Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „LPP protocol”

Thesis (M.S.)--University of California, San Diego, 2009.
Title from first page of PDF file (viewed September 17, 2009). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Includes bibliographical references (p. 47).

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Computação.
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Este trabalho propõe uma solução de autenticação para o protocolo LDP (Label Distribution Protocol) que tem por objetivo autenticar, em um escopo fim a fim, o estabelecimento de um LSP (Label Switching Path) entre um LSR (Label Switching Router) de Ingresso e o seu respectivo LSR de Egresso. Objetiva-se suprir a deficiência do protocolo LDP de não possuir um mecanismo de autenticação fim a fim definido, aplicável entre LSRs não-adjacentes. Conforme foi verificado pelo levantamento de trabalhos correlatos, atualmente é desconhecida uma solução de autenticação semelhante, que efetivamente atenda o propósito de autenticar num escopo fim a fim, o estabelecimento de LSPs no protocolo LDP. Dessa forma a solução deste trabalho é inédita no seu escopo de aplicação. A solução foi planejada para ambientes onde LSPs atravessam múltiplos domínios externos, não confiáveis entre si, e que por isso necessitam de um mecanismo de autenticação durante o estabelecimento dos LSPs. A solução faz uso de um mecanismo de autenticação, baseado em criptografia assimétrica (chave pública e privada), anexado a cada mensagem LDP. Este mecanismo possibilita ao LSR receptor verificar e autenticar o originador da mensagem LDP. Adicionalmente a solução provê integridade de dados através de um mecanismo de resumo de mensagens (hash) e também protege contra ataques de repetição através da inserção de um nonce às mensagens LDP.

Contextualização: Pacientes com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC) apresentam manifestações fisiopatológicas pulmonares e extra-pulmonares que podem levar à ocorrência de hipoxemia. A hipoxemia pode influenciar negativamente em desfechos naturais no curso da doença e pode ser representada por dessaturação de oxigênio avaliada por meio de oximetria de pulso. Adicionalmente, as manifestações da DPOC levam a sintomas como dispneia e fadiga que podem limitar a realização de atividades da vida diária (AVDs) nesses pacientes. Porém, os métodos utilizados atualmente para a avaliação das AVDs em pacientes com DPOC apresentam limitações. Além disso, não se sabe se possíveis episódios de dessaturação de oxigênio durante um protocolo de AVDs em laboratório estariam associados à dessaturação de oxigênio na vida diária dessa população. Objetivos: Desenvolver um novo protocolo para a avaliação do desempenho durante AVDs em pacientes com DPOC (Londrina Activities of Daily Living [ADL] Protocol – LAP) e avaliar a validade critério e a reprodutibilidade deste protocolo na mesma população. Adicionalmente, investigar se há relação entre a dessaturação de oxigênio durante a realização deste protocolo e na vida diária dos pacientes. Métodos: No primeiro estudo, foi realizada pesquisa bibliográfica e reuniões entre os autores do presente estudo para a seleção das atividades a serem incluídas no novo protocolo (LAP). Após a definição do protocolo, 20 pacientes com DPOC foram submetidos à realização de quatro repetições do LAP, além da avaliação da qualidade de vida e do estado funcional por meio de questionários, avaliação da capacidade funcional de exercício por meio do Teste de Caminhada de 6 minutos (TC6min) e avaliação da atividade física na vida diária (AFVD) por meio de sensores de movimento. No segundo estudo, 20 pacientes foram submetidos à oximetria de pulso durante a realização do LAP e durante 48 horas na vida diária, com monitorização concomitante da AFVD. Resultados: No primeiro estudo foi definida a composição do LAP incluindo cinco atividades baseadas em AVDs, envolvendo atividades de membros superiores, membros inferiores e flexão/inclinação de tronco. O LAP foi reprodutível (ICC>0,90, P<0,001). O desempenho no LAP se correlacionou com as variáveis de estado funcional e qualidade de vida (0,32 ≤ r ≤ 0,59) e com a distância percorrida no TC6min (r = -0,64). A intensidade de movimento durante o LAP correlacionou-se com a intensidade de movimento na vida diária (r=0,71). No segundo estudo, os episódios de dessaturação de oxigênio durante o LAP correlacionaram-se com os episódios de dessaturação de oxigênio na vida diária (0,45 ≤ r ≤ 0,59). Conclusões: O LAP é um protocolo válido e reprodutível para avaliar o desempenho nas AVDs em pacientes com DPOC. Os episódios de dessaturação durante um protocolo de AVDs realizado em laboratório estão moderadamente relacionados aos episódios de dessaturação na vida diária desses pacientes.
Background: Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) present pathophysiological pulmonary and extra-pulmonary features which could lead to the occurrence of hypoxemia. Hypoxemia can lead to negative influence on the outcomes of the disease’s natural course, and can be represented by oxygen desaturation assessed by pulse oximetry. Additionally, COPD manifestations lead to symptoms such as dyspnea and fatigue which can impair activities of daily living (ADL) performance in these patients. However, methods for ADL assessment in patients with COPD present some limitations. Furthermore, it is not clear whether possible episodes of oxygen desaturation during an ADL laboratory-based protocol present association with episodes of oxygen desaturation in daily life in this population. Objectives: To develop a new protocol to evaluate ADL performance in patients with COPD (Londrina ADL Protocol [LAP]) and to assess the criterion validity and the reliability of the protocol in the same population. Additionally, to investigate the relationship between oxygen desaturation during the protocol and in patients’ daily life. Methods: In the first study, a bibliographic research and meetings among the authors of the present study were done to establish the activities to be included in the new protocol (LAP). After defining the protocol, 20 patients with COPD were submitted to four repetitions of the LAP, besides the assessment of quality of life and functional status by questionnaires, functional exercise capacity by the Six-minute Walking Test (6MWT) and physical activity in daily life (PADL) by motion sensors. In the second study, 20 patients with COPD were submitted to pulse oximetry while performing the LAP and during 48 hours in daily life, with simultaneous PADL monitoring. Results: In the first study, the composition of the LAP was defined including five activities based on ADL, involving movements of upper limbs, lower limbs and trunk flexion/inclination. The LAP was reliable (ICC>0.90, P<0.001). Movement intensity during the LAP was highly correlated with movement intensity during daily life (r=0.71). Performance in the LAP was correlated with functional status and quality of life outcomes (0.32 ≤ r ≤ 0.59) and with the distance walked in the 6MWT (r = -0,64). In the second study, the episodes of oxygen desaturation during the LAP were correlated with episodes of oxygen desaturation in daily life (0,45 ≤ r ≤ 0,59). Conclusions: The LAP is a valid and reliable protocol to evaluate ADL performance in patients with COPD. Episodes of oxygen desaturation during an ADL laboratory-based protocol are moderately related to episodes of oxygen desaturation in daily life in this population.

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O presente trabalho descreve a implementação open-source do Protocolo de Gerência de Enlace denominado LMP (Link Management Protocol), baseado na RFC 4204. Este protocolo faz parte da arquitetura GMPLS (Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching), responsável por gerenciar de forma automatizada as redes ópticas. O protocolo LMP, quando utilizado em conjunto com o pacote open-source DRAGON, disponibiliza ferramentas de gerenciamento distribuído apropriadas para uso em ambientes GMPLS. Neste contexto, ferramentas de roteamento distribuído, estabelecimento rápido de conexões por meio de sinalização e descoberta de serviços podem ser utilizadas. A integração do protocolo LMP open source, no contexto do pacote DRAGON, em equipamentos denominados ROADM (Multiplexador de Inserção/Remoção Óptico Reconfigurável) representa uma plataforma completa para o gerenciamento automatizado de redes ópticas. Embora existam iniciativas de implementação de equipamentos ROADM nacionais, o protocolo LMP para tais plataformas, na forma open source, ainda não foi disponibilizado. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho traz uma contribuição para tal integração, disponibilizando o referido protocolo, para uso com o pacote DRAGON. Foram realizados testes no Laboratório LACE com o protocolo LMP inserido no pacote DRAGON. Os resultados experimentais obtidos comprovaram as funcionalidades do protocolo relacionadas ao estabelecimento, manutenção e gerenciamento do canal de controle, além da identificação das propriedades dos nós adjacentes e isolação de falhas simples ou múltiplas no domínio óptico do gerenciamento do enlace. Tais características, são essenciais para o funcionamento completo do gerenciamento GMPLS, o qual permite a automação total de plataformas de redes ópticas
This dissertation describes the open-source implementation of the Link Management Protocol denominated LMP (Link Management Protocol), based on RFC 4204. This protocol is part of the GMPLS (Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching) architecture responsible for managing automatable fiber-optic netwoks. The Protocol LMP, when used together with the package open-source DRAGON, provides tools of management distributed appropriate for use in environments GMPLS. In this context, tools of distributed routing, fast connection establishment via signalling and service discovery can be used. The integration of open source protocol LMP, in the context of package DRAGON, in called equipment ROADM (Reconfigurable Optical Add and Drop Multiplexer) represents a complete platform for the automatized management of optical networks. Although there are initiatives for the implementation of national ROADM equipment, the LMP protocol for such platforms, in the form open source, has not yet been made available. In this direction, the present work brings a contribution for such integration, make available the related protocol, for use with package DRAGON. Tests were performed in the Laboratory LACE with the LMP protocol in package DRAGON. The results experimental had proven the related functionalities of the protocol to the control channel establishment, maintenance and management, beyond the identification the properties of adjacent nodes and isolation of single or multiple failures in the optical domain management link. Such characteristics, are essential for the complete functioning of management GMPLS, which allows the total automation of platforms of optical networks

Orientador: Mário Luiz Tronco
Banca: Edilson Reis Rodrigues Kato
Banca: Adriano Mauro Cansian
Resumo: O presente trabalho descreve a implementação open-source do Protocolo de Gerência de Enlace denominado LMP (Link Management Protocol), baseado na RFC 4204. Este protocolo faz parte da arquitetura GMPLS (Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching), responsável por gerenciar de forma automatizada as redes ópticas. O protocolo LMP, quando utilizado em conjunto com o pacote open-source DRAGON, disponibiliza ferramentas de gerenciamento distribuído apropriadas para uso em ambientes GMPLS. Neste contexto, ferramentas de roteamento distribuído, estabelecimento rápido de conexões por meio de sinalização e descoberta de serviços podem ser utilizadas. A integração do protocolo LMP open source, no contexto do pacote DRAGON, em equipamentos denominados ROADM (Multiplexador de Inserção/Remoção Óptico Reconfigurável) representa uma plataforma completa para o gerenciamento automatizado de redes ópticas. Embora existam iniciativas de implementação de equipamentos ROADM nacionais, o protocolo LMP para tais plataformas, na forma open source, ainda não foi disponibilizado. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho traz uma contribuição para tal integração, disponibilizando o referido protocolo, para uso com o pacote DRAGON. Foram realizados testes no Laboratório LACE com o protocolo LMP inserido no pacote DRAGON. Os resultados experimentais obtidos comprovaram as funcionalidades do protocolo relacionadas ao estabelecimento, manutenção e gerenciamento do canal de controle, além da identificação das propriedades dos nós adjacentes e isolação de falhas simples ou múltiplas no domínio óptico do gerenciamento do enlace. Tais características, são essenciais para o funcionamento completo do gerenciamento GMPLS, o qual permite a automação total de plataformas de redes ópticas
Abstract: This dissertation describes the open-source implementation of the Link Management Protocol denominated LMP (Link Management Protocol), based on RFC 4204. This protocol is part of the GMPLS (Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching) architecture responsible for managing automatable fiber-optic netwoks. The Protocol LMP, when used together with the package open-source DRAGON, provides tools of management distributed appropriate for use in environments GMPLS. In this context, tools of distributed routing, fast connection establishment via signalling and service discovery can be used. The integration of open source protocol LMP, in the context of package DRAGON, in called equipment ROADM (Reconfigurable Optical Add and Drop Multiplexer) represents a complete platform for the automatized management of optical networks. Although there are initiatives for the implementation of national ROADM equipment, the LMP protocol for such platforms, in the form open source, has not yet been made available. In this direction, the present work brings a contribution for such integration, make available the related protocol, for use with package DRAGON. Tests were performed in the Laboratory LACE with the LMP protocol in package DRAGON. The results experimental had proven the related functionalities of the protocol to the control channel establishment, maintenance and management, beyond the identification the properties of adjacent nodes and isolation of single or multiple failures in the optical domain management link. Such characteristics, are essential for the complete functioning of management GMPLS, which allows the total automation of platforms of optical networks
Mestre

Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) emerged as a suitable solution to optimization of Internet Protocol (IP) networks. It improves network efficiency, utilization of resources and resilience in packet switched networks. With MPLS, packet forwarding decisions are made based on label inspection rather than packet header information. While MPLS is native to packet switched networks, Generalized Multiprotocol Label Switching (GMPLS) extends MPLS functionality to networks that support non-packet switched domains such as time, lambda and fiber. GMPLS also offers better resource management through the use of a new protocol; Link Management Protocol (LMP). In this work, a performance evaluation of GMPLS and MPLS control plane signaling protocols was performed. Further, a control plane interworking model for MPLS and GMPLS networks was proposed. Simulations were carried out to examine the performance of signaling protocols in an MPLS network configured with, and without Quality-of-Service (QoS). Conclusions on the performance characteristics of each signaling protocol were made based on the collected results.

Objetivo: Verificar a existência de itens de Qualidade de Vida (QV) nos protocolos clínicos do Hospital de Reabili tação de Anomalias Craniofaciais da Universidade de São Paulo (HRAC/USP) . Modelo: Estudo observacional, transversal e descritivo sobre os seguintes domínios de QV: (1) convívio social, (2) relacionamento interpessoal, (3) educação, (4) desempenho escolar, (5) lazer, (6) satisfação com resultado do tratamento, e (7) queixas, nas áreas de Pediatria, Enfermagem/Saúde Pública, Serviço Social, Nutrição/Dietética, Genética, Cirurgia Plástica, Otorrinolaringologia, Fonoaudiologia, Psicologia, Fisioterapia, Odontopediatria, e Ortodontia. Local: HRAC/USP, Bauru. Participantes: Protocolos clínicos e 314 prontuários de pacientes em idades entre 6 e 12 anos, com fissura unilateral transforame operada. Resultados: Nenhuma das áreas clínicas contemplou os 7 domínios de QV em seus protocolos clínicos. A coleta e registro dessas informações nos protocolos clínicos ocorreram em mais de 50% da amostra somente na área de Serviço Social. A fonoaudiologia é a que mais investiga e registra aspectos de QV nas folhas de evolução. Conclusões: A análise revelou que das 12 áreas investig adas, 42% (5) áreas contemplam domínios relacionados à avaliação de QV na estrutura dos protocolos clínicos e ainda que haja inconsistência na coleta e registro desses dados, a presença de domínios de QV na prática clínica se observa em 66% das áreas que o registram de forma espontânea nas folhas de evolução.
Objective: Verifying the existence of items of Quality of Life in the clinical protocols of the Hospital of Rehabilitation of Anomalies Craniofacials. Model: Observational study, cross and descriptive in patients handbooks, about domains of quality of life (1) social conviviality, (2) relationship among people, (3) education, (4) school performance, (5) le isure, (6) satisfaction whit the result of treatment and (7) complaints, in the pediatrics areas, nursing, social work, nutrition, genetics, plastic surgery, ear doctor, speech pathologist, psychology, phisiotherapy, childs dentist and orthodontists. Setting: HRAC/USP, Bauru. Participants: Clinical protocols and 314 patients handbooks whose ages are between 6 and 12 years old, with cleft lip and cleft palate operated. Results: None of the clinical areas contemplated the 7 domains of Quality of life in their clinical protocols. The collection and the registration of those information occurred in 50% of the sample only for the area of social work. The area of speech pathologist is where more investigates are notified and it registers those aspects in evolution sheet of the handbook. Conclusions: The analysis showed that regarding 12 investigated areas, 42% (5) areas contemplate domains related to the evaluation of quality of life in the structure of the clinical protocols and although that there is inconsis tency in the collection and registration of those data, the occurrence of domains of Quality of Life in clinical practice is observed in 66% of the areas that make it as spontaneous way in the evolution sheet.

Research guides the parameters for assessment and treatment of individuals with cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P). Most developing countries cannot provide an adequate standard of cleft care, due to limited resources. Speech-language therapists and audiologists in developing countries can contribute to improving cleft care through early communication intervention to minimise/prevent the negative impact of a cleft on a young child’s communication ability and to support the families. However, they require linguistically and contextually relevant assessment instruments for early identification of communication disorders in these children. The aim of the research was to develop and evaluate a communication assessment protocol for young children with CL/P, for use in Mauritius, a developing country in the Indian Ocean with a multilingual and multicultural population. A further aim was to develop an electronic database of children with CL/P in the public health sector of Mauritius. Eighty-eight children, with CL/P, 0-6 years, were selected by consecutive sampling and their parents acted as participants. Four speech-language therapists and audiologists from the public health sector of Mauritius participated in the data collection and appraisal of the newly developed assessment protocol. A mixed methods research design was selected. Based on exploratory research of cleft care in Mauritius and international recommendations for assessment of young children with CL/P, a comprehensive Communication Assessment Protocol was compiled and speech elicitation materials in Creole and French were prepared. Speech-language therapists and audiologists conducted assessments, using non-invasive procedures to assess feeding, hearing, communication skills development, emergent literacy skills, speech production and voice of the participants. Digital video and audio recordings of the elicited speech samples were made and auditory-perceptual procedures for speech analysis and inter-rater comparisons for reliability were employed. The communication assessment protocol was useful in describing the characteristics of the children with CL/P treated in the National Health System in Mauritius. The speech-language therapists and audiologists together with the parents of the children as partners in assessment were successful in early identification of communication delays/disorders in children with CL/P (73%) and also referrals to other health care professionals. The protocol was evaluated and accepted for application in clinical practice. The newly developed Communication Assessment Protocol was applied by local speech-language therapists and audiologists with the possibility of implementing this assessment instrument nationally. This was an important contribution to improve cleft care in Mauritius where interdisciplinary team-based cleft care has not occurred to date.
Thesis (DPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2010.
Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology
Unrestricted

Introdução: É de suma importância avaliar as atividades de vida diária (AVDs) em adultos mais velhos, porém não há na literatura protocolos que avaliam as AVDs de forma objetiva e que seja padronizado. Objetivo: Verificar a reprodutibilidade de um novo protocolo, o Londrina ADL Protocol (LAP), e investigar a sua validade em indivíduos fisicamente independentes com 50 anos ou mais. Além disso, estabelecer uma equação para predizer valores de referência para o LAP nesta população. Métodos: Noventa e três indivíduos fisicamente independentes com 50 anos ou mais tiveram sua capacidade de realizar AVDs avaliada pelo tempo despendido para realizar o LAP (protocolo composto por 5 atividades que mimetizam AVDs as quais envolvem membros superiores e inferiores realizadas em forma de circuito). O protocolo foi realizado duas vezes, a fim de se verificar a sua reprodutibilidade. O teste de caminhada de seis minutos (TC6min), que avalia a capacidade funcional de exercício, foi utilizado como critério para a validação do LAP. Um modelo de regressão linear foi construído, incluindo-se variáveis demográficas e antropométricas (gênero, idade, peso e altura) que se correlacionaram com o LAP, a fim de se estabelecer uma equação para predição de valores de referência do protocolo. Outras avaliações foram: função pulmonar (espirometria), número de passos (pedômetro), capacidade funcional e física (30-second chair stand test, 6-minute pegboard and ring test, timed up and go, one leg balance test), independência na vida diária e estado mental (questionários). Resultados: Em geral, o LAP foi reprodutível (CCI=0,91). A diferença entre o primeiro e o segundo LAP foi de 5,3%. O LAP foi válido para avaliar as AVDs nos indivíduos estudados, apresentando correlação moderada com o TC6min (r=-0,46). O tempo gasto para realizar o LAP se correlacionou com idade (r=0,45), mas não com peso (r=-0,17) e altura (r=-0,17). Um modelo de regressão linear múltipla incluindo gênero e idade mostrou que idade foi o único determinante do LAP, explicando 21% de sua variabilidade (P<0,0001). A equação de referência estabelecida foi: LAPpred(seg)=135,618+(3,102*idade [anos]). Conclusão: O LAP mostrou-se reprodutível e válido para avaliar AVDs em indivíduos fisicamente independentes com 50 anos ou mais. Uma equação de referência para o LAP foi estabelecida, incluindo como variável independente apenas a idade (r2=0,21), permitindo uma melhor interpretação dos resultados quando o protocolo for utilizado na prática profissional.
Background: It is important to assess activities of daily living (ADL) in older adults, and there is no availability of an objective and standardized protocol to assess this outcome. Aims: To verify the reproducibility of a new protocol, the Londrina ADL Protocol (LAP), and to investigate its validity in physically independent adults aged 50 and older; to establish an equation to predict reference values of the LAP for this population. Methods: Ninety three physically independent adults aged 50 and older had their capacity to perform ADL evaluated by registering the time spent to conclude the LAP (a protocol composed by five different activities that simulate ADL which involve upper and lower limbs carried out on a circuit). The protocol was performed twice, in order to verify its reproducibility. The six-minute walk test (6MWT), that assesses functional exercise capacity, was used as a validation criterion. A model of multiple linear regression was applied, including anthropometric and demographic variables (gender, age, weight, heigh) that correlated with the LAP, to establish an equation to predict the reference values of the protocol. Other assessments: pulmonary function (spirometry), number of spets (pedometer), functional physical capacity (30-second chair stand test, 6-minute pegboard and ring test, timed up and go, and one-leg balance test), independence in daily life and mental status. Results: In general, the LAP was reproducible (ICC: 0.91). The difference between the first and second LAP was 5.3%. The LAP was valid to assess ADL in the studied subjects, presenting a moderate correlation with the 6MWT (r=-0.46). The time spent to perform the LAP correlated with age (r=0.45), but neither with weight (r=-0.17) nor with height (r=-0.17). A model of stepwise multiple regression including gender and age showed that age was the only determinant factor to the LAP, explaining 21% (P<0.0001) of its variability. The derived reference equation was: LAPpred(sec)=135.618+(3.102*age [years]). Conclusion: In general, the LAP was reproducible and valid in physically independent adults aged 50 and older. A reference equation for the LAP was established, including as independent variable only age (r2=0.21), allowing a better interpretation of the results when the protocol will be used in the clinical practice.

Objetivo: avaliar por meio de fotografias de perfil e um questionário específico, a estética facial de indivíduos com fissura transforame incisivo bilateral (FTB), operados segundo o protocolo do HRAC-USP. Modelo: Estudo transversal, com análise das fotografias, atribuindo escores aos pacientes e comparando-os estatisticamente. Local de Execução: HRAC-USP. Participantes: Amostra: 30 pacientes, 24 do gênero masculino e 6 do gênero feminino, com idades entre 5 anos e 8 meses a 10 anos e 4 meses, leucodermas, com FTB . Examinadores: 5 Ortodontistas do HRAC-USP (OHRAC), 5 ortodontistas não relacionados à área de fissura (ONF), 5 Cirurgiões Plásticos do HRAC-USP (CPHRAC), 5 Cirurgiões Plásticos não relacionados à área de fissura (CPNF), 5 leigos (L) com formação superior. Variáveis: classificação da agradabilidade facial, em escala de 1 a 9, estruturas reconhecidas como responsáveis pela pior classificação. Resultados: O grupo OHRAC atribuiu mediana de 7 (aparência esteticamente agradável), o grupo CPHRAC atribuiu 5 (esteticamente aceitável). O grupo L atribuiu 4 (esteticamente aceitável). Os grupos ONF e CPNF, designaram 3 (esteticamente desagradável). Existiu diferença significante entre todas as categorias, exceto para os ONF e CPNF. Foram associadas à classificação esteticamente desagradável o nariz, o terço médio da face e o lábio superior. Conclusões: A estética facial da amostra foi classificada em agradável (grupo OHRAC), aceitável (grupos CPHRAC e L) e desagradável (grupos ONF e CPNF). Houve diferença significante entre os grupos, exceto para os ONF e CPNF. As estruturas associadas aos piores escores foram o nariz, o terço médio da face e o lábio superior.
Objective: to evaluate, by means of photographs of profile and a specific questionnaire, the facial esthetics of individuals with complete bilateral cleft lip and palate (CBCLP) operated according to the protocol of HRAC-USP. Design: cross-sectional study with analysis of the photographs, by assignment of scores to the patients and statistical comparison. Setting: HRAC-USP. Participants: sample: 30 white patients with CBCLP, being 24 males and 6 females, aged 5 years 8 months to 10 years 4 months. Examines: 5 orthodontists of HRAC-USP (OHRAC), 5 orthodontists not treating patients with clefts (ONC), 5 plastic surgeons of HRAC-USP (PSHRAC), 5 plastic surgeons not treating patients with clefts (PSNC), and 5 lay graduated examiners (L). Variables: classification of facial pleasantness in a scale from 1 to 9, structures recognized as responsible for the worst classification. Results: the OHRAC group assigned a median of 7 (esthetically pleasant appearance) and the PSHRAC assigned 5 (esthetically acceptable). Group L assigned 4 (esthetically acceptable). Groups ONC and PSNC assigned 3 (esthetically unpleasant). There was a significant difference between all categories, except for ONC and PSNC. The structures associated to the esthetically unpleasant classification were the nose, middle third of the face and upper lip. Conclusions: the facial esthetics of the sample was classified as pleasant (OHRAC group), acceptable (PSHRAC and L groups) and unpleasant (ONC and PSNC groups). here was a significant difference between groups, except for the ONC and PSNC. The structures associated to the worst scores were the nose, middle third of the face and upper lip.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 21, 2002 / Town & Country Hotel and Conference Center, San Diego, California
This paper presents work being done at NASA/GSFC by the Operating Missions as Nodes on the Internet (OMNI) project to demonstrate the application of Internet communication technologies to space communication. The goal is to provide global addressability and standard network protocols and applications for future space missions. It describes the communication architecture and operations concepts that will be deployed and tested on a Space Shuttle flight in July 2002. This is a NASA Hitchhiker mission called Communication and Navigation Demonstration On Shuttle (CANDOS). The mission will be using a small programmable transceiver mounted in the Shuttle bay that can communicate through NASA’s ground tracking stations as well as NASA’s space relay satellite system. The transceiver includes a processor running the Linux operating system and a standard synchronous serial interface that supports the High-level Data Link Control (HDLC) framing protocol. One of the main goals will be to test the operation of the Mobile IP protocol (RFC 2002) for automatic routing of data as the Shuttle passes from one contact to another. Other protocols to be utilized onboard CANDOS include secure login (SSH), UDP-based reliable file transfer (MDP), and blind commanding using UDP. The paper describes how each of these standard protocols available in the Linux operating system can be used to support communication with a space vehicle. It will discuss how each protocol is suited to support the range of special communication needs of space missions.

OBJETIVO: Este estudo tem como objetivo elaborar um protocolo eficiente para triagem do desenvolvimento de linguagem em crianças da população brasileira, analisar se existem diferenças nas habilidades de linguagem das crianças com e sem fissura labiopalatina (FLP) e verificar se há diferenças no perfil do desenvolvimento de linguagem entre crianças com FLP, com e sem otite média. MODELO: Prospectivo e amostra aleatória. LOCAL: Setor de Fonoaudiologia e Ambulatório de Saúde Pública - HRAC- USP. PARTICIPANTES: Foram avaliadas 163 crianças, sendo 102 com FLP (50 sem e 52 com otite média) e 61 sem FLP, na faixa etária de 22 a 24 meses e de 34 a 36 meses, por ordem de agendamento no HRAC - USP. INTERVENÇÕES: Aplicação do Protocolo de triagem do desenvolvimento de linguagem em crianças até 3 anos de idade, composto dos Testes REEL-2, ELM e LDS e avaliação fonoaudiológica, possibilitando a detecção precoce de crianças de risco para o atraso no desenvolvimento da linguagem. RESULTADOS: Constatou-se, com diferença estatisticamente significante, atraso no desenvolvimento da linguagem receptiva pelo Teste REEL-2, em crianças com 3 anos de idade, sendo mais baixo o desempenho naquelas com FLP. A Escala ELM mostrou diferença estatisticamente significante para a linguagem expressiva com 3 anos de idade, destacando-se o grupo de crianças sem FLP. No Teste LDS os dados foram significativos para crianças com 3 anos, do grupo sem FLP. Todos esses dados foram confirmados pela avaliação fonoaudiológica. CONCLUSÃO: O protocolo proposto mostrou eficácia, principalmente quando acentua as diferenças existentes em crianças com e sem FLP. Com esses dados, a implantação do protocolo é de alto benefício aos pacientes de risco nesta condição.
Objective: The goals of the present work are: to generale a protocol screening to evaluate the development of language in Brazilian children; to analise differences existing in language skills in children with/without cleft lip/palate, and to verify differences existing in the profile of language development between children with clefting, with/ without median otitis. Model: Prospective study based in randomized sampling Setting: Speech Pathology Section, Public Health Ambulatory, HRAC-USP Participants: 163 children composed this sample, where 102 presented cleft lip/palate (52 with otitis media and 50 without) and 61 normal children. The age ranged between 22 to 24 months and from 34 to 36 months, according the routine agenda. Intervention: The Protocol was applied to all children having less than 36 months. It includes the following scales: REEL-2, ELM and LDS, as well as the speech language evaluation, concerning early identification of children at risk for developmental language delay. Results: Through the Protocol screening we showed that there was significant standard deviation in receptive developmental language delay detected through the REEL-2 Scale, mainly for children with CL/P at age 36 months. The ELM and LDS scales showed significant standard deviation for expressive language delay, mainly in children without clefting at age 36 months. These data were confirmed through speech-language evaluation. Conclusions: The studied Protocol was efficient in all circumstances, mainly when we take into account the differences existing between children with cleft lip/palate with and without otitis media, and when we also consider the groups with and without CL/P. We suggest that this Protocol should be established as a routine procedure in the evaluation of at risk patients, no matter where they are.

Introdução e Objetivo: Nos pacientes com fissura labiopalatina unilateral (FLPU) as cirurgias primárias afetam, em graus variados, o crescimento da face, comprometendo a estética facial e a oclusão dentária. Diversos estudos enfatizam a necessidade de se estabelecer protocolos cirúrgicos que apresentem repercussões positivas no crescimento facial e no desempenho fonoarticulatório dos pacientes, visando a diminuição do custo biológico, social e financeiro do tratamento integral. Este estudo objetivou comparar os efeitos de dois protocolos cirúrgicos para palatoplastia primária, em um e em dois tempos cirúrgicos, este com o fechamento tardio do palato duro (FTPD) sobre o complexo maxilo-mandibular de pacientes com FLPU completa. A hipótese do autor é que o protocolo com FTPD propicie um melhor crescimento dentofacial. Métodos: Foi realizado um ensaio clínico randomizado no qual 64 pacientes, atendidos em um centro de referência no nordeste do Brasil, foram divididos em dois grupos que receberam tratamentos cirúrgicos distintos. O grupo de intervenção (GI) foi constituído por 32 pacientes submetidas à palatoplastia em dois tempos cirúrgicos: veloplastia realizada entre os 6 e 9 meses de idade e FTPD realizado entre 36 e 48 meses de vida. O grupo controle (GC) foi constituído por 30 pacientes submetidos a palatoplastia completa entre os 9 e 15 meses. A relação entre os arcos dentários foi avaliada, de maneira cega, por três ortodontistas calibrados usando o índice FYOI (Atack,1997). Também foram investigadas as alterações dimensionais na maxila, a gravidade da fissura e as complicações pós-cirúrgicas em relação aos dois protocolos cirúrgicos. Resultados: Os modelos de gesso para avaliação pelo FYOI foram obtidos dos pacientes de ambos os grupos com idade média de 55,5 meses. O grau de concordância foi excelente (Kappa = 0,76-0,90) entre os examinadores e bom intra-examinadores (Kappa = 0,67-0,87). Os escores médios do índice FYOI variaram de 2,04 no GI a 2,76 no GC, com diferença estatisticamente significante (p = 0,007). Quando os scores foram agrupados em três categorias, bom (escores 1 e 2), Regular (escore 3) e ruim (escores 4 e 5) verificou-se diferença significativa (p < 0,006) na categoria bom (escores 1 e 2) entre os grupos GI (74%) e GC (52%). Ao serem comparadas as distribuições pela mediana, foi encontrada diferença significativa (p = 0,024) entre os escores 1 dos grupos GI (31,2%) e GC (3,3%). A correlação entre a largura da fissura e a relação maxilo-mandibular avaliada pelo FYOI não foi evidenciada pelo método de Spearman. A ocorrência de fístulas oronasais foi de 9,4% no GI e 6,7% no GC, sem diferença significativa entre eles. Conclusões: a palatoplastia realizada em dois tempos cirúrgicos com FTPD, apresenta melhores desfechos relativos ao crescimento dentofacial em crianças com FLPU. Não foi encontrada associação entre a gravidade da fissura e os desfechos relacionados ao crescimento maxilar. Não há diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre os dois protocolos cirúrgicos em relação à ocorrência de fístulas e à diminuição da distância intercaninos e diminuição do comprimento do arco maxilar
Background and Objective: An adequate growth of dentofacial structures is one of the most important goals of unilateral cleft lip and palate(UCLP) treatment and has a definitive role in getting good aesthetic and dental occlusion outcomes. To the present date several papers highlight the need of evidence-based studies to find surgical protocols that can improve facial growth and speech results aiming to reduce the burden of care of overall treatment. This study has evaluated and compared the dental arch relationship at 5 years of age after two treatment protocols, one submitted to one stage cleft palate repair (CPR) and the other to a two stage CPR with delayed hard palate closure (DHPC). The author\'s hypothesis is that the DCHP protocol provides a better dentofacial growth. Methods: A randomized clinical trial was held to evaluate the maxilo-mandibular relations in two groups of initially 32 patients each, randomly chosen. The GI group (n=32) was submitted to veloplasty between 6-9 months of age and a DCHP palatoplasty between three and four years of of age. The immediate complications were evaluated, oronasal fistulas, and cleft severity and their relationships to the surgical protocols. The dental arch relationships were assessed by a blind panel of three independent orthodontists using the FYOI index. The Kappa statistics were calculated to ensure the level of confidence. The results were statistically tested by t and Q-squared tests. Results: The GI group consisted of 32 patients while the GC group consisted of 30 patients. The oronasal fistulas incidence rate was 9.4% (GI) and 6.7% (GC), and there was no association to surgical techniques. Study models of 62 patients at the average age of 55.5 months were available for assessment. Good to very good levels of intra- and interrater reliability were obtained (0.67-0.87 and 0.76-0.90). The mean index scores varied between 2.04 (GI) and 2.76 (GC) with a statistically significant difference (p=0.007). When all evaluations were distributed between indexes good (1 and 2), regular (3) and bad (4 and 5); a statistically significant difference was observed between the GI and GC groups (p = 0.006),. The GI Group presented a 74% rate of good scores, while the GC Group rated 52% in good scores. When comparing the distributions by median, a difference (p = 0.024) was found between scores 1 of the GI (31.2%) and GC (3.3%) groups. The correlation between the cleft severity and the dental arch relationships assessed by the FYOI was not evidenced by the Spearman method. Conclusions: The ECR results provide statistical evidence that the DCHP protocol delivers better outcomes related to dentofacial growth. There was no correlation found between the cleft severity, palatal width and the results related to maxilar growth. The prevalence of oronasal fistules is similar in both surgical protocols

A fissura labiopalatina e a agenesia dentária são consideradas alterações do desenvolvimento embrionário. Esses fenótipos ocorrem em decorrência da interação de fatores genéticos e ambientais, caracterizando um padrão de herança multifatorial. Entre os genes candidatos a esses fenótipos destaca-se o IRF6. Para esses estudos genéticos podem ser usadas diferentes metodologias, dentre elas o seqüenciamento direto. A proposta deste estudo foi primeiramente padronizar um protocolo para seqüenciamento direto de DNA genômico a partir de saliva e então investigar mutações ou polimorfismos no éxon 3 do gene IRF6 em indivíduos com fissura de lábio e palato unilateral não-sindrômica e agenesia dentária. Fizeram parte do estudo 120 voluntários distribuídos em quatro grupos: Grupo 1 30 indivíduos com fissura e agenesia dentária; Grupo 2 - 30 indivíduos somente com fissura; Grupo 3 - 30 indivíduos somente com agenesia dentária e Grupo 4 - Controle. Para análise do éxon 3 do gene IRF6 foi coletada saliva, e a partir desse material foram testados três protocolos para extração de DNA genômico. Além disso, durante a padronização do protocolo para seqüenciamento direto foram avaliadas metodologias diferentes para outras três etapas da preparação das amostras: purificação do produto de PCR, otimização na utilização do BigDye® v3.1 Terminator na reação de seqüenciamento e purificação do produto da reação de seqüenciamento. As amostras foram seqüenciadas em Analisador Genético ABI 3130XL e os resultados analisados por meio de programas de computador específicos. Foram pesquisadas, nos eletroferogramas referentes ao éxon 3 do gene IRF6, variações nas seqüências de cada indivíduo. Os resultados mostraram que o protocolo de extração de DNA a partir de saliva utilizando InstaGeneTM Matrix associado à proteinase K e dodecil sulfato de sódio 1% foi o que apresentou melhores resultados na quantidade e qualidade do DNA extraído. Em relação à purificação do produto de PCR, o método de escolha foi a purificação em coluna específica. O BigDye® v3.1 foi utilizado com sucesso em um volume de 2 L por reação, e a purificação do produto de seqüenciamento com XTerminator apresentou os melhores resultados. Na triagem de mutação, somente um indivíduo do grupo controle apresentou variação na seqüência do tipo heterozigoto. Concluiu-se que é possível realizar, com sucesso, na plataforma ABI 3130XL, o seqüenciamento direto de DNA genômico extraído a partir de saliva total utilizando os protocolos padronizados neste trabalho. Concluiu-se também, que neste grupo analisado, não houve associação entre o éxon 3 do gene IRF6 e os fenótipos fissura labiopalatina não-sindrômica e agenesia dentária.
Cleft lip and palate and tooth agenesis are considered changes in embryonic development. These phenotypes occur as a result of the interaction of genetic and environmental factors, suggesting a multifactorial inheritance pattern. Among the candidate genes for these phenotypes IRF6 appears as one of the most important. Direct sequencing, among other techniques, can be used to perform such genetic studies. The aim of this study was to standardize a protocol for direct sequencing of genomic DNA extracted from whole saliva to allow further search of mutations or polymorphisms in exon 3 of IRF6 gene in individuals with nonsyndromic cleft lip and palate and tooth agenesis. Volunteers were 120 subjects divided into four groups: Group 1 - 30 individuals with tooth agenesis and cleft, Group 2 - 30 individuals with cleft only, Group 3 - 30 individuals with tooth agenesis only, and Group 4 - Control. For the analysis of the exon 3 of IRF6 gene, saliva was collected to test three protocols for the extraction of genomic DNA. Additionally, during the protocol standardization for direct sequencing, different methodologies for the other three steps of sample preparation were evaluated: purification of PCR product, optimization of the use of BigDye® v3.1 Terminator, and purification of the sequencing product. The samples were sequenced on ABI 3130XL Genetic Analyzer, and the results were analyzed using specific softwares. Heterozygous and homozygous variations in the sequences of the exon 3 of IRF6 gene of each individual were searched in the electropherograms. The results showed that the protocol for DNA extraction from saliva using InstageneTM Matrix associated with proteinase K and 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate showed the best results in the quantity and quality of the extracted DNA. As far as the purification of the PCR product, the method of choice was the purification in specific columns. BigDye® v3.1 was used with success in a volume 2 L per reaction, and the purification of the sequencing product with X-Terminator showed the best results. For the mutation screening, only one individual of the control group presented sequence variation of the heterozygous type. It was concluded that it is possible to successfully perform, on the ABI 3130XL platform, the direct sequencing of genomic DNA extracted from whole saliva using the protocols standardized in this work. It was also concluded that in the group analyzed, no association between the exon 3 of IRF6 gene and the phenotypes of nonsyndromic cleft lip and palate and tooth agenesis was found.

Os objetivos principais desta tese foram avaliar parâmetros bioquímicos gliais, inflamatórios e comportamentais em pacientes com lesão medular (LM) submetidos a um protocolo de dança, e em ratos submetidos aos protocolos de exercício voluntário e forçado. Para tanto, foram realizados 4 experimentos. No primeiro, os ratos foram submetidos a 4 semanas de exercício moderado em esteira ergométrica (20 min por dia). No segundo, os animais foram submetidos à 4 semanas de exercício voluntário em rodas de correr (12 horas por dia). No terceiro experimento, os ratos foram expostos à esteira ergométrica durante 2 semanas (20 min/dia) e, após o último treino, receberam uma injeção intraperitoneal de LPS. Neste último, a memória e aprendizagem dos animais foram investigadas. Ao término do período de exercício, ou após a injeção de LPS, as análises bioquímicas do hipocampo foram realizadas. O quarto experimento foi realizado com indivíduos com LM que foram submetidos a 4 semanas de dança. Análises sorológicas e comportamentais foram efetuadas. Os resultados mostraram que o exercício forçado promoveu o aumento da glutamina sintetase (GS) e diminuição de proteína glial fibrilar ácida (GFAP) e óxido nítrico (NO) no hipocampo, além de aumentar os níveis de corticosterona, o que pode estar mediando os efeitos do exercício sobre os astrócitos. O exercício voluntário induziu o aumento da GS e BDNF. A aplicação de LPS promoveu aumento dos níveis de TNF-α no hipocampo dos animais, o que coincidiu com o aumento dos níveis de S100B no fluído cerebrospinal. Os indivíduos com LM submetidos à dança apresentaram melhora significativa nos escores da Medida de Independência Funcional, Índice de Barthel, Escala de Berg e Escala Hospitalar de Ansiedade e Depressão, e aumento dos níveis sorológicos de BDNF. A dança não teve efeito sobre os parâmetros gliais, metabólicos e inflamatórios periféricos. Estes resultados sugerem que diferentes tipos de exercício físico exercem diferentes efeitos sobre os astrócitos hipocampais, o que pode interferir na indicação de um ou outro dependendo do objetivo a ser alcançado. O exercício em esteira pode ser uma atividade indicada para prevenção de doenças que envolvem neuroinflamação, e a dança pode ser uma intervenção terapêutica eficaz para reabilitação de indivíduos com lesão medular uma vez que contribui para melhora física e psicológica desta população. Tomados juntos, os resultados desta Tese ressaltam a importância da prática de exercício físico para o metabolismo neural, e a relevância de estudar os astrócitos para compreensão dos mecanismos envolvidos no efeito do exercício físico no SNC.
The main aim of this Thesis was to evaluate the biochemical glial, inflammatory and behavioral parameters, in patient with spinal cord injury (SCI) submitted to a protocol of dance, and in rats submitted to voluntary and forced exercise. Four experiments were made. In the 1st, the rats were submitted to 4 weeks of moderate exercise on treadmill (20 min per day). In the 2nd, the animals were submitted to 4 weeks of voluntary exercise on wheel running (12 hours per day). In the 3rd experiment, the rats were exposed to treadmill during 2 weeks (20 min per day) and, after the last session, they received intraperitoneal injection of LPS. In this last experiment, the memory and learning were investigated. At the finish of the exercise period, or after the LPS injection, the biochemical analysis of the hippocampus was realized. The 4th experiment was realized with individuals with spinal cord injury that were submitted to 4 weeks of dance practice. Behavioral and serological analyses were performed. Data show that treadmill running increased glutamine synthetase (GS) activity and decreased hippocampal glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and nitric oxide (NO) , as well as increased corticosterone level, that can mediate the effects of the exercise on astrocytes. The voluntary exercise increased GS and BDNF. The LPS administration increased hippocampal TNF-α level in rats concomitantly with the increase in the S100B levels in cerebrospinal fluid. The individuals with spinal cord injury submitted to dance showed a significant improve in the scores of Functional Independency Measure, Barthel Index, Berg Scale and Ansiety and Depression Hospitalar Scale, and a increase in the serologic levels of BDNF. The dance had no effect on glial, metabolic and inflammatory parameters. These results suggest that different types of exercise exert different effects on hippocampal astrocytes, which may interfere with the appointment of one or the other depending on the objective to be achieved. The treadmill exercise can be a good strategy in the prevention of neuroinflammatory diseases, and dance can be an effective therapeutic intervention for rehabilitation of individuals with SCI as it helps to improve physical and psychological conditions in this population. Taken together, the present data highlight the importance of physical exercise for neural functions, and the relevance of studying astrocytes to understand the mechanisms involved in the effect of exercise on CNS.

MANET is a self-con guring, decentralized and infrastructure-less mobile wireless network, where autonomous mobile nodes (such as laptops, smartphones, sensors, etc.) communicate over the wireless channels. Thus, MANETs are suitable for supporting decentralized and mo- bile applications in the areas, like healthcare, military, commercial, education and many others. However, MANETs consist of limited transmission range, limited device capabilities, unreliable wireless links, dynamic changes in network topology, lack of security, etc., which introduce sev- eral vulnerabilities that must be dealt with to achieve the success of MANETs. A vulnerability is a weakness, that is exploited by the attackers to introduce privacy breaches during route es- tablishment and data transfer stages. In route establishment stage, the nodes have to disclose some of the routing information such as their identity, location, etc., which can be obtained by an attacker at the malicious intermediate nodes, thus resulting in privacy breach. Due to wireless nature of links between the mobile nodes, the attackers can identify the communicating nodes just by overhearing and tracing the transmitted data packets from sender to receiver, thus breaching privacy during the data transfer stage. Thus, lack of strong privacy preserving solutions may lead to highly unacceptable results, such as real-time tracking of location move- ments, the disclosure of sensitive data, etc. In this thesis, we propose solutions to preserve location privacy and data privacy in MANETs, which are paramount to ensure acceptance of MANET applications. We have applied Rough Set Theory (RST) concepts, as it is efficiently used for classi cation of nodes, and generating privacy policies with minimum overheads by eliminating redundant information. First, we design and develop, a Location Privacy Preservation (LPP) protocol which estab- lishes an untraceable route between communicating nodes while preserving location privacy. The sender initiates the establishment of a route to a receiver through trusted nodes, where RST de nes the trust attributes such as resource availability, node reliability and node history of 1-hop neighbor nodes. The trust value (or trustworthiness) of a node is determined based on their trust attribute values. The route between sender and receiver nodes is established through trusted nodes only, and these trusted nodes act as the temporary sender for their next hop, till the receiver is reached. To ensures that the route is established with designated trusted node, and to check for any suspected situation, challenge-response messages are exchanged at each hop. The proposed LPP protocol is evaluated through simulation and also compared with earlier works. We discuss the performance analysis of the LPP protocol. We provide a formal veri cation model to shows the validity of the LPP protocol using ProVerif tool (an automatic formal protocol veri cation tool), which is utilized to formalize the functions of LPP protocol using ProVerif's calculus. The data transmitted may contain sensitive information, and undesired disclosure of in- formation can lead to the launching of various attacks, thus breaching the data privacy. For this, we have proposed a Data Privacy Preservation (DPP) scheme based on data anonymity approach, where RST concepts are applied to determine the level of data anonymity during the data transfer. Data packets are enclosed within capsules that can be opened only by the designated nodes, thus preventing the undesired leakage of the data. On the suspected situa- tions, challenge-response messages are exchanged to check data privacy violations by next hop trusted node. The route between sender and receiver is changed dynamically at each hop. The proposed DPP scheme is evaluated through simulation, and compared with some of the earlier works. The performance analysis of DPP scheme is discussed. Also, DPP scheme is tested by considering different case studies in a MANET deployed for the stock market application. Due to the development in the technology and realistic result expectation of the user, it is required to develop more practical privacy preserving solutions by collecting the context information. In this connection, we have extended the LPP protocol to a Context based Loca- tion Privacy Maintenance (CLPM) scheme, which takes context information related to nodes en route to maintain location privacy during the data transfer. RST concepts are applied to determine the privacy maintenance level of next hop trusted node, and then based on the pri- vacy maintenance level, failure to preserve location privacy are identi fied. The challenge and response messages are exchanged at each hop to ensure that trusted node maintains location privacy. If location privacy violation is detected, then the route is locally repaired. Otherwise, if there is no location privacy violation, then data is transferred through the same trusted node. The performance of CLPM scheme is evaluated through simulation, and compared with the earlier works. The performance analysis of CLPM scheme is carried out. Healthcare is currently, one of the most attractive application areas in the Internet of Things (IoT), which includes many benefi ts such as real-time patient monitoring, elderly care, and much more. However, privacy in IoT healthcare remains the most challenging obstacle, which requires dynamic privacy protection solutions for preserving the privacy of patients, doctors, etc. Thus, proposed privacy preserving protocol and schemes are applied to preserve location privacy and data privacy in the IoT healthcare application. Then, some of the healthcare transactions are illustrated to test the working of proposed privacy preserving protocol and schemes. In summary, in this work, we have designed: 1) a location privacy preservation protocol which establishes an untraceable route between sender and receiver, and preserves location pri- vacy; 2) a data privacy preservation scheme based on data anonymity approach, where concepts of RST are applied to hide the sensitive data during data transfer; 3) a context based location privacy maintenance scheme, which takes context information of nodes en route to maintain location privacy; and 4) an IoT healthcare application is considered to test the designed pro- tocol and schemes for preserving location privacy and data privacy. Simulations are performed in different MANET environments to test the proposed protocol and schemes. The simulation and analytical results obtained show the importance of the approaches and the efficiency of the proposed protocol and schemes, which could be implemented in the existing applications. Based on obtained solutions, the system can be applied to any network by adapting the nature of communications and security challenges of that network.

Currently a need exists in South Africa for an age-, linguistically- and culturally appropriate perceptual speech assessment protocol for Zulu-speaking pre-school children with cleft palate. The aim of this study was to develop a reliable perceptual speech assessment protocol for Zulu-speaking pre-school children with cleft palate based on the international guidelines (www.eurocran.org). Furthermore the clinical applicability and relevance of these guidelines for the perceptual assessment of cleft palate speech in the Zulu language were determined. The aims were reached by following a mixed methods research approach and by conducting the research in four phases. In phase one the protocol was compiled with the assistance of an expert Zulu linguist, in phase two the protocol was pre-tested on 12 normal Zulu-speaking pre-school children between three and six years of age; in phase three the perceptions of speech-language therapists regarding the clinical applicability of the protocol were determined after administration thereof on 12 Zulu-speaking pre-school children with cleft palate between the ages of three and six years; and finally in phase four the relevance of applying the international guidelines to the Zulu language was reflected on. A critical analysis of the protocol indicated that the international guidelines (www.eurocran.org) could be used to develop a perceptual speech assessment protocol in an African language namely Zulu. Results of the pilot study revealed that the protocol was age, culturally and linguistically appropriate for normal Zulu-speaking pre-school children. The speech-language therapist participants indicated that the protocol was clinically applicable to Zulu-speaking pre-school children with cleft lip and palate in terms of cultural sensitivity, administration time and its ability to elicit and identify cleft palate speech characteristics. The international guidelines (www.eurocran.org) could be applied to the Zulu language with an emphasis on the click sounds in Zulu. The results have clinical implications for cleft palate service delivery in South Africa. These implications were for in-service training of speech-language therapists regarding cleft palate to provide them with evidence-based guidelines for clinical practice. Implications for further research included the development of norms of speech development in the Zulu language and the standardization of the perceptual speech assessment protocol. This study is valuable as it is the first tool for the perceptual assessment of cleft palate speech in Zulu. The research methodology may serve as an example for the development of similar speech assessment protocols for children with cleft palate in other African languages. AFRIKAANS: Tans bestaan daar ‘n behoefte in Suid-Afrika vir ‘n ouderdoms-, taal- en kultureel toepaslike persepsuele spraak assesseringsmateriaal vir Zoeloe-sprekende voorskoolse kinders met gesplete lip en verhemelte. Die doel van hierdie studie was om ‘n betroubare en geldige Zoeloe persepsuele spraak assesseringsprotokol vir voorskoolse kinders met gesplete lip en verhemelte te ontwikkel gebasseer op die internasionale riglyne (www.eurocran.org). Die kliniese toepaslikheid en relevansie van die internasionale riglyne vir die persepsuele assessering van gesplete lip en verhemelte is bepaal. Die doelwitte is bereik deur ‘n gemengde kwalitatiewe en kwantitatiewe navorsingsmetode te volg asook deur die navorsing in vier fases uit te voer. In fase een is die protokol ontwikkel met die bystand van ‘n Zoeloe taalkundige, in fase twee is die protokol getoets op 12 normale Zoeloe-sprekende kinders tussen drie en ses jaar, in fase drie is die persepsies van drie spraak-taalterapeute verkry aangaande die kliniese toepaslikheid van die protokol na afloop van evaluasies op 12 Zoeloe-sprekende voorskoolse kinders met gesplete lip en verhemelte tussen drie en ses jaar, in fase vier is gereflekteer op die toepaslikheid van die internasionale riglyne vir Zoeloe. ‘n Kritiese analise van die protokol het aangedui dat die internasionale riglyne (www.eurocran.org) gebruik kon word om ‘n persepsuele spraak assesseringsprotokol in ‘n Afrika taal, naamlik Zoeloe, op te stel. Resultate van die voorstudie het aangedui dat die protokol taal-, ouderdoms- en kultureel toepaslik was vir die normale Zoeloe-sprekende voorskoolse kinders. Die spraak-taalterapeute as deelnemers het aangedui dat die protokol klinies toepaslik was vir voorskoolse kinders met gesplete lip en verhemelte in terme van die kulturele sensitiwiteit van die protokol, administrasie tyd asook die vermoë om die spesifieke gesplete lip en verhemelte spraakkenmerke te ontlok. Die internasionale riglyne (www.eurocran.org) kon gevolg word vir Zoeloe met insluiting van die suigklanke in die Zoeloe taalstruktuur. Die resultate het implikasies vir dienslewering in Suid-Afrika met betrekking tot gesplete lip en verhemelte. Hierdie implikasies sluit in-diens opleiding van spraak-taalterapeute in om aan hul riglyne te verskaf vir beste praktyk. Implikasies vir verdere navorsing omsluit die ontwikkeling van norme in terme van die spraak ontwikkeling in Zoeloe asook die moontlike standardisering van die persepsuele spraak asesseringsprotokol. Die studie is waardevol aangesien dit die eerste poging was om ‘n persepsuele spraak assesseringsprotokol in Zoeloe te ontwikkel vir die evaluasie van kinders met gesplete lip en verhemelte. Die navorsingsmetodologie kan gevolg word vir die ontwikkeling van soortgelyke spraak assesseringprotokolle vir kinders met gesplete lip en verhemelte in ander Afrika tale. Copyright
Dissertation (MCommunication Pathology)--University of Pretoria, 2010.
Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology
unrestricted

The need for a standard approach for the diagnosis of speech disorders, in particular resonance disorders associated with cleft lip and/or palate, has been recognised. A reliable and valid measure of nasality is important, because it not only affects clinical decision making but is also essential for the evaluation of treatment outcomes. In order to allow cross-linguistic comparisons of the assessment of resonance, language specific stimuli developed according to a common set of guidelines have been recommended. The aim of this thesis was to contribute to the development of an assessment protocol for use in Malay speaking individuals with clefts of the lip and/or palate, specifically focusing on the detection of nasality. A series of four studies were completed which systematically developed and then validated a set of stimuli in the Malay language using both perceptual and instrumental measures.
In the first study, three stimuli were developed for the assessment of nasality based on both the proportion of nasal phonemes in typical conversation samples in Malay and guidelines from the current international literature. The phonetic content of the stimuli were comparable to similar passages used in English and comprised of an Oral Passage, a Nasal Passage and a Set of Sentences.
In the second study, the stimuli constructed were tested in a large number of typically developing (non-cleft) Malay speaking children using both instrumental and perceptual methods of assessment. The results of this study provide the first set of normative data of nasalance scores for the three newly developed stimuli. The mean nasalance score for the Oral Passage was 13.86% (SD = 5.11, 95% CI = 13.04–14.68), 60.28% (SD = 6.99, 95% CI = 59.15–61.41) for the Nasal Passage, and 27.72% (SD = 4.74, 95% CI = 26.96–28.49) for the Set of Sentences. These scores were significantly different from each other suggesting that they can be used to detect the different types of resonance disorder in speech (e.g. hypernasality and/or hyponasality).
In the third study, the stimuli were validated in a sample of Malay speaking children with cleft of the lip and/or palate and compared with a control population. Nasality was measured using perceptual evaluation and nasometry. The results suggested that the Oral Passage and Set of Sentences developed in Malay were valid measures for detecting hypernasality for both perceptual evaluation of nasality, and for nasometry. Due to the small number of participants that were hyponasal, the validity of the Nasal Passage could not be determined.
For nasometry to be clinically relevant threshold values that indicate abnormal nasality are required. The threshold values for each of the stimuli were first ascertained after obtaining typical nasality levels from a group of healthy Malay speaking children and then tested in a sample of cleft and non-cleft Malay speaking children. In contrast to the nasalance cutoffs obtained from typical Malay speaking children, the cutoffs obtained from the cleft children yielded better outcomes for detecting resonance disorders. The cutoffs were: ≥ 22% for the Oral Passage (sensitivity = 0.91, specificity = 0.93, overall efficiency = 0.92), ≥ 30% for the Set of Sentences (sensitivity = 0.96, specificity = 0.85, overall efficiency = 0.88) and ≤ 39 on the Nasal Passage (sensitivity = 1.00, specificity = 0.99, overall efficiency = 0.99).
Finally, the fourth study explored the application of recently developed techniques for assessing nasality using spectral voice analysis and compared these results with nasometry using a sub-sample of Malay speaking children from the third study. The participants were children with cleft lip and/or palate with perceived hypernasality and a group of healthy controls perceived to have normal resonance. The potential of assessing nasality using vowels, which ideally can be an easier option to administer clinically and have minimal impact on language and literacy skills, were investigated.
The findings showed that only the one-third-octave analysis method could be successfully used to detect hypernasality in the cleft population compared to the VLHR method. Using the one-third-octave analysis, the spectral characteristics of nasalised vowel /i/ taken from /pit/ and /tip/ showed an increase in amplitude in F1, between F1 and F2 regions. The amplitude of the formants at F3 region was lower in the cleft group but did not differ from the control group as reported in previous studies. Although, the one-third-octave analysis has some potential in detecting hypernasality, the accuracy of the analysis compared to perceptual ratings of nasality was only moderate. Compared to nasometry, the diagnostic value of the one-third-octave analysis in detecting hypernasality was lower.
The overall findings suggest that, except for the Nasal Passage, the Oral Passage and the Set of Sentences developed in Malay using this systematic approach were culturally appropriate and valid for the assessment of nasality. Furthermore, by comparing two instrumental methods (nasometry and spectral analysis) with perceptual evaluation in a large number of cleft and typically developing children, the present thesis was able to demonstrate the clinical benefits of two recently proposed methods of spectral voice analyses and compare them to existing methods. Compared to spectral analysis, nasometry remains a superior method for assessing nasality. Threshold values that indicate abnormal nasality levels for the newly developed stimuli in Malay have been recommended.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)
Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) is an emerging technology which is the initial step for the forthcoming generation of communication. It uses Labels in order to identify the packets unlike the conventional IP Routing Mechanism which uses the routing table at each router to route the packet. MPLS uses the techniques of FRR with the help of RSVP/CR-LDP to overcome the link and/or node failures in the network. On the other hand there are certain limitations/drawbacks of using the above mechanisms for Failure Detection and Recovery which are multiple protocols such as RSVP/CR-LDP over OSPF/IS-IS and complex algorithms to generate backup paths since each router works individually in order to create a backup tunnel. So to overcome the listed limitations, this paper discusses a new technique for MPLS Networks which is Source Routing \cite{48}. Source Routing is the technique in which the source plays the role of directing the packet to the destination and no other router plays the role of routing the packet in the network. Using the OPNET Modeler 17.5 tool for implementing source routing when there is a network failure is performed and the results are compared by implementing RSVP/CR-LDP over the same failed network. The comparative results show that the network performance is best in the case of Source Routing implementation as compared to the RSVP and CR-LDP signaling over the MPLS Networks.