study the joint effect of particle focusing and sedimentation on their transport through a model 2D fracture with a periodic corrugation. First, single-phase flow though the fracture has been considered: the classical results of the inertial lubrication theory are revisited in order to include asymmetric fracture geometries. Cubic corrections to Darcy's law have been found analytically and expressed in terms of two geometric factors, describing channel geometry. For weakly-inertial particles in a horizontal channel it has been shown that, when inertia is strong enough to balance out the gravity forces, particles focus to some attracting trajectory inside the channel. The full trapping diagram is obtained, that predicts the existence of such attracting trajectory regime depending on the Froude number and on geometric factors. Numerical simulations confirm the asymptotic results for particles with small response times. The influence of the lift force on particle migration has also been studied. In a vertical channel the lift is induced by gravity and leads to complex trapping diagrams. In the absence of gravity the lift is caused by inertial lead/lag of particles and can lead to chaotic particle dynamics. Finally, for dust particles in a vortex pair it has been shown that particles can be trapped into one or two equilibrium points in a reference frame rotating with the vortices. A full trapping diagram has been obtained, showing that any pair of vortices can trap particles, independently of their strength ratio and the direction of rotation
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Mezry, Abdeljabbar. "Loi de glissement de caoutchoucs crus". Grenoble INPG, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995INPG0090.
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Le glissement a la paroi des filieres, des melanges de caoutchoucs crus a base d'elastomere epdm a ete mis en evidence par trois techniques. La premiere est une methode de mesure absolue de vitesse locale du polymere a la paroi. Les deux autres reposent sur l'exploitation experimentale de la formule bien connue du debit en presence du glissement (la methode de mooney et celle basee sur la connaissance des proprietes en volume). Les trois methodes indiquent, a faibles contraintes, un glissement en bloc, et une apparition d'un debit lie au cisaillement a partir d'une contrainte critique. La presence des agents de mise en uvre contribue a augmenter le glissement a la paroi et a diminuer les defauts de surface. Le mode d'action de ces ingredients est une lubrification externe. En effet, on a pu mettre en evidence par differentes analyses physico-chimiques, une migration des agents de mise en uvre vers l'interface melange/paroi de la filiere
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Rouillon, Mathieu. "Modélisation et caractérisation expérimentale des étanchéités faciales hydrodynamiques". Thesis, Poitiers, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017POIT2267/document.
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L'objectif principal de cette thèse est d'étudier, à l'aide d'un code de calcul numérique et d'une caractérisation sur banc d'essai, les performances et le comportement de différentes garnitures mécaniques à rainures spirales, habituellement utilisées pour dez gaz, en application de lubrification avec un liquide. La finalité de ce travail sera de statuer sur la possibilité de remplacer les garnitures mécaniques à faces lisses employées dans les applications liquides de type turbopompe cryogénique de lanceurs spatiaux par des garnitures mécaniques à faces rainurées en spirale.L'étude bibliographique présente différents travaux théoriques et expérimentaux réalisés sur la texturation de surface, le changement de phase et de la turbulence. Ces deux derniers points peuvent se produire en présence d'un fluide cryogénique. Un modèle numérique a été développé en éléments finis. Il résout l'équation de Reynolds et l'équation de l'énergie dans le film fluide. Cette dernière est formulée en enthalpie et considère le changement de phase du fluide comme un mélange homogène. Le couplage fluide/solides est considéré pour obtenir les déformations thermoélastiques des solides. La partie suivante de cette étude présente des essais expérimentaux, avec de l'eau, de garnitures mécaniques avec différentes profondeurs de rainures spirales. Une comparaison avec des faces lisses à été réalisée et montre que le couple de frottement est moins élevé lorsque des rainures spirales sont utilisées. En revanche, leur débit de fuite est plus élevé. Des changements nets de comportement apparaissent tels que de la transition laminaire-turbulent à partir d'un nombre de Reynolds de 1500, ainsi que du changement de phase à faible charge, fortes vitesse de rotation et température d'alimentation. La dernière partie confronte le modèle théorique thermoélastohydrodynamique aux essais expérimentaux en régime d'écoulement laminaire, pour un fluide monophasique et diphasique. Le modèle de changement de phase développé permet de reproduire les observations expérimentales. Malgré quelques difficultés de convergence en écoulement diphasique, le modèle pourra être utilisé pour le développement de garnitures dans des applications industriellesThe main objective of this thesis is to study, through a numerical model and experimentations, the performance and behaviour of different spiral groove face seals, usually used for gas applications, in the case of liquid lubrication. The aim of this work will be to evaluate the eventuality to replace smooth mechanical face seals used in liquid cryogenic turbopumps space rocket applications by spiral groove face seals.The literature presents different theoretical and experimental studies on surface texturing, two-phase flow and turbulence. These last two points may appear when sealing a cryogenic fluid. A numerical model has been developped in finite elements. It solves the Reynolds equation and the energy equation into the fluid film. This equation is expressed using the enthalpy and can thus be used in case of homogeneous fluid phase change. Fluid/structure coupling is considered to obtain thermoelastic deformations of the solids. The next part of this study is dedicated to experiments with water lubricated spiral groove face seals with different groove depths. A comparison with smooth face seals has been done showing that the friction torque of the spiral groove face seals is lower than the smooth face seals one. On the other hand, the spiral groove flow rate is higher. Sharp changes in behaviour such as, laminar to turbulent transition from a Reynolds number equals to 1500, or two-phase flow at low pressure, high angular speed and supplying temperature of the fluid, are observed. The last part compares the thermoelastohydrodynamic theoretical model to experimental results in laminar flow, for one-phase and two-phase flow. The model is able to capture the experimental findings. Even if some convergence difficulties are encountered in two-phase flow, the model can be used for seal design in industrial applications
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Lecoq, Nicolas. "Etude des interactions hydrodynamiques particule parois par interférometrie laser". Rouen, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994ROUES055.
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Le mouvement d'une particule sphérique (de rayon compris entre 1 et 6 mm) dans un fluide visqueux est mesuré par une technique d'interférometrie laser. La sensibilité sur le déplacement relatif de la sphère est de l'ordre de 50 nm. La particule se déplace sur l'axe d'un cylindre fermé. Les interactions hydrodynamiques entre la particule et les parois du cylindre sont étudiées suivant trois approches différentes: la particule se déplace sur l'axe du cylindre. Toutes les parois influencent le mouvement de la sphère. Les résultats sont comparés avec la solution théorique de Sano valable pour une petite sphère. L'accord est excellent pour la plus petite des particules utilisées dans l'expérience. Mais pour la plus grosse sphère, les différences deviennent importantes car la solution de Sano ne convient pas pour décrire correctement le comportement de cette particule. La particule se déplace à proximité d'une paroi horizontale. La particule et la paroi sont lisses. Trois parois différentes sont utilisées dans les expériences: plane, concave, convexe. Les résultats expérimentaux sont en bon accord avec ceux de la théorie de la lubrification et avec la solution de Maude et Brenner quand la sphère est proche de la paroi finale plane. Lorsque cette paroi est courbe, les expériences sont en bon accord avec la théorie de Jeffrey. La dernière partie de cette thèse traite des effets de la rugosité pour de petits écarts sphère-plan. La rugosité est distribuée soit sur la sphère soit sur la paroi. Un modèle utilisant une technique de perturbation régulière a été mis au point pour estimer l'influence de la rugosité sur le mouvement de la particule. Les expériences réalisées avec différents types de rugosité sont en bon accord avec le modèle lorsque l'écoulement est radial
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Strubel, Vincent. "Particle entrapment in EHD contacts - Aerospace applications". Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSEI098/document.
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Une lubrification suffisante est essentielle au bon fonctionnement des mécanismes et/ou composants comme par exemple les paliers à roulement. Par contre, les lubrifiants contiennent souvent des débris d’usure ou des polluants extérieurs. Ces particules micrométriques peuvent pénétrer des contacts d’épaisseur inférieure au micromètre induisant des empruntes ou indents pouvant conduire à des endommagements irréversibles pour les surfaces en contact. L’objet de ce travail est l’étude du piégeage de polluants solides à l’aide de particules sphériques d’acier, d’un point de vue théorique, numérique et expérimental. Dans un premier temps, une étude phénoménologique a été proposée à l’aide d’une nouvelle méthode expérimentale basée sur la technique PIV combinée à un tribomètre bille/disque. Les trajectoires des polluants à l’entrée du contact ont pu ainsi être identifiées. En parallèle, un modèle numérique d’écoulement du lubrifiant a été développé pour permettre l’évaluation des conditions menant au piégeage ou non de particules. Finalement, des expériences sur une machine bi-disques en conditions de lubrification polluée contrôlée ont permis de valider les tendances observées pour le piégeage. Une première série de résultats a montré que le piégeage de contaminants est fortement dépendant du profil de vitesse du lubrifiant. Un taux de piégeage très hétérogène a été observé sur des contacts avec une ellipticité transverse à l’écoulement variable. De manière surprenante, malgré une augmentation de la largeur de contact, une forte diminution du nombre de particules piégées a été observée dans des contacts elliptiques. Il a été démontré que cette diminution pouvait être imputée à la présence d’importants reflux de lubrifiant dans les contacts elliptiques larges. L’étude de contacts hybrides, nitrure de silicium–acier, a montré une bonne résistance à l’indentation du nitrure de silicium. Il est à noter que les contacts hybrides présentent des niveaux de piégeage similaire à un contact tout acierContact lubrication is essential in a wide range of mechanical systems like rolling element bearings (REBs). A minimum quantity of clean lubricant all along the bearing life is necessary but difficult to ensure. In fact, lubricants contain inevitably wear debris or external particles, like dust. Carried by the lubricant in the vicinity of elastohydrodynamic (EHD) contacts, particles can be entrapped with disastrous consequences for contacting surfaces. Entrapment of micrometric particles in submicrometric contacting gaps means irreversible damages for the surfaces. Damages weaken the surfaces and reduce significantly the REBs lifetime. The goal of this work is to analyze the critical particle entrainments in the contact inlet. Entrapment of steel spherical particles was investigated from the numerical and experimental point of view. Firstly, the phenomenology of entrapment was explored with a new experimental method based on Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) technique installed on a tribometer. It enabled the evaluation of velocity profiles in the contact inlet and the tracking of particles within EHD contacts. Secondly, a numerical modelling of the inlet flow for EHD contacts, including the particle tracking, was developed. Finally, tests on a twin-disc machine with a controlled level of well-defined contamination were conducted to validate previous conclusions. A first set of results showed that particle entrapment is highly dependent on the lubricant velocity profile. Depending on contact geometry, from point to wide elliptical contacts, different entrapment probability were revealed. Surprisingly, increasing contact width with wide elliptical contacts leads to a drop of entrapped particles. It was demonstrated that this phenomenon is due to backflows occurring upstream from these contacts. Introducing a hybrid pair of contacting materials (silicon nitride–steel), dents on the surfaces due to entrapped particles were explored. It has been confirmed that silicon nitride surface offers a real ability to resist to indentation. It was also noticed that the entrapment probability for silicon nitride–steel contacts is equivalent to a steel–steel one